USAID ADAPTASI PERUBAHAN IKLIM DAN KETANGGUHAN

CLIMATE & WEATHER INFORMATION SERVICES ASSESSMENT REPORT

DECEMBER 2016 This report is made possible by the support of the American People through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID.) The contents of this report are the sole responsibility of DAI and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States Government.

USAID ADAPTASI PERUBAHAN IKLIM DAN KETANGGUHAN

CLIMATE & WEATHER INFORMATION SERVICES ASSESSMENT REPORT

Program Title: Adaptasi Perubahan Iklim dan Ketangguhan

Sponsoring USAID Office: USAID/Indonesia Office of Environment

Contract Number: AID-497-C-16-00003

Contractor: DAI

Date of Publication: December 2016

Author: DAI

The Cover Image is taken from Himawari 9 Satellite Image, Indonesia Geocolor, 1 September 2016.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... II ACRONYM & ABBREVIATION ...... VIII DEFINITIONS...... X ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...... XIII EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... 1 Assessment Approach & Method ...... 1 Key CWI Institutions, Products and Communication Modes ...... 2 Summary of Findings across the Value Chain ...... 3 Opportunities for Strengthening the CWI Services Marketplace ...... 7 1. INTRODUCTION ...... 9 1.1. OVERVIEW OF APIK ...... 9 1.2. PROJECT VISION & APPROACH ...... 9 1.3. STRENGTHENING CLIMATE & WEATHER INFORMATION SERVICES ...... 11 1.4. CWI SERVICES ASSESSMENT OBJECTIVE ...... 12 1.5. REPORT STRUCTURE ...... 12 1.6. GEOGRAPHIC COVERAGE ...... 13 1.7. LIMITATIONS ...... 13 2. APPROACH & METHODOLOGY ...... 15 2.1. THE CWI SERVICES VALUE CHAIN ...... 15 2.1.1. Value Chain Phases ...... 16 2.1.2. The Range of Value Chain Complexity ...... 19 2.1.3. Cross-Cutting Themes of the CWI Value Chain ...... 20 2.2. IMPLEMENTATION METHODOLOGY ...... 21 2.2.1. Top-Down and Bottom-Up Assessment ...... 21 2.2.2. Assessment Topics and Tools ...... 24 3. CWI INSTITUTIONAL LANDSCAPE ...... 28 3.1. INSTITUTIONAL MAP OF KEY CWI ACTORS ...... 28 3.2. THE NATIONAL METEOROLOGICAL AND CLIMATE AGENCY (BMKG) ...... 31 3.2.1. Introduction and Regulatory Background ...... 31 3.2.2. Data Collection and Processing ...... 34 3.2.3. Product Development ...... 38 3.2.4. Dissemination & Communication ...... 44 3.2.5. Application & Use ...... 52 3.3. THE NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AGENCY (BNPB) ...... 56 3.3.1. Introduction and Regulatory Background ...... 56 3.3.2. Data Collection and Processing ...... 56 3.3.3. Product Development ...... 57 3.3.4. Dissemination & Communication ...... 58

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3.3.5. Application & Use ...... 59 3.4. NATIONAL MINISTRIES ...... 61 3.4.1. National Planning & Development Agency (BAPPENAS) ...... 64 3.4.2. Ministry of Environmental and Forestry (KLHK) ...... 65 3.4.3. Ministry of Agriculture (KEMENTAN) ...... 67 3.4.4. Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries (KKP) ...... 68 3.4.5. Ministry of Health (KEMENKES) ...... 68 3.4.6. Ministry of Public Work & Public Housing (PUPERA) ...... 69 3.4.7. Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (ESDM) ...... 70 3.4.8. National Search and Rescue Agency (BASARNAS) ...... 71 3.4.9. Development and Application of Technology Agency (BPPT) ...... 71 3.5. UNIVERSITY & RESEARCH INSTITUTION ...... 74 3.5.1. Agricultural Institute of Bogor (IPB) ...... 74 3.5.2. Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB)...... 75 3.5.3. University of Indonesia (UI) ...... 78 3.6. MEDIA ...... 79 3.7. PRIVATE SECTOR ...... 79 3.8. MILITARY ...... 80 4. EAST JAVA ASSESSMENT ...... 82 4.1. LOCAL GOVERNMENT ...... 82 4.1.1. Meteorological and Climate Offices ...... 82 4.1.2. Development & Planning Agency ...... 84 4.1.3. Disaster Agencies ...... 85 4.1.4. Water Resources Agencies ...... 89 4.1.5. Agricultural, Plantation, Livestock & Forestry Agencies ...... 91 4.1.6. Marine & Fishery Agencies...... 92 4.1.7. Environmental & Health Agencies ...... 93 4.1.8. Transportation & Tourism Agencies ...... 94 4.2. PRIVATE SECTOR & MEDIA ...... 95 4.2.1. Large Companies & State-owned Enterprises ...... 95 4.2.2. Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises (MSME) ...... 98 4.2.3. Media ...... 100 4.3. COMMUNITY ...... 103 4.3.1. Upstream ...... 103 4.3.2. Mid-stream...... 108 4.3.3. Downstream ...... 113 4.4. CONCLUSION & DISCUSSION ...... 120 5. SOUTHEAST SULAWESI ASSESSMENT ...... 125 5.1. LOCAL GOVERNMENT ...... 125 5.1.1. Meteorological and Climate Offices ...... 125 5.1.2. Development & Planning Agency ...... 126 5.1.3. Disaster Agencies ...... 126 5.1.4. Water Resources Agencies ...... 127 5.1.5. Agricultural, Plantation & Forestry Agencies ...... 128 5.1.6. Marine & Fishery Agencies...... 128 5.1.7. Environmental & Health Agencies ...... 129

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5.1.8. Transportation & Tourism Agencies ...... 130 5.1.9. Others ...... 131 5.2. PRIVATE SECTOR & MEDIA ...... 131 5.2.1. Large Companies & Stated-owned Enterprises ...... 131 5.2.2. Micro, Small & Medium Enterprise ...... 132 5.2.3. Media ...... 133 5.3. COMMUNITY ...... 135 5.3.1. Kendari City ...... 135 5.3.2. Konawe Selatan District ...... 140 5.4. CONCLUSION & DISCUSSION ...... 143 6. MALUKU ASSESSMENT ...... 146 6.1. LOCAL GOVERNMENT ...... 146 6.1.1. Meteorological and Climate Offices ...... 146 6.1.2. Development & Planning Agency ...... 148 6.1.3. Disaster Agencies ...... 148 6.1.4. Water Resources Agencies ...... 150 6.1.5. Agricultural, Plantation & Forestry Agencies ...... 151 6.1.6. Marine & Fishery Agencies...... 151 6.1.7. Environmental & Health Agencies ...... 152 6.1.8. Transportation & Tourism Agencies ...... 153 6.1.9. Other Stakeholders ...... 154 6.2. PRIVATE SECTOR & MEDIA ...... 155 6.2.1. Large Companies & Stated-owned Enterprise ...... 155 6.2.2. Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises (MSME) ...... 158 6.2.3. Media ...... 159 6.3. COMMUNITY ...... 161 6.3.1. Ambon Island ...... 161 6.3.2. Haruku Island ...... 166 6.3.3. Saparua Island ...... 167 6.3.4. Nusalaut Island ...... 168 6.4. CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION ...... 170 7. CONCLUSION & RECOMENDATION...... 172 7.1. DATA COLLECTION & PROCESSING ...... 172 7.2. PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT ...... 176 7.3. DISSEMINATION & COMMUNICATION ...... 177 7.4. APPLICATION & USE ...... 180 7.5. RECOMMENDATION FOR THE COMMUNITY LEVEL ...... 181 ANNEXES ...... 184 ANNEX I PUBLIC METEOROLOGY PRODUCT DETAIL ...... 185 ANNEX II AVIATION PRODUCT DETAIL ...... 187 ANNEX III MARITIME PRODUCT DETAIL ...... 188 ANNEX IV CLIMATE INFORMATION PRODUCT DETAIL ...... 189 ANNEX V MATRIX OF CEWS ISSUES...... 192

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EXHIBIT

EXHIBIT 1: SUPPORTING PLACE-BASED RESILIENCE UNDER APIK ...... 10 EXHIBIT 2: THE CWI SERVICES VALUE CHAIN ...... 16 EXHIBIT 3: WEATHER FORECASTING MADE SIMPLE ...... 19 EXHIBIT 4: "PRANATA MANGSA" AN OLD-JAVANESE SEASON CALENDAR ...... 20 EXHIBIT 5 PHASES OF ASSESSMENT AND ROADMAP PROCESS ...... 21 EXHIBIT 6 ASSESSMENT APPROACH ...... 22 EXHIBIT 7: STAKEHOLDER LIST OF NATIONAL INSTITUTIONAL ASSESSMENT ...... 23 EXHIBIT 8: OTHER NATIONAL STAKEHOLDERS ...... 23 EXHIBIT 9: SUBNATIONAL STAKEHOLDERS ...... 23 EXHIBIT 10: EVALUATION CRITERIA AT COMMUNITY LEVEL ...... 25 EXHIBIT 11: FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION WITH KENDARI CITY SKPDS ...... 26 EXHIBIT 12: COMMUNITY INTERVIEW IN GAJAHREJO VILLAGE ...... 26 EXHIBIT 13: THE ROLES OF KEY CWI ACTORS AT THE NATIONAL AND SUBNATIONAL LEVELS ...... 29 EXHIBIT 14: SECTOR/SUB-SECTOR, CLUSTER & MINISTRIES/AGENCIES RELATED TO NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN ...... 30 EXHIBIT 15: EXISTING INFORMATION SYSTEM AT BMKG ...... 33 EXHIBIT 16: MAIN TASKS OF METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY STATIONS IN DATA COLLECTION & PROCESSING ...... 34 EXHIBIT 17: C-BAND WEATHER RADAR NETWORK ...... 35 EXHIBIT 18: BMKG METEOROLOGICAL & CLIMATOLOGICAL INSTRUMENT ...... 36 EXHIBIT 19: TOTAL NUMBER OF METEOROLOGY, CLIMATOLOGY, AND GEOPHYSICS STATION IN INDONESIA ...... 36 EXHIBIT 20 DATA COLLECTION SYSTEM ...... 36 EXHIBIT 21: ISSUES ON DATA COLLECTION ...... 38 EXHIBIT 22: EXAMPLE OF EARLY WARNING PREDICTION (NEAR-REAL-TIME PRODUCT) AND DAILY WEATHER PRODUCT ...... 39 EXHIBIT 23: DAILY AND NEAR-REAL-TIME PREDICTION FLOW ...... 40 EXHIBIT 24: DATA PROCESSING APPLICATION SYSTEMS ...... 40 EXHIBIT 25: THE END PRODUCT OF CLIMATE INFORMATION ...... 41 EXHIBIT 26 CLIMATE DATA PROCESSING APPLICATION SYSTEMS ...... 42 EXHIBIT 27: SAMPLE OF MAP PROJECTION CONSECUTIVE DRY DAYS JAVA ISLAND WITH RESOLUTION 4 KMX4 KM (DEC-JAN-FEB) .. 44 EXHIBIT 28: BMKG MEDIA DISSEMINATION INFORMATION ...... 45 EXHIBIT 29: LINK AND SUBDOMAIN WEBSITE BMKG ...... 46 EXHIBIT 30: TWITTER ACCOUNT OF BMKG (MAIN OFFICE & REGIONAL) ...... 47 EXHIBIT 31 BMKG TWITTER ACCOUNT IDENTIFICATION ...... 47 EXHIBIT 32 BMKG TWEET BY TYPE ...... 48 EXHIBIT 33 BMKG RETWEET AVERAGE BY TYPE ...... 48 EXHIBIT 34 APPLICATIONS TO SUPPORT DISSEMINATION PROCESS ...... 48 EXHIBIT 35: CLIMATE FIELD SCHOOL AT BANTEN ...... 50 EXHIBIT 36: CFS FOR FISHERFOLK STAGE 2 ACTIVITIES ...... 51 EXHIBIT 37: APPLICATION & USE OF CWI BMKG PRODUCTS ...... 52 EXHIBIT 38 DISASTER EARLY WARNING APPLICATION AND USED ...... 54 EXHIBIT 39: BNPB TWITTER ACCOUNT IDENTIFICATION ...... 58 EXHIBIT 40: BNPB TWEET TYPE DISTRIBUTION ...... 59 EXHIBIT 41: BNPB TWEET BEHAVIOR BY TIME ...... 59 EXHIBIT 42: USER NEEDS & SATISFACTION OF WEATHER INFORMATION ...... 61 EXHIBIT 43: USER NEEDS & SATISFACTION OF CLIMATE INFORMATION ...... 62 EXHIBIT 44 CWI PRODUCT UTILIZATION ...... 62 EXHIBIT 45: DELIVERY MODE OF CWI ...... 63 EXHIBIT 46: USER SATISFACTION INDEX (SEE SCALE BELOW) ...... 63 EXHIBIT 47: RESEARCH CONDUCTED AT GEOMET IPB RELATED TO CLIMATE CHANGE ...... 74 EXHIBIT 48: LATEST CCROM RESEARCH RELATED TO CLIMATE CHANGE ...... 75 EXHIBIT 49: STUDY & ACTIVITY CONDUCTED BY CCC-ITB ...... 76 EXHIBIT 50: PC CLUSTER (RIGHT) AND SERVER (LEFT) AT WCPL ...... 77 EXHIBIT 51: FROM LEFT TO RIGHT: ARG, AWS AND AWLR THAT INSTALLED BY WCPL ...... 78 EXHIBIT 52: TABLE OF WEATHER AND CLIMATE INFORMATION UTILIZATION IN PRIVATE SECTOR ...... 79 EXHIBIT 53: EXAMPLE OF PREDICTION AND RADAR INFORMATION FOR EAST JAVA ...... 82

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EXHIBIT 54: EXAMPLE OF RAINFALL PREDICTION PRODUCED BY KARANGPLOSO CLIMATOLOGICAL STATION ...... 84 EXHIBIT 55: EXAMPLE OF THE CWI DISSEMINATE BY BPBD JAWA TIMUR ...... 86 EXHIBIT 56: BPBD REGIONAL TWITTER IDENTIFICATION ...... 87 EXHIBIT 57: BPBD CLIMATE AND WEATHER RELATED TWEET ...... 87 EXHIBIT 58: BPBD TWEET TYPE DISTRIBUTION ...... 88 EXHIBIT 59: BPBD RE-TWEET AVERAGE BY TWEET TYPE...... 88 EXHIBIT 60: BPBD TWEET BEHAVIOR BY TIME ...... 89 EXHIBIT 61: PRIVATE SECTOR RESPONDENT IN EAST JAVA ...... 95 EXHIBIT 62: JASATIRTA COMMUNITY-BASED FEWS ...... 97 EXHIBIT 63: FEWEAS WEBSITE ...... 98 EXHIBIT 64 : LOCAL PRIVATE SECTOR APPRAISAL QUALITY OF CWIS THAT RECEIVED ...... 98 EXHIBIT 65: CWI UTILIZATION AMONGST MSMES IN EAST JAVA ...... 99 EXHIBIT 66: LOCAL MEDIA APPRAISAL QUALITY OF CWIS THAT RECEIVED ...... 102 EXHIBIT 67: VILLAGES AT THE UPSTREAM BRANTAS ...... 103 EXHIBIT: 68: FLOWERS & POULTRY FARM IN BUMIAJI & JUNREJO VILLAGE, BATU CITY ...... 104 EXHIBIT 69: PERCEIVED CHANGES IN LOCAL WEATHER BY RESIDENTS OF BATU CITY (AS A % OF 32 RESPONDENTS) ...... 104 EXHIBIT 70: URBAN LANDSCAPE REPRESENTATION IN MALANG CITY ...... 105 EXHIBIT 71: "KAMPUNG WARNA-WARNI" ("COLORFUL VILLAGE”) ...... 106 EXHIBIT 72: MODES OF DELIVERY AND SOURCES OF CWI IN BRANTAS UP-STREAM ...... 107 EXHIBIT 73: PERCEIVED CHANGES IN LOCAL WEATHER BY RESIDENTS OF BRANTAS UP-STREAM (AS A % OF 52 RESPONDENTS) .... 108 EXHIBIT 74: SAMPLE OF VILLAGES WHICH REPRESENTS MID-STREAM AT NORTHERN PART OF BRANTAS ...... 109 EXHIBIT 75: PERCEIVED CHANGES IN LOCAL WEATHER AND ITS IMPACT BY RESIDENTS OF MOJOKERTO DISTRICT (AS A % OF 15 RESPONDENTS) ...... 110 EXHIBIT 76: MODES OF DELIVERY & SOURCES OF CWI IN BRANTAS MID-STREAM ...... 111 EXHIBIT 77: TSUNAMI EARLY WARNING SYSTEM TOWER IN DUSUN TAMBAN ...... 113 EXHIBIT 78: SAMPLE OF VILLAGE WHICH REPRESENT SOUTHERN PART OF BRANTAS DOWNSTREAM ...... 113 EXHIBIT 79: COLLAPSED LEVEE IN DUSUN TAMBAN, MALANG DISTRICT ...... 114 EXHIBIT 80: PERCEIVED CHANGES IN LOCAL WEATHER AND ITS IMPACT BY RESIDENTS OF SOUTHERN PART OF DOWNSTREAM (AS A % OF 23 RESPONDENTS) ...... 115 EXHIBIT 81: MODES OF DELIVERY AND SOURCES OF CWI IN SOUTHERN PART OF DOWNSTREAM ...... 115 EXHIBIT 82: THREE COASTAL VILLAGE IN SIDOARJO ...... 116 EXHIBIT 83: MILKFISH AUCTION IN SIDOARJO ...... 117 EXHIBIT 84: MODES OF DELIVERY & SOURCES OF CWI IN SIDOARJO (NORTHERN PART OF DOWNSTREAM) ...... 118 EXHIBIT 85: LOCAL GOVERNMENT APPRAISAL QUALITY OF CWIS THAT RECEIVED ...... 120 EXHIBIT 86: (A) PERCENTAGE OF 166 RESPONDENTS DIVIDED BY GENDER AND (B) PERCENTAGE ROLES OF MEN AND WOMEN IN LIVELIHOOD ...... 121 EXHIBIT 87: PERCENTAGE OF 166 RESPONDENTS OVER THE USE OF CWI DIVIDED BY GENDER ...... 121 EXHIBIT 88: THE PERCENTAGE OF RESPONDENTS' ANSWERS ON THE CWI RECEPTION MODE ...... 121 EXHIBIT 89: INCREASE IN TEMPERATURE CAPTURE ON KARANGPLOSO & PERAK STATION ...... 122 EXHIBIT 90: MONTHLY RAINFALL MONITORING 2016 COMPARED TO EXTREME THRESHOLD VALUE IN KARANGPLOSO STATION .... 122 EXHIBIT 91: RAINFALL (MM) IN PERAK METEOROLOGICAL STATION 2015 VS 2016* ...... 123 EXHIBIT 92: RAINFALL (MM) IN KARANGPLOSO CLIMATOLOGICAL STATION 2015 VS 2016* ...... 123 EXHIBIT 93: SAMPLE OF CLIMATE EARLY WARNING SYSTEM THAT POSTED IN FACEBOOK ...... 125 EXHIBIT 94: INSTRUMENTS OWNED BY BWS SULAWESI IV KENDARI ...... 127 EXHIBIT 95: UTILIZATION OF CWI AT ENVIRONMENTAL AGENCIES ...... 129 EXHIBIT 96: SATISFACTION LEVEL OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT TO CWI SERVICES ...... 131 EXHIBIT 97: TYPE OF INFORMATION THAT DISSEMINATED BY MEDIA ...... 131 EXHIBIT 98: SATISFACTION LEVEL OF PRIVATE SECTOR TO CWI SERVICES ...... 132 EXHIBIT 99: TYPE OF INFORMATION THAT DISSEMINATED BY MEDIA ...... 133 EXHIBIT 100: LOCAL MEDIA APPRAISAL QUALITY OF CWIS THAT RECEIVED ...... 133 EXHIBIT 101: SAMPLES OF VILLAGE AS COMMUNITY REPRESENTATION IN SULAWESI TENGGARA ...... 135 EXHIBIT 102: FARMER IN BARUGA DRY THEIR PADDY GRAIN ...... 135 EXHIBIT 103: VILLAGES VISITED IN THE WANGU WATERSHED ...... 136 EXHIBIT 104: CLIMATE CHANGE INDICATOR PERCEIVED (% RESPONDENTS) IN KENDARI CITY ...... 136 EXHIBIT 105: POOR DRAINAGE SYSTEM IN POASIA ...... 137 EXHIBIT 106: PERCEIVED CHANGES IN LOCAL WEATHER IMPACT BY RESIDENTS OF KENDARI CITY (AS A % OF 56 RESPONDENTS) .. 137

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EXHIBIT 107: SOURCE OF CWI IN KENDARI CITY ...... 138 EXHIBIT 108: CLIMATE CHANGE PERCEIVED (% RESPONDENT) IN KONAWE SELATAN ...... 142 EXHIBIT 109: CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACT PERCEIVED (% RESPONDENT) IN KONAWE SELATAN ...... 142 EXHIBIT 110: SOURCE OF CWI IN KONAWE SELATAN DISTRICT ...... 143 EXHIBIT 111: (A) PERCENTAGE OF 116 RESPONDENTS DIVIDED BY GENDER AND (B) PERCENTAGE ROLES OF MEN AND WOMEN IN LIVELIHOOD SUPPORT...... 143 EXHIBIT 112: NUMBER OF MEDIA IS USED TO OBTAIN CWI BY GENDER OF RESPONDENT ...... 143 EXHIBIT 113: PRODUCT OF PATTIMURA METEOROLOGICAL STATION ...... 147 EXHIBIT 114: PROCEDURE ON DISSEMINATING CWI AND EWS IN MALUKU ...... 149 EXHIBIT 115: KATAM DISSEMINATION SCHEME...... 151 EXHIBIT 116: LOCAL GOVERNMENT SECTOR APPRAISAL QUALITY OF CWI THAT RECEIVED ...... 155 EXHIBIT 117: LARGE COMPANIES & STATED-OWNED ENTERPRISE RESPONDENT IN MALUKU ...... 155 EXHIBIT 118: LOCAL PRIVATE SECTOR APPRAISAL QUALITY OF CWI THAT RECEIVED ...... 157 EXHIBIT 119: MEDIA SATISFACTION TO CWI ...... 160 EXHIBIT 120: THE CHANGE OF WEATHER AND CLIMATE CONDITION IN AMBON ISLAND ...... 164 EXHIBIT 121: THE EFFECT OF CHANGES TO RESPONDENT LIVELIHOOD IN AMBON ISLAND ...... 164 EXHIBIT 122: SOURCE, MODE & METHODS OF CWI IN AMBON ISLAND ...... 164 EXHIBIT 123: TYPE OF CWI USED IN AMBON ISLAND ...... 164 EXHIBIT 124: PERCEIVED CHANGES IN LOCAL WEATHER BY RESIDENTS OF LEASE ISLANDS (AS A % OF 102 RESPONDENTS) ...... 169 EXHIBIT 125: PERCEIVED IMPACT IN LOCAL WEATHER BY RESIDENTS OF LEASE ISLANDS (AS A % OF 102 RESPONDENTS) ...... 169 EXHIBIT 126: SOURCE OF CWI IN LEASE ISLANDS ...... 170 EXHIBIT 127: TYPE OF CWI UTILIZED IN LEASE ISLANDS ...... 170 EXHIBIT 128: GENDER PERCENTAGE OF THE RESPONDENT IN MALUKU PROVINCE (N=102) ...... 170 EXHIBIT 129: THE ROLES OF MEN AND WOMEN IN LIVELIHOOD (N=102) ...... 170 EXHIBIT 130: GENDER PERCENTAGE OF CWI USES ...... 170 EXHIBIT 131: CWI DATA COLLECTION INFRASTRUCTURE IN APIK REGION ...... 174 EXHIBIT 132: RECOMMENDATIONS FOR DATA COLLECTION & PROCESSING PHASE IN INSTITUTIONAL LANDSCAPES ...... 175 EXHIBIT 133: RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT PHASE IN INSTITUTIONAL LANDSCAPES ...... 177 EXHIBIT 134: RECOMMENDATIONS FOR DISSEMINATION & COMMUNICATION PHASE ...... 179 EXHIBIT 135: RECOMMENDATIONS FOR APPLICATION & USE PHASE ...... 180 EXHIBIT 136: STRENGTHENING SUGGESTION FOR COMMUNITY LEVEL ...... 181

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ACRONYM & ABBREVIATION

APIK Climate Change Adaptation & Resilience ARG Automatic Rain Gauge AWS Automatic Weather System AAWS Auxiliary Automatic Weather System AWLR Automatic Water Level Recorder AWOS Automated Weather Observing System BASARNAS National Search & Rescue Agency BBWS/BWS Watershed Regional Office BMKG National Meteorological, Climatological & Geophysics Agency BNPB National Disaster Management Agency BPBD Local Disaster Management Agency BPLHD Local Environmental Management Agency BPDAS Watershed Management Agency BLH Local Environmental Agency Dinkes Local Health Agency Dishub Local Transportation Agency Distamben Local Mining & Energy Agency DJF-JJA December-January-February (Wet Season) & June-July-August (Dry Season) DPU Local Public Works Agency DKP Local Maritime & Fisheries Agency CCROM Centre for Climate Risk and Opportunity Management; Bogor-based NGO for climate change research organization CWI Climate & Weather Information CWIS Climate & Weather Information Services ESDM Ministry of Energy & Natural Resources IMACS The Indonesia Marine and Climate Support project InAWARE Disaster Management Early Warning and Decision Support Capacity Enhancement Project in Indonesia ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization

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IUWASH Indonesia Urban Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Program JABODETABEK Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Tangerang & Bekasi Area KATAM Planting Calendar KEMENATR Ministry of Agrarian & Spatial Plan KEMENHUB Ministry of Transportation KEMENKES Ministry of Health KEMENTAN Ministry of Agriculture Kemenkominfo Ministry of Communication & Informatics K/L Ministry/National Level Agency PY1 Project Year 1 PY2 Project Year 2 PIKU BMKG’s Center for Climate & Air Quality POLRI Police RASON Radiosonde Observation Network RPJMD Regional Medium Term Development Plan RPJMP Province Medium Term Development Plan Pusdalops PB Center of Control Disaster Management Operation PUPERA Ministry of Public Works & Housing PUSDATIN Center of Data & Information PUSLUHDAYA Counseling Center and the Marine and Coastal Community Empowerment RAN-API National Climate Adaptation Action Plan SAR Search & Rescue SIDIK Vulnerability Inventory Index Information System; A KLHK’s product of National CC Vulnerability Index. SIMAIL A KKP Disaster Mitigation, CCA & Environmental Information System; consisting of maritime weather warning for fisher folk or seaman TNI National Army/Military TNC Third National Communication MSME Micro, Small & Medium Enterprise UNFCC United Nation Framework Convention on Climate Change USAID United States Agency for International Development WMO World Meteorological Organization

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DEFINITIONS

Climate (WMO), sometimes understood as the "average weather,” is defined as the measurement of the mean and variability of relevant quantities of certain variables (such as temperature, precipitation or wind) over a period of time, ranging from months to thousands or millions of years.

Climate Variability (WMO) is defined as variations in the mean state and other statistics of the climate on all temporal and spatial scales, beyond individual weather events. The term "Climate Variability" is often used to denote deviations of climatic statistics over a given period of time (e.g. a month, season or year) when compared to long-term statistics for the same calendar period. Climate variability is measured by these deviations, which are usually termed anomalies. Variability may be due to natural internal processes within the climate system (internal variability), or to variations in natural or anthropogenic external factors (external variability).

Climate Change (WMO) refers to a statistically significant variation in either the mean state of the climate or in its variability, persisting for an extended period (typically decades or longer). Climate change may be due to natural internal processes or external factors such as persistent changes to the atmosphere or changes in land. UNFCC defines Climate Change is a change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods

Data is sets of values of qualitative or quantitative variables collected for reference or analysis. Data is input to products and tools, and may be collected locally or remotely from satellites or sensors (e.g., TRMM data, in-situ weather data, crop data, elevation data, rivers data, user preferences, user feedback, and socioeconomic data, etc. Data is obtained from measurement instrumentation or observation process that is owned and managed by an institution. For example, BMKG owns weather and climatology station that spreads across Indonesia. The data can be accessed through their website (http://dataonline.bmkg.go.id/). Another example is at the subnational level: BPBD that owns automatic weather system (AWS) installed at several points in its location.

Dataset is an aggregate of data.

Decision maker is an individual who has authority to utilize (or not) information (tool, product, data, service) in a decision making context. (E.g., individuals responsible for facility operations, resource management, alerts/warnings, or planning, permitting, budgeting, or policy processes).

Derivative Product is a product resulting from benefitting the climate and weather data. For example, PVMBG & BNPB issued an exposure map to volcanic ash from volcanic eruptions. This product resulted from the modelling of volcanic ash spread where the input of that model is wind direction and speed information from BMKG. Meanwhile, BNPB added more information such as population data at each district/city. This product can be categorized as the derivative product of weather information because in the process, it cultivates and adds other information and as a result there is an existing product that has added value.

DJF-JJA-rule or “wet and dry season rules” in Indonesia means December-January-February for wet season and June-July-August for dry season. This rule doesn’t

Information Channel/Mode is a media channel used to deliver climate and weather information to the users. For example, website, text message, fax, telephone, bulletin board to name a few.

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Information System is an organized system to collect, organize, store, process, automate, and distribute information that utilizes, disseminates or produce climate and weather information or its derivative products.

Method/Methodology is a specific technique/approach falling within the bounds of a set of scientific assumptions.

Model is a graphical, mathematical (symbolic), physical, or verbal representation or simplified version of a concept, phenomenon, relationship, structure, system, or other aspect of the real world created to (1) facilitate understanding by eliminating unnecessary components, (2) aid in decision making by simulating scenarios, or (3) explain, control, and predict events on the basis of past observations.

Product is information that has been processed or analysis results that use a certain dataset and become derived information with more added values. Product also defines as the output of data processing and analysis (or any organized aggregate collection thereof) to fulfill a particular purpose of a user (e.g. land cover maps, land cover change statistics, forecasts, post-disaster imagery). For example: BMKG has daily weather forecast information that is published via website, mobile application or other channels. Another example, CCROM owns information as a result of downscaled climate change projection that is used by SIDIK.

Portal is an online interface through which data, products and tools are hosted and/or disseminated. e.g. MRC Data and Information Services Portal.

Qualitative Data is information that describes attributes, properties, or qualities and are often expressed in words rather than numerically

Quantitative Data is information that can be measured or expressed numerically, typically describing amounts, ranges, or quantities

Tool is a program, model, system or device that gathers, processes and analyzes data and information to fulfill a particular purpose of a user (e.g. CREST viewer, flood mapper, frost monitor, etc.)

In analyzing the value chain of climate and weather information, market segmentation is essential to map consumer needs, producers and those that deliver the information.

In that regard, we categorize those actors into Producer, Communicator, User and Beneficiary.

Producer is an institution that produces and publishes climate and weather information data/product available for the general public, free or as paid services. For example: BMKG-HO produces and publishes national weather and climate data whereas on the regional base, BMKG owns weather and climate station at each region and publishes regional weather and climate information. Other than BMKG, APIK also identifies other producers such as university, business institution and SKPDs.

Communicator is an institution/individual/group that takes into account/plays an important role in distributing climate and weather information. The delivered information can be the original information obtained from the producer or processed into derived information as an analysis. An example of a communicator is the Agriculture Agency in Batu District. This department has to distribute information to the farmers at the beginning of monsoon season through the local instructor. Furthermore, Kalender Tanam (KATAM) is an example of information that has been processed. It is published by Litbang Division of Agriculture Ministry and can be accessed via http://katam.litbang.pertanian.go.id/. The information shows rainfall prediction, planting schedules and recommended commodities for planting. Example of other prominent communicator is media,

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printed or electronic. The media role is very significant because its accessibility can be reached by the whole society.

Users are the person/institution that directly uses the formal CWI product for their own interests (e.g. SKPD staffs, Local Marine & Fisheries Agency, Transporter).

Beneficiaries are the individual who receives the benefits of climate data, products, or tools to fulfill a particular purpose, but does not necessarily use the product directly (e.g. fisher folk, farmers).

One participant/actor can act as a Producer, Communicator or Users or a combination of two of three of them. An example of participant who acts both as a producer and communicator is BMKG Head Office (BMKG-HO) and BMKG Regional Office (BMKG-RO). Moreover, an example of participant/audience who acts as a communicator and users is an officer/local official in a community. Apart from using the climate and weather information for personal use, this actor is also responsible to pass the information on his or her community. APIK is yet to find an example of an actor who acts as a producer as well as user. An example of the combination of the three actors is BPBD. BPBD can both consume the information from BMKG and have the authority to manage their own AWS so they can produce as well as disseminate the information. In today’s crowdsourcing era, there is a growing number of actors who acts as producer, communicator and user at the same time so they can contribute to each other.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The Climate & Weather Information (CWI) Assessment is one of the Task 3 (strengthen targeted climate and weather information services) first year deliverables for the APIK Project. This document was developed with contributions from many parties, including Mohammad Fadli as Climate Information Services Advisor, and the CWI Assessment Team: Mila Khaerunnisa, Misnawati, Yosi Amelia & Rahmawati Rahayu.

The authors are grateful to those who supported the research and survey activities including the APIK Regional Managers: Amrullah, Buttu Mardika & Ema Imang assisted by specialists, administrators, and field coordinators. We offer big appreciation to the team of local enumerators including Yascita Foundation, Walang Perempuan Foundation and the Agriculture Faculty of Brawijaya University, all of whom worked hard to ensure the assessment reached the remote villages and islands in their respective regions.

Also we have big appreciation for the support of the staff in the APIK Main Office at Jakarta: Paul Jeffery, Agus Hernadi, Raphael Anindito, Hanny Ong, and all the parties including advisers and specialists. And thanks for the support of DAI’s Main Office in Washington DC, including Allen Hollenbach and Kevin Carlucci, who reviewed and provided ideas and input for this report.

We also give a warm thank you to USAID staff in both Jakarta and Washington DC, including Heather D'Agnes, Amin Budiarjo, Jennifer Frankel-Reed and Kevin Coffey.

We would like to thank our sources and counterparts who spared their time to be interviewed at the national and subnational level including BAPPENAS, KLHK, BMKG, BNPB, KKP, KEMENTAN and KEMENKES.

