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Mexico. Background Paper. RBA/COI/MEX/14/01

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Mexico. Background Paper. RBA/COI/MEX/14/01 AMERICAS COUNTRY OF ORIGIN SERIES MEXICO BACKGROUND PAPER May 2014 Regional Bureau for the Americas United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees P.O. Box 2500, 1211 Geneva 2 Switzerland E-mail: [email protected] Web Site: www.unhcr.org RBA/COI/MEX/14/01 The document was prepared by UNHCR on the basis of publicly available information and analysis. All sources are cited. This paper is not, and does not purport to be fully exhaustive with regard to conditions in the country surveyed, or conclusive as to the merits of any particular claim to refugee status or asylum. The paper is available online at http://www.unhcr.org/refworld. © United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 2014. 2 Table of Contents 1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 6 2. BACKGROUND INFORMATION ............................................................................ 6 2.1 Political and institutional developments ................................................................ 6 2.2 Legal Human Rights framework ........................................................................... 7 3. SECURITY SITUATION AND THE STRUGGLE AGAINST CRIMINAL DRUG- TRAFFICKING ORGANIZATIONS ....................................................................... 14 3.1 Criminal drug-trafficking organizations .............................................................. 16 3.2 Impact of criminal violence on civilians .............................................................. 19 3.3 Deployment and intervention of the armed forces ................................................ 21 4. SELECTED HUMAN RIGHTS DEVELOPMENTS................................................... 24 4.1 Right to life, personal security and physical integrity ........................................... 24 4.2 Enforced or Involuntary disappearances ............................................................. 28 4.3 Right to freedom of expression, opinion and association ...................................... 30 4.4 Rights of migrants ............................................................................................. 33 5. THE SITUATION OF PERSONS WITH SPECIFIC PROFILES ................................. 36 5.1 Public officials and members of the security forces .............................................. 36 5.2 Human rights defenders ..................................................................................... 37 5.3 Women with specific profiles or in specific circumstances .................................... 40 5.4 Children and adolescents with specific profiles or in specific circumstances .......... 43 5.5 Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender and Intersex (LGBTI) individuals ............... 45 5.6 Journalists ........................................................................................................ 47 5.7 Certain categories of professionals (trade unionists, educators and members of religious communities) ............................................................................................ 49 5.8 Businessmen and independent workers ............................................................... 49 5.9 Former members of criminal groups ................................................................... 50 5.10 Families of individuals associated with (or perceived to be supporting) criminal groups .................................................................................................................... 50 5.11 Victims of human trafficking ............................................................................ 50 5.12 Indigenous people with specific profiles or in specific circumstances .................. 52 3 Acronyms CAT Convention Against Torture, and Other Inhumane or Degrading Treatment or Punishment CATWLAC Coalition Against Trafficking in Women and Children in Latin America CDHDF Human Rights Commission of the Federal District (Mexico) CEDAW Committee for the Elimination of Discrimination against Women CENCOS National Center for Social Communication (Centro Nacional de Comunicación Social) CERD Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination CMDPDH Mexican Commission for the Defence and Promotion of Human Rights (Comision Mexicana de Defensa y Promocion de los Derechos Humanos) CNDH Mexican National Commission for Human Rights (Comision Nacional de los Derechos Humanos) CONAPO National Council for Population (Consejo Nacional de Población) CONAPRED National Council to Prevent Discrimination (Consejo Nacional para Prevenir la Discriminación) IACrtHR Inter-American Court of Human Rights FEADLE Special Prosecutor’s Office for Crimes against Freedom of Expression (Fiscalía Especial para la Atención de Delitos Cometidos contra la Libertad de Expresión) FEADP Special Prosecutor’s Office for Crimes against Journalists (Fiscalía Especializada para la Atención de Delitos cometidos contra Periodistas) FELAP Latin American Federation of Journalists (Federación Latinoamericana de Periodistas) FIDH International Federation for Human Rights (Federación Internacional de Derechos Humanos) IACHR Inter-American Commission on Human Rights INEGI National Statistics and Geography Institute (Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía) NGO Non-Governmental Organization OCNF National Citizens’ Observatory on Femicide (Observatorio Ciudadano Nacional de Feminicidio) OHCHR Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights PAN National Action Party (Partido Acción Nacional) PGR Federal Attorney General’s Office (Procuraduría General de la República) PROVICTIMA Secretary of Social Atention to Victims of Crimes (Procuraduría Social de Atención a Víctimas de Delitos) PRD Party of the Democratic Revolution (Partido de la Revolución Democrática) PRI Institutional Revolutionary Party (Partido Revolucionario Institucional) PVEM Ecologist Green Party of Mexico (Partido Verde Ecologista de México) SEGOB Secretary of State (Secretaría de Gobernación) 4 SCJN Supreme Judicial Court of the Nation (Suprema Corte de Justicia de la Nación) UN United Nations UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNFPA United Nations Population Fund UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees UNODC United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime 5 1. INTRODUCTION This document presents an overview of the human rights situation in Mexico as it relates to individuals who may seek asylum. This document does not reflect nor seek to make any value judgment on the Government or on the policies of the country’s authorities; rather, it aims at identifying, based on objective and reliable sources, situations in which the human rights of certain persons or groups could be particularly affected, giving rise to a need for their international protection. While the document mainly covers events of the last four years, reference to earlier events is made to provide background and context to the situation described. 2. BACKGROUND INFORMATION 2.1 Political and institutional developments Mexico is a democratic, representative and federative republic, comprising 31 States1 and one Federal District, situated in Mexico City. The Federal Government of Mexico is based on a presidential system, in which the President of the Nation is both Head of State and Head of Government within a multiparty system.2 With about 118 million inhabitants,3 it is a country with a high human development index4 and is one of the continent’s principal economies, with a GDP of 3.3 at the end of 2012.5 Mexico is also a country of contrasts in terms of distribution of wealth, and population diversity.6 Inequality, discrimination and social exclusion affect millions of people, in both rural and urban settings.7 According to CONAPRED (National Council to Prevent Discrimination), six out of ten people in Mexico believe that wealth is the factor that divides society the most, followed by political opinion and level of education. The human rights situation is deeply rooted in the country’s political history. In the last decade, the country embarked upon a process of promotion of human rights and reform of the political system encouraged by a series of constitutional amendments adopted between 2008 and 2011.8 The security situation is a recurrent theme in Mexico and has been a priority for the last three governments. At the start of 2007, the then Federal Government of President Felipe Calderón formally launched the “Comprehensive Strategy for Crime Prevention and Fight against Delinquency”, commonly known as “the war on organized crime”9 or “the anti-narco struggle”. It sought to eradicate the influence of criminal drug-trafficking organizations in the different spheres of public administration, to fight the various criminal activities in which these organizations are involved and to reduce the alarming statistics on public security.10 The plan included the involvement of the armed 1 According to Article 40 of the Mexican Constitution, the Mexican States are free and sovereign in everything relating to their internal affairs. 2 Available at: www.electionguide.org/country.php?ID=140 and www.presidencia.gob.mx 3 The States with the largest population are Estado de Mexico, Distrito Federal and Veracruz. Data provided by CONAPO (Consejo Nacional de Población) available at: www.presidencia.gob.mx 4 Mexico occupies the 61st place in this index drawn up by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), according to its 2013 report, available at: www.hdr.undp.org/en/reports/global/hdr2013 5 Data provided by INEGI, available at: www.inegi.org.mx/inegi/contenidos/espanol/prensa/comunicados/pibbol.pdf
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