Exploration of Metaphors Used by Indonesian Legislators and Political Elites in the Indonesian Sociopolitical Domain
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This thesis would not be possible without the guidance and inspiration of many of the LSS staffs of Aston University. First and foremost, my deepest gratitude goes to my supervisor, Dr. Urszula Clark, to Dr. Carol Marley as my co-supervisor and to my advisor Prof. Malcolm Coulthard. I would like to extend my special thanks to Dr. Urszula Clark for having paid close attention to every stage of my research and for pushing me to do better. She has influenced my intellectual development and helped me see the big picture of metaphors as a matter of thought and discourse. She has taught me to look at the data from various perspectives and to write convincingly. Whenever I was stuck in the middle of my thinking, I would knock on her office‟s door. She was always willing to spend time listening to my confused thoughts and to guide me in the right direction. She helped me with every aspect of this thesis, as well as with the academic life at Aston University U.K. I am also grateful to my co-supervisor, Dr. Carol Marley, for her tireless support, encouragement, advice, feedback, patience, understanding, which were more than a co- supervisor could ever do for her student. She has showed me the way to find value in things that I found un-extraordinary in my thesis. Her fruitful discussion and commentary about this thesis have led me to ideas to shape metaphors which are specific to the Indonesian political discourse. Her amazing insights, patience and kindness kept me going through the highs and lows of a graduate student life. I have also benefited from the talks with other faculty members, particularly with my research advisor, Prof. Malcolm Coulthard, who was a wonderful advisor to me during my first years at Aston University. His contribution to this work and to my intellectual development and understanding of linguistics in general was enormous. He encouraged me to focus on writing my thesis from the beginning and he supported me by giving me a chance to present my research in his research method sessions. The discussions on various topics in the current linguistic research with him made my vision much clearer and wide-open. 2 I am also grateful to other LSS faculty members of Aston University and graduate students who have each contributed in substantive ways to my development at Aston University U.K. My special thanks go to Prof Gertrud Reershemius for her useful insights, knowledge and generosity in lecturing on the literature review and narrative methodology. The lectures have enriched my research and writing abilities. Sarah Hayes and David Pollard have always been very kind and helpful to me about anything in relation to my research. They taught me how to deal with software such as EndNote, NVivo and with recording data, which greatly contributed to my research. Whenever I had problems, particularly concerning the computer programmes and software, they were always ready to help. I often came to their office and enjoyed consulting them about anything. I was also so lucky to have a great research administrator, Dan Thomson, who was really helpful in providing any documentation I needed as an international student. Without him my life and education at Aston University would have been much more difficult. The CELCA tutors, Alice Eden and Sarah, helped me improve my English and writing abilities. Also my special thanks goes to Klaus Thiele, a nice graduate friend, for the fruitful discussions about metaphors and corpus. I would also like to thank my graduate friends in LSS at Aston University. I cannot mention all of them, but some of them are: Sabina, Inta, Inna, Ira, Klaus, Naseem, Sarah, Andrew and some people outside of the department, particularly my Indonesian friends who were studying and living in Birmingham U.K: Razi, Mila, Harfi, Firdaus, Bli Gede, Eko, Halim, Imron and Lina, as well as my international room-mates: Phil, Contos and William. I am deeply indebted to them for their cheer and friendship. I enjoyed sharing invaluable times with them all these years. I would also like to extend my gratitude to my sponsor, the Directorate General of Indonesian Higher Education, for funding this study. Without the funding I would have never made my dream come true. I am also grateful to the State University of Medan (Unimed) where I work, particularly to Prof. Dr. Syawal Gultom, M.Pd (former Rector), Prof. Dr. Ibnu Hajar Damanik, M.Si (Rector) and Prof. Slamet