We thank all the parties at BMKG including Dr. Andi Eka Sakya as the Director General of BMKG, Dr. Yunus Subagyo, M.Si. (Deputy of Meteorology); Drs. R. Mulyono Prabowo, M.Sc. (Deputy of Climatology); Dr. Dodo Gunawan (Head of Center for Climate Change Information), and all the staff that were interviewed by APIK.

Some parts of this document are also supported by the Geo Enviro Omega team in developing “Social media utilization in weather, climate & disaster dissemination”: Mia Renauly, Novi Kesumaningtyas & Seno Adiwicaksono.

At sub-national level, we are grateful to the local stakeholders who met with us, including SKPDs, institutions, private parties, media, NGOs, and representatives of the villages we visited.

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Climate and weather information (CWI) services are used by a wide range of actors in Indonesia—public, private, and civil society—to fulfill specific, placed-based needs, from maximizing crop yields to navigating coastal waters to warning communities of impending flood risk. Recent advances in technology enable meteorologists to capture larger quantities of more precise weather data, while community leaders, farmers, and fisher folk increasingly have access to that data via mobile connectivity. Nevertheless, the CWI services marketplace remains quite fragmented with varying levels of coordination along the ‘value chain’ of service provision that collects raw data and translates it into useful information for beneficiaries.

Through the Climate and Weather Information Services Assessment, USAID’s Adaptasi Perubahan Iklim dan Ketangguhan (APIK) Project catalogues the existing actors, data, products, and users of CWI services in Indonesia with the aim of identifying key gaps in the marketplace. Detail from this Assessment report will then inform the forthcoming APIK CWI Services Roadmap, which will analyze specific CWI value chains within APIK’s priority regions and inform the Project’s technical assistance entry-points over the coming four years. Assessment Approach & Method Broadly speaking, climate and weather information services consist of the hardware (sensor networks, weather station infrastructure, and IT equipment), software (trained staff, recognized communication and dissemination platforms, local awareness) and the supporting institutional arrangements (codified roles and responsibilities, data sharing policies, dedicated funding) that facilitate the systematic collection, analysis, packaging, communication, and use of meteorological, hydrological, and climate data. Robust CWI services are integral to Indonesia’s National Action Plan on Climate Change Adaptation (RAN-API) in the context of hydro-meteorological disaster risk reduction and development planning. At the international level, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) also recognized the critical role of improved climate services, establishing the Global Framework for Climate Services in 2012 as a worldwide mechanism for coordinated actions to enhance the quality, quantity, and application of climate services (see http://www.wmo.int/gfcs/). Climate and weather information services are most impactful when an active process is put in place to transform raw environmental observations into actionable information communicated to the right people at the right time. Toward this end, the APIK assessment team used the concept of a climate and weather information value chain to frame the institutional roles and action steps required in the transformation of data into decisions. These steps are: (1) raw data collection and organization, (2) product development, (3) communication and dissemination, (4) application and use, and (5) benefit realization. The notion of climate and weather information services as a value chain operating in the context of a local market allows us to: identify and segment the key climate and weather services actors; define the roles that such actors play across all the links of the value chain; connect those that collect and produce CWI services (the “supply side”) and those that apply them at the local level (the “demand side”); and detect specific gaps or weaknesses in the value chain and target technical assistance efforts accordingly.

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Regarding methodology, the CWI Services Assessment was completed over a period of approximately eight months, from April through November of 2016. The APIK assessment team engaged in consultations with national level actors (i.e. top-down) as well as a wide range of stakeholders at the subnational and community levels (i.e. bottom-up) in APIK’s priority provinces of East Java, Southeast Sulawesi, and Maluku. The team principally used structured, key informant interviews as well as focus group discussions (FGDs) across all levels to gather inputs and perspectives. The results of this intensive stakeholder engagement process were then synthesized by the APIK assessment team and compiled in the full report, which details the current status of the actors, data, and products along the value chain. The concluding chapter of the report then provides a summary analysis of services gaps identified by the APIK assessment team at each step of the value chain, including those at the national and subnational levels, in the public and private sectors, as well as at the community level. Key CWI Institutions, Products and Communication Modes The institutional landscape of climate and weather information services is, not surprisingly, dominated by the National Meteorological and Climate Agency (BMKG). According to prevailing government regulations, BMKG represents the primary collector of climate and weather data and producer of tailored climate products. More specifically, Presidential Decree No. 61 of 2008 states that the Agency is obligated to conduct governmental tasks in the field of meteorology, climatology and geophysics, including, but not limited to data collection and management, analysis and delivery of weather and climate change information to public and private stakeholders at both the national and subnational levels, communication of disaster warnings to relevant institutions and agencies, and the implementation of research and development. To fulfill these mandates, BMKG operates 122 meteorology stations, 31 geophysics stations, and 21 climatology stations across the archipelago. A wide variety of public and private organizations play targeted, supporting roles in the climate and weather information services landscape. The National Disaster Management Agency (BNPB) represents an important producer and communicator of disaster preparedness and response products accompanied by broad reach through Local Government Disaster Management Authorities (BPBDs). National planning and technical ministries play a role in translating climate and weather data into specific sectors; the Ministry of Agriculture, for example, helps farmers to apply climate information to maximize crop yields, while the Ministry of Public Works and Housing works across administrative boundaries to manage water resources within a given drainage basin. The CWI institutional landscape extends well outside the public sector, however, to include research organizations (e.g. universities), media entities (e.g. television stations, radio, and print media), as well as commercial entities. While most of these are engaged in the communication and use of climate and weather products, some also collect their own observations directly. The Weather and Climate Prediction Laboratory at the Bandung Institute of Technology, for example, collects and publishes its own weather data using local instrumentation. The array of CWI institutional actors currently develop and disseminate a diverse portfolio of climate and weather information products, some for internal use only and others available to the public. Notable products and systems commonly referenced during assessment interviews included:

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 Daily and weekly weather forecasts collectively generated by BMKG Stations and Head Office, as well as seasonal climate predictions;  Downscaled climate change projections for temperature and precipitation change with a resolution of four square kilometers, also generated by BMKG;  Vulnerability Inventory Index Information System (SIDIK) and the Early Warning System for Forest and Land (Sipongi), both of which are managed by the Ministry of the Environment and Forestry (KLHK);  Landslide Early Warning System, InAWARE (a Disaster Preparedness and Response Platform), and the Disaster Risk Map, all of which fall under the Disaster Management Authority (BNPB);  The Integrated Planting Calendar (KATAM) and Resilience and Food Security Maps promulgated by the Ministry of Agriculture;  Disaster Mitigation, Adaptation & Environmental Information System (SIMAIL) that supports coastal communities and is managed by the Ministry of Fisheries (KKP);  Hydrology, Hydrometeorology and Hydrogeology Information System (SIH3) coordinated by BMKG with the Ministry of Public Works & Housing and the Ministry of Minerals and Geologic Resources;  Bandung Metropolitan Early Warning System (ITB); and  Flood Forecasting & Warning System (FFWS) and Flood Early Warning and Early Action System (FEWEAS) established and operated by Perum. Jasa Tirta.

The modes of communication and dissemination of climate and weather information services are equally diverse, and include internet sites, social media (specifically Twitter, Facebook, and WhatsApp) print media, televised broadcasts, national and local radio programs, smartphone applications, and short message services (SMS). In a country well known for its rapid uptake of social media and digital technology, it is noteworthy that, based on APIK’s interviews, digital communications do not necessarily translate well to more rural communities. In communities in Southeast Sulawesi and Maluku, for example, many informants reported that they obtain climate and weather information from television, word of mouth, or loud speakers (in the case of emergencies).

Summary of Findings across the Value Chain Based on more than 650 individual interviews including representatives from 11 national government agencies, 152 local government agencies across cities and districts in 3 provinces, 61 businesses, representatives from media and research institutions and community members from over 70 villages, the following summarizes the key findings of the CWI Services Assessment across the stages of the value chain: Data Collection & Processing: While BMKG has (and continues to make) investments in the reliable collection of observational data, significant spatial and temporal gaps persist. The instrumentation necessary to collect climate data with a sufficiently high spatial and temporal resolution is not yet established in many places, but especially in the more remote areas outside of the Island of Java. Further, where instrumentation was set up, a lack of standardized/automated collection methodologies and maintenance greatly impact the quality and utility of the data. For example, 992 manually operated rain gauges in East Java require staff to visit them daily and record data in a log book, which then must be summarized and sent monthly to the irrigation office, where it is then compiled and distributed via email to BMKG. A lengthy

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CLIMATE & WEATHER INFORMATION SERVICES ASSESSMENT REPORT manual process like this contributes to poor data quality – as does the fact that many of the gauges no longer function properly. A lack of open data policies continues to inhibit the sharing of climate information, inhibiting warning systems, the improvement of models, and the proliferation of climate research. The APIK assessment team found that, at present, climate and weather data collectors tend to focus on the gathering of environmental data in accordance with their own needs, failing to recognize that other producers, communicators, and users may have related yet distinct information needs that can only be fulfilled if the raw data is maintained in a specific format and is of sufficient granularity (i.e. spatial and temporal resolution). Even when data is in the public domain, important gaps often exist and platforms to access those datasets are not always reliable. From the perspective of data needs, APIK found that historical weather data sets are typically the most in demand, but that the completeness of those data sets is an important area of improvement for BMKG. That said, the majority of users surveyed report being satisfied with the available data types, such as ENSO, Sea Surface Temperature (SST), Extreme Climate, Flood Potential, Water Balance, Days without Rainfall, and Season & Climate Prediction. The assessment team also found that most CWI data users access the information through inter-ministerial/agency correspondence. The agencies themselves often access the data through sending a formal request letter to BMKG. While much of BMKG’s data can be accessed directly through the website, most people interviewed stated the website functionality needs improvement. The CWIS users from BNPB also highlighted a clear need for better integration between platforms, such as connecting the Multi Hazard Early Warning system with radar data to enhance its reliability. Product Development: Like many climate and weather marketplaces around the world, product development in Indonesia is supply-driven, lacking a clear focus on the needs of users and beneficiaries. The needs of the data collection institution often shape product development. For example, wave height maps are often disseminated in low-resolution format, making it difficult for fisherman to discern the conditions in local waters. Similarly, technical jargon used by government officials frustrates public users, who in reality must play the role of ‘product developer’ to actually analyze and use CWI data sets. Given most local government survey respondents shared their unhappiness with community use of CWI data, a considerable opportunity exists to connect users and producers for product development purposes. In this regard, APIK did not find any widely used feedback mechanisms in which users and producers interact to help improve existing products.

Notably, most institutional products focus on early warning for disaster risk reduction purposes, while very few incorporate climate adaptation concerns such as shifts in seasonality. This is due in part to product demand as well as data gaps – for example, manual rain gauges do not capture one of the most anticipated changes in local climate, namely, the hourly intensity of rainfall. One of the main challenges for CWIS across the different landscapes is that each area has its own risk characteristics depending on the local context and issues. From the watershed point of view, at the upstream level the main issues include land use change

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CLIMATE & WEATHER INFORMATION SERVICES ASSESSMENT REPORT and water scarcity coupled with landslides or flash flood threats. In cities, the common issue is urban flooding, with mismanaged rivers and drainage systems increasing the risk. Coastal flooding, erosion, and sea level rise are threatening seaside communities, and land use decisions can exacerbate those risks, as seen with the Bajo people who traditionally build houses above the coastal sea water. For some coastal areas, especially those downstream from big rivers, there is greater risk of landslides and flash flooding. Therefore, in order to ensure local needs are met, CWIS must be contextualized and relevant for each area. There is no “one size fits all” solution. The assessment results show that climate variability is affecting community livelihoods, especially those relying on natural resources. Many farmers face common issues, such as difficulty determining the beginning of the rainy season, which impacts when to plant their crops and how to manage pest control in different and varied weather conditions. In some places there are also water shortage issues, especially during the dry season for rain fed paddy fields. For coastal communities, the weather uncertainty shortens the time fisher folk spend at sea and limits their sailing distance. In the tourism sector, weather uncertainty and the strength of El-Nino/La-Nina has proven to disrupt operational activities. For example, local marine tourism has been impacted by dive site coral bleaching issues due to increasing sea water temperature. Agro-tourism is also affected by climate change as well, since the activity is dependent on agricultural products to draw tourists to a region. Dissemination and Communication: Local TV and radio are the primary channels people use to access timely weather information, although digital communication modes are playing an increasing role in some areas. Communities with limited access to smartphones or the internet rely heavily on traditional media (through daily weather forecasts or special announcements for extreme weather events on television, radio or amateur radio broadcast) and often disseminate weather information verbally through group or village meetings. In Southeast Sulawesi and Maluku, wave height information is an important data point that is routinely broadcasted by the local media. Informal, community-based radio is especially useful in fishing communities. That said, digital communications are on the rise. BMKG and BPBD, for example, both use social media to disseminate CWI messages, with Twitter being the most popular tool. Some remote communities receive climate and weather information through SMS (short messaging service), but this is highly dependent on signal strength and thus it is generally not on a regular basis. Further, instant message groups have become increasingly popular at the local government level as well, often used to exchange weather information among staff at SKPDs (local government departments). Information that can be displayed is quite comprehensive, ranging from text, images and links to websites. Again, however, this mode is only available in areas with an affordable and strong mobile internet signal (GPRS, HSDPA, etc.). Local staff and volunteers represent a critical link in communicating climate and weather information at the community level. APIK found that local actors such as agricultural extension officers, disaster coordinators, and BPBD volunteers play a fundamental role in disseminating climate and weather information at the grassroots level. Such individuals are interacting with potential users and beneficiaries on a daily basis, and are able to take sometimes complex CWI products and translate them in a manner that is

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CLIMATE & WEATHER INFORMATION SERVICES ASSESSMENT REPORT meaningful to farmers and fishermen. Some disaster coordinators have also started their own instant messaging groups among them to exchange early warning information. CWI dissemination is not just about posting data and products, but requires targeted marketing and capacity building. CWI users are ultimately “consumers”, meaning that they have choices on whether to use a product or not. First and foremost, they need to be aware what products exist through active marketing that targets specific segments of the climate and weather information marketplace. Also, users must feel comfortable with the product and be convinced of its usefulness. Notably, APIK encountered several existing government programs that aim to enhance the capacity of the public to apply climate services, including the Climate Field School program, PKPT / PDPT, Indonesia Coastal School, Agricultural Extension and Fishermen, and Proklim. Unfortunately, these have not reached scale – for example, Climate Field School Stage 3 for farmers covers less than 10% of the total villages in APIK regions (East Java, SE Sulawesi, Maluku), and the same program for fisher folk has not yet reached the village level based on our assessment. The lack of marketing and familiarity with climate services also impacts local government uptake. For example, the Livestock Agency in Malang District stated that they never obtain regular CWI from BMKG; instead, they rely on historical knowledge concerning the seasons or television broadcasts. Similarly, the SIDIK system on climate vulnerability, a derivative product of KLHK, represents an example of a product that has not been socialized properly in with the local BAPPEDA. Application and Use: Existing climate and weather products struggle to reach the “last mile” of beneficiaries, often failing to make it to the communities and households where they are most needed. Many communities facing climate change risks are not yet using the climate and weather services produced by national authorities. Various ministries have produced climate and weather information products, such as the Disaster Mitigation, Climate Change & Environmental Information System (SIMAIL) run by the Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries, the Kalender Tanam Terpadu (KATAM) planting calendar produced by the Ministry of Agriculture, and BMKG’s monthly rainfall analysis. All of these tools could be of considerable benefit were they to reach intended users. Unfortunately, none are being used at scale by farmers and fisher folk; this assessment found only two respondents familiar with KATAM and two others who had heard of the SIMAIL product. Similarly, many local governments are still not optimally utilizing services to inform programs or strategic planning. Such difficulties with “last mile” service delivery are a common challenge for climate and weather information services, which reflects the importance of the aforementioned emphasis on marketing and capacity building. Many stakeholders continue to rely on personal observations and traditional climate knowledge, especially when more “formal” climate services are not available. Most of the communities visited by APIK continue to use their own indigenous knowledge for predicting weather and seasonality rather than accessing formal services produced by BMKG. While traditional methods such as Nanaku or Pranata Mangsa (traditional seasonal calendar) have been used for centuries, many respondents admit that these methods are not entirely reliable. Further, the long-standing “DJF-JJA-rule” (i.e. monsoonal pattern) that many farmers have relied upon appears less and less consistent. It is especially difficult to predict the onset and potential impacts of the La-Nina and El-Nino events. Some farmers

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CLIMATE & WEATHER INFORMATION SERVICES ASSESSMENT REPORT understand La-Nina as the condition of "the Wet Dry Season", but many are not fully socialized on how the seasonal characteristics of the event can impact their crops. While users are moderately satisfied with formal CWI products, there is still progress to made. APIK surveys find that user satisfaction of BMKG products is 3.44 on a scale of 1- 5 (1=Not satisfied; 2=Less satisfied; 3=Satisfied, but need some improvement; 4=Satisfied; 5=Very satisfied). The areas of weakness identified by respondents include interoperability, guidelines, and geographical coverage. The surveys also found a need for data not currently captured by BMKG, including evaporation, evapotranspiration, and solar radiation information. At the national level, there is consensus that improvement is needed in the reliability of existing weather forecast products as well as hot spot and smoke distribution information. For marine weather and wave forecasts, the assessment found that most users are satisfied with current products. Opportunities for Strengthening the CWI Services Marketplace

While this assessment provides a ‘lay of the land’ in term of CWIS, to identify areas of opportunity for value chain strengthening, the next step for APIK is to complete a specific analysis of CWI value chains for key social and economic sectors in East Java, SE Sulawesi, and Maluku under the auspices of the CWI Roadmap. Chapters 4-6 in this assessment provide an overview of CWIS in each of these APIK geographies, which will inform the sector specific analyses and determine where APIK support could make scalable impact in CWIS that enhances the lives and livelihoods of communities in our focus regions. Nonetheless, as discussed in Chapter 7, there are a myriad of opportunities to strengthen the CWI marketplace available for further consideration and analysis under the forthcoming roadmap. Briefly, these opportunities include:

 Socializing and building capacity on user-centered design (UCD) process and methods at local BMKG stations. An initial UCD analysis should be conducted on existing CWI products operated by local governments such as water resources, health, DRR, forest fires, and marine/agriculture information (e.g. planting calendar, ground fishing information, flood modeling, ground water modeling, SiPongi). Some products may simply need user manuals and training, while others may need a larger overhaul to bolster their utility.  Homing in on specific sectors and regions to analyze areas of opportunity. For example, for DRR, the program could evaluate the existing Landslide Early Warning System in the three APIK regions to identify how to improve reliability, coverage, maintenance, procedure, etc. Another opportunity lies in piloting the Multi-Hazard Early Warning System as a way to enhance the value chain analysis for the product.  Leveraging field staff such as extension workers, disaster volunteers, and POKWASMAS as critical “communications assets” for CWIS. Within the right structure, these assets could play a key role connecting product developers with product users and beneficiaries. Another recommendation is to create a partnership between BMKG and local media outlets. Members of the media we spoke with suggested a need to better understand the potential impacts of climate change and extreme weather events on public health, motorist safety, and agriculture, for example – as opposed to simply receiving forecasts from BMKG.

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 Building on the national Hydrology, Hydrogeology, and Hydrometeorology Information System (SIH3) as a framework for institutional coordination, data collection, and data processing. This may involve conducting regional focus groups among national and subnational agencies to develop a roadmap to fully implement SIH3 in their regions. Data collection and processing gaps cannot all be addressed at once, so using the SIH3 framework will provide structure to solve current issues in a standard and documented fashion that can be applied across sectors and geographies; and  Working with communities to identify approaches to community-based monitoring and early warning systems, such as by using affordable, open-source technologies to measure rainfall levels or river height. Should adequate network coverage be available, these technologies can be automated to send alert notices via SMS to local leaders and disaster preparedness volunteers. Taken together, the findings and opportunities presented in the Assessment Report provide a firm foundation for developing an effective strategy to strengthen climate and weather services in Indonesia, helping to realize the potential of such systems to foster place-based resilience in an era of increasing meteorological and hydrological uncertainty.

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1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. Overview of APIK USAID’s five year “Adaptasi Perubahan Iklim dan Ketangguhan” (APIK) Project supports the Government of Indonesia to strengthen climate and disaster resilience, working in an integrated manner from the national level down to the regional and community levels. In support of this overall objective, APIK seeks to:

 Mainstream climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction into national and sub-national governance frameworks;  Build the capacity of local communities and the private sector to address climate change and weather-related natural hazards; and  Support the use of information for climate and disaster risk management among key stakeholders. At the national level, APIK provides technical assistance to ministries to strengthen their understanding of climate change and the impact of weather-related natural disasters, and to mainstream tools and approaches that facilitate the systematic consideration of climate change adaptation (CCA) and disaster risk reduction (DRR) in their core planning, budgeting, and operations. Given the cross-cutting nature of CCA/DRR, APIK works with economy-wide agencies—such as the Ministry of Planning (BAPPENAS) and the National Disaster Management Agency (BNPB)—as well as technical ministries such as Environment and Forestry (KLHK), Marine Affairs and Fisheries (KKP), Energy and Mineral Resources (MEMR), Public Works and Public Housing (PUPERA), Agrarian and Spatial Planning, and Agriculture (Kementan). At the subnational level, APIK seeks to build the capacity of local governments in East Java, Southeast Sulawesi, and Maluku to address CCA & DRR through planning and operations, public outreach, and the institutionalization of resilience-building practices in day-to-day activities. With a regional office located in the respective provinces, the Project works in targeted landscapes with the communities on the front lines of climate change and disaster resilience in the target districts to implement measures and link those measures to the relevant government processes in a holistic systems approach. Crosscutting the national and subnational levels, APIK further seeks to mainstream CCA/DRR into the private sector as well as improve uptake and utilization of climate and weather information (CWI) services. Private sector engagement is critical to addressing shared economic risks and livelihoods, while improved climate and weather information services empower public and private institutions alike to better prepare for and respond to climate and disaster risk. 1.2. Project Vision & Approach The vision for USAID’s APIK Project is that, after five years, the prioritized geographies— including local governments, businesses, and households therein—will have achieved measurable gains in resilience to natural disasters and climate change, with concrete

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CLIMATE & WEATHER INFORMATION SERVICES ASSESSMENT REPORT examples of adaptation in practice serving as replicable models for DRR and CCA integration across the archipelago. Further, such local improvements in resiliency will be enabled, cemented, and sustained through the confluence of more accessible, user-focused climate information services and the mainstreaming of disaster preparedness and climate adaptation into core governance processes at all levels. Ultimately, realizing this vision of improved management of climate and disaster risk will contribute to broader government adaptation objectives as set forth in the RAN-API as well as USAID/Indonesia’s Country Development Cooperation Strategy and the U.S. Government’s Global Climate Change Initiative.

To translate this theory of change into action, the APIK Project will apply a technical approach centered on place-based resilience, which emphasizes that vulnerability to natural disasters and climate change are directly linked to each locale’s unique landscape, socioeconomic, and institutional characteristics. Place-based resilience moves beyond generalities to understand the climate story at the local government and community levels, and is enabled and strengthened through horizontal collaboration with neighboring communities as well as vertical linkages to the broader policy environment. In this regard, national adaptation policies and tools must be designed in a manner that keeps a sense of place at the fore, while place-based CCA/DRR actions—both successes and failures—must inform the adaptive evolution of these policies and tools over time. Building from the strategic objectives and targeted sectors set forth in the RAN-API, Exhibit 2 presents the integrated, mutually reinforcing components of APIK’s place-based approach:

 Institutional resilience. Under Indonesia’s decentralized system, Exhibit 1: Supporting Place-Based Resilience under APIK place-based resilience requires that national ministries (Task 1), as well as subnational governments (Task 2), mainstream DRR and CCA principles into public planning and investments. The strengthening of governance institutions and national-subnational linkages sets the stage for place-based adaptation actions and bolsters the ability of public service providers themselves to withstand and recover from future shocks and crises.  Socioeconomic resilience. Place-based resilience also requires that DRR/CCA principles be incorporated into business models across different economic sectors, supporting livelihoods and green economic growth. Fostering sustainable incomes is particularly important among the poor, whose resource-based livelihoods often face the greatest exposure to weather stresses and climate shifts.  Landscape resilience. The vulnerability of place is interconnected with the ecological, hydrological, and meteorological characteristics of the surrounding landscape. Ecosystem

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services represent important safeguards that protect urban, rural, and island communities from extreme and changing weather. Sustaining these services demands spatially integrated, transboundary resource management using hydro-meteorological data (Task 3) accompanied by the mobilization of upstream and downstream stakeholders around shared environmental risks (Task 2).  Climate and weather information (CWI) services. Finally, CWI services (Task 3) play an important enabling role in achieving place-based resilience, with the resulting information products informing sound, evidence-based decision making across all tasks and activities. Climate services are not, however, an end in themselves; rather they are a means for people, businesses, and institutions to better understand their place and how/if it is changing. 1.3. Strengthening Climate & Weather Information Services In an era of increasing meteorological and hydrological uncertainty, climate and weather information systems are fundamental to fostering place-based resilience, saving lives in the near term through disaster preparedness while supporting better planning and investment in the long term through climate change adaptation. Broadly speaking, climate and weather information services consist of the hardware (sensor networks, weather station infrastructure, and IT equipment), software (trained staff, recognized communication and dissemination platforms, local awareness) and the supporting institutional arrangements (codified roles and responsibilities, data sharing policies, dedicated funding) that facilitate the systematic collection, analysis, packaging, communication, and use of meteorological, hydrological, and climate data. Robust CWI services are integral to Indonesia’s National Action Plan on Climate Change Adaptation (RAN-API) in the context of hydro-meteorological disaster risk reduction and development planning. The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) also recognized the critical role of improved climate services, establishing the Global Framework for Climate Services in 2012 as a worldwide mechanism for coordinated actions to enhance the quality, quantity, and application of climate services (see http://www.wmo.int/gfcs/). Improved data and information is not an end in and of itself but must be linked to institutional capacity building, pro-poor programming for sustainable livelihoods, and trans- boundary ecosystem management. Indeed, the availability of reliable climate and weather data is not sufficient; rather, it must also be effectively translated and communicated in a manner that supports informed decision-making and action. Government, businesses, and communities need data and tools to address climate change and climate related natural disasters. Critically, they need that information to be packaged in ways that are usable, clear, collaboratively developed, and provide a basis for action. A key tenet of the APIK Project’s approach, therefore, is that, by strengthening the capacity of stakeholders to develop, disseminate, and apply tailored climate information services that are closely aligned with the information needs of practitioners, the use of climate and weather information services will increase and empower people to better manage climate and disaster risk. Strengthening CWI services will, for example, empower farmers to understand the impacts of the El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and adjust the timing of crop rotations accordingly; help keep fishermen safe during the hazardous monsoon season; assist local government planners to incorporate extreme weather patterns into infrastructure investments; and allow Regional Disaster Management Agencies (BPBDs) to

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CLIMATE & WEATHER INFORMATION SERVICES ASSESSMENT REPORT give more advanced warnings to communities. Simply put, strengthening climate and weather information services can help people to live safer and more prosperous lives. 1.4. CWI Services Assessment Objective The purpose of APIK Climate and Weather Information Services Assessment is to better understand the current capabilities and needs of stakeholders in Indonesia to generate, provide, and use weather and climate information. This Assessment Report will then serve as the basis for the development of the APIK CWI Services Roadmap which details the Project’s approach to improve the development, provision and uptake of information in ways that support the aforementioned high level outcomes on a sustainable basis, particularly at the local level. The specific goals of the assessment are to:

 Map the institutional landscape for climate and weather information services and delineate respective roles and responsibilities;  Identify and catalogue the existing climate and weather information products already being supplied in the CWI “marketplace”, specifically evaluating the level of penetration and use of these products at the community level;  Conduct stakeholder consultations on weather and climate information needs to determine which services are most critical for strengthening resilience within the APIK landscapes, as well as to better understand the awareness and “climate literacy” of local stakeholders; and  Pinpoint information gaps in relevant climate and weather information services “value chains”, segmenting market actors and identifying specific assistance needs of data collectors, producers, communicators, and users. The APIK CWI Assessment Report will serve as the basis for the implementation of technical assistance activities under Task 3 henceforth, while also directly informing the assistance strategies of other APIK tasks and activities as well. More broadly, it is hoped that the conclusions and recommendations presented herein can inform the development of the climate and weather information services market as a whole, helping key producers such as BMKG and BNPB to better tailor climate and weather information products to the needs of those on the front lines of managing climate and disaster risk. 1.5. Report Structure The Climate and Weather Information Services Assessment Report is organized into seven chapters. The remaining six chapters are as follows: Chapter 2 describes the overall approach and methodology of the assessment, focusing on the concept of CWI services as a “value chain” which moves climate and weather data through a series of phases from collection (origination) to benefit realization. Chapter 3 provides in introduction to the institutional landscape of climate and weather information services in Indonesia, describing the roles and responsibilities of key actors in collecting data, developing products, communicating climate and weather information, and applying that information for the use of beneficiaries. The chapter

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focuses largely on two major actors—BMKG and BNPB—but also discusses the roles of other major actors such as local government, nongovernment organizations, academia, and the private sector. Chapters 4, 5, and 6 each focus on the subnational level, addressing weather and climate information supply and demand within the APIK landscapes of East Java, Southeast Sulawesi, and Maluku, respectively. Chapter 7 presents conclusions and recommendations, identifying broader trends, key information gaps, and potential technical assistance entry points to close those gaps and strengthen climate and weather information systems over the coming four years. 1.6. Geographic Coverage This assessment was carried out at the national and subnational levels in the three provinces where APIK works. The national level stakeholders included actors in Jakarta and Bogor, Tangerang Selatan, Bandung and Depok. The sub-national stakeholders (beneficiaries) include East Java Province (Malang City, Batu City, Malang District, Blitar District, Jombang District, Mojokerto District & Sidoarjo District), Southeast Sulawesi Province (Kendari City & Konawe Selatan District), and Maluku Province (Ambon City & Maluku Tengah District). 1.7. Limitations This Assessment was conducted from April to November 2016. It captures a snapshot of the CWIS landscape that will continue to evolve and change over time.

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Pattimura Meteorological Station, Ambon

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2. APPROACH & METHODOLOGY

The APIK team conducted the CWI assessment over the period of April to November 2016. Led by the Project’s Climate and Weather Information Specialist, the assessment was carried out in a collaborative manner with key sector actors at the national and subnational levels. Section 2 of the CWI Assessment Report describes the overall methodology of the process, including the identification and segmentation of actors involved in the “value chain” of climate and weather information services, the design and implementation of key informational interviews and surveys at both the national and subnational levels, and the synthesis of results and corresponding recommendations. 2.1. The CWI Services Value Chain The acquisition and application of relevant, accurate, and reliable climate and weather information to support local decision making is critical to bolstering resilience and mitigating disaster risk. While it is easy to view climate and weather information services as a passive process centered on the establishment of monitoring systems and the cataloging of trends, such services are most impactful when an active process is put in place to transform raw data into actionable information communicated to the right people at the right time. In this sense, the series of steps involved in the transformation of data into decisions are akin to a product value chain in which the raw materials—environmental data—are collected, processed, packaged, and disseminated for “market” consumption. The notion of climate and weather information services as a value chain operating in the context of a local market represents an important aspect of APIK’s approach to the analysis and evaluation of the effectiveness of such services in Indonesia. More specifically, adopting a value chain approach serves to:

 Identify and segment the key actors responsible for moving climate and weather information through the value chain;  Define the roles that actors play across all the links of the value chain. Notably, a single institutional actor may (and often does) play more than one role, such as managing both the collection of data as well as the packaging of that data into a CWI product;  Connect the “supply-side” of climate and weather information services to the “demand side”, or those that collect and produce CWI services and those that apply them at the local level. In this regard, it is essential that CWI products be designed and communicated with the end-users and beneficiaries in mind; and  Detect specific gaps or weaknesses in the value chain and target technical assistance efforts accordingly. Exhibit 2 on the following page depicts the five stages or links in the climate and weather information services value chain: data collection, product development, communication/ dissemination, application and use, and benefit realization. Each link in the chain is of equal importance to the achievement of the ultimate objective of CWI services, namely, helping people better manage climate and disaster risks in the context of their livelihoods and communities. For illustrative purposes, Exhibit 2 considers the value chain stages for a CWI product aimed at helping farmers make local planting decisions.

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Exhibit 2: The CWI Services Value Chain

2.1.1. Value Chain Phases The following subsections discuss each stage of the value chain in turn, including key concepts and definitions that will be used throughout the remainder of the assessment report. Data Collection. In the context of the climate and weather information services value chain, data may be defined as sets of values of qualitative or quantitative variables collected for reference or analysis that then serves as an input to products and tools further up the CWI value chain. Qualitative data generally describes attributes, properties, or qualities of the environment, and is often expressed in words rather than numerically. Quantitative data, on the other hand, represents information that can be measured or expressed numerically, typically describing amounts, ranges, or quantities. Importantly, data may be collected locally (such as through direct observation or environmental sensors) or remotely via aerial photography or satellites. Raw climate and weather data, then, comes in many different forms, including TRMM satellite data, in-situ weather data, crop data, elevation data, hydrological/flow data, and structured by user data preferences. Data is generally aggregated into a dataset, which consists of the same type of data over a given period. Under the auspices of this assessment, a collector is any institution, entity, or individual that has a formal responsibility to gather, organize, and store raw climate and weather data from the environment. As discussed in greater detail in the next chapter, BMKG represents

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CLIMATE & WEATHER INFORMATION SERVICES ASSESSMENT REPORT the largest form CWI collector in Indonesia, maintaining a vast network of weather and climatology stations across the archipelago with the resulting data then made available on their website (http://dataonline.bmkg.go.id/). An example of a collector at the subnational level is Watershed/River Management Agency (BBWS) which often owns a separate network of automatic weather stations (AWS) installed within its jurisdiction. A robust climate and weather information value chain begins with data that is collected at the necessary spatial and temporal resolution in a transparent, standardized, and reliable manner. One common CWI gap is that data is not collected within a geographic area that is relevant to decision-making (spatial resolution) due to the limited number of stations; a second is that data is collected infrequently, making it difficult to understand the speed of environmental change (temporal resolution). Maintenance of existing stations as a result of lack of competent human resource is also major obstacles. Problems also frequently crop up when collection points follow different processes making it difficult to compare datasets from one location to the next. Additionally, the transparency of data collection processes and the extent to which raw data is widely shared represent significant determinants of how readily the climate and weather information market develops to meet the needs of a diverse group of stakeholders. Development of Climate and Weather Products. In the second stage of the CWI services value chain, raw environmental data is transformed into an information product through trends analysis, visualization, and packaging into an easily consumable format. Many potential users do not have the time, expertise, or resources to analyze multiple datasets, develop and interpret trends, and then present the results in a manner that is readily understandable by decision-makers. In other words, local users often need information to be packaged in ways that are usable, clear, collaboratively developed, and provide a basis for action. Toward this end, a CWI product represents the output of data processing and analysis—or any organized aggregate collection thereof—to fulfill a particular purpose of a user group. Such products are often created by using a particular climate and weather information tool, which is a program, model, system or device that processes and analyzes data and information to fulfill a given stakeholder information need. Developed and packaged by a producer, CWI products may take many different forms. BMKG, as the official producer of climate and weather information in Indonesia, offers a broad portfolio of different climate and weather products, such as daily and seasonal weather forecasts that are published via its website, mobile application, or other channels. Indonesian universities are also common producers in Indonesia; CCROM at the Agricultural institute of Bogor, for example, has created products that illustrate downscaled climate change projections; Weather & Climate Prediction Laboratory Institute Technology of Bandung (WCPL-ITB) also contribute to weather data collection, dissemination and prediction analysis specifically near Bandung area. Producers may develop climate and weather products that are freely available of public use, as well as for the purchase of specific clients. Throughout the Assessment Report, we also make reference to derivative products which are “secondary” products that are created from processing two or more sets of processed climate and weather data. For example, PVMBG & BNPB issue an exposure map

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CLIMATE & WEATHER INFORMATION SERVICES ASSESSMENT REPORT to volcanic ash from volcanic eruption which combines two pre-existing analysis. The first is a model of volcanic ash spread where the inputs include digital elevation, wind direction patterns, and wind speed information from BMKG. The second element is population density calculations from BNPB in the nearby districts. As such, the volcanic ash exposure map integrates and adds value to existing analyses and products to create a new, highly tailored secondary product that incorporates elements of both weather and natural disaster risk. Communication of CWI Products. Climate and weather information products are only helpful if potential users are aware of their existence and are able to access them. More than simply sending a text message, communication must entail a degree of marketing which explains the importance of the product and how it be applied. For more complex products or tools, training may also be required in order to maximize the impact of the packaged information or a software program. A communicator is an entity that takes into account/plays an important role in the messaging and distribution necessary to get climate and weather information into the hands of users. The delivered information can be the original information obtained from the producer or processed into derived information as an analysis. An example of a communicator is the Ministry of Agriculture which is responsible for the distribution of seasonal weather information to farmers at the beginning of each monsoon season. Through its Integrated Planting Calendar (Kalender Tanam, or KATAM), the Agency communicates important information about the upcoming season such as whether to anticipate a dryer or wetter season than normal. Communicators use a variety of information channels or modes to deliver messages and disseminate products, including websites, text messages, instant/social messaging, radio, bulletin boards, training courses, and user forums such as Kontak Tani Nelayan Andalan (KTNA).

Application and Use. Under the fourth stage of the value chain, the climate and weather information is applied to the local context and used to make decisions and formulate specific actions or strategies. The effectiveness and impact of a given CWI product or tool therefore depends upon the extent to which is actually assists in making better decisions. As such, the number of downloads or text messages may provide a good indication of the reach of a product, it does not necessarily mean that the product is actually used or useful.

A user of CWI may be defined as an individual or institution that consults climate data, products, or tools in order to make a decision or fulfill a particular purpose. Depending on the data, product, or tool, users may be analysts or decision-makers, and they are often responsible for directly supporting communities, households, and individuals to apply the products. In the illustrative value chain presented in Exhibit 2, the user may be an agricultural extension officer who is consulting CWI products developed and communicated through the Ministry of Agriculture to help farmers make decisions on what commodities to grow this year and when to begin planting.

In the sense that the user represents the demand-side of the CWI market, the term consumer is also used interchangeably. Indeed, whether paying for a CWI product or obtaining it freely, a user nonetheless has a choice as to whether to consult the product in

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CLIMATE & WEATHER INFORMATION SERVICES ASSESSMENT REPORT the first place. It is, therefore, essential that the consumer’s needs be the principle driver behind the decisions on what data is collected, the types of products developed from that data, and the modes in which said products are communicated.

Realization of Benefits. The collection, packaging, communication, and application of climate and weather information comes to fruition when informed actions or strategies are implemented at the local level, yielding concrete benefits to communities and households. A CWI beneficiary, therefore, is an individual who receives the benefits of climate data, products, or tools to fulfill a particular purpose, but does not necessarily use or interact with the product directly.

In many cases the user and the beneficiary will be one in the same, such as an individual that receives a flood alert text and decides that the best course of action is to evacuate to the home of an inland relative. Nonetheless, it is important to distinguish between “use” and “benefit” as there are also cases in which those who experience tangible assistance from a given product or tool do actually interact with it in any way. In the example of agricultural extension services, a farmer that simply heeds the advice of an extension officer on what to plant and when is best viewed as a beneficiary and not a user, as the farmer does not directly consult the seasonal forecast product from the Ministry of Agriculture. It is also helpful to differentiate between use and benefit as there may be external pressures at work that prevent CWI use from translating into benefits. The lack of funding or cultural norms, for example, may block decisions or strategies informed by CWI services from implementation. Fundamentally, this means that the lack of action is not due to the CWI product or underlying data, but is instead a function of the broader enabling environment. 2.1.2. The Range of Value Chain Complexity While the CWI value chain depicted in Exhibit 2 can be relatively complex with different actors at each stage collaborating across a large geographic expanse, it is important to remember that there is a broad spectrum of complexity which also includes simple, highly localized climate and weather information services involving one or two actors at most. Indeed, it is all too easy to become caught up in the world of remote data collection, networked weather stations, intricate forecasting models, online visualization tools, smart- phone-based communication Exhibit 3: Weather Forecasting Made Simple platforms, etc., and forget that communities have been observing, interpreting, discussing, and acting upon trends in the weather for centuries. The weather forecasting stone shown in Exhibit 3 is a good (and humorous) reminder that sometimes the most accurate and user-friendly climate and weather information is also the simplest. Source: http://theweatherstone.com/

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Although the focus of the CWI Assessment Report is on formal climate and weather information services, it is therefore also important to recognize and incorporate the role of informal climate and weather information which is woven into the cultural fabric of a community. Such informal information often builds on a rich history of indigenous knowledge and experience and undoubtedly influences how formal CWI services are applied within the local context. Importantly, there are many ways to simplify or “shorten” the CWI value chain. As discussed previously, a single actor can serve singularly as a collector, producer, communicator, user, or beneficiary, or in a combination of roles. The BMKG Head Office (BMKG-HO) and BMKG Regional Offices (BMKG-RO), for example, often function as collectors, producers, and communicators. Further, a local official may act as a communicator, consumer, and beneficiary. Apart using the climate and weather information for personal use, this actor is also responsible to pass the information on his or her community. Notably, in the era of crowdsourcing, Exhibit 4: "Pranata Mangsa" an old- more and more actors serve as collectors, producers, javanese season calendar communicators and consumers at the same time. Source: http://1001indonesia.net/ In addition to aggregating responsibilities under a single actor, a CWI service can also be localized such that all functions of the value chain are carried out in a limited geographic area. A local District Disaster Management Agency (BPBD) has the authority to manage its own automatic weather station, meaning that they can collect, package, and communicate disaster warnings independently in a short time span. Flood warning systems are often localized even further in the form of community-based warning and monitoring systems. Such an approach gives those responsible for the system a high incentive to maintain it given that they are also users and beneficiaries.

2.1.3. Cross-Cutting Themes of the CWI Value Chain While the nature of the type of data collected and the products developed will be different from one sector or risk area to the next, the key phases of the CWI value chain depicted in Exhibit 2 remain the same. A key objective of this assessment report, then, is to obtain a better understanding of how information moves through these phases and where roadblocks exist that diminish the impact of this information. In this regard, the following three cross-cutting criteria provide a helpful means to measure the effectiveness of climate and weather information systems: Access. Generally speaking, “access” is the degree to which stakeholders are able to obtain the data, information, or products they need at each step of the value chain. The level of access is generally determined by what types of data is collected, the forms in which it is shared, and the mode of communication. Deficiencies in access may occur for a number of reasons, including failure to collect the relevant data, the packaging and distribution of information in incompatible formats (i.e. hard copy as opposed to digital format), or the

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CLIMATE & WEATHER INFORMATION SERVICES ASSESSMENT REPORT selection of an inherently restrictive communication mode. Importantly, wealth and gender in equities are also frequently at the root of differences in levels of access. Reliability. The “reliability” of raw data, finished products, and supporting communications and messaging considers the degree to which these pieces of information can fully depended upon to do what a stakeholder needs and expects. Reliability is multi-dimensional, and includes whether information is accurate, adheres to standard data collection processes, and is shared in a timely and predictable manner. Reliability is also closely linked to perceptions of institutional trustworthiness; people are hesitant to make decisions based on information from collectors or producers, for example, with a poor track record. Use. Finally, “use” is the degree to which the data/information is used to make products, products are used to make decisions, and those decisions translate into action. Questions of use, in other words, occur at each step of the CWI value chain, making the notion of user- centered design all the more critical to getting the right information into the right hands at the right time.

As we review existing climate and weather products in the following chapters, we will return to the criteria or “lenses” of access, reliability, and use to frame the assessment of climate and weather information services in different sectors and geographies. 2.2. Implementation Methodology The APIK Climate and Weather Information Services Assessment was implemented in a series of five phases as shown in Exhibit 5, culminating in the preparation of this report as well as a second document that lays out the technical assistance strategy for climate and weather information services for the next four years of the APIK Project. As noted in the introduction to this chapter, the completion of the first four phases required approximately seven months and was conducted over the period April through November 2016.

Exhibit 5 Phases of Assessment and Roadmap Process

Background National Level Subnational Research Compilation Report Assessment Assessment Preparation •Key Definitions and Analysis •Key informant •Key informant •Segmentation •National Level •Assessment of CWI actors interviews interviews Report •Subnational •Identification of •Stakeholder •Stakeholder Level •APIK CWI major value Surveys surveys Roadmap chains/products

2.2.1. Top-Down and Bottom-Up Assessment The APIK project team evaluated climate and weather information services at both the national and subnational levels. The Government of Indonesia’s (GOI’s) climate and weather information strategic approach is codified in the National Climate Change Adaptation Action Plan (RAN-API) document, which addresses how to mainstream climate adaptation into development planning. The RAN-API document includes several technical and non-technical ministries/agencies in Indonesia, most of which were engaged for this report. Exhibit 6 below summarizes the top-down and bottom-up elements of this CWIS assessment report.

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Exhibit 6 Assessment Approach

INSTITUTIONAL ASSESSMENT

PRODUCER ASSESSMENT (BMKG)

Regulation (Perka BMKG) Strategic Plan, Program & Product, System, Human Activity Resource & Procedure

NATIONAL GOVERNMENT

Regulation Strategic Plan, Program & Evaluation, Needs & Participation (Permen/Perka) Activity of CWI Dissemination

LOCAL GOVERNMENT

Regulation Strategic Plan, Program & Evaluation, Needs & Participation (Permen/Perka) Activity of CWI Dissemination

Official Institutions: BAPPEDA, BPBD, DPU, DKP, Agriculture Agency, Transportation Agency, Health Agency, BLH, etc. Vertical Agencies: BMKG, BBWS, TNI, SAR, etc.

Top-Down

Bottom-Up

Private Sector, MSMEs, Researcher, University

Communities: Farmers, Fishermen, Laborers, Traders, etc.

To identify the ministry/agency stakeholders at the national level, the APIK CWI assessment team focused on the ministries/agencies stated in the RAN-API document with some other institutions perceived to also use climate and weather information services. We identified the corresponding division/directorate for every ministry/agency interviewed, with multiple key informants often representing one ministry/agency (See Exhibit 7). Meanwhile, for other stakeholders in the business sector, we covered a range of different industries such as mining, aviation, agriculture, electricity services, drinking water services, general contractors, as well as the oil and gas industry. Reaching beyond government and industry, we also interviewed universities and research institutes in Bogor and Bandung such as ITB, IPB and CCROM as well as the media and military (See Exhibit 8).

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Exhibit 7: Stakeholder List of National Institutional Assessment National Institutional Assessment Category Respondent Number Producer BMKG 1 Other BAPPENAS, KLHK, BNPB, KEMENTAN, KKP, KEMENKES, 10 Ministry/Agency PUPERA, ESDM, BASARNAS, BPPT Total 11

Exhibit 8: Other National Stakeholders

Other National Stakeholders Category Respondent Number University/Research IPB (GEOMET), PPMB-ITB, PPI-ITB, WCPL-ITB, RCCC-UI 5 Institute Private Sector ELNUSA, PT Reasuransi Maipark Indonesia, PLN (Electricity), 6 (Jakarta-based) Adaro, PT Pelni, Perum Jasa Tirta I Media (Jakarta- RRI 1 based) Military (Jakarta- DISHIDROS TNI-AL 1 based) TOTAL 13

At the subnational level, the APIK assessment team divided stakeholders into seven different categories that included Local Government (Province/City/District), Business Sector (Private/State-owned Enterprise/Regional-owned Enterprise), Media, and Community. The categories of local government departments (SKPDs) at the subnational level were tailored to suit each province, city and district/regency. The survey team also selected respondents from the general public.

Exhibit 9: Subnational stakeholders

Subnational Level Stakeholders Southeast Category Respondent East Java Maluku Sulawesi Producer BMKG (Meteorology Station / 3 stations 1 station 2 stations Climatology Station / Regional Office) Provincial Planning, Disaster, Water Resources, 21 SKPD/ 31 SKPD/ 21 SKPD/ Government Agricultural, Plantation, Forestry, Marine agency agency agency City/District & Fishery, Environmental, Health, 30 SKPD/ 21 SKPD/ 22 SKPD/ Government Transportation & Tourism agency agency agency

Private Water Resource, Plantation, 8 business 9 business 10 business Sector Agroforestry, Forestry, Fishing, entities entities entities Livestock, Agriculture, Tourism, Transportation & Shipping, Infrastructure, Utilities, Service, Food Processing, etc.

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Subnational Level Stakeholders MSMEs Plantation, Livestock, Agroforestry, 5 entities 7 entities 16 entities Forestry, Fishery, Agriculture, Service, Handicraft, Food Processing, etc. Community Community at the administrative village 31 villages 20 villages 20 villages level that comes from Agriculture, Stock (±166 (±116 (±102 farmer, Fisher folk, Laborer, etc. respondent) respondent) respondent) Media Local Commercial Media/Community 5 entities 9 entities 10 entities Media

2.2.2. Assessment Topics and Tools The APIK assessment team met with the principal “top-down” and “bottom-up” stakeholders, discussing key topics during the course of the interviews/surveys that included the following:

 Regulatory Environment: This includes the regulations (Perka) and duties (Tupoksi) of the respective agencies and stakeholders related to CWI services. For example, Perka BNPB No. 15 Year 2012 refers to the Disaster Management Operation Control Center (Pusdalops) which is required to monitor weather risks, wildfires, and other hot spots.  Data Collections Systems: There are a myriad of actors involved in the collection of climate and weather data, making it essential to hone in on the multitude of data streams that feed into climate and weather information services, including the gaps and overlaps.  Existing Producers and Products: The APIK team thoroughly reviewed the constellation of current CWI producers and their associated products and tools. Products may be in any format, data type, or package; may be disseminated through one or more modes of communication; and may target individuals, organizations, the general public, government and nongovernment entities, and/or academia. In some cases, CWI producers rely upon formal information systems to meet the needs of specific use groups. An information system collects, organizes, stores, processes, automates, and distributes information that utilizes, disseminates or produces climate and weather information or its derivative products. For example, BNPB has the InAWARE system which utilizes satellite imagery to monitor hot spots. Additional examples of products and associated systems are: the daily weather forecast which supports meteorology early warning systems; and the downscaled climate projection which are directly tied to climate change early warning systems.  Communication, Dissemination, and Participation: The assessment at both the national and subnational level also considered the role of the respective institution in communicating, disseminating, or distributing weather and climate information. The form of participation may be codified in institutional procedures or in the institution’s Perka/Tupoksi while the mode may be via public media, web-based information system, training activity, etc. An example of a common dissemination mode is the regular posting of predicted information on a ministry/agency website. An example of public media usage is the Department of Fisheries adoption of a specific radio frequency for fisher folk’s weather information.  Information Needs: When engaging institutions (and individuals) as users of climate and weather information, the APIK team principally assessed the type of information

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needed, but then also deepened the inquiry to consider important details in how CWI was best consumed, including the format, frequency, delivery channel/mode, accessibility, presentation of information, consistency of delivery, level of data detail, consistency of the data, information coverage, interoperability, application cost, and associated guides or instructions. It was also important to understand whether CWI services and products met expectations and what feedback or advice users might have when expectations were not met. As the principal level of users and beneficiaries, the engagement of citizens and officials at the community level represented a particularly important aspect of the assessment. Specifically, the APIK team sought to identify utilization patterns of both formal and non- formal CWI services and how these services were impacting lives on the front lines of climate adaptation and disaster preparedness. The definition of a community is a group of population that has similarities in livelihood (work), landscape condition of residency and work place, as well as a common administrative border (e.g. village/district). We assessed each community’s challenges related to the climate change and how they responded to those challenges. Exhibit 10 below provides a detailed list of the types of topics addressed during the assessment at the community level. Ultimately, the information gathered will serve as a baseline for climate and weather services improvement as APIK seeks to bolster community resilience.

Exhibit 10: Evaluation Criteria at community level

Evaluation Criteria Description Livelihood We identify what is their current main or secondary livelihood, what they do for their living, and when they switch the livelihood (during what season). We also try to assess their role in the family, who is in charge of supporting the family, and the role of men and women. Impact on Climate We try to understand the impact of climate variability to their livelihood. Are Variability their livelihoods affected by weather conditions, bad weather, changing seasons, unpredictable weather or extreme rainfall? Did they feel any change on weather and season pattern? How they apply their knowledge on weather and season to their day-to-day activity. Current Adaptation If they are affected, how have they adapted to the condition? Is there any specific Action action in response to the condition? Usage, source, mode, and We identify whether they use formal CWI. How they access the information? needs Where do they get the source? Through what media? For example, they receive the information using SMS or instant messaging group, through the farmer’s extension program, or from elsewhere. We ask their opinion about the satisfactory of the existing services and what is their expectation for the further improvement. Indigenous Knowledge We try to identify whether any indigenous knowledge that related to weather and season information. We dig more information about the traditional way or habits that they used to do to support their livelihood in handling the climate variability. Participation in We ask them whether they also spread the CWI (formal or not) to other dissemination community member, colleagues or their groups. How do they do it? Is it verbally person-to-person, through instant messaging, or else. Government role We try to identify whether any role of local government in disseminating the CWI to the community in any form. For examples: through farmer extension program, in a form of village meeting, through electronic signage at the port, through early warning, messaging group, or else.

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Evaluation Criteria Description Recent Disaster We try to identify the recent disaster events that occur in their village or near the community. We dig the information about the recent events (historical, victims, etc.), the risks, the government, aid and how the CWI role to mitigate the threat.

Regarding the assessment of climate and weather information services, the APIK team used the following tools to engage actors and stakeholders at the national and subnational levels:

 Key informant interviews: For an institutional respondent we targeted the person who is in charge of specific tasks in various division/departments. Mostly respondents from institutions can act as a Collectors, Producers, Communicators, or Users. The Beneficiaries are mostly respondents from the Private Sector, MSMEs, and communities.  Focus Group Discussions: Exhibit 11: Focus Group Discussion with Kendari City SKPDs FGD conducted for multiple respondents. Mostly conducted to gather information from local agency (SKPDs) which consist of more than one division. Sometimes FGD also conducted in a group of MSMEs or neighborhood.  Household Surveys: The team used household surveys to obtain detailed information of how individual households use climate Exhibit 12: Community Interview in Gajahrejo Village and weather information services and whether they received any known benefit. As part of the survey process, APIK collected basic information on each respondent such as age, gender and livelihood/profession/daily activities; Marital Status and Family Status (Example: Husband, Wife, Children, Single); Home Location & Activity Area (work / livelihood); Involvement in the Community/Organization (Example: As Head of Tribe, Villagers, Agriculture Department Officer, NGOs, etc.) and the landscape components such as village location, district and city, access to the region, and the weather conditions. For the subnational assessment, local survey teams supported the process who included: Yascita Foundation (Southeast Sulawesi), Walang Perempuan Foundation (Maluku) & Faculty of Agriculture Brawijaya University (East Java). The assessment was conducted through face- to-face interviews and focus group discussions.

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Seaweed Seaweed cultivation is one of the alternative livelihoods of the Bajo Community other than fishing. It can be affected by environmental and climate conditions and one of the limiting factors is the planting/growing periods.

~Bungin Permai Village, Konawe Selatan

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3. CWI INSTITUTIONAL LANDSCAPE

Chapter 3 of the CWI Assessment Report provides an introduction to the institutional landscape of climate and weather information services in Indonesia. The chapter begins with the mapping of key actors at the national and subnational levels as a means to contextualize the narrative. The subsequent sections then discuss BMKG and BNPB as two major actors in the CWI landscape, followed then by succinct sections describing the roles of national government ministries, local governments, nonprofits and academia, and the private sector. The descriptions of each actor or group of actors highlight the various roles that the respective institutions play in the delivery of climate and weather information services. 3.1. Institutional Map of Key CWI Actors Before delving into the specific roles and responsibilities of institutions within the climate and weather institutional landscape, it is first important to step back and view the landscape as a whole. Which key actors, for example, are responsible for climate and weather data collection in Indonesia? Who is then responsible for packaging that data and communicating to potential users? Further, how do roles and responsibilities differ between the national and subnational levels? Exhibit 13 below maps key CWI actors according to administrative level on the vertical axis and major roles in the CWI value chain on the horizontal axis. Far from exhaustive, Exhibit 13 includes only key actors (as opposed to all stakeholders), using rectangles and line extensions to symbolize their primary and secondary roles. One notable observation from the institutional map is the number of organizations involved in the collection of data and the development of climate and weather information products is relatively limited. Further, the principal collectors and producers—BMKG and BNPB—are both nationally oriented organizations; while they do have local field offices throughout the country, these offices are not managed by local government actors. The result is that data collection, analysis, and packaging remains largely centralized, with minimal instrumentation and capacity under local management.

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Exhibit 13: The Roles of Key CWI Actors at the National and Subnational Levels

Exhibit 14 adopts a different perspective, categorizing CWI actors by the different facets of resilience as set forth in the RAN-API document. More specifically, the RAN-API divides institutions according to 5 sectors, 7 subsectors, and 45 clusters. The ministries and agencies identified here served, in many ways, as the starting point for APIK’s assessment of CWI services functionality and impact. As the assessment process progressed, however, it was clear that not all of the institutions included in Exhibit 14 have significant involvement in the climate and weather information value chain. Chapter 3, then, focuses on those organizations with the dominant roles in the supply or demand side of the climate and weather information services value chain.

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Exhibit 14: Sector/Sub-sector, Cluster & Ministries/Agencies related to National Adaptation Plan

SECTOR SUB-SECTOR CLUSTERS Ministries/Agencies

KEMENTAN, KKP, LIPI, BPN, KLHK, PUPERA, BMKG, Food Security 7 Clusters BNPB, BPS, BAPPENAS Economic Resilience Energy Self- sufficiency 4 Clusters KLHK, ESDM, KEMENTAN, LIPI, RISTEK, BPPT

KEMENKES, BAPPENAS, BIG, BMKG, KLH, DNPI, LIPI, Health 4 Clusters BPPT, KEMENDAGRI, PUPERA, RISTEK, KEMENDIKNAS

PUPERA, BAPPENAS, KLH, BIG, BMKG, DNPI, KKP, System KEMENKES, BNPB, BAPPENAS, KEMENSOS, DAGRI, Life Livelihood 4 Clusters KOMINFO, DIKNAS, ESDM, LIPI, KOKESRA, Resilience KEMENTAN, KEMENDAGRI, RISTEK, KEMENHUB

PUPERA, KKP, BNPB, BAPPENAS, KEMENHUB, LIPI, Infrastructure 4 Clusters KLH, KLHK, KEMENTAN, BMKG, LAPAN, BPPT, BIG, KEMENKES, KOMINFO, ESDM

KLHK, KKP, BMKG, BPPT, BAPPENAS, PUPERA, LIPI, Ecosystem 7 Clusters DAGRI, KEMENTAN, BNPB, KEMENLU, RISTEK, Resilience KP3A , ESDM

PUPERA, KLH, BNPB, BIG, BMKG, LAPAN, LIPI, BPPT, BAPPENAS, KLH, DNPI, BKKBN, DAGRI, KEMENKES, Cities 5 Clusters Specific RISTEK Region Resilience Coastal & Small KKP, BMKG, LAPAN, BPPT, LIPI, PUPERA, KLHK, 5 Clusters Island BNPB, BIG, DNPI, DAGRI

Supporting BNPB, KEMENSOS, DIKNAS, LIPI, KEMENKES, 5 Clusters System KOMINFO, DNPI, BPPT, RISTEK, DAGRI, KKP, PUPERA, KEMENTAN, KLHK, ESDM, LAPAN, BIG, BMKG, BAPPENAS, KEMENKEU, KEMENKUMHAM

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3.2. The National Meteorological and Climate Agency (BMKG) 3.2.1. Introduction and Regulatory Background The APIK team met with and interviewed key informants at the following divisions of BMKG: Center for Climate Change Information, Center for Agro-climate & Maritime Climatology, Center for Aviation & Maritime Meteorology, Public Meteorology, Database Center, and Center for Research & Development. According to prevailing regulations, BMKG represents the principal producer of climate and weather information in Indonesia. Legislation which governs activities conducted by BMKG is as follows:

 Law No. 31 year 2009 about Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics  Law No. 14 year 2008 about Public Disclosure  Law No. 25 year 2009 about Public Services  BMKG Strategic Plan 2010 – 2014  Main Duties & Function Climate Change Information Division The legal basis and scope of responsibility for BMKG is stipulated in Presidential Decree No. 61 of 2008, which states that the Agency is obligated to conduct governmental tasks in the field of meteorology, climatology and geophysics, including, but not limited to:

 Information and data services;  Delivery of climate change information to institution/agencies and related parties down to the community level;  Delivery of information and early warning to institutions/agencies and related parties down to the community level with regard to disasters stemming from meteorological, climatological and geophysical risks;  Implementation of research and development in the fields of meteorology, climatology and geophysics; and  Implementation of data management in meteorology, climatology, and geophysics. Presidential Decree No.88 of 2012 also assigned BMKG as the supervisory coordinator of the Hydrology, Hydrometeorology and Hydrogeology Information System (SIH3). The SIH3 policy covers the following topics: institutional development, improved governance, utilization and advancement of science and technology (IPTEK), financing, and the role of community and business. At the provincial and district level, the SIH3 coordinators are assigned by the Governor and District/Mayor. BMKG is committed to implement the framework for disaster risk reduction at the national level through the provision of timely and effective information services as an integral piece of the national platform for Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Reduction (API- PRB). At the local government and community level, BMKG is committed to supporting advocacy and awareness campaigns concerning CCA and DRR, as well as multi- stakeholder/multi-sectorial partnerships to engender place-based resilience. BMKG specifically supports the availability of climate and weather data and information to better understand local and regional risks.

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BMKG plans to continue to strengthen their services through the development of impact- based forecasting and risk-information warning systems in partnership with a broad set of stakeholders. This effort will be supported by the application of advanced science and technology (including both remote and in-situ observation systems, communication systems, and social media) and the development of guidelines to establish multi-stakeholder cooperation and coordination at the national and local levels (through standard operation procedures and memorandums of understand). The disaster risk reduction roadmap at BMKG includes the following key elements:

 Development, improvement, and sustainability of early warning systems (in particular related to operational systems and technical infrastructure) in order to carry out the functions of observation, detection, analysis, research, forecasts and warnings of weather-related hazards, climate, hydro, air quality and seismic activity;  Development, enhancement, and sustainability of databases and metadata systems, methods, tools and applications of modern technologies, such as web-based geographic information systems for recording, analyzing and providing hazard information for risk assessment, sectorial planning, risk transfer and other informed decision-making;  Development and delivery of warnings, specific forecasts, and other products and services in a timely, understandable manner to those at risk and driven by requirements of disaster risk reduction decision processes;  Stimulating cultural resilience and prevention through strengthening of capacities for better integration of product and information services of meteorological, hydrological and climate in disaster risk reduction for all socio economic sectors, including land use planning, infrastructure design, and education campaigns and outreach; and  Strengthening the cooperation and partnerships of BMKG with local, national, regional, and international user forums supporting disaster risk reduction. The primary departments within BMKG responsible for the provision of climate and weather information are the Directorate of Meteorology and the Directorate of Climatology. Meteorological information is information about weather and current atmospheric conditions (including short term forecasting of those conditions). Weather conditions include sun exposure, cloud cover, precipitation levels, temperature, atmospheric pressure, humidity, winds, severe weather, heat waves, lightning strikes, etc. Short term changes in the atmosphere on a seasonal basis—such as during El Nino events—are characterized as changes in weather patterns. Climatology, on the other hand, concerns longer term atmospheric trends, typically over a standard period of 30 years. Climate also includes many of the above mentioned weather conditions but, rather than looking at these on a daily or weekly basis, these measurements are averaged out of time. Climate change is therefore communicated by examining and comparing long term trends in weather data. Climate change can, of course, exacerbate seasonal patterns such as El Nino/La Nina over extended time frames. Exhibit 15 shows the existing Information System that involve in data collection, processing, product development and dissemination phase.

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Exhibit 15: Existing Information System at BMKG Source: The Decree of Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics Agency/Head of BMKG No. 19 Year 2015 and Interview Result

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3.2.2. Data Collection and Processing According to the Decree of Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics Agency/Head of BMKG No. 9 and 10 Year 2014, the transmission or delivery of climatological and meteorological data is the responsibility of BMKG’s Regional Stations and also the BMKG Head Office (HO) in Jakarta. Such data may include information on: meteorology, climatology, agricultural meteorology, air quality, incidence of extremes weather/climate, records of important events of symptoms and or elements of weather/climate, and the impact of territorial losses (see Exhibit 16).

Exhibit 16: Main Tasks of Meteorology and Climatology Stations in Data Collection & Processing Source: The Decree of Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics Agency/Head of BMKG No. 9 and 10 Year 2014 and Interview Result

Main Task Related Meteorological Station Climatological Station to Data Collection

Observation  Surface Meteorology Data:  Climatology Data: Sun Radiation, Sun Radiation, Temperature, Air Temperature, Air Pressure, Wind, Pressure, Wind, Humidity, Humidity, Cloud, Evaporation, Soil Cloud, Visibility, Precipitation, Temperature, Soil Humidity, and Evaporation Precipitation and the intensity  Upper Air Meteorology  Agricultural Meteorology Data: Data (Special for Airport Sun Radiation, Precipitation, Micro Station): using Radiosonde (00 Climate (Soil Land Temperature: bare & 12 UTC) and Pilot Balloon (06 and grassy; Air Temperature, Air & 18 UTC) Humidity and Wind Speed at different  Sea Surface Meteorology height), Evaporation, Data (Special for Maritime Evapotranspiration, Soil Temperature Station) : meteorological data and humidity at different depth, including Wave Height, Tidal and Maximum and Minimum grassy soil Sea Surface Temperature temperature, and Plant Phenology  Air Quality Data : SPM (Suspended Particulate Matter) and Rain water chemistry ; PM10 (Special for Fire Forest Prone Area) ; and GHG (Greenhouse Gases)

Data Collection and  Sending Surface and Maritime  Collecting climatological, agricultural Reporting Meteorological Code Every 3 climate, and air quality data from the Hours (00, 03, 06, 09, 12, 15, 18, local stations in the area of 21 UTC) and Upper Air coordination, and Climatological data Meteorological Code Every 6 from Meteorological and Geophysical Hours (00, 06, 12, 18 UTC) station  Collecting Meteorological Data  Sending data to BMKG Main Station from local station, cooperation Region and BMKG HO station or ship for mapping and  Dissemination to local government and analysis related institution  Collecting Weather Forecast,  Reporting Information of extreme NWP Product, and Early climate events to BMKG Main Station Warning from BMKG HO Region and BMKG HO  Reporting Information of extreme climate events to BMKG HO  Weather Report of Flight Accident to Center of Meteorological Aviation

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Main Task Related Meteorological Station Climatological Station to Data Collection

 Volcanic Activity Report

Data Processing  Processing, Archiving, and quality  Data series, basis data processing, control of observation data quality control  Processing data and quality  Data Processing of climate milestone control airport weather using and its loss impact statistical method to create  Monthly and Yearly Bulletin Aero dome Climatology Summary (ACS)

Data Analysis and  Synoptic mapping and analysis  Mapping, Charting, analysis and Forecast (surface and upper air) fourth evaluation of climatology, times/day (National, Regional, hydrometeorology, agricultural and Local) meteorology and air quality data  Interpretation of Numerical  study climate and environmental Weather Prediction (NWP), circumstances Satellite image, weather and  Updating climate map every 5, 10, 30 weather radar image which years cover their responsibility area  Monthly Rainfall and Seasons  Make a temporary analysis of Forecasting and Analysis extreme weather on their  Rainfall intensity analysis (every certain responsibility and make a minutes and hours) extreme weather prediction  Analysis, Projection and Scenario  Weather prediction for airlines, Climate Change beach condition, sea condition and shipping route  Making maritime climate product information using satellite data

According to Center for Instrumental, Engineering, and Calibration at BMKG (http://rtds- bmkg.net/instrumentasi/), the Agency operates a vast network of instruments as described on Exhibit 18 to support the collection of meteorological and climatological data across Indonesian Archipelago.

Exhibit 17: C-Band Weather Radar Network

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Exhibit 18: BMKG Meteorological & Climatological Instrument

Meteorological Instrument Climatological Instrument  48 Meteorological AWS  188 Climatological AWS  79 AWOS  104 AAWS  20 Maritime AWS  440 ARG  41 Radar  23 Rason (Radiosonde Observation Network)  14 Ground Satellite Receiver

In order to operate the instruments detailed in Exhibit 18, BMKG has a Technical Implementation Unit (TIU) based at stations in each region to collect and report data to Main Station and BMKG head office. The regional stations are divided into three types i.e. Geophysics Stations, Climatology Stations, and Meteorology Stations located all over Indonesia as described in Exhibit 19. Geophysics stations have the main task of collecting and disseminating information regarding earthquakes, earth’s magnetic field and atmospheric electricity. In addition, this station also collects standard meteorological data. While for meteorology stations and climatology stations, these collect and distribute the meteorological and climatological data. All data observed and collected by field stations is then reported into a central database system so every BMKG forecaster can access it from any location for analysis and forecasting.