Triyono and Dr. Zainuddin, Dr. Liswanto and Prof. Sumarno, Prof. Chairil Ansyari, Dr. Isda Pramuniati and Drs. Azhar Umar, M.Pd. They greatly supported and contributed to the administration process of my studies. I would also like to thank my colleagues in the Faculty of Languages and Arts Unimed, particularly to 3 Dr. Abdurrahman A.S, Dr. Wisman, Dr. Musyhito, Syamsul, Syahnan, Suprakisno, and H. Galingging for their encouragement and discussions. Finally, I thank my wife, children, parents, brothers and sisters for their love and support. I would like to thank my father, H. Maulup Ritonga, my brothers, H. Jhon Tafbu Ritonga, Hamdan Ritonga, Tan Sri Susin, Damron Halomoan Ritonga, and my sisters, Hj. Masliani Ritonga, Zahara Ritonga and Ayu Kencana Dewi Ritonga for encouraging me to study in the U.K. My special thanks to my wife, Dewi Sartika Ayu and my children, Fatimah Sarah Fathin Fadillah Ritonga, Aslam Naufal Arrahman Ritonga and Akmal Rafif Fadillah Ritonga, for standing by me, and for their understanding and patience through the stress of completing my studies. Their love gave my life a new meaning. Thank you from the bottom of my heart for being my family. This thesis is dedicated to them. 4 Exploration of Metaphor Used by Legislators and Political Elites in the Indonesian Sociopolitical Domain THESIS SUMMARY This thesis examines the ways Indonesian politicians exploit the rhetorical power of metaphors in the Indonesian political discourse. The research applies the Conceptual Metaphor Theory, Metaphorical Frame Analysis and Critical Discourse Analysis to textual and oral data. The corpus comprises: 150 political news articles from two newspapers (Harian Kompas and Harian Waspada, 2010-2011 edition), 30 recordings of two television news and talk-show programmes (TV-One and Metro-TV), and 20 interviews with four legislators, two educated persons and two laymen. For this study, a corpus of written bahasa Indonesia was also compiled, which comprises 150 texts of approximately 439,472 tokens. The data analysis shows the potential power of metaphors in relation to how politicians communicate the results of their thinking, reasoning and meaning-making through language and discourse and its social consequences. The data analysis firstly revealed 1155 metaphors. These metaphors were then classified into the categories of conventional metaphor, cognitive function of metaphor, metaphorical mapping and metaphor variation. The degree of conventionality of metaphors is established based on the sum of expressions in each group of metaphors. Secondly, the analysis revealed that metaphor variation is influenced by the broader Indonesian cultural context and the natural and physical environment, such as the social dimension, the regional, style and the individual. The mapping system of metaphor is unidirectionality. Thirdly, the data show that metaphoric thought pervades political discourse in relation to its uses as: (1) a felicitous tool for the rhetoric of political leaders, (2) part of meaning-making that keeps the discourse contexts alive and active, and (3) the degree to which metaphor and discourse shape the conceptual structures of politicians‟ rhetoric. Fourthly, the analysis of data revealed that the Indonesian political discourse attempts to create both distance and solidarity towards general and specific social categories accomplished via metaphorical and frame references to the conceptualisations of us/them. The result of the analysis shows that metaphor and frame are excellent indicators of the us- them categories which work dialectically in the discourse. The acts of categorisation via metaphors and frames at both textual and conceptual level activate asymmetrical concepts and contribute to social and political hierarchical constructs, i.e. WEAKNESS vs.POWER, STUDENT vs. TEACHER, GHOST vs. CHOSEN WARRIOR, and so on. This analysis underscores the dynamic nature of categories by documenting metaphorical transfers between, i.e. ENEMY, DISEASE, BUSINESS, MYSTERIOUS OBJECT and CORRUPTION, LAW, POLITICS and CASE. The metaphorical transfers showed that politicians try to dictate how they categorise each other in order to mobilise audiences to act on behalf of their ideologies and to create distance and solidarity. Key Words: metaphor, mapping system, frame, discourse, social categories, politicians 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS Tittle of Page i Thesis Summary ii Acknowledgement iii Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Background to the thesis ....………………………………………………………......