Exhibit 19: Total Number of Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysics Station in Indonesia

Class Meteorology Station Geophysics Climatology Station Station 1 Meteorology : 1 10 8 Maritime Meteorology : 1 Airnav Meteorology : 3 II Meteorology : 1 4 7 Maritime Meteorology : 6 Airnav Meteorology : 9 III Meteorology : 17 16 3 Maritime Meteorology : - Airnav Meteorology : 57 IV Meteorology : 1 1 3 Maritime Meteorology : 3 Airnav Meteorology : 7 Total 122 31 21

The following systems are used by BMKG in the process of data collection:

Exhibit 20 Data Collection System

No Existing Application Description Gaps

1 Meteorological Observation System: System to manage collecting and processing meteorological observation, the data can be entered manually or automatic acquisition result from meteorological observation tools

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No Existing Application Description Gaps

1.1 Computer Message Meteorological Data Collection and  Need to develop BMKG Soft Switching System (CMSS) Dissemination system as a standard application for 1.2 BMKG Soft Application that serve to enter the meteorological observation observed data, data quality control, data input and integration and reporting with OBSNet, TRANSMET AMSS and CIPS. 1.3 Automatic Weather Application to integrate data  Integration of AWS Center System (AWS) acquisition results of AWS tools System and Transition from a different products Management System to 1.4 Transmet AMSS Applications that serves to collect Center of Instrumentation, and disseminate the observed data Engineering, and calibration to be processed by the application platform of product "Strengthening Project" 1.5 Central Information Applications that integrate the Processing System (CIPS) functions of data management and processing system 2 Climate Observation System: System to manage collecting and processing climatological observation, the data can be entered manually or automatic

2.1 Computer Message Data Collection and Dissemination  Need to Develop BMKG Soft Switching System (CMSS) system as a standard application for climatological observation 2.2 BMKG Soft Application that serve to enter the data input and integration observed data, data quality control, with OBSNet, TRANSMET and reporting AMSS and CIPS. 2.3 Rainfall SMS Application for receiving rainfall data through SMS then forwarded it to BMKG Soft and SMS to related parties 2.4 Transmet AMSS Applications that serves to collect and disseminate the observed data to be processed by the application platform of product "Strengthening Project" 2.5 Soil Moisture Application to collect Soil Moisture data

3 Air Quality Observation System: System to manage collecting and processing air quality observation, the data can be entered manually or automatic 3.1 PM10 monitoring System Application to air pollution N/A monitoring of PM10

3.2 GHG-Palu Monitoring Application to monitoring the N/A System Greenhouse Gases (GHG) condition

Unfortunately, not all of the instruments are operating properly. Some issues were also found in the data collection process such as limited stations, unintegrated networks, human

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CLIMATE & WEATHER INFORMATION SERVICES ASSESSMENT REPORT resources issue, etc. Key data collection challenges at BMKG are described in see Exhibit 21.

Exhibit 21: Issues on Data Collection

Issue Topic Issue Detail Institutional  Coordination among UPT  Observation network density  Clarity of equipment management authority Management  Equipment standardization & SOP, observation network, location determination, maintenance, calibration and repair/improvement Technology  Unintegrated  Data logger is unavailable  Specification of less automated equipment Financing  Honorarium of ARG/AWS/AAWS security  Non-standardized maintenance budget  Additional equipment budget  Skill enhancement budget for equipment caretaker Human  Shortage of equipment monitoring technician Resources  Shortage of equipment technician staff, maintenance and calibration staff  Shortage of skilled security staff

More detail on how data collection systems are operating at the regional level can be found in Chapters 4, 5, and 6 on the climate and weather information systems in East Java, Southeast Sulawesi, and Maluku. 3.2.3. Product Development BMKG uses a suite of internal information systems to analyze and package weather and climate data. Their primary climate and weather information products and systems are as follows: Weather Prediction BMKG collects raw data from numerous stations and runs global models from various sources and resolutions in near-real time. Parts of the data go through a downscaling process to increase resolution. The results of the downscaling process are then sent to BMKG’s first class regional stations. Regional stations compare the results with actual field conditions and local station datasets. Forecasters may decide to either use the analysis results conducted by the model output or use their own analysis supported by his/her own observation in the station at the time. The result is sent to the central office and the forecasters can disseminate directly to the public through various modes of communication. The central office receives field analysis results from forecasters and publishes them through various types of dissemination formats including websites. All BMKG meteorological stations have two types of weather prediction: near-real-time and daily forecast. The near-real-time prediction is produced if there is any potential for extreme weather. It is usually produced at least once per hour during extreme weather conditions. This information is available for city/district level and disseminated directly by the local BMKG station to the public. Near real-time prediction is primarily for early warning purposes and to raise public awareness. The daily forecast is a standard product routinely generated by local stations.

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The forecaster relies primarily on outputs directly from weather models and radar, which are being updated on a continuous basis. Daily forecasting products use data from observational databases, satellites, as well as ground-truthed data models. Both near-real- time and daily information products require the active participation of an expert forecaster.

Exhibit 22: Example of Early Warning Prediction (Near-real-time product) and Daily Weather Product

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Exhibit 23: Daily and Near-Real-Time Prediction Flow

In order to develop its climate and weather products, BMKG has many existing application systems (from data collection to dissemination) as detailed in Exhibit 24 below:

Exhibit 24: Data Processing Application Systems

No Existing Application Description Gaps

1 Public Meteorology Processing System : System to Process public meteorology information 1.1 Weather Research Weather Forecast application for the Need to Development Public Forecasting (WRF) next 7 days Meteorology Processing System

1.2 Tropical Cyclone Application of Cyclone Monitoring Warning Centre (TCWC) Process and impact analysis

1.3 Fire Danger Rating Potential Fire Forest Forecast System (FDRS) Application

1.4 Analysis of Weather Application that help Forecaster to Parameter (AWP) do the weather analysis

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No Existing Application Description Gaps

1.5 SYNERGIE

1.6 Satellite Data Processing Applications for the cloud image Application analysis to create 3-hour weather forecast 2 Aviation Meteorological System : System to perform processing of meteorological data for the benefit of airlines 2.1 Web-based Aviation system to assist the meteorological Not yet have a decoder function Meteorology information station in communicating and Binary Universal Form (BUFR) system meteorological data that beneficial Display for flight

2.2 Information system of Application to processed the Unable to display the chart of the Volcanic Ash Eruption Volcanic Ash data and distributed distribution volcanic ash and unable and Distribution the alert to the Meteorological to communicate with SADIS Watch Office for further messaging dissemination to parties in need.

3 Maritime Meteorological System : System to perform processing of meteorological data for the benefit of maritime 3.1 Wave Watch Application that predict wave height No functionality to help fisher folk every 3 hours for the national and find the fishing ground regional territory 3.2 SWAN Application that predict wave height every 3 hours for the station and port territory

Following WMO direction, BMKG developed an impact-based weather forecast which provides impact analysis derived from weather forecast information so that people can access weather information directly. One example of an impact-based product is road condition information (wet, dry, inundated) which is currently only available for Java Island. This website also provides animation of wind, rain, cloud, marine and city forecasts as well as satellite and radar information for TV bulletins. For observation information, this website also provides information on lightning, visibility and weather parameter analysis. The lightning information is primarily for experts as the content is hard to understand and without clear explanation. This functionality is also only available in Java. Climate Information BMKG is obliged to provide data and analysis of information related to climate change. There are four types of climate information products provided by BMKG, namely, Climate Prediction, Climate Analysis, Climate Information and Climate Change (see Exhibit 25). The complete list and details of BMKG’s climate products are provided in ANNEX IV Climate Information Product Detail on page 189.

Exhibit 25: The End Product of Climate Information

Product Type Information CLIMATE PREDICTION Seasonal Prediction Monthly Rainfall Prediction Water Balance

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Product Type Information Flood Potential Outlook ENSO (El Nino South Oscillation) CLIMATE ANALYSIS Atmospheric Dynamic Monthly Rainfall Analysis Standardize Precipitation Index (SPI) CLIMATE INFORMATION Days Without Rainfall Information Sea Surface Temperature Pacific Subsurface Temperature Index El Nino CLIMATE CHANGE Rainfall Trend Temperature Trend Normal Rainfall Change Extreme Climate Change Climate Change Projection

To support the processing and product development of climate information, BMKG has developed and maintains several information systems as described in Exhibit 26.

Exhibit 26 Climate Data Processing Application Systems

No Application Existing Description Gaps

4.1 CLISYS Application that serves to manage  Need to Develop a geographic and process the climatic data information system to support decision makers of MKKUG 4.2 Marine Integrated Data Application to integrating maritime and Analysis System information from multiple sources (MIDAS) and perform an analysis 4.3 Agro-climate Application to predict monthly rainfall for agricultural needs

4.4 OMS/Delft FEWS-DEWS Application that perform data processing that will be presented to the FEWS DEWS Android system

4.5 Climate Toolbox as part Application for calculate 26 main  The latest data only covers until of Climate Change climate indicators and 6 additional 2013 Information System climate indicators that CCIS used  The data is not integrated with (CCIS) based on Expert Team on Climate Database Center Change Detection and Indices (ETCCDI) including Homogenization Process.

BMKG is responsible for the provision and analysis of information related to climate change. Perhaps the most important aspect of this responsibility is the production and communication of future climate change projections that can directly inform policy the development of public policy at the national and local levels. Local stakeholders specifically require downscaled projection data for analyze and assess the associated impacts in a given sector. Notably, contributors to climate change projections in Indonesia are quite diverse, with recent downscaling efforts conducted by BMKG, the Department of Geophysics and

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Meteorology at the Agricultural Institute of Bogor (IPB), CCROM-IPB, and WCPL at the Technological Institute of Bandung (ITB). BMKG produced medium-resolution projections of climate change impacts for temperature and precipitation in 2014. Since that time, BMKG has focused on increasing the resolution of these projections such that they may be useful at the city or district level. Downscaled projects have already been completed (up to 4 x 4 km) for Java and Sulawesi Island. BMKG planned to expand this effort to Sumatera Island in the near future. Currently, APIK, in cooperation with the Weather and Climate Prediction Laboratory Institute Technology of Bandung (WCPL-ITB) is helping BMKG to runs statistical downscaling for the Maluku area. BMKG does not perform climate projections directly, but instead uses the Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) Model to produce higher resolution spatial data of climate change through downscaling. BMKG specifically uses Model WRF v3.6 for downscaling purposes as this version is considered more accurate than previous iterations due to improved terrestrial data inputs (topography and land use). The downscaling process also uses the general circulation model (GCM) MIROC5 developed by Tokyo University, NIES and JAMSTEC to establish initial boundary conditions. MIROC5 data has a spectral resolution of T85 which means its grid approaches 1o by 1o with 40 vertical levels. MIROC5 data demonstrates relatively good accuracy in simulating the climatic parameters of East Asia.

When conducting downscaling, the model’s domain should be greater than the study area to minimize effects of boundary errors that might occur, a process that is performed using the geogrid function mode in WRF with the data inputs sources from GCM MIROC5 (note that the data was previously downscaled to a medium resolution (20 km) and it was downscales again to higher resolution (4 km) for Indonesia). GCM data assumes the RCP 4.5 climate scenario, which consists of a mid-range concentration of carbon from 0.9 to 2.0 for the period 2046 to 2065. The climate project process also relied upon data inputs from the USGS GTOPO with a resolution of 30 seconds. The final stage requires the identification of the desired simulation characteristics known as parameterization. Parameterization is a process for climate modeling without a specific simulation. Parameterization of BMKG’s model is based upon the microphysics parameterization scheme WSM3 (MP = 3), turbulence parameterization scheme Mellor-Yamada-Janjic (PBL = 2), and convective parameterization performed by WRF self-resolving models. The existing projection parameters consist of temperature change, seasonal precipitation change, dry spell change, wet spell change, heavy rainfall change, seasonal dry spell change, and frequency of heavy rain fall change. All parameters are presented spatially for the periods 2032-2040 and 2006-2014 for Java and Sulawesi Island (resolution 4x4km) as well as for the entire country at a resolution of 20 kilometers.

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Exhibit 27: Sample of Map Projection Consecutive Dry Days Java Island with resolution 4 kmx4 km (Dec- Jan-Feb)

3.2.4. Dissemination & Communication BMKG Decree 10/2014 describes the duties of climatology stations while BMKG Decree 9/2014 details the official procedures for the organization and work of the Institute for Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics Coordinator Stations, Meteorology Stations, Climatology Stations and Geophysics Stations. The decree clarifies that a Coordinator Station produces climatology, meteorology, and geophysics products, while a Climatology Station produces climatology information products only. Decrees 9 and 10 of 2014 also state that BMKG principally disseminates climate and weather information to local governments, related agencies, and institutions that cooperate with BMKG. Related agencies that gather the information from BMKG include: Disaster Management Agency (BPBD), Department of Agriculture, Subnational Planning Agency (BAPPEDA), Environmental Agency (BLH), Agricultural Institute, Universities and Private Enterprises. Organizations without a cooperation agreement that aim to study weather and climate information will be charged in accordance with Government Regulation No. 4 Year 2012 on Types and Rates of Non Tax Revenue. Forms of data and information that are disseminated include raw data and the data that has been processed and analyzed in either hardcopy or softcopy. Data and information can also be viewed on the website of BMKG both centrally and locally. BMKG communicates with the public through multiple audio or text communication systems to ensure that any information regarding extreme weather events and associated

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CLIMATE & WEATHER INFORMATION SERVICES ASSESSMENT REPORT early warning bulletins reaches the threatened community immediately. The information is also presented in a way that is readily understandable by people from different backgrounds and different education levels. However, based on APIK’s assessment, communications issued by local BMKG stations commonly do not reach the grass-roots level, in part because there is no specific regulation yet in place for this. Therefore, BMKG needs to collaborate with other parties at the national level such as the National Disaster Management Agency (BNPB), Indonesia National Army (TNI), Indonesian Police (POLRI), or Local Government Agencies, Agriculture Extension, Local TV/Radio station, Community Radio that have the capacity to better reach the subnational level.

According to the Communications Network Center for BMKG, the Agency has six major modes for disseminating climate and weather information (Exhibit 28).

Exhibit 28: BMKG Media Dissemination Information

Media Dissemination Information System

SMS This SMS divided into two delivery lines Auto-response Service and Auto- sending/Push Service. This information contained Weather information, Tsunami warning, Earthquake information and Air quality information. For Auto-sending SMS, users need to register their number to BMKG.

Email With Email, the information can be delivered with long message format. For this information, users need to register their email address to BMKG.

Phone & Fax With Fax, the information can be delivered with long message format. For this information, users need to register their Fax Number to BMKG.

Website It is a passive service that can be accessed by anyone. Users need to open the website actively to get the information. See Exhibit 29 for list of URL & subdomains.

WRS (Warning Receiver WRS is a dissemination tool which allows for sharing information directly from System) BMKG computers to intermediary institutions. Every interface institution must register their IP address to BMKG. When there is any updated information, WRS server will send notice to WRS client, then WRS client will automatically collect the information from WRS Server.

GTS (Global GTS is used by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) for Telecommunication disseminating climate and weather information. GTS users generally are System) meteorological processing center that are members of WMO networks. Application GTS will send the messages to every meteorological processing center in every member country of WMO.

Printed Product BMKG usually published several printed products in the form of booklet, pocket book, and leaflet. The product including: Book of climate change and air quality, projections of Indonesia climate, Climate Bulletin, La Nina phenomenon, etc.

The BMKG website represents a major mode for the communication and dissemination of the Agency’s climate and weather products. The home page can be accessed via http://bmkg.go.id/ and several subdomains as shown below.

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Exhibit 29: Link and subdomain website BMKG

No. URL Description Owner 1 http://bmkg.go.id/ Home Page BMKG UPT Website 2 http://aviation.bmkg.go.id/ Aviation information Center of Aviation Meteorology 3 http://klimat.bmkg.go.id/ Climatology Information Center of Climate, Agro- climate and Maritime 4 http://maritim.bmkg.go.id/ Weather and Climate Center of Climate, Agro- Maritime Information climate and Maritime 5 http://meteo.bmkg.go.id/ Deputy of Meteorology Deputy of Meteorology 6 http://diseminasi.meteo.bmkg.go.id/ Dissemination of Rainfall Deputy of Meteorology Distribution Map 7 http://cews.bmkg.go.id/ Climate Early Warning Center of Climate, Agro- System climate and Maritime 8 http://ccis.klimat.bmkg.go.id/ Climate Change Early Center of Climate Change Warning System and Air Quality 9 http://dataonline.bmkg.go.id/ Historical Online Data Center of Database

Social media platforms used by BMKG include Twitter (@infoBMKG), Facebook (https://www.facebook.com/InfoBMKG/) and Instagram (@infoBMKG). There are several Twitter accounts used by Main & Regional Offices within the APIK regions (see Exhibit 30 below).

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Exhibit 30: Twitter account of BMKG (main office & regional)

Using Category Region Twitter Username Coverage Twitter? (y/n)

BMKG Main BMKG Main Account Y @infoBMKG Indonesia Office BMKG Maritime Y @bmkgMaritim Indonesia BMKG Regional Regional Office 3 Y @bbMKG3 Jawa Timur, Bali, Nusa at APIK region Denpasar Tenggara Regional Office 4 Y @bbMKG4 Sulawesi, Maluku Makassar Climate Station Class I Y @MeteoJuanda Jawa Timur Juanda Climate Station Class II Y @BMKGkarangploso Jawa Timur Karangploso Stasiun Geophysics Y @BMKGTretes Jawa Timur Class II Tretes Meteorology Station Y @BMKGMaluku Maluku Class II Pattimura - Ambon Climate Station Class N - Maluku III Kairatu Meteorology Station N - Sulawesi Tenggara Class II Maritime Kendari Climate Station Class II N - Sulawesi Kayuwatu - Minahasa

Social media—especially Twitter messaging—play significant roles in BMKG’s communication and dissemination of climate and weather information. At the national scale, BMKG has two Twitter accounts, namely, @infoBMKG and @bmkgMaritim. @infoBMKG is used to disseminate all information related to climate and weather, geophysics, and other information. @bmkgMaritim is used to disseminate information related to maritime weather at the national level. The accounts have been active for more than 5 years; however, @bmkgMaritim is rarely used to post messages, with a tweet count of only 12 and a rate of 0 (zero). @infoBMKG followers outnumber @bmkgMaritim as seen in the table below which captures the influence of the respective accounts:

Exhibit 31 BMKG Twitter Account Identification

Actor @infoBMKG @bmkgMaritim

Twitter Age (years) 6 5 Tweet Count (number) 17090 12 Followers Count (number) 2758733 739 Tweet Rate (per day) 12 0

Re-tweeted Tweet (%) 90.66 41.67

@bmkgMaritim tweet subjects are mostly about the maritime forecast, while @infoBMKG mostly tweets early warning messages followed by disaster information (which is not limited

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CLIMATE & WEATHER INFORMATION SERVICES ASSESSMENT REPORT to climate and weather warnings, but also seismological information such as earthquake occurrences).

Exhibit 32 BMKG Tweet by Type

BMKG Tweet by Type  Type I (Disaster event, incl. geophysical) 100% III  Information or knowledge related to CWI (Type II) incl: 80% IIG o Type IIA (Early Warning) o Type IIB (Daily Weather Forecast) 60% IIF o Type IIC (Weekly weather forecast) o Type IID (Monthly weather forecast) 40% IIE o Type IIE (Climate Forecast) o Type IIF (Maritime Information)

20% IID o Type IIG (Other Information) Tweet Tweet Percentage IIC o Type IIH (Water Level Information) 0%  Type III (General BMKG Activities) @bmkgMaritim @infoBMKG IIB Producer Actor IIA

The Re-tweet rate (quantified by Retweet Average1) of an account is an important indicator of the extent to which information is being disseminated, with the number of re-tweets providing a proxy for audience size. Exhibit 33 BMKG Retweet Average by Type The graph below shows that re- tweets are largely associated with BMKG Retweet by Tweet Type natural disasters, followed by non- 200 hydro-meteorological information. 150 Tweet messages related to climate and weather are re-tweeted less 100 frequently as compared to disaster 50

information. The graph also shows 0 Retweets that @infoBMKG is being re-tweeted I IIA IIB IIC IID IIE IIF IIG III more frequently than Average Number of Tweet Type @bmkgMaritim. It further shows that @bmkgMaritim @infoBMKG @infoBMKG has a significantly larger influence on national scale compared to @bmkgMaritime. In support of product communication and dissemination, BMKG developed a suite of information systems which are presented in Exhibit 34 below.

Exhibit 34 Applications to support dissemination process

No Existing Application Description Gaps

1 Dissemination System of Meteorology Information: System to disseminated meteorological information 1.1 Website of Public Public portal of meteorology Need to Strengthening System of Meteorology, Maritime information (public, maritime, and Meteorological Information Meteorology, and aviation) Dissemination (Implementation

1 Retweet Average: The average number of retweet from total samples

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No Existing Application Description Gaps

Aviation Meteorology Meteo Factory and TV Met) and Information strengthening WMO Information 1.2 Public Meteorology Outdoor Electronic Display which System (WIS) Information Display shows meteorological parameters (Indoor and Outdoor) such temperature, air quality, etc. 1.3 Open WMO Information System (WIS) 1.4 Flood Early Warning Flood Early Warning Application System (FEWS) 2 Meteorology Early Warning System (MEWS) : System that serves to give an early warning of specific extreme meteorological events 2.1 FISMS / Warning Receiver Application of extreme weather System (WRS) information dissemination through SMS, Email, Web, Fax, XML, TXT, PDF 3 Climate and Air Quality Information Dissemination system : System to dissemination Climate and Air Quality Information 3.1 Climate Serving System that display spatial climate information 3.2 Climate Change Website that display interactively . No data linking between CCIS Information System climate historical data interactively, and Database Center (PDB) (CCIS) climate change indices, trends, etc. . No Projection information incl. downscaled projection . Hardware Issue 3.3 Portal catalog PIKU Special catalog PIKU for Public (PIKAT- PIKU) (books library, Maps, etc. related to PIKU) 4 Climatology Early Warning System (CEWS) : Application for Early Warning of Critical Climate Conditions 4.1 CEWS Provide warning in disaster-prone See areas especially drought, water availability, flood, landslide due to ANNEX V Matrix of CEWS extreme weather and climate change Issues on page 192 for further impact detail information 4.2 FEWS-DEWS Android Dissemination Flood and Drought Early Warning through mobile Application

The Climate Early Warning System (CEWS) is essential to provide warning in disaster-prone areas, especially for drought, flooding, and landslides due to extreme weather and climate change impact. A climate information system needs to be developed that can lead to rapid information delivery, especially in regards to climate early warning. Early warning product can assist communities to implement mitigation and adaptation activities related to sustainable development in Indonesia. In this regard, BMKG supplies climate information on a regular basis. The information includes weather analysis and forecasts (Wet and Dry Periods) that contain seasonal rainfall estimates; monthly rainfall analyses, and forecasts (for the next 3 months) that consist of

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CLIMATE & WEATHER INFORMATION SERVICES ASSESSMENT REPORT rainfall and monthly rainfall, potential flood prone areas (for the next 3 months) and potential drought prone areas (monitoring cumulative quarterly drought levels). UPT currently provides the Schedule of Information Preparation. It supplies monthly forecasts in H-5 prior to the forecasted month and the analysis is prepared 2 months prior to the forecasted month. Meanwhile, BMKG-HO prepares monthly forecasts in H+5 and the analysis one month in advance. Regional UPT conducts monthly rainfall analysis by using all selected rainfall stations in the area as the database. Further, BMKG-HO uses CMSS, AWS, ARG and Mobile Phone-SMS data from the main rainfall station. The CEWS target was that, by 2015, all global and downscaled models (dynamic and statistical) would run automatically, including the assimilation of model data with all existing observational data. The CEWS prioritized food production centers in 11 provinces in Indonesia. To better disseminate climate products to the grass roots level—such as fishermen or farmers that living in rural or remote areas—BMKG collaborated with the Bogor Agriculture University (IPB), Asian Disaster Preparedness Centre (ADPC), and International Research Institute for Climate and Society (IRI) to design and implement Climate Field Schools (CFSs). The specific objectives of the CFS program include: anticipate extreme weather events; assist farmers to observe weather conditions and use them to support their farming; and to assist farmers to apply climate/seasonal forecasts to planting decisions. This activity is particularly targeted at agricultural extension officers and farmers themselves in order to improve their collective capacity to anticipate and prepare for extreme climate phenomena. The aim of CFS is to translate climate information through a training process.

Exhibit 35: Climate Field School at Banten

The Climate Field Schools, now in their fifth year, embody the goal of the Global Framework for Climate Services (GFCS) to improve the provision and use of tailored climate services to improve food security. So far, 25 provinces have benefitted from the three-month field schools where BMKG staff and extension workers meet with farmers every 10 days to discuss how to apply weather and climate information during the planting

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CLIMATE & WEATHER INFORMATION SERVICES ASSESSMENT REPORT and growing season as well as how to use simple tools, such as rain gauges, and temperature and humidity readings.2 CFS phase 1 module developed in Indramayu (West Java) consists of four components, as follows:

 Basic concepts of season forecast, such as probability concept in term of season forecasts, forecast information from BMKG, and season changes related cropping pattern changes.  Historical agriculture data utilization (droughts, floods, harvest) to assess the impact of climate variability or extreme climate events, especially drought and flood, to introduce simple technology for coping drought, such rainwater harvesting.  Climate forecast information utilization for determining crop pattern and rotation  Estimating economic value of climate forecast information The CFS program focuses efforts in food production centers. Additionally, the program can also be used as a place for sharing information, developing agricultural strategies, and motivating farmer groups to collaborate. In 2016, BMKG developed a climate field school program for fisherman which targets coastal communities. The CFS program for fishermen is focused on utilizing weather information for fishermen and climate information for salt farmers or aquaculture farmers. The objective of this program is to introduce the maritime products of BMKG and increase local knowledge of maritime information among the fishermen, aquaculture farmers, and salt farmers. In the long term, this program aims to build an intermediary between BMKG and the maritime industry and strengthen communication between BMKG, facilitators, and local entrepreneurs. The curriculum consist of: a learning contract, group dynamics, climate and weather information for maritime activities, basic knowledge of climate and weather, maritime information for fishing activity, simple measurement technique and simulation exercises.

Exhibit 36: CFS for fisherfolk stage 2 activities Source: Center for Maritime Climate Information, BMKG

2 http://public.wmo.int/en/resources/meteoworld/climate-field-schools-indonesia

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Similar with the CFS program for farmers, this program consists of 3 stages: introduction for local government, training of trainers (TOT) for local facilitators, and training for the community. In APIK regions, the first and second stages of the CFS have been conducted in Kendari City in collaboration with the local marine and fishery agency (DKP). 3.2.5. Application & Use BMKG products are widely applied across various sectors, including transportation, livelihood, disaster, and public planning. Meteorological products such as weather prediction are used by almost all sub-sectors. Those products are crucial to be used for the transportation sector, the fisheries subsector, disaster or public sector which has wider range of beneficiaries ranging from supporting the public activities or commercial use. Climate products are widely used for the agricultural sector, especially for predictions related to the timing of the rainy season and dry season. Seasonal products such as rainfall maps are regularly published by the regional offices and disseminated to the public. Climate information is also expected to be used by policy makers in planning and development activities. Stakeholders in local government such as the Regional Development Planning Agency ideally also take advantage of climate information (historical and projected) in determining development policy and spatial planning. Public Works Department, River Management Agency or Water Resources Agency can use the historical data and climate projection information to support the design of flood master plans. Unfortunately, the survey team has not found many planners at the subnational level which regularly use climate projections for long-term policy making. Maritime Products target sea transportation, port management, the fisher folks, as well as businesses in the field of marine construction such as offshore oil and gas activities. The APIK assessment team found many grass-root communities, such as fisherfolk and farmers that have little experience using BMKG products, allegedly due to lack of socialization or limited access. This will be explained in more detail on each of Community section in the following chapters. Finally, BMKG does offer paid services as well that are then categorized as non-tax state revenues. Hourly forecasts for specific regions represent just one example of a paid service available to private parties.

The following tables present BMKG’s suite of climate and weather products by sector.

Exhibit 37: Application & Use of CWI BMKG Products

Dissemination System / Sector Subsector Product Mode / Activities Aviation Actual Airport Weather Report, Aviation Web-portal, Monitor Airport Weather Forecast, Display, Bulletin, Flight Doc, SIGMET, METAR/SPECI, SIGWX, Volcanic Eruption and Volcanic Eruption and Distribution Distribution Information System Transportation Maritime Weather Forecast, Wave Height Maritime Web-portal, bulletin, Forecast, Current Map Radio community

Land-based Weather Forecast, National Road Public Web-portal

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Dissemination System / Sector Subsector Product Mode / Activities Condition Prediction

Agriculture Seasonal Prediction, Monthly Climate Field School, BMKG Rainfall Prediction, Water Balance, Web Portal, Bulletin Days Without Rainfall, index El Livelihood Nino

Fisheries Weather Forecast, Wave Height Climate Field School, Maritime Forecast, Current Map Web-portal, bulletin, Radio community

Extreme Weather Prospect, Early Warning BMKG Web Portal, INAMEWS Weather

Forest Fire Fine Fuel Moisture Code Map, Fire BMKG Web Portal Weather Index, Smoke Distribution Image, Hot Spot Distribution

Flood Jakarta Potential Flood (Daily), BMKG Web Portal, CEWS Disaster Flood Potential

Drought SPI BMKG Web Portal, Bulletin

Tropical Current Cyclone, Cyclone BMKG Web Portal, TCWC, Cyclone Outlook, Historical Cyclone, Annual Report

Water Scarcity Water Balance BMKG Web Portal SIH3, Bulletin

Planning Climate Projection BMKG Web Portal, CCIS

Public Weather Forecast, Weather BMKG Web Portal Prospect (three days & weekly), Satellite & Radar Image, Wind Forecast, Daily Rainfall Analysis

Information about Public Meteorology can be accessed via www.bmkg.go.id. More information about weather can be seen at Center of Public Meteorology BMKG official website at web.meteo.bmkg.go.id. Climate and weather information especially dissemination of the early warning product is currently mostly used by other government institutions for planning to prevent or mitigate the risk of disasters as we can see at Exhibit 38.

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Exhibit 38 Disaster Early Warning Application and Used

Information Application Used Beneficiary System

CEWS Early Warning of Disaster To carry out mitigation and BNPB, Ministries, Local (Monthly up to 3 Month adaptation in national and Government ahead): local level

- Drought - Flood - Groundwater availability - Landslide

SIH3 Hydrology, Hydrogeology, and - To anticipate Global Water resource Hydrometeorology Climate Change and the related agencies management and policy: increasing of water demand, - Institutional Development water pollution, Flood, - Improved Governance drought and landslides - Utilization and advancement - To anticipate changes in the of Science and Technology geographic characteristics (IPTEK) due to land conversion and - Financing urban expansion area - Escalation role of community and business Institutions that involved: - Ministry of Public Works (PUPERA) - Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resource (ESDM)

INAMEWS Early warning of extreme To support transportation BNPB, BPBD, weather and regular weather safety and disaster Ministries, Local information management Governance, Transportation Agency

Volcanic Early warning of Volcanic Air transportation Transportation Agency, Eruption and Eruption and Distribution of management ATC, Airlines Distribution Volcanic Ash Information System

FEWS Early Warning System for For anticipation and BPBD, disaster Flood (Daily) preparation evacuations community group

The input data Integrated with Institutions that involved: recent weather data like Radar and global model prediction. Ministry of Public Works (PUPERA)

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BNPB Flood Hazard Warning Sign

Taken near Negeri Lima Village, Maluku Tengah

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3.3. The National Disaster Management Agency (BNPB) 3.3.1. Introduction and Regulatory Background Per the RAN-API, BNPB has an important role in the determination of adaptation actions across economic sectors and geographies. BNPB is expected to develop information and communication systems (climate and technology) related to natural disasters, early warning systems to prevent forest fires, and as well as disaster and climate information services that are both reliable and up-to-date. There are only a handful of regulations internal to BNPB pertaining to climate and weather information systems, as such functions remain largely assigned to BMKG as the authorized producer of climate and weather information. As an institution that focuses on natural disasters (and a user of climate and weather information), BNPB has one regulation that is specifically relevant to CWI services: BNPB No. 15 Year 2012, which sets forth the guidelines for the Operations Control Center for Disaster Management. This Control Center—hereinafter referred to as Pusdalops-PB—manages disaster data and disseminates information to the local authorities and the public through various media. BNPB Decree No. 15/2012 details the Agency’s responsibilities in terms of data collection and weather-related early warning procedures the Agency must perform to warn, prepare, and protect the public. The Agency is tasked with monitoring natural disasters, weather, fires, water level, wave height, earthquake, and tsunami via the BMKG. All weather information collected is recorded in a log book accompanied by the source information (example: BMKG, JMA, etc.). The decree also includes other sources of information available for environmental disaster mitigation. Based on interviews with the operators of Pusdalops-PB and the Directorate for Emergency Response, the task of Pusdalops-PB in BNPB is primarily to disseminate information related to disaster early warning internally within the Agency itself. The communication of early warning messages to the public is the responsibility of the BNPB’s Center of Data and Information (Pusdatin). Thus, BNPB is ultimately a user of climate and weather information services from BMKG and other institutions mentioned in the Decree 15-2012. BNPB is currently developing an Early Warning System for Flooding and Landslides, an effort built upon interagency cooperation that include six agreements between ministries/agencies (BNPB, BMKG, BPPT, Lapan, PUSAIR PU, and PVMBG). Designated as a “Multi-Hazard Early Warning System”, the BNPB’s Directorate of Preparedness harvests and integrates raw data from the six ministries/agencies in order to predict and communicate potential disaster risk. While all of the interagency MoUs were signed in 2015, the development of this system is a bit behind schedule due to various technical issues, such as defining standard data exchange formats among institutions. 3.3.2. Data Collection and Processing Primarily a user of CWI services, BNPB rarely collects raw data directly using its own sensors, instruments or other systems. Instead, the Agency sources most of the data it needs from other agencies/ministries such as BMKG, PUPERA, PVMBG, BPPT, etc. In addition to government agencies, BNPB also obtains data from foreign institutions, NGOs, state-owned enterprises, universities or other institutions to fill data gaps or enhance data quality. One notable exception, however, is the landslide early warning system described in

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CLIMATE & WEATHER INFORMATION SERVICES ASSESSMENT REPORT the following subsection, which includes a small network of sensors operated by local disaster management offices. 3.3.3. Product Development There are a number of derivative products and information systems in BNPB related to climate and weather information services, however they are all used for internal purposes within BNPB and are not available to the public. The two primary derivative products – which rely on secondary data – are the Landslide Early Warning System and InAWARE. Landslide Early Warning System BNPB currently operates a landslide early warning system under the auspices of the Directorate of Preparedness. This system contains three types of sensors: precipitation sensor (ARG), tilt meters, and extensometers. The rainfall sensor is calibrated based upon historical rainfall records, meaning that warnings to the public begin when rainfall exceeds the upper limits. The tilt meter accounts for the local slope of a given hillside, and if ground movement occurs, the extensometer sensor trips a warning siren to alert the community of high probability of a landslide event. There are currently 39 landslide early warning systems installed in Indonesia, scattered around West Java, Central Java, Sulawesi, Sumatra and Maluku. The landslide early warning system has operated since 2014 with the participation of UGM, BPPT, and PVMBG. The landslide early warning system rainfall sensors and delivery systems are automated for routing to a digital storage system. Rainfall levels, for example, are updated every 30 minutes. Currently the BPBDs and surrounding communities operate these early warning systems; however, the rainfall data is not yet connected to the master BNPB system, therefore it is only available for local DRR use. InAWARE The InAWARE System represents an adaptation of the Disaster AWARE System developed by the Pacific Disaster Center (PDC). Disaster AWARE PDC is an application that integrates disaster monitoring from various worldwide platforms. This application was developed to improve early warning systems, both at central and local levels (BNPB, 2014). InAWARE has been running since 2014 in cooperation with the PDC Pusdatin BNPB especially PDC Hawaii, United States. In practice, InAWARE is currently still being developed. Related with climate and weather information, InAWARE contains information about hotspots and rainfall. In addition, it also tracks earthquake and tsunami events. The hotspot information contained in InAWARE uses real time MODIS imagery while the rainfall data is derived from the TRMM satellite. For maritime information, InAWARE has it is own wave height forecast layer. InAWARE currently has a disaster data input facility and the standard operational procedure was recently completed by BNPB. All disaster data is entered into InAWARE in accordance with the standard operational procedure, and both BNPB (Media Center) at the national level and the provincial BPBDs have data entry roles. For the product or additional information such as earthquake hazard maps or reports of disasters made by BPBD districts/cities (granted the privileges for them). Regions that are already implementing

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InAWARE include Central Java (very active), East Java, South Sulawesi, Bali, Sumatera Barat and Banten. 3.3.4. Dissemination & Communication BNPB disseminates climate and weather products to the public via its Media Center. Climate and weather information disseminated by BNPB only comes from BMKG, while information obtained from other sources is only used internally by BNPB. The Media Center in BNPB uses a variety of communication modes, including a website, social media and the Disaster Atlas. BNBP’s data division is responsible for website data while the public relations department is responsible for messaging communicated via social media. Weather information disseminated through websites and social media are updated daily, while the Disaster Atlas is updated annually. There is usually a warning related to potential disasters posted with weather information on BNPB’s website and social media. BNPB also uses other channels for disseminating CWI such as fax, email, short message service, daily reports, and chat applications on smart phones in each group at the division of BNPB. The frequency of the communication is related strictly to the timing of disaster events and is also reinforced with CWI. BNPB is also one of the most active K/L using social media, especially Twitter. However, the official account @BNPB_Indonesia does not have a significant number of followers and retweets:

Exhibit 39: BNPB Twitter Account Identification

Indicator Detail In contrast, @Sutopo_BNPB (Head of Data, Information and Public Relation of BNPB) is Twitter Age (years) 5 more popular on social media related to Tweet Count (number) 15054 national disaster information. He has 18.7K followers and has disseminated 6,308 Followers Count (number) 70681 messages to the public, most of which are Tweet Rate (per day) 22 related to disaster information and BNPB. Retweeted Tweet (%) 38.16 Only 11% of tweets from @BNPB_Indonesia, on the other hand, were found to be related to climate and weather information, while the rest are not. The most CWI-related tweet is Daily Weather Forecast, followed by Early Warning Messages. We can see that @BNPB_Indonesia not only focuses on using their twitter for CWI dissemination but for disaster messaging more broadly.

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Exhibit 40: BNPB Tweet Type Distribution

BNPB Tweet Type Distribution IIG  Type I (Disaster event, incl. geophysical)  Information or knowledge related to CWI (Type II) 2% including: IIH o Type IIA (Early Warning) 5% IIA o Type IIB (Daily Weather Forecast) IIF 18% o Type IIC (Weekly weather forecast) 16% o Type IID (Monthly weather forecast) o Type IIE (Climate Forecast) IIE o Type IIF (Maritime Information) 2% o Type IIG (Other Information) IID o Type IIH (Water Level Information) 1%  Type III (General BNPB Activities)

IIB 56%

When analyzing the timing of CWI-related messages, the APIK team found that the most popular time is in the morning with the Daily Weather Forecast dominating the content.

Exhibit 41: BNPB Tweet Behavior by Time

BNPB TWEET BEHAVIOR BY TIME 40 35

30

25 20

15 Percentage 10 5 0 0-5am 5-9am 9-12am 0-3pm 3-6pm 6-9pm 9-12pm Hour

3.3.5. Application & Use BNPB’s climate and weather information needs were obtained from interviews with staff from several Agency directorates, including the Directorate for Disaster Reduction, Directorate of Preparedness, Directorate of Emergency Response, and Data Information and Public Relations (Media Center). Each directorate communicated unique data needs. Weather information is required for the operational activities both for the purposes of pre- disaster analysis and post-disaster activity. Currently, the directorate does not need climate projection information. This is because BNPB does not produce its own analysis of climate change impacts and still relies wholly on the finished climate products from BMKG. Instead, BNPB’s products are principally related to disaster monitoring, daily reports of disasters, disaster incidence atlas, early warning systems, and the BNPB website.

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The climate and weather information required by BNPB, then, is: rainfall and days without rain, wind direction, wind speed, air temperature, humidity, cloud cover, sea surface temperature, and wave height. In addition, BNPB also requires data on hotspots, flood potential, and radar. Notably, BNPB primarily uses finished products from BMKG that can be directly analyzed by Pusdalops-PB (within the Directorate for Emergency Response), the Directorate for Disaster Reduction, and the Media Centre. While the Directorate of Preparedness is currently developing a Multi-Hazard Early Warning System that requires raw data held by BMKG (including raw radar data), this is a separate data stream from the processed weather and climate products that the Agency currently receives. The finished products utilized by BNPB are usually combined with other data related to the disaster incidence and preparedness, such as historical disaster occurrence trends, the locations and the areas affected by the disaster, time of occurrence, the number of victims or displaced people, the amount of material losses, chronology, the response efforts made, and the data source. The addition of this information to BMKG’s tabular or spatial datasets is generally carried out by Pusdatin/BNPB itself, with the results directly published to the BNPB website. However, for Pusdalops (Directorate for Emergency Response), the Directorate of Disaster Risk Reduction and Directorate of Preparedness often use BMKG data to reinforce their own disaster analyses. In such cases, the data provided by BMKG is usually included as an attachment to the analyses, studies, or reports created by BNPB. In addition to using BMKG’s finished products to analyze disaster occurrences, BNPB also uses climate and weather information from other sources such as the Ministry of Public Works, LAPAN (National Institute of Aeronautics and Space), National University of Singapore (NUS), InaTEWS, NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration), ASEAN Specialized Meteorological Centre (ASMC), and the Pacific Tsunami Warning Centre (PTWC). Furthermore, BNPB also consults datasets compiled and packaged by independent third party institutions such as Earth Nullschool and Global Forest Watch. BNPB also obtains climate and weather information from technical ministries. Both BMKG products and LAPAN satellite imagery are used in studies conducted by Pusdalops-PB (reported daily to the Director of the Directorate of Emergency), Directorate of Preparedness, and Directorate for Disaster Reduction. All final studies and reports are then submitted the BNPB Media Centre (Pusdatin), which is then responsible for publishing results in an easily accessible manner via its website, flyers, journals, and social media. Communities or BPBDs may submit disaster updates at any time to the staff at Pusdalops- PB, who are on standby 24 hours a day. The Directorate of Emergency Response will then follow-up directly as time-sensitive updates are received. If the cooperation related to Multi-Hazard Early Warning System runs well between participating agencies and the application itself operates smoothly, the potential exists to dramatically improve disaster preparedness. This objective is contingent, however, on the integration of weather data from BMKG and the flood and landslide parameters of the five participating K/L. Early warning announcements may then be forwarded to stakeholders in the disaster area, other K/L, as well as integrated with the InAWARE System. Many moving pieces remain, however, and the application is still quite far from activation.

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3.4. National Ministries Exhibit 42 shows user needs and satisfaction of weather information services such as weather forecast, marine forecast, aviation, fire index, etc. Most of the stakeholders said that the weather forecast product needs improvement. Meanwhile, for marine forecast, most of the users are satisfied. Some of the stakeholders said that “hot spot” and smoke distribution data are accessible but need measured improvement. Users from BNPB said they need an access for JABODETABEK radar data to connect with the Multi-hazard Early Warning system. All stakeholders agreed that Jakarta Flood potential information also needs more improvement.

Exhibit 42: User Needs & Satisfaction of Weather Information

User Needs & Satisfaction of Weather Information

Tropical Cyclone Hot Spot Distribution of Smoke Fire Control Index Fire Index The Analysis of Jabodetabek Daily Rain (Radar) Flood Potential in Jakarta Wind Forecasting Wave Weather Wind Aviation Weather Remote Sensing 2 Weeks Forecasting Weekly Forecasting 3 Days Forecasting Daily Forecasting

Data Available, User Satisfied 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Data Available, Need Improvement Number of respondents from various institutions Data not Available

For climate information, Exhibit 43 shows that most of the users need historical data, but in some regions or stations, the data is not complete. This is a critical issue concerning BMKG’s climate information records. However, the majority of the users are satisfied with the other existing climate information products such as Climate Change Information, ENSO, SST, Extreme Climate, Flood Potential, Water Balance, Days without Rainfall, Season and Climate Prediction.

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Exhibit 43: User Needs & Satisfaction of Climate Information

User Needs & Satisfaction of Climate Information

Historical Data Climate Bulletin Book of Climate Change Climate Change Projection Extreme Climate Change Index Change of Normal Rainfall Temperature Trend Precipitation Trend Climate Change Pacific Subsurface Temperature La-Nina Index El-Nino Index Sea Surface Temperature Standardized Precipitation Index Extreme Climate Analysis Flood Potential Atmosphere Dynamics Water Balance Days without Rainfall Outlook El-Nino Season Prediction Climate Prediction

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Number of respondents from various institutions

Data Available, User Satisfied Data Available, Need Improvement Data not Available

Exhibit 44 shows that most of the stakeholders are using the CWI for Study purposes, follow by Operational, Early Warning, Assessment and Report purposes.

Exhibit 44 CWI Product Utilization

CWI Product Utilization 20 16 Study Early Warning System 8 10 6 Assessment 2 2 Report 0 Operational Number of respondents from various institutions Exhibit 45 shows that most of the users receive the information through inter- ministry/agency correspondence. Government stakeholders acquire the data either by sending a request letter to BMKG, or by downloading it directly from the website. However, they rate the website as needing improvement.

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Exhibit 45: Delivery Mode of CWI

Delivery Mode of Climate and Weather Information

Correspondence Social Media Printed Media Radio Television Telephone Email Fax Sms Website 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 Number of respondent from various institutions

Data Available, User Satisfied Data Available, Need Improvement Data not Available

Based on the national assessment, BMKG’s products received an average score of 3.44 (on a scale of 1-5) for user satisfaction; where 1 = Not satisfied; 2 = Less satisfied; 3 = Satisfied, but need some improvement; 4 = Satisfied; and 5 = Very satisfied. As noted in Exhibit 46, the most cited areas of improvement by users are interoperability, guidelines, and geographical coverage.

Exhibit 46: User Satisfaction Index (see scale below) 1=Not satisfied; 2=Less satisfied; 3=Satisfied, but need some improvement; 4=Satisfied; 5=Very satisfied

USER STATISFACTION INDEX 4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0

While BMKG currently offers 42 CWIS products, the national stakeholders surveyed identified several product needs that are not currently provided, including Evaporation, Evapotranspiration and Solar Radiation information.

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While most stakeholders use the information for studies, research, and operational purposes, a few also use it to produce derivative products, including:

 SIDIK and Sipongi (KLHK)  Landslide Early Warning System, InAWARE & Disaster Risk Map (BNPB)  Kalender Tanam Terpadu (KATAM) & Resilience and Food Security Map (Ministry of Agriculture)  SIMAIL (KKP)  SIH3 (Ministry of Public Works & Housing; ESDM)  Early Warning and Response System Climate Change (EWARSCC) (Ministry of Health)  Early Warning and Response System (EWARS) (Ministry of Health)  Flood Forecasting & Warning System (FFWS) and Flood Early Warning and Early Action System (FEWEAS) (Perum. Jasa Tirta) 3.4.1. National Planning & Development Agency (BAPPENAS) Product Development The BAPPENAS support programs using weather and climate information are coordinated by the Directorate of Disadvantaged Regions, Transmigration, and Rural Affairs. These programs are part of the Action Plan for Early Warning System (EWS) that support the production of disaster risk maps, contingency plans for vulnerable areas, and Indonesia’s 12 DRR masterplans. The EWS Action Plan is in cooperation with LIPI, BMKG, BNPB, and BPPT while the 12 DRR masterplans that contains risk reduction strategies also involve private companies. In 2013, the DRR masterplan for tsunami events was completed, and BAPPENAS recently held discussions for developing DRR masterplans for volcanic eruptions and floods. In addition to cooperation with ministries/ government agencies, these action plans were conducted in cooperation with the Association of Indonesian Disaster (IABI). The Directorate of Food and Agriculture leads an effort to enhance climate smart agriculture, which included developing an official Planting Calendar, identifying drought resistant and flood tolerate seed varieties, improving access to insurance, and capacity building through BMKG Climate Field Schools. The Planting Calendar is collaboration between the Ministry of Agriculture and BMKG, the creation of seeds or varieties that withstand flooding and drought is being done through a partnership between the Ministry of Agriculture and LIPI, while the manufacture of agricultural insurance is part of a joint effort between the Ministry of Agriculture and the Ministry of Finance. Application & Use The information needs related to climate and weather information in BAPPENAS were obtained from interviews with the Environment Directorate, Directorate of Disadvantaged Regions, Transmigration, and Rural Affairs, and the Directorate of Food and Agriculture. Based on interviews with these three directorates, the specific needs of weather and climate information by BAPPENAS are unclear. This is largely a function of the fact that BAPPENAS core function is policy making, research, and monitoring/evaluating policy implementation. However, the need for weather and climate information is more relevant to K/L coordinated by each directorate in BAPPENAS.

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3.4.2. Ministry of Environmental and Forestry (KLHK) Introduction & Regulatory Background Specific regulations about climate and weather information do not exist in the Ministry of Environment & Forestry (KLHK), however they have developed the guidelines for climate change adaption contained in the Ministry of Environment and Forestry Regulation No. 33 Year 2016. These guidelines are for national and local government to adopt climate change adaptation into development planning. Another KLHK regulation that relates to weather and climate information is the Ministry of Environment and Forestry Regulation No. 32 Year 2016, which stipulates that forest and land management should consider local weather conditions (from fixed weather gauges) and include measures for fire control, as well as use appropriate technology for fire early warning systems. Another related KLHK regulation concerns the Village Climate Program or Kampung Iklim Program (ProKlim) that is stated in Ministry of Environment and Forestry Regulation No. 19 Year 2012. This program focuses on building climate literacy for adaptation measures at the community level. Product Development SIDIK is an online system that details climate change vulnerability, enabling national and local government officials to integrate adaptation, risk reduction and climate change impacts into policy development. The data used in SIDIK comes from BPS-PODES (Village Potential Data) and includes socio-economic data, demographics, geography, environment and infrastructure. Using climate projections to the year 2100, the data is fed into the SIDIK Exposure and Sensitivity Index (SI) and Adaptive Capacity Index (ACI), which produces vulnerability scores for various location along with a class assignment, including extremely vulnerable, highly vulnerable, moderately vulnerable, low vulnerable and not vulnerable. SIDIK was developed by KLHK in cooperation with the Center for Climate Risk and Opportunity in Asia Pacific Southeast (CCROM-SEAP), Bogor Agricultural University. Besides SIDIK, KLHK operates 10 pilot projects in the framework of climate change adaptation, namely:

 Vulnerability assessment of agriculture in Indramayu, West Java  Vulnerability assessment of agriculture in Bandung, West Java  Vulnerability assessment of agriculture in coastal area of Wakatobi  Vulnerability assessment of agriculture in coastal areas of Pangandaran, West Java  Vulnerability coastal area of Wakatobi  Vulnerability assessment of agropolitan in Malang, East Java  Vulnerability assessment of socio-economic context & alternative livelihoods in communities around Singkarak Lake, West Sumatra  Vulnerability assessment of honey bee ecosystem in Sumbawa, West Nusa Tenggara  Vulnerability assessment of karst area in Banti Murung, South Sulawesi SiPongi is an early warning system of forest and land. The system provides daily hotspot information and their associated attributes, such as coordinate location and administrative location (province, district, sub-district and village) from NOAA and Terra/Aqua MODID satellites. SiPongi provides information analysis on Fire Danger Rating, Hotspot Detection,

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Trajectory Analysis of Wind and Smoke, and location/type of public reports (via phone, SMS, Facebook, and Twitter). ProKlim is a program at national level that is developed by KLHK to encourage the active participation of communities in greenhouse gas reduction and climate adaptation. Through ProKlim, the government rewards the communities in specific locations that are already implementing sustainable adaptation and mitigation actions, including:

 Resilience to drought, flood and landslide  Increased food security  Disease vector control  Adaptation to sea level rise, tidal, seawater intrusion, abrasion, and high waves  Waste management  Using renewable energy, conservation and energy savings  Agriculture cultivation  Increase forest and vegetation cover  Prevention and control land and forest fire Dissemination & Communication Information about SIDIK is disseminated by technical guidance to SKPDs in provinces and districts (Bappeda, Department of Agriculture, Department of Marine and Fisheries, Department of Forestry, Maritime Agencies, Forestry Agencies, Environmental Agency, Department of Health, Universities and related institutions). Information about SIDIK is also distributed through its website http://sipongi.menlhk.go.id, social media (Facebook, twitter), leaflets, posters, booklets, calendars, stickers, and mobile apps (android). Application & Used KLHK uses climate and weather data to carry out climate vulnerability assessments, which involves the following steps:

a. Analysis of historical climatic conditions and extreme events. This analysis is conducted to assess the impact of climate change on the historical climatic conditions of a region, and requires climate variability data such as rainfall and air temperature over a period of last 30 years. b. Drafting future climate scenarios. Preparation of the future climate scenarios requires global climate model data, climate projections, and trends to compare to a 30-year average. c. Historical climate impact assessment to ecological functions. This assessment uses physical, economic, social, and cultural maps, then applies hazard data projections (floods, landslides, droughts) to estimate how disrupted ecological functions might impact the given geography. d. Sector Vulnerability Analysis. This step takes a more focused look at a specific sector – economic, environmental, health – and measures how they are vulnerable to hazard risks and climate variability.

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3.4.3. Ministry of Agriculture (KEMENTAN) Product Development Kalender Tanam Terpadu (KATAM) is a guideline that provides spatial and tabular information about seasonal prediction, ideal planting timing (specifically for rice and palawija), planting patterns, potential planting area, flood and drought risk areas, pests, seed varieties, fertilizer and infrastructure recommendation based on climate variability predictions. KATAM was developed for users such as agriculture extension, agriculture department officials, farmer groups and farmers to help them with crop regulating patterns and crop rotation according to the climatic conditions for each sub district. The KATAM product uses rainfall and seasonality predictions from IRI and IFAD, and is available as an android application for smart phones. The 2015 Food Security and Vulnerability Atlas (FSVA) was developed by the Food Security Agency in cooperation with the World Food Program (WFP). FSVA covers 398 districts/cities in 32 Provinces, and includes 13 indicators such as disaster risk potential and monthly precipitation variability projected from a 1˚C change of sea surface temperature. The tool, for example, shows that areas with reduced risk of very high rainfall include Maluku, West Nusa Tenggara, East Nusa Tenggara, most of South Sulawesi, North Sulawesi and Central Sulawesi and Central Java. Areas with increased risk of heavy rainfall are northern Papua, West Kalimantan, West Sumatra, Riau and southern North Sumatra. Dissemination & Communication KATAM can be accessed through the website http://katam.litbang.pertanian.go.id. The Agro- climate and Hydrology Institute of Research (Balitklimat) cooperates with Badan Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian (BPTP) and the Agriculture Department to socialize the KATAM product to farmers. To communicate the product, they use various channels, including leaflets, posters, videos, SMS, social media (Facebook, Twitter, and Google Plus). Application & Use From interview with the Ministry of Agriculture, the primary climate and weather information used is precipitation and air temperature both in the dry season and during the onset of the rainy season. The Directorate of Crop Protection utilizes the KATAM product as well as prediction maps for the rainy and dry season onset per zone season (ZOM) from BMKG - the data is bundled into tabular form for predictions per district/city. The Directorate of Plantation Protection in the Ministry of Agriculture utilizes rainfall and air temperature information to conduct training related to pest control and to anticipate land fires (they also use Sipongi from KLHK to monitor the number of hotspots). The Food Security Agency in the Ministry of Agriculture uses climate information to create the Indonesia Food Security and Vulnerability Atlas. The four climate factors that affect food insecurity include disaster events, estimated loss of rice production due to floods and droughts, deforestation, and the influence of El Nino / Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on precipitation variability. The Agro-climate and Hydrology Institute of Research (Balitklimat) is a heavy user of weather and climate information, in particular to conduct agricultural research such as:

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a. Research and development of innovative technology for water resources management b. Development of climate change adaptation policy research papers c. Assembling a water resource utilization information system d. Research and development of Food Smart Village Model for drylands 3.4.4. Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries (KKP) Product Development The climate and weather product run by KKP is called the Disaster Mitigation, Adaptation & Environmental Information System (SIMAIL). SIMAIL was initiated by the Coastal and Marine Directorate and focused on coastal communities, fisher folk, and fisheries businesses that often do not have access to sophisticated climate and weather information. KKP has several programs related to climate change adaptation, including: a. Coastal School of Indonesia (SPI) activities include: mangrove ecosystem observation, coral ecosystem observation, coastal pollution observation, dynamic beach observation, and weather/climate trend observation. b. Development of Coastal Area Resilience (PKPT) focuses on human development, natural resources, infrastructure/environment, disaster preparedness and climate change across 24 provinces, 46 districts/city, 15 urban villages and 126 rural villages. Dissemination & Communication The SIMAIL product is disseminated by KKP through short messages (SMS), running text, android application, and a website. The critical information delivered via SIMAIL is cloud cover, rainfall, wind speed and direction, wave height, surface current, sea surface temperature and fishing ground. Information delivered via SIMAIL is sourced from BMKG and Marine Research and Observation (BPOL) datasets. Application & Use KKP uses weather and climate information to understand ocean conditions and to conduct research on climate adaptation technologies and activities. The weather and climate information required by KKP are rainfall, air temperature, sea surface temperature, wave height, wind speed and direction, fishing area and surface current. They use this data to determine marine community needs, such as how sea surface temperature influence a community fishing area, coral bleaching, and how water temperature can lead to seaweed diseases. Next year KKP will launch the Indonesia Coral Bleaching and Harmful Algae Bloom Alert System (INACOBHAS). 3.4.5. Ministry of Health (KEMENKES) Product Development The Ministry of Health does not currently use climate and weather products, however they do use an information system for public health called the Early Warning and Response System (EWARS).

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Dissemination & Communication The Ministry of Health addresses climate and weather impacts on public health through discussion, disaster risk exposure assessments, seminars, and general public health socialization. Application & Use From interviews with the Directorate of Surveillance, Immunization, Quarantine, and Mantra Health and Research and Development of Health Division, we learned that most climate and weather information in the Ministry of Health is used for research purposes. The health researchers generally need information such as rainfall data, rainy days, temperature, humidity, air quality and solar radiation. They source this information from the BMKG and BLH (for air quality). In addition, the Unit of Environmental Engineering Health Main Station in Surabaya does collect some weather data from its own measurement tools that are used to conduct studies of disease vectors. The Research and Development of Health Division uses rainfall data along with temperature and humidity to conduct research on the correlation between disease spread and climate change. For this study, they focus on 5 diseases including dengue, malaria, pneumonia, diarrhea and influenza like illness/ILI in 6 cities/districts: Padang City (West Sumatra), Bintan District (Riau Islands), Kapuas District (Central Kalimantan), Donggala District (Southeast Sulawesi), Kupang City (East Nusa Tenggara) and Serang District (Banten). Currently, these studies are inconclusive because the disease data series is incomplete, while the climate data is complete. The Directorate of Surveillance, Immunization, Quarantine, and Mantra Health is planning to develop an Early Warning and Response System Climate Change (EWARSCC), a derivative product based on their existing Early Warning and Response System (EWARS). KEMENKES notes a significant need to improve cooperation with BMKG to enhance data synchronization and socialize the link between climate projections and public health. 3.4.6. Ministry of Public Work & Public Housing (PUPERA) Introduction & Regulatory Background The Presidential Decree (PP) No. 88 of 2012 addresses the National Policy of Hydrology, Hydrometeorology, and Hydrogeology Information System Management (SIH3). This PP lays out the coordination between PUPERA, BMKG, and the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources. The PP background specifically states that these agencies are expected to anticipate climate change impacts on the increase in water usage intensity, water pollution, floods, droughts and landslides. Data Collection & Processing The Regional River Office (BBWS) –a line institution under the Directorate Water Resources PUPERA– is responsible for collecting weather and climate information, within its mandate of river basin management, flood control, and water resource management. BBWS has regional offices based in Brantas (East Java), Sulawesi Kendari (Southeast Sulawesi) and Maluku (Ambon and Seram Island). In addition, the Research & Development Center of Water Resources (Pusair) based in Bandung, also a part of PUPERA, owns and operates a

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CLIMATE & WEATHER INFORMATION SERVICES ASSESSMENT REPORT system that integrates all hydrological data disseminated by each BBWS. For specific role of BBWS in APIK region are describes more detail on section 4.1.4, 5.1.4 and 6.1.4. Product Development The only climate and weather product PUPERA supports is the SIH3, which is led by BMKG. That said, PUPERA’s Directorate of Water Resources does also generate products related to surface water flow and stream levels, which is indirectly related to precipitation levels. Dissemination & Communication The Ministry of Public Work participates in disseminating weather and climate data and information that is usually collected by BBWS. Data and information are obtained from weather observation stations and water stations that are widely spread across Indonesia. Data and information are distributed to the directorate/other offices in the Ministry of Public Work, other ministries/agencies, and university or among researchers and the community, in the form of raw data or processed data. The delivery methods are through email, scientific journals, newsletters, or by request directly to the Ministry of Public Work. Application & Use PUPERA’s Center of Irrigation uses data from BBWS and BKMG to support irrigation network planning program, which involves design, development, and prototyping of irrigation networks and effective precipitation research. The data used included rainfall, solar radiation, wind speed, humidity, evaporation, evapotranspiration and water volumes. 3.4.7. Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (ESDM) Introduction & Regulatory Background As outlined in the Presidential Decree No. 88 of 2012 (described in sub-chapter 5.7.1), the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, together with BMKG and the Ministry of Public Work, is authorized to manage SIH3. Product Development The Geological Agency within the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources is responsible for SIH3 product development, together with BMKG and PUPERA. Application & Use ESDM uses weather and climate data primarily for investigation and research activities, such as calculating and estimating the availability of groundwater (through water balance calculation), groundwater quality, and groundwater flow patterns. The Center for Research and Development of Electricity and EBTKE (P3TKEBTKE) uses weather and climate information to calculate renewable energy potential from hydro, wind, solar, and marine resources at various locations. It also uses the data for environmental studies related to air pollution. Weather and climate data and information required by P3TKEBTKE and the Sub-Directorate of Engineering and Environment includes rainfall, wind direction and speed, intensity of solar radiation, sea surface temperature, current speed, wave level and tides.

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ESDM uses rainfall data from BMKG, while wind direction and speed data is obtained directly from on-site measurement from P3TKEBTKE instrumentation. Data for predicting solar radiation and currents is obtained from the monthly NOAA global datasets. 3.4.8. National Search and Rescue Agency (BASARNAS) Introduction & Regulatory Background As an institution that focuses on search and rescue of victims (climate and weather information users), BASARNAS has a MoU with BMKG. The MoU contains the data exchange to support search and rescue activity, but only contains information of seismicity. In addition, there is also a plan to make a MoU with the Air Navigation for Flight Monitoring System for search and rescue activities. Product Development BASARNAS operates its own Early Warning System (EWS) for aviation and shipping disasters through its Local User Terminals (LUTs) connected with the COSPAS-SARSAT Satellite. If there is a disaster in the field, the PLB (Personal Locator Beacon), ELT (Emergency Locator Terminal) and EPIRB (Emergency Position-Indicating Radio Beacon) will light up and inform rescuers of the victim’s location. While the EWS is not directly related to weather and climate, its position as a post-disaster system has linkages to extreme weather events and predictions. Dissemination & Communication The BASARNAS EWS is for internal communication only to the search and rescue network. There are no current plans to open up the information to the public. Application & Use The need for weather and climate information in BASARNAS is primarily connected to making contingency plans, as well as basic planning and personnel movement before and during search and rescue operations. Weather information is more widely used in BASARNAS compared with climate information, however they do incorporate disaster prediction maps into planning for the rainy and dry seasons. BASARNAS obtains its climate and weather data from BMKG and NOAA, including rainfall data, current speed, wind speed, wave height of sea, hotspot, and air temperature. They have identified to need of improving the accuracy of spatial data. When there is an extreme weather warning, BASARNAS gets direct information from BMKG through a 24-hour standby officer. 3.4.9. Development and Application of Technology Agency (BPPT) Introduction & Regulatory Background While there is no specific policy that links BPPT to climate and weather services, the Agency is mentioned in the RAN-API document as a service provider for resilience building in seven sectors: Energy, Health, Infrastructure, Ecosystem, Cities (urban), Coastal & Small Islands and Supporting sub-sectors. BPPT has a technical implementation unit (UPT) for its Weather Modification Program (WMP) that conducts research on climate change mitigation and greenhouse gas reduction

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CLIMATE & WEATHER INFORMATION SERVICES ASSESSMENT REPORT activities. Besides the WMP, other BPPR climate-related technology application research is conducted for the Center for Disaster Mitigation (hydro-meteorological disasters), Marine Survey Technology, and the Center for Environmental Technology (rainwater harvesting system). Data Collection & Process The BPPT Roadmap (to 2019) for the Center for Disaster Mitigation has including focus on the application technology on disaster reduction, such as instrumentation development for weather radar data, AWS, AWLR, LEWS and Forest Fire control. BPPT does collect a limited amount of weather data through its permanent weather radar near Jakarta that integrates with SIJAMPANG (Web-based Weather Observation System). However, because BPPT is not an operational organization, they only have a budget for research, so this radar has become inactive due to lack of technical maintenance. Often for AWS/AWLR, the BPPT does not own the instrument and relies on the owner to maintain it. Further, much of the data transfer requires GPRS or SMS, so limited phone credit is a bottleneck for data transfer. Product Development Currently, BPPT is developing a Multi-Hazard Early Warning System for BNPB. It will concentrate on flood and landslide hazards and utilize data from BMKG. All of the training, socialization, and implementation of the system will be the responsibility of BNPB.

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Mobilization Inter-island vessels like this are the main transportation between Lease Islands. Unpredictable weather conditions may hamper the Small Island community’s mobilization.

~Port of Ambon, Ambon City, Maluku

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3.5. University & Research Institution 3.5.1. Agricultural Institute of Bogor (IPB) In IPB, the Department of Geophysics and Meteorology (GEOMET) and the Center for Climate Risk and Opportunity Management in Southeast Asia Pacific (CCROM - SEAP) are two agencies working on research related to weather and climate. Department of Geophysics and Meteorology (GEOMET)

A few samples of GEOMET’s climate research include:

Exhibit 47: Research conducted at GEOMET IPB related to Climate Change

Year Research Partner Donor

2011-2012 Indonesia Managing Higher Education for Relevance and DIKTI DIKTI efficiency (IMHERE) Project

2012-2016 Strategic Planning and Action to Strengthen Climate UNDP UNDP Resilience of Rural Communities (SPARC)

2012-2013 Data Validation BMKG GIZ

2015-2016 Project TNC: Agropolitan Vulnerability Study in Malang KLHK UNFCCC

2015 Fire Risk System UNORCID UNORCID

2012-2014 RAN-API Bappenas ADB

2013-Now Collaborative Research Centre (CRC 990): Ecological IPB, Georg – and Socioeconomic Function of Tropical Lowland Universitas August Rainforest Transformation System (Sumatera) Jambi, University of Universitas Goettingen Tadulako (Germany)

2013 Climate Change and Gender PKSPL IPB IPB

Centre for Climate Risk and Opportunity Management in Southeast Asia Pacific (CCROM - SEAP) CCROM is a research center at Bogor Agricultural University with a focus on enhancing society’s ability to understand climate variability/change and manage the associated risks and opportunities to improve human welfare and environment. CCROM has three main areas of research: 1. Climate impact and vulnerability on agriculture & food security, human health, livelihoods, hydrometeorology shocks, and water resources 2. Low emissions and sustainable development 3. Climate modeling research A few samples of CCROM’s list of climate-related research include:

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Exhibit 48: Latest CCROM Research Related to Climate Change

Year Research Instansi Donor

2011-Now Sistem Informasi Data Indeks Kerentanan (SIDIK) KLHK KLHK

2015-2016 Project TNC KLHK UNFCCC

2012-2014 RAN-API Bappenas ADB

2014 Low carbon strategies to support one of the missions of Government NIES Bogor City to develop the concept of Bogor Eco City Bogor City (green, healthy and environmentally friendly). 2009 Field Climate School in Indrimayu ADPC NOAA-OGP

2013 Hazard due to Climate Change in Bandung city BPLHD Government Bandung City of Bandung City

2011- Now Developing Sistem Informasi Data Indeks Kerentanan KLHK KLHK (SIDIK) 2014 Downscaling Climate Projection for SIDIK KLHK KLHK

This research in the tables above is an illustrative sample, not a comprehensive list, of the climate research at IPB. CCROM-SEAP has collaborated with many national or international agencies in conducting research and activity, including: Ministry of Agricultural, Ministry of Public Affairs, Agency of Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics (BMKG), Ministry of National Development Planning (BAPPENAS), International Research Institute for Climate and Society (IRI) of Columbia University New York, USA, Postdam Institute for Climate Impact (PIK) German, Deutsche Gesellschaft fuer Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) Germany, Asia Pacific Network for Global Change Research, Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), Asian Development Bank (ADB), The Australian Government's overseas AID Program (AusAID), CARE International, and the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR). 3.5.2. Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB) The Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB) has an official research center related to climate change and disasters, known as the Climate Change Center (CCC) and the Research Center for Disaster Mitigation (RCDM). Climate Change Center (CCC) CCC-ITB is responsible for conducting research on climate mitigation and adaptation, including historical trend analysis and future climate modelling that can be simplified and used in local and national development spatial planning and policymaking. CCC-ITB’s research priorities for the next five years include:

 Assessment of Climate and Marine Science  Assessment of Climate Change Mitigation Strategies  Assessment of Climate Adaptation Strategies  Knowledge Management on Climate Change

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 Assessment Mainstreaming in National and Subnational Development Policy Illustrative recent studies conducted by CCC include:

Exhibit 49: Study & Activity conducted by CCC-ITB

Year Research Partner Donor

2008 Study of Climate Change Risk and Adaptation on KLHK GIZ Lombok Island

2009-2010 Indonesia Climate Change Sectoral Roadmap Bappenas GIZ

2010-2012 Study and guideline of Climate Change Risk and KLHK GIZ Adaptation Assessment (CCRAA) for Ministry of Environment

2010 Adaption Science and Policy Study DNPI

2012-2014 RAN-API Bappenas ADB

2014-2015 Study of Integrating Climate Change Adaptation into Ministry of JICA Spatial Planning Policies in Indonesia Agrarian and Spatial Planning, Bappenas

2013-2016 Early Warning System (EWS) Semarang City Mercy Corps Government of Semarang

2015-2016 RETA-8359 REG: Regional Climate Projections CSIRO Consortium and Data Facility in Asia and the Pacific Australia and Asian Development Bank

2015-2016 Development of a Green Growth Plan for Surabaya, City CAD Indonesia (SUEEP) – Inclusive Green Growth for EAP Government Barcelona Cities of Surabaya Spain, World Bank

2016-2017 Adaptation of Capture Fisheries toward Climate Bappenas ICCTF - Change and Variabilities in Southern USAID Coast of Java Island

Research Center for Disaster Mitigation (RCMD) The RCMD conducts applied research of disaster management and mitigation with the support of national and international organizations. The Center’s work looks across urban, rural, regional, and national scales, with a focus on informing policy and transferring

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CLIMATE & WEATHER INFORMATION SERVICES ASSESSMENT REPORT knowledge and skills through training, workshops, seminars, and community-based research activities. Most of RCMD’s research focuses on geological and geophysical disaster, while a smaller number of research efforts are related to extreme weather disasters such as floods and landslide. PROMISE (Program for Hydro-Meteorological Risk Mitigation in Secondary Cities in Asia) is one research initiative related to hydro-meteorological disaster. PROMISE contains four components:

 Hazard, Vulnerability and Risk Assessment;  Mitigation and Preparedness;  Training and Public Awareness; and  Disaster Risk Management Assessment in Urban Governance Levels. Product activities of PROMISE include:

 Poster Calendar on Flood Mitigation Strategies  E-book on Flood Mitigation Strategies  SOP on FEWS  Community Action Plan  School Action Plan Weather and Climate Prediction Laboratory (WCPL) The WCPL sits under the Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology ITB, and is managed by the Meteorology Department. WCPL provides data and tools for meteorological and climatological research focused on atmospheric modelling, weather and climate prediction, and analytical modeling. The laboratory also provides a monitoring information system and weather prediction (experimental stage) for Indonesia that can be accessed by the general public through their website weather.meteo.itb.ac.id. The weather system displays a global prediction plotted for Indonesia and provides weather predictions for 2 days ahead using a meso-scale method. The PC Cluster and Servers for the weather prediction system can be seen at Exhibit 50.

Exhibit 50: PC Cluster (Right) and Server (Left) at WCPL

WCPL collaborates with the local government, BPBD, BPLHD West Java Province and PT Maipark Insurance (with CSR funds) to develop a weather monitoring system in the Bandung

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CLIMATE & WEATHER INFORMATION SERVICES ASSESSMENT REPORT area to support a Community Based Flood Early Warning System (FEWS). The daily observation data can be accesses directly via a website, and the historical datasets (5-minute intervals) are saved to the WCPL server and are available for public download and use. The initiative also provides public participation services through SMS. In the Citarum watershed, WCPL teams with Disaster Community Groups in Majalaya (Garda Caah and Jaga Balai) to offer a Community Base Flood Early Warning System. Once water flow pushes past a threshold level, the system automatically sends warning information to the WCPL-Garda Caah Ring-1 WhatsApp Group, who then validates and publishes the alert through community channels. WCPL is a strategic partner with CCC-ITB, who together developed downscaled climate projection models (MIROC, IPSL, NorESM, GHCN, GSOD, GPCC, GPCP, CCIU, and Aphrodite) for the Indonesia Region using statistics or dynamics methods with observation data from BMKG and PUSAIR.

Exhibit 51: From Left to Right: ARG, AWS and AWLR that Installed by WCPL

3.5.3. University of Indonesia (UI) The Research Center for Climate Change at the University of Indonesia (RCCC-UI) recently organized several seminars and activities related to climate change including: Indonesian Climate Change Crisis: Opportunities and Challenges, UN SDSN National Workshop, among others. RCCC-UI also offers capacity building such as the Certificate Training Series on Climate Change, Short Courses on Climate Change, and Hosting a Master Class on Policy Analysis for REDD+: Within a Decentralized Context. The complete publication list and activities can be found at http://rccc.ui.ac.id/. According to the researcher Mr. Budi Haryanto, RCCC-UI uses CWI products from BMKG for their research purposes and collaborates with BMKG on various research projects. Their latest finished research covers Dengue and Malaria Vulnerability within a Shifting Climate in five provinces in Indonesia: Sumatera Barat, East Java, Kalimantan Tengah, Bali, Jakarta and Tangerang. This research is already using BMKG’s 24-year Climate Projection data (2014 to 2038), and included data on rainfall, temperature, humidity, and wind. Another ongoing climate-related research initiative looks at Forest Fire Haze Impact to Children Health in collaboration with UNICEF. The RCCC-UI researchers use BMKG air quality and wind data for their work.

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RCCC-UI accessed needed data through the dataonline.bmkg.go.id site from BMKG. They find the data quality is sufficient; however, there are gaps in consistency and spatial station coverage for air quality in particular. 3.6. Media TVRI maintains a role in disseminating climate and weather information through news broadcast, infographics, and background. Weather information is broadcast five times a day on the Buletin Indonesia Pagi (06.00-07.30 am), Indonesia Siang (12.00-01.00 pm), Indonesia Hari Ini (04.00 - 05.00 pm), Indonesia Malam (07.00-08.00 pm) and Dunia Dalam Berita (11.00- 00.00 am). Each weather bulletin offers a forecast for rainfall, temperature and relative humidity taken directly from the BMKG website. Besides CWI, TVRI also disseminates disaster information obtained from BNPB through a designated WhatsApp group. The information also flows out through various channels via the public relation department, social media department, and others. There is no formal MoU between BMKG and TVRI related to weather broadcasts, however, during extreme weather events TVRI often invites experts from BMKG to speak to its audience directly. 3.7. Private Sector Within the private sector, state-owned enterprises and private companies use weather and climate information to support planning, management and monitoring activities. Below are a few companies we interviewed in regards to the needs and use of weather and climate data and information.

Exhibit 52: Table of weather and climate information utilization in private sector

Private Company Division Information Detail Utilization Sector Water Perum Jasa Research and Rainfall, water volume and To control water Resources Tirta I Development water level allocation used for several Management Bureau, interests including Information drinking water and consumption (PDAM), Environment industry and power plants Bureau (PJB and PT. Indonesia Power), irrigation and flood control as well as river water quality

Services for PT. Elnusa Geoscience Rainfall (including rainfall To plan field survey Oil and Gas events), wind direction activities (land, coast, sea) Companies and speed, wave level, tides, flood prediction Natural PT. Research, Rainfall, water volume at To conduct Disaster Maipark Development Jakarta’s floodgates meteorological risk Reinsurance Indonesia and Innovation (Ciliwung-Cisadane) and research Department information and flood (RDI) prediction Services and PT. PLN New and Rainfall, evaporation, For feasibility study of

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Private Company Division Information Detail Utilization Sector Infrastructure Renewable evapotranspiration level new and renewable Energy energy development Shipping PT. PELNI Operation and Humidity, Temperature of To guide marine Service Sea Water, Air operations Division Temperature, Sea Water Pressure, Air Pressure, Wave Height, Cloud Cover, Wind Direction, Wind Speed and Visibility Coal Mining PT. Adaro Mine Water & Daily and monthly rainfall For rainfall prediction and Energy Indonesia Project (including 3-month and Planning annual prediction) and its Section impact on operations and effluent runoff 3.8. Military The Dishidros TNI-AL (Marine Hydro-Oceanographic Division Agency) uses weather and climate information to support the Indonesian Warship (KRI) operation and open ocean surveys. The Agency needs maritime weather predictions and early warning system information related to extreme weather such as cyclones. They source their domestic information from the BMKG Head Office (BMKG-HO) as well as meteorological stations throughout Indonesia, and supplement it with data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and Bureau of Meteorology Australia (BOM). Dishidros produces data and information such as: - Indonesian Sea Map (PLI), Hydro-Oceanographic Metadata and Nautical Publication that covers the Indonesian Seafarers News (Berita Pelaut Indonesia) - Nautical Almanac - Tidal List, Tidal Current List, Current Map - List of Indonesian Lighthouses, Port Information - Marine Guideline Book, Marine Environmental Information Book - List of Mines, List of Shipwrecks - Radio Navigation - Indonesian Marine Weather Map - List of Sea Surface Temperatures and a Tracking/Distance Book Currently Dishidros is developing a Hydrographic Data Center itself – based on the Web GIS-based HDC system – that will provide better spatial resolution for its operations purposes. Dishidros has an important role in delivering and distributing weather prediction information to their users, particularly to the Indonesian Marine (TNI-AL) Society. The weather information conveyed consists of wave condition, wind, rainfall, and tides, while the navigation-related information consists of the Indonesian Seafarers News (Berita Pelaut Indonesia) and Kawat Navigasi, which is conveyed through email and telegram. The climate and weather information dissemination is conducted on a daily basis to support Dishidros and the TNI-AL activities, and also to publicize the weekly Berita Pelaut Indonesia.

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Kampung Warna-warni (“Colorful Village”) This riverbank has been transformed into one of tourist attraction in Malang City. This area categorized as one of the areas prone to landslides and floods. A few days after this photo was taken, one house in this village collapsed due to heavy rainfall and instability of culvert structure.

~Jodipan Village, Malang City

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Photo credits: Mohammad Fadli, 2016 CLIMATE & WEATHER INFORMATION SERVICES ASSESSMENT REPORT

4. EAST JAVA ASSESSMENT

The assessment in East Java was conducted with several provincial government agencies, the private sector (including Stated-owned enterprises, private companies & MSMEs), media (including TV & Radio station) and 31 villages spread across the Brantas Watershed representing upstream, mid-stream and downstream areas. The assessment was conducted between 26 September and 4 November 2016, and involved the APIK CWIS assessment team, regional team and local enumerators. 4.1. Local Government 4.1.1. Meteorological and Climate Offices The local Meteorological and Climate Offices (BMKG) managed under BMKG Head Office (vertical agency). In East Java, there are four BMKG offices: Juanda Meteorological Station (incl. Aviation), Tanjung Perak I and II Maritime Station & Karangploso Climatological Station. Juanda Meteorology Station is a meteorological station (Class I) that coordinates all BMKG stations in East Java region. The priority of this station is to support weather information for aviation and secondly to provide weather information for cities/districts in East Java Province. This station is equipped with radar system, automatic weather station and other aviation supporting equipment that enables this station to publish hourly and daily weather predictions. Located near Juanda Airport, this station coordinates with PT Airnav Indonesia as stated-owned enterprises focusing on flight scheduling to support airport management. Besides covering airport needs, this station also publishes weather warnings through its website and social media. They also publish radar information through http://radar.infocuaca.id/ and generate routine predictions for city/district level in East Java. Information from this station is extensively used and disseminated by BPBD across East Java because the information also provides warnings related to potential extreme weather events.

Exhibit 53: Example of prediction and radar information for East Java

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Meanwhile, Tanjung Perak I and II Station covers maritime needs such as ocean weather conditions, tidal information and wave height. Perak I is a meteorological station class 3 that does not have forecasting ability, and Perak II is a meteorological station class 2 that is able to make weather forecasts especially for the 9 ocean regions around East Java, for harbor and boats / ships at sea. This station coordinates with Syahbandar (maritime office that giving permission to cruise) regularly. This station also has an automatic weather station to support maritime operation and in addition cooperates with the PT PELNI Voluntary Observed Ship (VOS) to verify ocean weather condition. Starting in 2016 Perak II Meteorological Maritime Station is initiating a program of Climate Field School (CFS) for fisher folk and salt farmers in collaboration with Meteorology Maritime Division in BMKG at national level. CFS phase one Perak II Station in cooperation with Karangploso Station will be launch in November 2016 at Surabaya. Karangploso Station is a class 2 station that covers climatological information services such as long-span rainfall information spread in East Java province. This station operates several instruments such as Automatic Weather Station in Karangploso Sub-District (Malang District). This station also has cooperation with Irrigation Department (Dinas Pengairan) under Public Works Agency spread across east java to operate around 900 collaborative manual rainfall stations. These manual stations collect daily rainfall information, however, as the information is collected manually there are challenges ensuring it is gathered on a regular basis. Karangploso Station produces monthly and annual rainfall and seasonal predictions in the form of Booklet. This information is also published at their website (karangploso.jatim.bmkg.go.id). The booklets are distributed each month and each year to SKPDs such as the Agricultural Agency or Environmental Agency. Besides rainfall prediction information, this website also disseminates other information across East Java including weather prediction, satellite imagery, marine & wave condition, etc.

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Exhibit 54: Example of Rainfall Prediction produced by Karangploso Climatological Station

Karangploso Climatological Station has been conducting Climate Field School (CFS) phase two since 2014. In the last two years, CFS phase three has been conducted at Srigading Village, Malang District. In 2016, CFS is conducted at Banjaragung villages, in Jombang District. 4.1.2. Development & Planning Agency BAPPEDA in East Java Province has intensively used climate and weather information in their planning documents. They usually use this information for the five-year Medium Term Development Plan document (RPJMD) and also Work Plan for Regional Development (RKPD). The division of statistics and evaluations also use this information for disaster and environment planning. BAPPEDA always sends an official letter to BMKG for CWI data in the beginning of each year; in addition, they sometimes use BPS data related to CWI. The CWI data required by BAPPEDA includes rainfall, wind speed and temperature in tabular form. They also need data and maps concerning extreme weather forecast for disaster prone locations. BAPPEDA in East Java Province also has a regulation related to CWI i.e. Governor Regulation number 67 Year 2012 on RAD GRK (Regional Action Plan for Greenhouse Gas). In contrast to provincial level, the BAPPEDA at city or district level in areas assessed haven’t intensively used climate and weather in their duties. Climate and weather information has only been used occasionally for micro activities, such as strategic environmental assessment (KLHS) for regional spatial planning (RTRW) requirement or building and environmental management plan (RTBL) production. The CWI that they need includes wind speed, rainfall, extreme weather, weather prediction, and monsoon prediction. They receive this information through BMKG bulletin in description format regularly. Sometimes they need this information in tabular and spatial format such as wind speed and rainfall data. Information regarding climate projection is even less used and understood even though it should be used for long term spatial planning. Malang City BAPPEDA receives this

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CLIMATE & WEATHER INFORMATION SERVICES ASSESSMENT REPORT information but they do not yet apply this information into their planning. In Malang the climate projection was provided by JICA through their Climate Adaptation program for East Java. The local government planned to apply climate projection on their mid-long term planning, but they must first agree which activities are categorized as adaptation activities and which are categorized as mitigation activities in their working area. In other BAPPEDA, Regional Spatial Planning (RTRW) drafts have included climate change and disaster mitigation and also considered climate change impact analyses (particularly with infrastructure development, such as road construction, management of open green spaces and mangrove conservation). However, climate change projection information has not been applied to mid and long-term planning. There is a general lack of understanding and knowledge on how to use the climate projection in planning. 4.1.3. Disaster Agencies Most of the BPBD offices in East Java Province use CWI gathered from BMKG local stations such as Meteo Juanda and Karangploso Station. The climate and weather information they require includes rainfall, temperature, humidity, weather prediction, wind speed, wind direction, water level in river, wave height, sea water level, flood prediction, and tide. This information is used for contingency planning and disaster early warning. Some of the BPBDs have tried to correlate this information with disaster history to produce a disaster risk map, such as the BPBD of Batu City. Most BPBDs need this information in description and spatial format, but some of them also require in tabular format. It is essential the BPBDs get high quality, timely climate and weather information for effective disaster management. BPBDs in East Java also get information related to climate and weather from BMKG and LAPAN website. They have integrated their system with grab and embed website which has an API. The information required from LAPAN is hotspot data. They have also accessed Maritime BMKG website for their preparedness. If clarity is needed, then they always communicate directly with BMKG. BPBD in East Java also has an early warning system named SIJITU. In the future they hope there is improvement in information system quality and open data system in BMKG National, they also want there to be more complete information with a clear legend. In districts and cities, there are BPBDs that have an integrated system with web-based service from BMKG, such as BPBD Sidoarjo District. BPBD in Sidoarjo District was established two years ago and have developed a disaster application collaborated with climate and weather information from BMKG. Previously, they have prepared an MOU with BMKG Meteo Juanda for data exchange. The BPBD gets information about radar data in Sidoarjo District, extreme weather, and weather early warning in web base service and application. For this data exchange, they must pay about two million rupiahs to BMKG Meteo Juanda. This information is very helpful for their daily activity. The BPBD will launch their application on November 9th 2016. They have realized with rapid disaster information received, they also have to accomplish the disaster immediately, but they have not the SOP yet. Aside from the BPBD in Sidoarjo District, other BPBD in APIK East Java still get climate and weather information from bulletins that are published by BMKG Karangploso. They collect climate and weather information via website, WhatsApp, fax, and telephone. Most of them complain about the lack of detail in the available data. They require information that covers their city or district specifically. They also hope there will be an integrated system. Some of

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CLIMATE & WEATHER INFORMATION SERVICES ASSESSMENT REPORT them search climate and weather information from other sources to complete the required information. Sometimes there is an overlap task between BPBD and SAR for rescues in the event of a disaster, but SAR East Java state that they just focus in “Search and Rescue” victim. SAR East Java also explained that they do search and rescue for maritime and aviation incidents. They also collaborate with BPBD for disaster early warning and response. They acknowledge BPBD must be coordinator in disaster. SAR also need climate and weather information for their SAR Plan in order to produce SAR Maps. The information required includes rainfall, wind speed and direction, sea current, and wave height. They get this information from BMKG Juanda, but not regularly. In the future they plan to integrate their systems so information is available whenever required. The dissemination of climate and weather information is usually combined with disaster or early warning information. For climate and weather information dissemination, some BPBDs disseminate information regularly to district level. They also disseminate the information to communities via social media. For areas that lack signal, they also disseminate the information via community radio; for example, in BPBD Malang District. BPBD East Java Province disseminates information through their website or social media. Every time there is a warning, they also push the information to the local BPBDs, several SKPDs, and other local agencies. The city/district BPBD also accesses directly the information from BMKG’s website or social media. The most used information is weather prediction and extreme weather warnings.

Exhibit 55: Example of the CWI disseminate by BPBD Jawa Timur

Some of BPBD in East Java are using Social Media for CWI dissemination and the most popular tool is Twitter. BPBD East Java Province has been using Twitter for more than four years. Compared to city/district level BPBD, @bpbd_jatim has a significant number of tweet, followers, and retweet percentage. It has the biggest influence at province level.

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Exhibit 56: BPBD Regional Twitter Identification

Actor East Java Jombang Malang Malang Sidoarjo Batu Blitar Mojokerto City District District Twitter Age 5 0.5 1 2 1 1 1 1 (years) Tweet Count 3814 139 285 42 6 693 1428 14 (number) Followers Count 4041 21 324 16 169 560 402 13 (number) Tweet Rate (per 9 1 0 1 0 1 3 0 day) Retweete d Tweet 76.51 7.46 32.49 15.79 0 21.22 18.5 0 (%)

Exhibit 57 shows that the most active actor on tweeting about CWI is @BPBDJombang, and @bpbd_jatim.

Exhibit 57: BPBD Climate and Weather Related Tweet

BPBD Climate and Weather Related Tweet 74 80 70 60 51 47 50 40 35 38 40 29 29 30 20 10 2 0 TweetPercentage 0

Actor

Exhibit 58 shows that most of the actors are posting tweets related to daily weather forecast, and secondly early warning information. Early warning tweets have the biggest percentage on @bpbd_jatim and @bpbd_ambon tweets. However, if we refer to BMKG Standard Operation Procedure (SOP), the disaster management institution is supposed to concern on disseminating information about Early Warning rather than Daily Weather Forecast. The other things to notice is that only Kota Malang and Blitar disseminate Water Level Reports using twitter.

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Exhibit 58: BPBD Tweet Type Distribution

 Type I (Disaster event, incl. geophysical) BPBD Tweet Type Distribution  Information or knowledge related to CWI (Type II) including:

100% o Type IIA (Early Warning) 80% o Type IIB (Daily Weather Forecast) 60% o Type IIC (Weekly weather forecast) o Type IID (Monthly weather forecast) 40% o Type IIE (Climate Forecast) 20% o Type IIF (Maritime Information) 0% o Type IIG (Other Information) o Type IIH (Water Level Information)  Type III (General BPBD Activities)

TweetPercentage

Actor

IIA IIB IID IIE IIF IIG IIH

Exhibit 59 shows that people tend to retweet messages containing disaster information rather than CWI. However, compared to all climate and weather related tweets, daily forecasts are the most re-tweeted messages by the followers, followed by early warning tweets.

Exhibit 59: BPBD Re-tweet Average by Tweet Type

BPBD Retweet Average by Tweet Type

60 50 40 30 20 10 0 IIA IIB IID IIE IIF IIH

Average Average # of Retweets Tweet Type

@BPBD_Batu @bpbd_jatim @BPBD_Kendari @bpbdambon @bpbdblitar @BPBDJombang @bpbdkabmalang @bpbdkotamalang @BpbdSidoarjo

Exhibit 60 shows behavior of tweeting time. It shows that they are mostly posting in the morning, from 5am to 9am. Based on several research studies, most people are active on social media on commuting time or estimated at 6 am – 9 am and 3 pm – 6 pm, so in the morning BPBDs are already aligned with this trend.

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Exhibit 60: BPBD Tweet Behavior by Time

BPBD Tweet Behavior by Time 70

60 50 40 30 20 Percentage 10 0 0-5am 5-9am 9-12am 0-3pm 3-6pm 6-9pm 9-12pm Hour

@BPBD_Batu @bpbd_jatim @BPBD_Kendari @bpbdambon @bpbdblitar @BPBDJombang @bpbdkabmalang @bpbdkotamalang @bpbdmjkt @BpbdSidoarjo

SAR does not disseminate climate and weather information to communities. They only use the information internally. For internal purposes, they disseminate climate and weather information to team members via Whatsapp groups. 4.1.4. Water Resources Agencies Water Resources Agencies consist of BBWS, BPDAS, Public Works for Water Resource Office (PU-Pengairan), and ESDM. The Water Resources Agencies in East Java intensively use climate and weather information for their activities. Some of them manage water resources regionally and at watershed level, such as BBWS and BP-DAS. Whereas the water resources agency whose managed district or city is Public Work for Water Resource Office and ESDM. Most of them use CWI from BMKG Karangploso and BMKG Juanda, but some of them use their own product. BBWS is one of them, which has product and derivative product from climate and weather information. BBWS does have internally-produced CWI products sourced from their own climate and weather instruments. They produce daily data such as rainfall, humidity, wind speed and direction, temperature, solar radiation, and water level of riverbank. BBWS also has derivative products such as the trend of annual rainfall, climatology analysis, humidity and wind speed analysis. They also disseminate CWI to the public via their website and their book once a year. BBWS use climate and weather information data for infrastructure development planning, early warning, and to know when to open and close the floodgates. For managing the floodgates, they most often use their own data than BMKG’s. They also use the CWI to produce flood and drought hazard maps and some research. The flood hazard map is based on historical flood data, while the drought hazard map uses climatology historical data. BBWS carried out research about climate change for 50 years related to water resources in collaboration with JICA. The CWI data that BBWS needs on a daily basis are rainfall and seasonal predictions, while monthly data that is needed includes air pressure and temperature. The data is utilized for infrastructure development planning, early warning, and floodgate management. They usually

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CLIMATE & WEATHER INFORMATION SERVICES ASSESSMENT REPORT receive this data via website and Whatsapp. Most of the data they need is in tabular form, even if they also need the description form for rainfall data. They rarely use data from BMKG, the BMKG data is usually only used to complete any missing information. BP-DAS use BMKG data for their activities. They use CWI for integrated watershed management planning. They also make studies from historical CWI data. The CWI data that they need includes rainfall (daily) and climate prediction (annual). They usually get the data from BMKG Karangploso in tabular and description form. BP-DAS also have a climate forecaster who is the instructor for BPDAS staff. The forecaster was trained by BMKG. In the Department of Public Works for Water Resources they also use climate and weather information for their activities. Public Works in East Java Province has used CWI for mainstay discharge planning, domestic irrigation, and 5 and 10 year flood predictions. They also collaborate with Public Work in city and district level as well as BPBD and Jasa Tirta for water allocation. The CWI data that is needed includes rainfall and weather prediction in tabular form. They also sometimes need climate data. Public Works for Water Resources has 90 AWLR Instruments that are used for measuring streamflow. These instruments record data in the morning and afternoon. They have some challenges with their equipment such as broken tools, instrumental shifting affected by flooding, and theft, etc. In addition, they receive CWI from BMKG and BPBD. Sometimes they also send official letters to BMKG for climate data. They also get the information from WhatsApp daily. Public Work in cities and districts in the APIK working areas typically use information from BMKG and their own instruments, but Public Works in Batu City do not have their own instruments. So, they still used CWI from BMKG Karangploso and BBWS. In addition, there are some instruments in Jombang District that are not active anymore. They hope in the future these tools can be repaired in collaboration with BMKG for their rainfall station. The CWI data needed includes rainfall, monsoon prediction, water level and water discharge. For monsoon prediction they need in description form, while other information in tabular form. They use this data for floodgate management, maintenance and planning for the irrigation network. Public Works for Water Resource in Batu City usually get the data from BMKG Karangploso’s Bulletin, while in Jombang District they get the data from correspondence via email and official letter. Most of them hope there will be training about CWI utilization in the future. Public Works for Water Resources in province and city or district don’t have a regulation to disseminate climate and weather information so they use CWI for internal purposes only. But they do share their own instrument data to public or students when requested for research. At provincial level, they also share the Public Work Publication Book to Perum Jasa Tirta for rainfall and streamflow data. ESDM manages aquifer water resources. At provincial level, ESDM have used CWI for groundwater hydrology study and geological studies. They also use this information to study the development of micro-hydro power plants (PLTMH), solar power (PLTS) and wind power (PLTB) sometimes because of third party projects. The CWI needed includes rainfall, solar radiation, and wind speed in spatial and tabular form. They also receive monthly and annual CWI data from workshop, website, official letter, and BMKG presentation. ESDM also have about 60 EWS + Landslide Detection units spread throughout East Java.

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Whereas most ESDM in APIK city or district do not intensively use CWI, but sometimes they need information related to rainfall, weather prediction, the beginning of rainy and dry season, and water level. The CWI information provides secondary data in aquifer research. In ESDM Malang District, there is a plan to discuss and verify an integrated strategy to climate change in the Malang District 2015-2020 planning document. This document is the result of cooperation with other agencies in Malang District. ESDM in Malang District have some programs related to climate change, primarily focused on mitigation. They also have an early warning system for landslides in Dampit Regency in cooperation with ESDM in East Java Province. ESDM in Malang District would like to build agency capacity and understanding on CWI utilization for their activities in order to more effectively use the information. 4.1.5. Agricultural, Plantation, Livestock & Forestry Agencies The Agriculture and Agriculture Extension Agency need to use CWI in their activities. They primarily get CWI from the BMKG Karangploso Bulletin or BMKG website or through the Ministry of Agriculture what’s app group. They also access CWI data from their own instruments i.e. AWS which measured temperature, rainfall, wind speed, sun radiation, and wind direction daily. However, this equipment is poorly maintained and does not function well. The Agriculture Agency in East Java province has developed a plant pests and diseases map, rice fields flooding map, and drought map. In addition to agricultural research, they have also used CWI for socialization, pest and plant diseases protection forecast. The CWI data needed includes rainfall, humidity and temperature in spatial, tabular and description form. The Agriculture Agency in East Java also disseminates CWI to Agriculture Agency in cities and districts in East Java area. They disseminate rainfall data each season to inform cropping. CWI is also disseminated in Climate School Field (SLI) and the Katam application. The SLI is expensive and only limited numbers of farmers can attend so it has not been implemented in all areas of East Java. However, for Katam application they have disseminated in every agriculture meeting. In APIK districts and cities the Agriculture and Extension Agency mostly use CWI for pest control, water resource management and early warning for agriculture through socialization program to the farmers. The CWI most needed are forecasting, rainfall, humidity, temperature, and beginning of rainy and dry season. Furthermore, the Agriculture Agency in Sidoarjo District also need CWI data such as wind direction, tidal, and wave height for their wetland areas. The Agriculture Agency in Jombang District and Agriculture Extension Agency in Malang District also need climate prediction, temperature and solar intensity for their cropping pattern. Most of them also get CWI Bulletin regularly from BMKG Karangploso, website, what’s app group, and official letter for early warning. The Agriculture Agency in Blitar complained of delays in the data that they receive. The Agriculture Agency also disseminates weather prediction to farmer monthly via Agriculture Extension workers. The Agriculture Agency in Mojokerto District also has disseminated CWI to BAPPEDA, Public Work for Water Resource Office, and District Government. Furthermore, Agriculture Agency in Batu City also disseminates CWI via private radio - Tidar Sakti FM.

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There are some differences between Agriculture and Plantation Agency in need and data utilization. In Plantation Agency they require rainfall and information regarding the beginning of the rainy and dry season. The CWI is used for early flower anticipation and this information is passed through a socialization program to farmers. This information is very important for coffee and clove farmers. In Batu, the Plantation Agency just manage community plantations under 5 hectares. For the Livestock Agency CWIS is particularly important in terms of understanding weather patterns, potential drought and availability of fodder as well as the impact on livestock diseases. When the temperature increase, animals can suffer from heat stress and there is a possibility of cannibalism to poultry. The CWI that is needed includes rainfall and wind direction in tabular, spatial, and description form. They usually get this information from BMKG via website, WhatsApp, and BAPPEDA meeting. The Livestock Agency in Malang District has claimed that they never get regular CWI from BMKG, they get the information based on knowledge about seasons and watching TV. It is clear the Livestock Agency need workshops to build capacity in utilization of CWI and also to ensure they get the data regularly. Only a few of the Forestry Agency departments in East Java Province use CWIS frequently, for example, Land Rehabilitation and Social Forestry, and the Sector for Forest Area and Nature Conservation. The data usually need are rainfall, wind direction and wind speed. Furthermore, the technical implementation unit (UPT) under the forestry agency called Tahura Suryo has used CWI data for implementation of reforestation. They have used rainfall, temperature, wind, and weather prediction for that activity. They get CWI from fax, email and letter in tabular and description form from BMKG. They also disseminate CWI verbally and through an annual letter to communities around the private forest (Tahura) for the beginning of rainy and dry season. Tahura also used CWI for tourist and hotspot (forest fire) information. They receive CWI from BMKG, field officers and also through KLHK. The CWI data that is received from BMKG includes weather prediction via website and official letter in tabular and description form. CWI from field officers such as weather condition, on the other hand, is sent via SMS and radio broadcast. They also have received CWI from KLHK in the form of hotspot detection via website and email in spatial data. Sometimes Tahura officers also come to BMKG Karangploso to get climate data. In Batu City, the forest agency needs rainfall, climate prediction, rainy and dry season prediction. The CWI data is required for implementation of reforestation, climate analysis and forest agency planning. They also need the CWI data in tabular and description form from BMKG Karangploso. Furthermore, they use the CWI data to anticipate the landslide and forest fire. Heru Waskito as head section of the forestry sector said that they also need climate projection data and predictions of high winds in Batu, but they have not got the data from BMKG Karangploso. 4.1.6. Marine & Fishery Agencies Marine and Fishery Agency in East Java does not have direct cooperation with BMKG, they mostly get the information through BPBD and the Environmental Information System (SIMAIL). SIMAIL is distributed using SMS system and is sometimes not received in areas with no signal.

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Most of Marine and Fishery Agencies at district level work with coastal villages as part of Development of Resilience Coastal Area (PDPT) from Ministry of Marine and Fishery program. In Malang District PDPT has already been in place since 3 years ago in Sumbermanjing Wetan Regency (Sidoasri, Sitiharjo and Tambak Rejo Village). They also have coastal village partner in Celungup Village with the concept of community-based ecotourism conservation. A function of the Marine and Fishery Agency is implementation, monitoring, controlling, evaluation and reporting of the marine and fishery operations. This agency has “POKMASWAS” (Community Control Group) to help carry out this function including dissemination. The main task of POKMASWAS is to enforce the law in open waters area, and the side task is to oversee coastal condition and doing coastal conservation. POKMASWAS uses radio communication 2 meters band VHF (High Frequency) and 11 meters band HF (low frequency for fisher folk) to cover area with no signal for the dissemination of CWI, early warning disasters, and information related to coastal area and fishers at sea. In Malang District, the agency has 13 POKMASWAS spread across the coastal areas. 4.1.7. Environmental & Health Agencies Most of the Environmental Agencies in East Java use meteorological data from BMKG to compile SLHD (Regional Environmental Status). Meteorological data needed includes:

 Rainfall used as parameter to describe water condition, trends and also to calculate environment capacity;  Air quality data used for calculate Environment Quality Index (IKLH);  Wind speed and wind direction used for analysis air quality;  Humidity and sun radiation used to describe weather condition; and  Historical data of temperature used as climate change condition analysis. The Environmental Agency continuously gets newsletter from BMKG Karang Ploso every month and is always invited by BMKG in East Java Region to coordinate in annual meeting for compiling SLHD and IKLH. Regarding climate change the environment agency focusses mostly on mitigation such as inventory of Green Houses Gases (GHG) profile as stated in Presidential Decree No.71, year 2011 and forest conservation. Environmental Agency at Malang City, Malang District and Mojokerto District in cooperation with Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) already has climate change mitigation program called Policy Advice for Environment and Climate Change (PAKLIM) Program. The program supported the development of locally adapted action plans for mitigation and adaptation. These plans provide GHG-emission scenarios and recommendations for feasible, locally appropriate measures as stated in climate change integrated strategy document. Environmental Agency at province level already used climate projection to analyze environmental supporting and bearing capacity associated with 4 main watersheds in East Java. In East Java only the provincial level Health Agency is using CWI, not at district or city level. Health Agency in East Java Province identified a pattern of disease and the climate and weather, for example dengue fever disease is increased in 1-2 months in the begining of rainfall seasons, measles and cholera is increased in transition seasons, bird flu disease (H5N1) is increased in rainfall seasons and leptospirosis is increased during the flood. Health

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Agency in Province also has been using climate projection to analyze endemic disease risk area. They used Early Warning and Response System (EWARS) from Ministry of Health and cooperating with BPBD through WhatsApp for weather information for decision making. They join BPBD WhatsApp group of Extraordinary Event (KLB: “Kejadian Luar Biasa”) to get the fastest information about CWI or warning notice so they can give a quick response. Although The Health Agency in District level not yet using CWI data, they actually need it in form of graphics to compare with disease trend especially rainfall trend and Dengue Fever. It is better if there is any weekly or monthly prediction so they can initiate to prepare fogging from Puskesmas in every village (Early Warning System of DBD). Not only rainfall data but also temperature, humidity and air quality are also needed to provide Early Warning from Diarrhea and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS). 4.1.8. Transportation & Tourism Agencies The Provincial Transportation Agency of East Java requires periodic CWI data as one of aspect in transportation report and monitoring procedures. They also need wave height and rainfall for Environment Impact Analysis (EIA) of port construction and wind for EIA airport design once every year. This data obtained from third parties in form of report or document analysis as needed to be used as development policy in Transportation Agency. Two divisions in Transportation Agency in Sidoarjo were interviewed, marine and aviation transportation division and land transportation division. Both in Province and Districts level, Marine and aviation transportation division disseminate CWI to airport operators and syahbandar or head of fishing community (Paguyuban Nelayan). They get information bulletin from BMKG every month, and for extreme weather they get the information from BPBD. As for land transportation division they need weekly/monthly weather forecast to identify alternative routes if there is flooding or if there any possibilities of fallen trees. When they get extreme weather information they will hold coordination meeting with police and Bina Marga Public Works to build strategies to cope with possible disasters. Transportation Agency has program to dissemination information for community about how they can get access to CWI through BMKG website, call center or applications. The Tourism Agency in Province level has been implementing CWI especially for adventure tourism like rafting and nautical tourism. They got CWI from BMKG website but for special event like nautical tourism they need to send formal letter for requesting the data. For Tourism Agency in district level like in Batu City, they have a Tourism Information Center that helps tourists to get the information about tourism related including CWI, so they literally need direct access to CWI information from BMKG. So far they take the initiative to find the information through website, but it is not really accurate because the information is average for all of Batu City Region. They also tried to find the information from community in many ways, and for some specific tourism activity like Paragliding and Rafting they have weather observation tools collaboration with Indonesia Air Force in upstream area to analyze safety condition for their activity. Unfortunately, they did not collect weather observation data continuously; they only need to know the weather conditions at the moment.

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4.2. Private Sector & Media 4.2.1. Large Companies & State-owned Enterprises For East Java, we interviewed local private sector including state-owned enterprises, private companies, and MSMEs with a total of 8 respondents. Five private sector respondent have used CWI as part of their companies’ operations, one company has not used BMKG Information, they use their own CWI data i.e. Perum Jasa Tirta I. While three respondents (PT Jatinom Indah, UD Bumiaji Sejahtera, and PDAM Malang) have not used CWI at all, but they realize they need CWI data for their operations given erratic weather.

Exhibit 61: Private Sector Respondent in East Java

Name, Field, Office & Information Utilization Dissemination Division Operational Area Needs Perum Jasa Tirta I Office: Rainfall, water To control water Through (Water Resources Malang volume and allocation used for website Management) water level several interests Operational: including drinking Research and Brantas Watershed, water consumption Development Bengawan Solo (PDAM), industry Bureau, Information and power plants and Environment (PJB and PT. Bureau Indonesia Power), irrigation and flood control as well as river water quality

PT. Jatinom Indah Office: Temperature, For planning activity Deliver CWI to Farm (Livestock) Blitar District humidity, and treatment of their stock weather livestock farmers Manager Farm and Operational: prediction, the Coordinator Blitar District, Kediri, beginning of Surabaya, Pasuruan, rainy and dry Malang District, season Jombang District. KOP SAE Pujon Office: Weather For early warning N/A (Livestock and Milk) Malang District prediction

Head of Public Operational: Relations and Head Malang of Personnel PT Kusuma Agro Office: Weather and Production and N/A (Agroindustry: Fruits Batu climate estimates of tourist and Vegetables) prediction visit Operational: especially annual Training Manager Batu and daily rainfall prediction PTPN XII Office: Rainfall and Planting day Deliver CWI to (Tea Plantation) Malang District weather forecasts, anticipate their farmers prediction plant disease, and sometimes Plant Asisstant from Operational: production process Plantation Division Malang Raya, East Java PG Krebet Office: Rainfall and For production N/A (Sugar) Malang District weather analysis and

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Name, Field, Office & Information Utilization Dissemination Division Operational Area Needs prediction estimation Consultant Operational: production cost Malang District PDAM Malang Office: Rainfall, weather For anticipate water N/A (Drinking Water) Malang prediction and scarcity season Section Chief of prediction Water Resource UD Bumiaji Office: Season For adjust cropping Their employee Sejahtera Batu City prediction pattern (guava and organic vegetables) Operational: Malang District, Owner Surabaya, Bali and Jakarta

PT. Perum Jasa Tirta I, PG Krebet, PT Kusuma Agro, PTPN XII, and Koperasi SAE Pujon are companies in East Java which use CWI. Most of them access CWI directly from BMKG Karangploso and BMKG Head Office via official letter and website except PT Perum Jasa Tirta I and Koperasi SAE. While PT Perum Jasa Tirta have taken CWI data from their own instruments, Koperasi SAE Pujon have taken CWI data indirectly from BMKG Head Office via television i.e. JTV and TVRI. Meanwhile PT Jatinom Indah, UD Bumiaji Sejahtera, and PDAM Malang have not used formal CWI. Nevertheless, they have realized that in this erratic weather CWI is needed for their company operations. PT Jatinom Indah needs CWI for planning activity and treatment of livestock. Furthermore, they also need CWI when their company will expand into tourism. UD Bumiaji Sejahtera also needs CWI for their tourism and to adjust cropping patterns. While PDAM Malang also recognizes they need CWI to anticipate water scarcity. PT. Perum Jasa Tirta I developed an early warning system (EWS) called Flood Forecasting & Warning System (FFWS). This system serves as an early warning system that is also used for flood prediction, equipped with telemeter system. The telemeter system has a Master Control Station located at the Central Office in Malang. It monitors rainfall and river water volume hourly throughout the Brantas River area (covering an area of 12.000 km2). The data measured by this system is used to calculate or predict flood, flood distribution and flood early warning along the Brantas River (320 km of length). This telemeter system has been applied since 1989, using radio frequency as a medium for data delivery, and since 2008 it has been further developed to use the GSM system. Flood control is done by operating flood control infrastructures available in the Brantas River (dams, dikes, floodgates, etc.) That is supported by the telemetry equipment. There is also Community-based FEWS called “Monitoring Instrumentasi Masyarakat-MIM”. This instrument serves to provide early information to residents about potential flood occurrences by using simple technologies that are situated in 19 locations along the Brantas River area and 35 locations along the Bengawan Solo River.

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Exhibit 62: Jasatirta Community-based FEWS

The Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB) and Perum Jasa Tirta developed an android application called Flood Early Warning and Early Action System (FEWEAS) for Bengawan Solo river area. As part of Masyarakat Tangguh Banjir program (collaboration of the Indonesian Red Cross, International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies and PT. Zurich Insurance Indonesia) which is still ongoing until 2019. The website can be accessed through: http://feweas.jasatirta1.co.id/. The information is compiled through hourly measurements in Bengawan Solo river watershed, presented in the form of spatial information and graphs. This system is available through an android application and can be accessed by the public via smartphone. The presented information is as follows:

 Rainfall Observation  Humidity Prediction  Water Level Observation  Wind Speed Prediction  Weather Prediction  Climate Prediction  Rainfall Prediction  Short-term Flood Prediction  Temperature Prediction  Long-term Flood Prediction  Pressure Prediction

However, as mentioned in Indonesian Red Cross website, the Community Flood Resilience program currently only covers Bojonegoro District in East Java. Half of the private sector respondents evaluated the CWI they received (See Exhibit 64). Most of them are satisfied with CWI related to presentation, accessibility, delivery consistency, format, data consistency, completeness, and cost. However, they are not as satisfied with the credibility and detail of the format. They are less satisfied in delivery mode, geographical coverage, guideline and interoperability of the CWI data and request improvement of this. They state of the CWI data they receive is usually different from conditions that happen in their area – so there is a lack of trust. Most of them are also still confused with technical terms issued by BMKG.

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Exhibit 63: FEWEAS website

Exhibit 64 : Local Private Sector Appraisal Quality of CWIS that Received

LOCAL PRIVATE SECTOR APPRAISAL QUALITY OF CWIS THAT RECEIVED

Cost Guideline Interoperability Geographical Coverage Completeness of Type Data Consistency Details Format Format Delivery Consistency Accessibility Presentation Delivery Mode Credibility 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 Number of Private Sector

Not Satisfied, Need Improvement Soon Average, Need Improvement User Satisfied

4.2.2. Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises (MSME) There were 5 MSMEs interviewed in East Java including Chocolate Village SME, “Kerupuk Rambak” SME, Apple Poncokusumo SME, Mina Politan Fishpond SME, and Beekeepers SME.

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Beekeepers SME located in Batu City (upstream area of Brantas Watershed) is a honey farm business that need CWI especially rainfall. Usually in June, July, and August there are a lot of nectar sources for bees, but if rainfall is beyond the normal like 2016, sources of nectar honey are limited, so honey production is reduced by about 70% and many bees left. They need rainfall information (estimated monthly rainfall and weekly rainfall prediction) especially from May to December when the bees are looking for food. Apple Poncokusumo SME located in Batu City and Chocolate Village SME located in Blitar (midstream at the mouth of the Brantas Watershed) both are the business of farmer groups and they both make agricultural commodities into products and also simultaneously as tourist attractions (agro-tourism). They both need CWI for planting seasons and also planning outdoor tourism activities. For an apple plant they need information of rainfall, because when rainfall is coming it raising the pests and it could hamper the flowering of apple and they anticipate this by spraying pesticides a lot more. If they had better information they would use fewer pesticides. Chocolate planting also needs rainfall information because, when the rainfall is coming with high intensity, it could lead to “black pod” disease or if rainfall has low intensity then they need to find alternative water resources. In the production processes of chocolate farmers also need dry, sunny-day information because they need to dry the cocoa beans for 7-9 days so they can maintain the cocoa quality. So practically both apple and chocolate SME needs information of rainfall and seasons prediction for better time management of planting, production processes and also event planning. “Kerupuk Rambak” SME located in Mojokerto District (midstream at the north area of Brantas Watershed), it is a business of cowhide processed into a cracker in Indonesia it is called “kerupuk”. CWI information is very important for drying processes of cowhide especially days without rainfall, because rainfall will make “kerupuk” swell and cause redness, and inhibit the production because the drying processes is not optimal. They have been trying to dry out in other ways such as using oven, but the result is not as good as direct drying with the sun. That is why their business very dependent on the weather, and so far they find the CWI via internet or using Javanese Calendar, when it is “legi” Friday (“legi” Thursday night) it would usually rain a week. From SME that has been interviewed, there is one SME in downstream area Mina Politan SME located in Sidoarjo District, which is an aquaculture and fish processing business. They said climate change does not affect the fish processing but only had an impact to the aquaculture. When the rainfall above the normal they can’t drain the fishpond and fish must be harvested faster than it should be. Nowadays tidal flood cannot be predicted, it comes more frequent than usual and it also affects the aquaculture. Although they sometimes get CWI information from TV when tidal flood is coming but they also need the information more frequently from the fisherfolk representative.

Exhibit 65: CWI Utilization amongst MSMEs in East Java

SME Business CWI Utilization Media

Kampung Coklat Agritourism – Rainfall, sun, and Time management of Android Application Blitar District Seasons prediction Planting, Production Processes and Event

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SME Business CWI Utilization Media

Apple Poncokusumo Agritourism – Rainfall, sun, and For Cultivation and TV and Android Batu City Seasons prediction Tourism Application

Kerupuk Rambak Traditional Rainfall and sun For drying cowhide Internet Snack Cracker – Mojokerto District

Mina Politan Aquaculture Weather, Wind For aquaculture : TV and Fish Speed and Drying Fish Pond Processing – Direction, and Sidorjo District Wave Height

Beekeepers Honey Weekly and Time for bees to Bee farmers Production – monthly rainfall hunting the foods Batu City prediction

4.2.3. Media The assessment team interviewed five local media including television and community radio. Agropolitan TV (ATV) is one of local television broadcast in Batu City, East Java. ATV is state television which always broadcasts information that is useful for communities. So ATV has a role to disseminate potential disaster, climate and weather information through news broadcast every day in the end of news program. ATV also have duty to disseminate this information based on Local Government Regulations No. 8 of 2009 on The Establishment of Local Public Broadcasting Television Agropolitan Batu. The CWI that disseminated by ATV includes weather forecast i.e. rainfall, temperature, wind and relative humidity. The CWI information is taken from BMKG website and BMKG Karangploso website. Previously ATV received CWI via fax from BMKG Karangploso, but the information was not sent consistently. Besides CWI, they also disseminate climate change information via talk show such as Live Malang Raya Program about Brantas Water Resource. ATV also have used social media to disseminate CWI via you tube for selected program. In the future, ATV is open to collaborate with BMKG to disseminate CWI for more specific region area such as Malang Raya. Furthermore, they hope they can get more often BMKG official information about weather. JTV Surabaya also disseminates CWI in their broadcast. JTV is the first local television in Indonesia which broadcasts information related to the dynamics of communities in East Java. They share CWI at the end of the news program and running text at 11.30 – 12.30 AM. The CWI disseminated by JTV includes weather forecast, wave, and drought information. The CWI information is taken from BMKG via email and twitter. JTV also disseminates disaster information received from Suara Surabaya Radio, BPBD,

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CLIMATE & WEATHER INFORMATION SERVICES ASSESSMENT REPORT communities and police. They have also broadcast climate change information in their special dialogue program with BPBD and BMKG Juanda at 08.00 PM once a week. In the future, they hope that CWI will be presented in detail, high accuracy, and with interesting visualization. They also hope BMKG has videotron to broadcast weather changes. Tidar Sakti Radio is one of the local radio broadcasters in Batu City, East Java. Tidar Sakti is a private radio that also broadcasts information about climate and weather. The CWI is programmed every day at 06.00 AM until 11.00 AM between programs and during commercial breaks. This information is for listeners to anticipate extreme weather, provide early warning and information about potential disaster. This program also collaborates with BMKG and BPBD. The CWI is provided free for community information. Furthermore, Tidar Sakti also have program named “Early Warning” to disseminate news related to potential disaster in Malang Raya in collaboration with BPBD. The CWI information they generally share includes rainfall, wind, temperature, humidity and weather predictions. They receive this information via fax, WhatsApp and sometimes they telephone to BMKG. They hope in the future CWI that received will be more detailed, and give the solution about the data utility. Furthermore, they hope there will be tips or suggestions about CWI that impact health, the safety of motorists, agriculture and the potential for disaster. Radio Suara Surabaya is a local radio broadcaster based in Surabaya, East Java. Radio Suara Surabaya also disseminates CWI every day – primarily weather forecast. They also have MoU with BMKG to receive CWI. Besides CWI, Radio Suara Surabaya also has disseminated disaster information. Suara Warga Radio (People’s Voice Radio) which also disseminates weather prediction receives CWI directly from BPBD. Suara Warga Radio is located in Jombang District and broadcasts CWI in Inti Warga Program at 08.00 – 10.00 AM every Monday. They also broadcast the information live with BPBD secretariat. Besides CWI, they also share information related to disasters. Most of the media respondents have broadcast CWI in their programs. They also give some appraisal to CWI they have received (See Exhibit 66). Most of them are satisfied with CWI in terms of credibility, delivery mode, presentation, accessibility, delivery consistency, and cost. However, they are very satisfied in terms of the format, detail format, completeness of type, geographical coverage of CWI data and need improvement. They are less satisfied in terms of guidelines and interoperability and suggest improvements. For the interoperability they also hope will be better cooperation between media and BMKG as soon as possible.

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Exhibit 66: Local Media Appraisal Quality of CWIS that Received

LOCAL MEDIA APPRAISAL QUALITY OF CWIS THAT RECEIVED

Cost Guideline Interoperability Geographical Coverage Completeness of Type Data Consistency Details Format Format Delivery Consistency Accessibility Presentation Delivery Mode Credibility

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Number of Respondent

Not Satisfied, Need Improvement Soon Average, Need Improvement User Satisfied

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4.3. Community The CWI community assessment was conducted in 31 villages across the Brantas Watershed of East Java. The APIK assessment team selected a group of communities from upstream, midstream, and downstream areas within the watershed with a diverse set of land uses, livelihoods, and weather and climate risks. The villages also represent potential APIK sites over the coming four years. 4.3.1. Upstream APIK conducted community consultations in five upstream villages. Located in largely hilly and rural areas the villages were: Sumber Brantas, Tulungrejo, Kelurahan Sisir, Oro- oro Ombo, and Junrejo. The five villages are located very close to water springs at the upstream of Brantas Watershed especially Sumber Brantas. The local livelihood of the communities is predominantly horticulture farming (vegetables, fruits and flower). Some of the local farmers also plant rice paddies, have poultry farms, and goat farms. Common vegetables planted in the region include potato, carrot, cabbage, lettuce, broccoli, onion, garlic, leek, tomato, chili, sweet corn, and celery. Fruits, such as apples, bananas, and avocados, are also grown. Notably, farmers generally obtain water for their agriculture land from irrigation canals fed by the Brantas River.

Exhibit 67: Villages at the While most farmers consulted by APIK do not often use Upstream Brantas formal CWI services in their day-to-day activities, they do recognize the important role of CWI to support their livelihood in unpredictable weather conditions (farmers noted, for example, that the rainy season is longer this year). More specifically, farmers recognized their need for CWI for the timing of planting and harvesting. Some farmer already used beginning of rainy season information, rainfall and weather prediction. The type of CWI that they are expecting depends upon the types of crops that they plant. Mostly the farmers need daily weather information such as rainfall, temperature, humidity, wind direction, and weather prediction. Concerning monthly weather information, farmers are needed to be aware of the likely timing of the transition from the rainy to the dry season. Some of them also need extreme weather warning. The farmers in the upstream obtain information about climate and weather from local government agricultural instructors in their regular meeting, but they do not get the information in daily basis. Farmers that have a smartphone use the weather application such as BMKG Apps and instant messaging such as WhatsApp to obtain weather information from BMKG’s Station in Karangploso and BPBD Batu City. They receive information, for example, concerning the likely beginning of rainy and dry seasons, as well as predictions of extreme weather. That said, the majority of farmers interviewed rely largely on their own direct observations of the weather as well as their historical knowledge to seasonal timing. In this regard, September through March is the recognized rainy season, April and May are the transitional months, and June through August is widely viewed as the dry season.

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Exhibit: 68: Flowers & poultry farm in Bumiaji & Junrejo Village, Batu City

There is a difference between the villagers in upstream and downstream concerning perceptions of weather changes, as well as some similar patterns that are also apparent. Most of them have felt that temperature in Batu City has increased in recent years. This year, they feel that the weather has been unpredictable and erratic throughout the year. There are places that have more rainfall this year, as in Batu and Bumiaji Sub-district (See Exhibit 69). Exhibit 69: Perceived Changes in Local Weather by In Sumber Brantas Village, Mr. Aan, Residents of Batu City (as a % of 32 respondents) an agriculture instructor, said that they have precipitation gauges set up in EXTREME WEATHER collaboration with BMKG Karangploso. INCREASES 10% However, the instrument is unused and LONGER WET SEASON 16% no longer active. The workshop about SHORTER DRY climate and weather from BMKG 9% SEASON Karangploso was done with a farmer SEASON PATTERN CHANGES 5% group in this village. Nevertheless, the W E A T H E R CWI dissemination hasn’t reached the UNCERTAINTY 23% small farmers. Mr. Prawito, one of the RAINFALL CHANGES 13% farmers in this village who sell his yields to exporter, sometimes uses CWI from TEMPERATURE I N C R E A S E S 23% BMKG, but often manually. He said that the information from BMKG is still OTHER 2% generally for Batu City, he needs to get 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% the information more specific for his village.

Many farmers in Kelurahan Sisir Village are not from the area, but instead come from the neighboring village and rent land here (generally about 2,500 square meters). In terms of using CWI to support their livelihood, most of the farmers only rely on personal observations to guess whether it will rain or not, while also adhering to the traditional “wet and dry season rules” in Indonesia (December-January-February for wet season and June- July-August for dry season/DJF-JJA-rule). Some farmers in this village attended a BMKG workshop in which they were promised more climate and weather information on a regular basis, but this promise has not been realized to date. However, Mr. Suliono hopes in the

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CLIMATE & WEATHER INFORMATION SERVICES ASSESSMENT REPORT future he will be able to regularly access that information. The most common hydro- meteorological risk facing these villages is flooding. It was also confirmed that sometimes extreme weather events such as strong winds or heavy precipitation occurred recently. A related risk increasingly faced in Kelurahan Sisir is dengue fever, which is also happening in neighboring Oro-oro Ombo Village. Some of the farmers in Junrejo Village shared that they have experience using CWI products from BMKG. There is a precipitation gauge in the neighboring village (still in Junrejo Sub-District), but the instrument is unused and inactive (similar to Sumber Brantas village). Climate and weather information is generally obtained from media such as Batu TV, and some is also received from local government agriculture instructors during the monthly meetings. Some of the farmers in this village have integrated agriculture and farming, making biological agents for organic fertilizer. They are also preparing for organic certification now, making reliable climate and weather information all the more important to sustain their livelihood. Besides that, some women in this village also make cracker “kerupuk miler” that requires sunlight to dry it before it can be fried and sold. Concerning CWI uses and needs in upstream, urban areas the APIK assessment team visited several villages (kelurahan) in Malang City, including Kelurahan Jodipan, Bareng, Polehan and Bandungrejosari. The team targeted respondents who live near the river and along the riverbanks or main drainage system (0-20 meters from the channel). The livelihoods of the households visited varied widely, and included laborer, technician, Exhibit 70: Urban landscape representation in government staff, transportation worker and Malang City entrepreneur in various fields e.g. commerce, construction, culinary, tailor, etc. The main hydro-meteorological threat communicated by local residents was urban flooding and landslides. Erratic weather patterns also cause children to become more readily ill, and many respondents worry about epidemics such as dengue. They can feel the number of rainy days increasing this year in particular, and some complained about their day-to-day activities being disrupted due to erratic rain conditions. Most of them access the weather information through television. Only a few respondents are using smartphone applications such as Accuweather or BMKG Apps. Most of them are satisfied with the weather forecast results and it is easy to understand the messages received. Jodipan Village is famous as the “Kampung Warna-warni”, or the “colorful village”. This area is a riverbank settlement near the Brantas River (mostly 0 -10 meters from the river channel) and has become a local tourist attraction in Malang City. This area is also categorized, however, as highly prone to landslides and floods. A few days after the APIK

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CLIMATE & WEATHER INFORMATION SERVICES ASSESSMENT REPORT team visited the village, one house in this area collapsed due to heavy rainfall and instability of the culvert structure. 3 Mr. Suyatno, a 60-year-old father who works as tailor in Jodipan Village, said that in 2010 there was a flash flood caused by a dam collapse. It was around 7 pm and the flood caused at least 2 houses to be washed away. A few years ago local government trained the community to implement an early warning system using a slit drum (“kentongan”) to warn the community of potential flooding during heavy rains. This was also confirmed by Ida, a 50- year-old mother who lives 5 meters from the river. There are officers who monitor the condition of the river upstream; if the river water level is rising and the color is getting turbid, they warn the community along the riverbank. According to Mr. Fitria, Malang TV broadcasts warnings on flood alerts several years ago, but recently there are no such as warnings issued. To prevent flooding and dengue hazards, the community often does community service by Exhibit 71: "Kampung Warna-warni" ("Colorful cleaning up the environment. In addition to Village”) health and safety reasons, they also want The vulnerability of this area is raised if the heavy to keep their neighborhood clean to rainfall occurs, which triggers landslide or building makes visitors more comfortable. collapse due to instability of settlement structure near riverbanks. Bareng Village suffered a flood event in early 2016 when water overflowed from a secondary drainage channel. The overflow was allegedly due to intense rainfall and garbage blocking the flow of the drainage canal. In addition, during 2006 one bridge collapsed due to the flood. Even though the flood often happens, there is no specific warning from the local government, including early warning systems in the community itself. In addition to flooding, residents are also concerned with dengue and diarrhea due to poor sanitation and inadequate drainage systems. There are several historical dengue outbreaks in this area. Three of the five respondents, for example, have kids that have suffered from dengue fever in recent years. The data from the local health agency also shows that there is an increasing incidence of dengue cases in this village in recent years. The community and village administrative officers were trying to tackle this issue fumigation around the neighborhood. Some of the community also complained about waste originating from the upstream mall and hospital which sometimes causes an odor around the neighborhood.

3http://news.detik.com/berita-jawa-timur/d-3330057/satu-rumah-di-kampung-warna-warni-ambruk-satu-orang- luka

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The community mostly gets their weather information from the television. Some of them already used smartphone and see weather info from the apps and they use it for their daily activity. In February 2016, due to long frequency of rain, one house in Polehan Village collapsed due to the foundation of the house eroding. The location of the house is right next to the Bango Small River. According some respondents, one bridge also collapsed due to high intensity of rainfall, cutting off access to the nearest.

There appears to be no specific warnings before the incident occurred. However, BPBD identified this region as prone to flooding and landslides. Most of the respondents interviewed by the APIK assessment team receive CWI from television (Malang TV, Metro TV, JTV and TV-One), Newspaper (Koran Surya, Malang Pos, Jawa Pos), Radio (RRI, KDS-8). All these media publish CWI with reference to the BMKG.

The CWI mode in East Java was dominated by television, as described in Exhibit 72. They also get the information by word of mouth from their neighbors, friends, and communities. Sometimes they also get the CWI from BPBD as well as disaster information. Some respondents have also received CWI from BMKG Mobile Apps which introduced at the time following the workshop organized by BMKG Karangploso. Instant Messaging such as WhatsApp and Blackberry Messenger also have an important role to disseminate CWI with broadcast system.

Exhibit 72: Modes of delivery and sources of Number of CWI in Brantas Up-Stream Modes of Sources of Information Respondent* delivery *respondent could answer more than one mode (n=50) Television Malang TV, Metro TV, JTV, 27 As shown in Exhibit 73, respondents TV-One, ATV in the upstream areas of the Brantas Newspaper Koran Surya, Malang Pos, 7 perceived increases in temperature Jawa Pos and weather uncertainty as the most Radio RRI, KDS-8, Tidar FM 7 common changes in the local climate Weather Apps Accuweather, BMKG Apps 4 in recent years. 16 % of the Instant Messaging BBM, WhatsApp 8 respondents observed that there is (community/fishery extension) long rainy season and 15% of them Others Verbal 25 experienced rainfall pattern changes this year (allegedly as a result of La Nina). Only 4% of respondents complained about changes in the cropping calendar because most of them are horticulture farmer. Most of them suspect that changing conditions have resulted in an increase in dengue fever, a decrease their crop yield and an increase in pestilence and plant diseases. But most of them also recognize other negative impacts such as increasing in production costs, low selling prices, and increasing disaster.

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Exhibit 73: Perceived Changes in Local Weather by Residents of Brantas Up-Stream (as a % of 52 respondents)

EXTREME WEATHER DISEASE INCREASES 28% INCREASES 9% SHORTAGE OF … 9% LONGER WET SEASON 16% PEST AND PLANT … 18% YIELD AND CROP … SHORTER DRY SEASON 9% 19% CROP FAILURE 1% SEASON PATTERN CHANGES 4% POND PRODUCTION … 0% W E A T H E R SALT PRODUCTION … 0% UNCERTAINTY 22% S E A W E E D … 0% RAINFALL CHANGES 15% FISH QUALITY … 0% TEMPERATURE LIMITED GROUND … 0% I N C R E A S E S 22% FISH CATCHES … 0% OTHER 2% OTHER 25%

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 0% 10% 20% 30%

4.3.2. Mid-stream The mid-stream area of the Brantas Watershed is divided into two parts: the southern region (which covers Blitar and Malang District), and the northern region (which covers Jombang and Mojokerto District). One of the examples of climate change impacts on local livelihoods is decreased sugarcane production. According to Rochimah (2015), the change of weather pattern is one of the factors at play in the failure of sugarcane production in Malang District at the end of 20144. Based on discussion with local farmers at Wonokerto Village, the perceived influence of prolonged rains in 2016 is decreasing yields and quality of crops. Representing the northern region, Jatigedong Village is located in Jombang District along the Brantas River’s main stream. Every year Jatigedong Village suffers from flooding which also impacts nearby Trawasan Village despite its higher elevation. The flooding comes once or twice a year and inundates both agriculture and residential areas. People in these villages mostly plant rice, but some also plant side commodities like watermelon, soybean, corn, tobacco and vegetables (spinach, kale and cabbage). They use water resources mostly from irrigation channels fed by the Brantas River, while some also use rainwater and groundwater. The extreme weather and floods affected plant production both in terms of quality and quantity and sometimes even crop failure. Mr. M Sai experienced 60%-100% crop failure due to the high intensity of rainfall and floods which inundated his paddy field nearly every year.

4 Rochimah, et al., Climate Change Impact on Production and Cane Immersion in Malang District, Brawijaya University, 2015

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In contrast with Jatigedong and Trawasan Village, Wringinpitu Village in Jombang District did not suffer from flooding in recent years, but instead from strong wind/whirlwind (“Puting Beliung”) and lightning. Whirlwinds ripped off the roofs of houses and uprooted trees, but Exhibit 74: Sample of villages which represents mid-stream at had minimal impact on agriculture northern part of Brantas (the predominant livelihood of village residents). The method of agriculture in this area is dry land (rice) and wetland (corn and soybean) farming. Some has side plant (palawija) like and nuts (green beans and peanuts). The long period of rainfall season is not good for corn growth; it can decrease the quality and quantity of corn, and the heavy rainfall at the harvesting time can bring a great loss and crop failure.

Wonosalam Village–which is further from the Brantas River and upstream of a tributary in Jombang District—suffers from flash floods but not often. The latest flood occurred in 2008 and the major flash flood occurred in 1983 caused ten people died. Small landslides, however, represent a more frequent disaster in Wonosalam Village, most often occurring at the side of the road. In this village, disaster warnings are announced using the loud speaker from the Mosque. The information is obtained from disaster community groups in collaboration with BPBD. All of the respondents that APIK interviewed rely on dryland farming or plantation like corn, coffee, sengon tree, avocado, banana, durian, clove, and sugar cane. Some people also have side jobs like Mr. Jumadi who works part time for the Watershed Management Agency (BP-DAS) under KLHK to record daily rainfall data using an ombrometer (Precipitation Transmitter), and reporting it through phone.

Mojokerto District is also a part of Brantas mid-stream area, and APIK conducted interviews in both southern and northern parts of Mojokerto District. Dilem and Kemiri Village in southern part has hilly topography, and all of the people interviewed are farmers, although some have side jobs as a breeder or forest laborer. In Dilem Village they mostly plant corn, but some people also plant upland rice called “padi gogo”, cassava, peanuts, cabbage and eggplant. Different from Dilem, Kemiri Village farmers mostly plant rice, onions, leek, tomato and chili, but some also plant cassava and vegetables. Pucuk Village, located in the northern part of Mojokerto, has a relatively flat topography and the major commodity here is rice, corn, chili, and a small portion of kale.

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In Dilem Village, the APIK assessment team encountered respondents who still use indigenous knowledge such as “pranotomongso” (season/planting calendar in Javanese tradition) for their agricultural activity. Mr. Riyoto also said that he can predict the rainy season when the rice bug (“Walang Sangit”) population start appearing, and the dry season when the sounds of the cicada5 –garengpung in Javanese or tonggeret in Sudanese–begin to be heard. As Mr. Riyoto experienced, however, such traditional methods of forecasting the weather are no longer valid due to the ongoing changes in the environment, which have resulted in considerable crop losses in recent years.

21% of the respondents in Mojokerto experienced increasing temperature and 16% of them experienced weather uncertainty (see Exhibit 75). As Mr. Sutejo communicated, the weather uncertainty increased pest and plant diseases, causing decreased quality and quantity of crop yields. Landslide disasters also often occur in Dilem. In Kemiri, there are landslides, floods, and strong winds. Villagers have suffered from both flood and drought disasters.

All of the respondents experienced above-average climate variability in recent years including increasing temperature, rainfall changing, uncertain weather, extreme weather and changing in seasonal pattern. They admit that those conditions are reducing the quality and the quantity of plantation production or even crop failure.

Exhibit 75: Perceived Changes in Local Weather and its impact by Residents of Mojokerto District (as a % of 15 respondents)

Extreme weather increases 1% Disease increases 7% Longer wet season 12% Shortage of water 4% Shorter dry season 15% resoureces Pest and plant Season pattern changes 18% 30% diseases increases Weather uncertainty 16% Yield and crop quality 41% decreases Rainfall changes 16%

Temperature increases 21% Crop failure 19%

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%

Most of respondents in the Brantas Mid-Stream region receive CWI from television and personal observation. Some source also received from their neighbor/community member verbally. Some only count on DJF-JJA-rule or observing natural sign. The utilization of CWI in Brantas Mid-Stream is show in Exhibit 76.

5 Cicada is a large homopterous insect with long transparent wings, occurring chiefly in warm countries. The male cicada makes a loud shrill droning noise by vibrating two membranes on its abdomen. With more than 1,300 species described from around the world; many undescribed species remain. Commonly referred to garengpung in Javanese or tonggeret in sundanese.

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Exhibit 76: Modes of delivery & sources of CWI in Brantas Mid-Stream

Modes of Number of Respondent* Sources of Information delivery (n=45) Television TVRI, JTV, Metro TV, Indosiar, RCTI, TV One, ATV, Kompas TV, 39 Global TV, SCTV, Trans TV KATAM MoA 6 Weather Apps BMKG Apps 5 Radio Kartika, Maja FM 4 Social Media/ Farmers Community, Farmers Extension 4 Instant Messaging Newspaper Jawa Pos, Jawa Pos Mojokerto 3 SIMAIL KKP 1 Others Farmers Community, Farmers Extension, Internet, Kontak Tani, 15 Ombrometer, Sugarcane Factory, Cooperative Meeting, BPBD *respondent could answer more than one mode

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CLIMATE & WEATHER INFORMATION SERVICES ASSESSMENT REPORT “I have lost 150 million Rupiah from cabbage crop failure due to excess of rainfall. My Sugarcane quality is reduced and the

transportation is disrupted.”

“We need more socialization of weather and climate information to farmers such as counseling and training, so that we can reduce the impact of disasters and

minimize loss.”

Name Farmer Husein Age 46-55 yr Livelihood Farmer Village Wonokerto, Malang District Landscape Mid-stream of Brantas, Hilly, Rural, Farming Area Main Commodity Sugarcane, Corn, Paddy Land ± 1 Ha Secondary Vegetables (eggplant, cabbage, etc.) Yearly Commodity Wood Secondary Livelihood Cattle (Chicken, Goat, etc.)

Climate Changes Perceived Raised temperature, higher extreme rainfall, unpredictable weather, shorter dry season (this year), longer dry season (last year).

Climate Change Impact • Crop failure & reduce crop quality (sugarcane immersion) during La-nina year. • Harvest transportation disrupted.

Adaptation Strategy Changing Variety for Paddy

Experienced Disaster • Flood due to Dam Muhardjo Failure (around 2012 – 2014) • Water Scarcity, Dam Muhardjo is dry during 80s

Indigenous Knowledge Pranata Mongso (Traditional Season Calendar)

Source of Weather & Season Information • Farmers FGD called “Kontak Tani/Forum Temu Kemitraan” placed at Sugar Factory Krebet. Adaptasi• TV, News Perubahan Paper, Iklim Whatsapp & Ketangguhan Group – APIK Page 112

Role in CWI dissemination Disseminate to Friends, Community or Colleagues using sms, Whatsapp, Telephone, Email.

CLIMATE & WEATHER INFORMATION SERVICES ASSESSMENT REPORT

4.3.3. Downstream The APIK CWI assessment team visited seven villages in the downstream region of the Brantas Watershed. The characteristics of each of the villages varied. The downstream area of Brantas is divided into two parts: the northern part which covers Sidoarjo District, and Exhibit 77: Tsunami Early Warning System the southern part which covers Blitar and Malang Tower in Dusun Tamban Districts. In the southern part at Tambak Rejo Village in Malang District, the main livelihood of the community is fishing, and some residents also manage backyard vegetable and fruit gardens with banana, durian or cassava. Paddy fields in Dusun Tamban only rely on rainfall (i.e. rain-fed agriculture) as there is no proper irrigation system. As an alternative livelihood, some of residents work as shipbuilders, or support local marine tourism by renting their boats to take tourists around Sempu Island. There is a small community in Dusun Sendang Biru that relies on ecotourism associated with local mangrove forests; the ecotourism activities are led by Mr. Saptoyo as 2016’s KLHK Kalpataru Award winner. He also runs a small diving business located near Sempu Island. In 2015 (an El-Nino year), the diving site experienced coral bleaching in several spots due to elevated seawater temperature. Sometimes, he received climate and weather information through messaging groups such as WhatsApp among his outdoor sports community.

Exhibit 78: Sample of Village which represent Southern Part of Brantas Downstream

In Dusun Tamban, most respondent do not regularly use formal CWI. Only some of the villagers like Mr. Adi Sihpirno always get weather and sea condition information (including daily prediction, wind direction, extreme weather warning, wave height and current) regularly from BMKG via a WhatsApp group because he is a lifeguard coordinator as well as a BPBD volunteer who helps to maintain a Tsunami Early Warning System near Tamban Village. He also acts as a communicator for his community to spread disaster warning information from local the BPBD and is active on RAPI (Indonesian Inter-community radio network). The community often receives SMS from BMKG with earthquake information, but not with information or warnings related to weather, climate or seasonal forecasts. However, not all of the fisher folk in this village use smartphones that can receive messages

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CLIMATE & WEATHER INFORMATION SERVICES ASSESSMENT REPORT from WhatsApp, as most of them still use regular hand phones, including Mr. Adi Sihpirno who acts as a communicator in his village. Unfortunately, when the community does receive messages, however, they are not always easily understood. Mr. Sumaji, a fish collector, sometimes obtains climate and weather information from the local marine and fisheries agency (DKP) via local radio. Some of the fisher folk check weather warning via television, which usually appears as running text. Most of the community complained about the uncertainty of weather and changes in seasonal patterns during 2015-2016 (ENSO year) which disrupted the fishing schedule. This happened because most of them only have small boat called “Jukung” which only can sail 7- 10 miles from the shore and is categorized as “micro”, meaning that it can only carry a load of 0-10 Gross Tonnage (GT). Even for Mr. Sumaji, as the owner of several “middle” level boats (61-134 GT), weather uncertainty affected his business as well. But somehow over- productive fishing can reduce the market price of one type of fish, thereby reducing the profitability of fish collectors or cold storage owner. Most of the fisher folk interviewed make decisions on when to fish based wholly on their own weather observations and do not seek weather information from BMKG. Some of them observe star patterns to predict the weather of the upcoming season. They are also familiar with DJF-JJA-rule to predict seasons in Indonesia. Some also predict the dry season if they see the seawater color is slightly reddish and the temperature tends to be colder than the rainy season. To determine the best fishing grounds, some of the fisher folk observe seagull behavior. However, recently the fishermen admit that there is a changing weather pattern and increasing extreme weather events which makes the nature of the season more difficult to predict. That leads to a reduction of the number and variability of the fish. According to those interviewed 2016 has been a challenging year, with two poor seasons already experienced.

Exhibit 79: Collapsed Levee in Dusun Tamban, Malang District

Fisher folk often seek alternative livelihoods during bad seasons. Some of the fishermen specifically requested aid for their spouses to develop MSMEs. Some of them are complaining about less farmer extension services active in their village. Nevertheless, others said they’ve taken training at least three times a year from the local marine and fishery agency (DKP) to improve skills related to sailing, assembling tools, finding fishing grounds, etc.

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Exhibit 80: Perceived Changes in Local Weather and its The most common hydro- impact by Residents of Southern part of Downstream (as a meteorological disaster occurring in % of 23 respondents) these villages is coastal flooding and erosion. In Dusun Tamban, the

EXTREME WEATHER erosion reaches 5-6 meters in 5 years. 8% INCREASES They already try alternative solutions LONGER WET SEASON 13% like planting mangroves on the nearshore, but the benefits will take a SHORTER DRY SEASON 10% long time to be realized. The SEASON PATTERN 10% CHANGES government also installed some levees WEATHER UNCERTAINTY 27% on the beach, but some already collapsed due to strong waves during RAINFALL CHANGES 13% TEMPERATURE extreme events. I N C R E A S E S 17% OTHER 3% Also in the southern part, APIK visited Ngadipuro Village in Blitar District. 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% Ngadipuro has different characteristics from Tambak Rejo Village, as the villagers primarily work as dryland farmers. Hilly landscapes cover this rural area. Most of the farmer’s plant cane, chili, peanuts, soy bean, wheat, cassava and maize. Some of them have secondary livelihoods including livestock farmer, construction laborers, and home industries. There are seed and fertilizer support programs that support the farmers' groups. Most of the farmers consulted have not used formal CWI for their activities. But some of them have used CWI from BMKG for drying process, planning for crop production and harvesting. They usually use rainfall, weather prediction, sunlight, and wind direction. Mostly they received the information from television.

Exhibit 81: Modes of delivery and sources of CWI in Southern Part of Downstream Mrs. Katam is one of women in Number of Modes of Sources of Information Respondent* Ngadipuro Village who used CWI for delivery (n=18) drying process. She produces crackers Television Malang TV, Metro TV, JTV, TV- 11 “Uyel Kerupuk” for her secondary One livelihood. This year there have not been Radio RRI 5 any significant issues impacting her Instant BBM, WhatsApp 3 primary livelihood as a cane farmer. But Messaging for her secondary livelihood, the long Newspaper Malang Pos, Jawa Pos 1 rainy season disturbed the process of Others Verbal, Manual SMS, BPBD, 8 drying her products. While for cane, she DKP, Agriculture Extention continues to spread fertilizer even in *respondent could answers more than one modes uncertain weather conditions. Different from Mrs. Katam, Mr. Sumardiyono complained about the increasing weather uncertainty because of its perceived impact on the quality of his sugarcane. There is an increase is pests and plant diseases on his farm. He tried to postpone the fertilization and switch to other crops. In term of climate change indicator perceived by the respondents, they felt that weather is becoming more uncertain this year given the longer rainy season (see Exhibit 80).

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Most of respondents in the southern part of downstream have received CWI information via television and through personal observation. Some of them also received CWI from radio. While the primary formal source of CWI is BMKG, it is rarely used. Instead, most people interviewed rely on their own observations of environmental conditions and historical knowledge. The utilization of CWI is shown in Exhibit 81.

Exhibit 82: Three Coastal In the north part of downstream, the APIK assessment team Village in Sidoarjo interviewed 15 respondents from three villages: Kalanganyar, Kupang & Segoro Tambak Village. Those three villages are located in Sedati and Jabon Sub-District, which are part of the milkfish aquaculture centers in Sidoarjo, East Java. All of the landscape characteristics are coastal area and Kalanganyar and Kupang are estuaries. Juanda International Ariport is located near Segoro Tambak. Most of the area is covered by fishponds (tambak means fishpond) and most of the respondent’s livelihoods are fisher folk and/or fishpond farmers. The fishponds produce milkfish, tiger shrimp and vaname shrimp. Some of respondents also cultivate seaweed and most live near the coastal area and two of them live on the riverbanks. Most of the respondents were fathers with an average of two children. At least five families of the respondents had women partly responsible for the family income. Seven of the respondents had a secondary livelihood such fish-processing worker, government officials, and small business operator. All of the respondents shared that they had observed changes in the climate in recent years, including rising temperatures, increasing rainfall, erratic weather patterns, extreme rainfall, and shifting of seasonal patterns. They admit that those conditions are reducing the quality and the quantity of their fish, shrimp, and seaweed. Sometimes the milkfish are impacted by disease during the rainy season. Mr. Suyanto complained of strong winds during January and February which caused the death of his small shrimp. The decreasing temperature of the water also led to the stunting of the small milkfish. Mr. Khudilori also claimed decreasing production of the fish and shrimp pond from five to one quintal due, in part, to high rainfall intensity. Kupang village, which is downstream of the Porong River, suffers from coastal floods that overflow the ponds and causing the fish escape.

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Exhibit 83: Milkfish auction in Sidoarjo Source: sidoarjokab.go.id

To tackle these problems, most of respondents adjust their cultivation processes to adapt to the weather and climatic conditions. For example, Mr. Suryanto started spreading the milkfish seed among his ponds during January and February in parallel with shrimp harvesting. To increase the productivity and quality of the fish, he also added a probiotic to increase pond fertility. The other respondents sought alternative livelihoods such as becoming a fish collector. If there’s enough capital, some of the farmers raised their pond levee to prevent the inundation of the seawater. The respondents need high wave warning to help prevent or at least mitigate potential disasters facing their fish ponds. They also need weather information—especially wind gust forecasts—to estimate the best time for sowing seed of the fish or shrimp. They need weather prediction to know when to dry the seaweed. The knowledge and the way the fisherman and aquaculture farmers use climate and weather information varies. Some simply follow the monthly seasonal patterns. They also observe cloud movement by, for example, predicting rain when clouds are moving from the south to the north. Another example is that they observe the movement of the sun and, when it is oriented to the south, the wet season is coming. Usually January, September, and October are believed to be “good months” for farming activity. Finally, some respondents use indigenous knowledge called “Banyu Penghulu” and “Banyu Lana” which observes the tide at the night. A few respondents were also familiar with old Javanese season calendar including Pranata Mangsa. Their elders still count full moons and observe the tides to predict the start of the dry season. During fishing season, the fisher folk usually observe the pattern of the constellations. Most of the residents interviewed by APIK shares that they are using CWI for their day-to- day activities, including for fishpond farming or cultivation. Seven respondents stated that they get weather information from BMKG (National, Perak & Juanda). The following tables describe the sources of the information:

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Exhibit 84: Modes of delivery & sources of CWI in Sidoarjo (northern part of downstream)

Number of Modes of delivery Sources of Information Respondent*

(n=12) Television SBD Surabaya, TV-One, ANTV, 4 JTV, Global TV News Paper Jawa Pos 2 Weather Apps BMKG Apps 1 Instant Messaging WhatsApp, BBM 2 Other Farmers Community, "Kontak 3 Tani", Local Marine & Fishery Agency, Extension Agent, Request to BMKG Office *respondent could answers more than one modes

As described in the graph, the most used information is wave height to mitigate the threat from coastal flooding. Temperature, wind, weather prediction, season and sunlight are needed for developing a seeding plan.

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“My pond production decreased due to this CLIMATE & WEATHER INFORMATION SERVICES ASSESSMENT REPORT erratic w eather. The mobile phone signal is very bad in my area; it causes difficulties accessing weather and climate information. ”

“We need daily rainfall, sunlight, temperature, and monthly weather predictions. We also need more intensive weather and

climate information”

Name Fisherman Amin Age 36-45 yrs. Livelihood Fishing Village Kupang, Jombang District Landscape Down-stream of Brantas, Coastal, Urban, Fishpond Area Main Commodity Milkfish, Prawn, Seaweed Secondary Livelihood Seaweed Supplier and Mangrove Tourism (Planning 2017)

Climate Changes Perceived Raised temperature, frequent extreme rainfall, unpredictable weather, season pattern changes, shorter dry season & longer rainy season (this year).

Climate Change Impact • Seaweed production increase • Pond production decrease (milkfish and prawn) • Pond yield failure • Disease increases

Adaptation Strategy Pond technique adjustment

Experienced Disaster • Tidal Flood because of tide • Long drought about 7 month in 2014-2015 • Fishpond Flood since Lapindo Mud Disaster happened in 2006, cause stop production

Indigenous Knowledge Full moon calendar (Traditional tidal and season prediction)

Source & Mode of Weather Information • BMKG Adaptasi• TV, NewsPerubahan Paper Iklim, and & Ketangguhan Weather Application – APIK in Mobile phone Page 119

Role in CWI dissemination Disseminate to East Delta Samudera Community using SMS, Whatsapp, Telephone, and Verbal.

CLIMATE & WEATHER INFORMATION SERVICES ASSESSMENT REPORT

4.4. Conclusion & Discussion Local government agencies in East Java are generally satisfied with climate and weather information that is available and used (See Exhibit 85). Most of them are already satisfied with the credibility, detail format, presentation, accessibility, delivery mode, delivery consistency, data consistency, geographical coverage, and completeness of type and cost. However, some respondents suggested expanding the geographic coverage. Most are also somewhat less satisfied with CWI related to interoperability and supporting guidelines. They hope in the future that there are more guidelines to help them understand the technical terms issued by BMKG. Furthermore, they also hope there are workshops related to weather and climate information as well as application in their SKPD.

Exhibit 85: Local Government Appraisal Quality of CWIS that Received

LOCAL GOVERNMENT APPRAISAL QUALITY OF CWIS THAT RECEIVED

Cost Guideline Interoperability Geographical Coverage Completeness of Type Data Consistency Details Format Format Delivery Consistency Accessibility Presentation Delivery Mode Credibility 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Less satisfied, need improvement soon Quite satisfiedd, need improvement Satisfied, no need improvement

Respondents in East Java were represented by male about 69% and women 31% from 166 respondents. In most of the households interviewed men were predominantly the bread winner within 56% of household’s men being farmers. However, the role of female in the household is also very important with many of them working for a living individually or in the family business in addition to most often being the primary caregiver. 41% of respondents were working women. This is important in designing climate weather information systems to ensure that women are able to access the information also. The number of this gender show in Exhibit 86.

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Exhibit 86: (a) Percentage of 166 respondents divided by gender and (b) Percentage roles of men and women in livelihood

31% Male Men 41% Female Women 56% Male & Female 69%

3%

Most males in East Java have already used CWI for their livelihood in some manner. There are about 55% of respondents that have used it, and only 14% of males have not used CWI. Conversely only about 17% of female have used CWI. In addition to their livelihood, CWI is also used for their daily life. Similar to Exhibit 87: Percentage of 166 respondents over the use men, there are 14% of female of CWI divided by gender respondent have not used CWI. Female Male Both male and female who used CWI have received the information 60% 55% predominantly via television mostly. The 50% most common CWI modes cited by 40% men are: television, personal instinct, instant messaging, and verbal. Whereas 30% 17% many female respondents shared that 20% 14% 14% they receive CWI via television, verbal, 10% radio, and website. “Verbal” 0% dissemination means the information is Use Not Use shared through daily conversation and extension activity. While the instinct means the CWI that used by their own known or based on their experiences. The most popular instant messaging modes used by respondents are WhatsApp and BBM. Exhibit 88 provides a breakdown of communication mode.

Exhibit 88: The percentage of respondents' answers on the CWI reception mode

Male Female Others Telephone Bulletin Website Verbal Instict Instant Mesaging Social Media Apps Newspaper Radio TV 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30%

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In general, when asked about climate change perceptions, the 135 respondents across 31 villages largely cited increases in Exhibit 89: Increase in Temperature capture on Karangploso & Perak Station temperature and weather uncertainty. The respondents (especially from the higher elevations/upstream) noted the elevated temperatures. The respondents also mentioned the increased frequency of extreme weather events. The following graph shows of precipitation at Karangploso Station in 2016 shows that variability of rainfall in recent months, including that the amount of rain has nearly met or exceeded the extreme upper threshold in four of the last five months.

Exhibit 90: Monthly Rainfall Monitoring 2016 compared to extreme threshold value in Karangploso Station Source: http://cews.bmkg.go.id/Informasi_Iklim_Ekstrim/Ambang_Batas_Iklim_Ekstrim.bmkg

Exhibit 91 and Exhibit 92 show that the rainfall intensity is low between June-Oct 2015, and high between Jan-Mar 2016 and increased again between June-Nov 2016. Such patterns show El-Nino’s impact during 2015 and the La-Nina effect which started appear in June 2016. According to respondents, they can sense the climate shift in 2016 such as higher extreme rainfall, more unpredictable weather, and a shorter dry season.

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Exhibit 91: Rainfall (mm) in Perak Meteorological Station 2015 vs 2016*

100 80 60 40 20 0 1-Jan 1-Feb 1-Mar 1-Apr 1-May 1-Jun 1-Jul 1-Aug 1-Sep 1-Oct 1-Nov

Perak Station 2015 2016

Exhibit 92: Rainfall (mm) in Karangploso Climatological Station 2015 vs 2016*

120 100 80 60 40 20 0 1-Jan 1-Feb 1-Mar 1-Apr 1-May 1-Jun 1-Jul 1-Aug 1-Sep 1-Oct 1-Nov

Karangploso Station 2015 2016

Source: http://dataonline.bmkg.go.id/ Notes & Limitation:  Data only covers 1 Jan to 20 Nov; and does not include 21-31 Dec 2015 & 2016.  19% on 2015 and 41% on 2016 data is missing (http://dataonline.bmkg.go.id/ketersediaan_data)

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Bajo Tribe Settlement One of the areas which threatened by Sea Level Rise.

~Bungin Permai Village, Konawe Selatan

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Photo credits: Mohammad Fadli, 2016 CLIMATE & WEATHER INFORMATION SERVICES ASSESSMENT REPORT

5. SOUTHEAST SULAWESI ASSESSMENT

5.1. Local Government 5.1.1. Meteorological and Climate Offices There are 4 technical implementation units of BMKG in Southeast Sulawesi including the Meteorology Maritime Kendari Station (MMKS), Geophysics Kendari Station, Meteorology Sangia Ni Bandera Station and Meteorology Beto Ambari Station. There are 15 automatic weather stations (AWS)/agriculture automatic weather systems (AAWS) and 100 rain gauge stations spread over Southeast Sulawesi. MMKS develops their own weather predictions, conducts 24-hour weather observations and reports every 3 hours to BMKG RO in Makassar and BMKG-HO in Jakarta. They publish regular products such as daily weather forecast, daily early warning systems and monthly bulletins. These products are disseminated to SAR, BPBD, TNI/POLRI, local government and to the public through SMS, email, letter, blog and social media (Facebook & twitter).

Exhibit 93: Sample of Climate Early Warning System that posted in Facebook

The bulletins they produce contain the following information:

 Analysis and prediction of the dynamics of the atmosphere and ocean, including information on La Nina/El Nino, wind circulation, cloud coverage and sea surface temperature anomalies,  Evolution and prediction of maritime and coastal weather over Southeast Sulawesi including evaluation and prediction of wave height, wind velocity and direction, current and tidal patterns,  Evaluation and prediction of climate condition over Southeast Sulawesi including evaluation and prediction rainfall and rainfall characteristics, and  Dry season onset evaluation that is conducted based on ZOM (Seasonal Zone) and mapped per district. Weather information provided to fisher folk consists of wave height, wind direction, wind velocity and tide. Meanwhile for farmers, between 2012-2015, BMKG Kendari implemented a Climate Field School (CFS) in cooperation with the Ministry of Agriculture and local department of agriculture in 5 districts (Kolaka, Kolaka Timur, Konawe, Bombana and Konawe Selatan), covering around 10 villages known as “Sentra Pangan” (food center) area. In May 2016, BMKG Kendari also initiated CFS for fisher folk for 3 days with the local department of marine and fisheries.

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5.1.2. Development & Planning Agency The local BAPPEDA uses CWI for planning and development in agriculture, plantation, and forestry sectors. Specifically, BAPPEDA uses CWI in preparing the Food Land Document (Dokumen Lahan Pangan) and Natural Resources Document (Dokumen Sumber Daya Alam). The BAPPEDA planning documents that include climate adaptation concerns, RPJMD and RPJMP, currently only include historical rainfall trend information. BAPPEDA uses CWI data they receive from the BPS (statistic agency). Neither BAPPEDA Kendari City nor BAPPEDA Konawe Selatan has used downscaled climate projection information in their long term planning. BAPPEDA Kendari City only uses rainfall data for basic research on sanitation and drainage planning. There are no specific plans for climate change adaptation in their planning document (RPJMD and RPJPD), and the knowledge about climate change adaptation planning in the region is largely embedded in the Green City program and the Green House Gas Program. 5.1.3. Disaster Agencies Assisted by BNPB, the Provincial BPBD has developed a disaster risk roadmap document for 2016-2020. Hydro-meteorological disasters are studied including flood, flashflood, extreme wave, drought, extreme weather, landslide, and forest fire. The document contains a disaster risk index (hazard, vulnerability and capacity) for each sub district/city, a disaster risk map and a disaster risk assessment of Southeast Sulawesi. Regarding disaster management, the local BPBD has already prepared the local regulation which is currently being discussed by the legislative board (Regulation Head of BPBD province No. 10 2008, 14 2010 and 24 2015). The regulation concerns command posts, communication flows and emergency response procedures. The BPBD receives a BMKG bulletin every month with packaged climate and weather information. They also use daily weather forecasts and climate predictions for early warning system purposes. They access the information through the BMKG website, social media and daily / monthly bulletins. BPBD is responsible for dissemination of weather forecasts, wave height, and earthquakes. Currently, the BPBD only operates an early warning system for tsunamis. The head of BPBD Kendari City admitted that Early Warning Information for Kendari City through SMS is not timely and the information is not in sufficient detail. BPBD Kendari has radio transmitters in their office to facilitate communication. The communities generally report disaster events to BPBD through WhatsApp. In every village there are volunteers to submit the report – in some cases the reporters are boy scouts. The head of BPBD Kendari admitted that they still lack competent human resources in BPBD and they need more training and human resource development. CWI used by BPBD Kendari are rainfall, wave height, wind velocity, temperature and relative humidity. They primarily use this information for disaster preparedness. Meanwhile, BPBD Konawe Selatan has yet to produce their disaster risk assessment document. The existing hazard map is embedded in a spatial planning document produced by BAPPEDA. CWI utilized by BPBD is rainfall, wind velocity, and wave height, each used for preparedness and early warning purposes and gathered from BMKG website. The Search and Rescue (SAR) Office is also involved in emergency response activities. Usually, disaster/incident reports come in from BPBD/TNI and are forwarded to SAR. If there is any missing person reported during the incident, SAR will take action. SAR also

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CLIMATE & WEATHER INFORMATION SERVICES ASSESSMENT REPORT disseminates CWI through its website, social media, and email, focusing on the daily weather predictions and extreme weather forecast for early warning purposes. 5.1.4. Water Resources Agencies Public Works for Water Resource Office (PU-Pengairan) Province uses CWI from BMKG for Detail Engineering Design (DED) activities. In general, they request the information from BMKG via official letter. PU Kendari City uses CWI for construction planning activities such as drainage, bridge and culvert construction. Construction projects require daily weather information, as construction activity depends on the weather conditions. Bad weather can inhibit the activity, prolong the time delay, and disrupt the project deadline. They use daily weather forecasts for operational purposes, and rainfall data for flood analysis to determine the design of the drainage system. PU Konawe Selatan admitted that they have not used CWI for their activities and their staff is not familiar with how to read the information from BMKG. The Department of Mining and Energy of Southeast Sulawesi utilize CWI to discover ground movement due to mining activities. If rainfall increases, these activities have the potential to cause landslides and flooding. They use rainfall, wind velocity, sea surface temperature and wave height information for early warning purposes. They obtain the information from BMKG through bulletin every month. They have prepared geological hazard maps that incorporate rainfall data, slope and land use, and are involved in disseminating CWI to local government officials (such as rainfall, ground movement, geological hazards). Regional River Offices (BWS) Sulawesi IV Kendari measure the rainfall, water level, streamflow, and climate parameter from observation stations at several rivers in Southeast Sulawesi. They are open to share the data to other SKPDs/agencies in case there is a need. To access this data a request letter should be sent to the Head of BWS or alternatively requests can be submitted online at http://bwssulawesi4.com. The instruments owned by BWS to measure weather parameters are detailed below:

Exhibit 94: Instruments owned by BWS Sulawesi IV Kendari

Count of Parameters Storage Instrument Time Resolution Instrument Measured System Automatic Rainfall Recorder 48 Rainfall Hourly Logger Automatic Water Level 24 Water level Hourly Logger Recorder Temperature, wind Climatology Instrument 18 velocity and direction, Hourly Logger solar radiation, etc.

To support the process of data collection, they assign personnel from the hydrology team to be in charge of the observation station. This person’s task is collecting, updating and validating the measurement data. BWS are aware of the SIH3 initiatives held by Ministry of Public Works; they hope that implementation of SIH3 can be accomplished soon. BPDAS, known as the Watershed Management Agency, uses rainfall and streamflow data for analyzing watershed characteristics and monitoring/evaluating Sanitation Standard Operating

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Procedures (SSOP) of flood and landslide management. BPDAS obtains daily rainfall data from BMKG and daily streamflow data from BWS in tabular form. 5.1.5. Agricultural, Plantation & Forestry Agencies The Agricultural Agency of Southeast Sulawesi Province utilizes CWI to study the relationship between pest and disease development with climate change. This agency collaborates with BMKG to conduct Climate Field Schools in Southeast Sulawesi as mentioned in section 5.1.1. CWI such as temperature, relative humidity, rainfall, El Nino and La Nina also used to analyze the climate change impact on droughts and floods. The information obtained from BMKG and is forwarded to district/city government and pest control officer via official letter. The pest control officer is trained to maintain the rain gauge. The Agricultural Agency of Kendari City uses CWI to determine planting schedules. Kalender Tanam Terpadu (KATAM) or Integrated Planting Calendar is also used to determine the planting time for each product and seed variety. CWI is obtained from the Institute for Agricultural Technology (BPTP) and BMKG. The KATAM is developed by the Extension Agency (BAKORLUH), with support from the seed certification agency and food security agency. Information such as onset of rainy and dry season is submitted by BPTP to the Agricultural Agency twice a year. The Agricultural Agency of Konawe Selatan uses CWI to determine potential planting and harvest area. This agency coordinates with other SKPD to control pests. The Agricultural Agency Konawe Selatan also uses KATAM and requires direct information from BMKG. BAKORLUH & BPTP collaborates with BMKG Meteorology Maritime Kendari Station and the district/city Agriculture Agency promotes KATAM to the farmers. KATAM is usually socialized through farmers’ meetings, assistance activities, and counseling or discussion with the farmer groups. It is also promoted through SMS, website and social media. BPTP also maintains 5 active AWS for weather observations. The Food Security Agency uses daily weather forecasts from BMKG for food distribution. They access the information through television, radio and website. The Forestry Agency at Province level uses CWI such as rainfall, dry season, and hotspot data for forest fire control and early warning. Rainfall and dry season information are obtained from the BMKG website. Hotspot information is obtained from BMKG, LAPAN, NOAA and KLHK’s SIPONGI. The hotspot information is then verified by a ground check process. 5.1.6. Marine & Fishery Agencies The Marine & Fisheries Agency (DKP) Kendari disseminates CWI through SMS and an electronic running text sign in the fishing harbor. However, the running text sign is already inactive due to lack of electricity. They also put several weather notice boards in the coastal areas. BPBD usually forwards the early warning information to DKP through SMS. Weather information is also disseminated by RRI-Pro2 FM Radio station. There is also a Fisherman Radio Community that helps to disseminate the CWI. As DKP Province confirmed, some of the fisher folk do not respond to severe weather warnings when making plans to go to sea. Some of them also do not comply with safety recommendations such as bringing a life jacket when at sea. There are thousands of small-

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CLIMATE & WEATHER INFORMATION SERVICES ASSESSMENT REPORT boat fisher folk operating in Kendari Bay, but there are fewer marine incidents than in Konawe Selatan. DKP has several programs that empowers farmers (cultivation) and fisher folk extension agents including KKPs PDPT (Resilient Coastal Village Development Program) at three villages in Kendari City. There is also a program that collaborates with BMKG Maritime called Climate Field School for fisher folk. But the CFS is only for the extension agents and has yet to reach the village level. There are training & development classes for seaweed cultivation in Sambuli Village. The common issue regarding seaweed cultivation is “ice-ice” disease due to water quality issues and temperature fluctuations. However, Kendari City has a limited number of extension agents providing support on this issue. DKP Konawe Selatan always considers CWI in their planning and program implementation. They use it for determining the area for seaweed cultivation and float net fishing. They use weather prediction, wave height, current (direction and strength), wind and tidal information. This information is obtained from KKP and BMKG every day through website, television and mobile application. Information required by DKP (but not yet available) is online information about potential fishing grounds, fishing season, and climate and weather information which can be accessed any time and used directly by fisher folk. 5.1.7. Environmental & Health Agencies At province level, the Environmental Agency (BLH), Natural Resources Conservation Agency (BKSDA), Rawa Aopa National Park, and Forest Park Technical Unit (UPT Tahura) were interviewed to examine the use of CWI. Results are summarized in the following table.

Exhibit 95: Utilization of CWI at Environmental Agencies

Source of Stakeholders CWI Used Function Information BLH Rainfall and Climate to conduct research about GHG BMKG prediction emission and ozone depleting substances BKSDA Hotspot to monitor hotspot and SIPONGI coordinate with coordinate with Forestry Agency Forestry Weather prediction to determine the potential BMKG and NOAA Agency hotspot distribution Rainfall to monitor hotspot 1 Automatic Rain Gauge (ARG) Hotspot to monitor hotspot 3 Radar Rawa Aopa Rainfall assessment of the water services BMKG and SIPONGI National Park and hotspot for forest fire control UPT Tahura Rainfall forest and land rehabilitation, and BMKG hotspot for forest fire control BLH Rainfall included into Regional BMKG Environmental Status Document (SLHD) & to mapping the disaster-prone area

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The Health Agency of Southeast Sulawesi provides early warning information for17 districts/cities. They also conduct assessments in district/city prone to disasters to assess resources and human capacity. Rainfall, flood, drought, high wave and landslide are types of CWI used by Health Agency for early warning. The information is obtained from BMKG via WhatsApp and social media. The information disseminated is climate change impact to health and map of diseases hazard. This information is then disseminated to district/city government through letter, email and telephone. In District Level, Kendari City Health Agency uses wet season information to inform people of dengue fever risk. They would like more accurate and reliable CWI with more detail at village or neighborhood (RW) level. In Konawe Selatan District the health agency is not yet using CWI, but they disseminate Early Warning and Response System (EWARS) from Ministry of Health to Community Health Center (Puskemas). 5.1.8. Transportation & Tourism Agencies At the province level, the following agencies were interviewed: Transportation Agency, Navigation District Technical Unit and Syahbandar under Ministry of Transportation. Provincial Transportation Agency tends to use CWI for early warning in water transportation. They obtain information on daily weather forecast and wave height from BMKG. This information is shared through letter and WhatsApp group and forwarded to the technical implementation unit of Transportation Agency. Navigation Districts use CWI for early warning in shipping. The Navigation District cooperates with the coastal SAR radio station to disseminate daily weather forecasts, especially extreme weather forecasts that aim to prevent and mitigate marine incidents. The information is delivered as a warning to ships at sea. CWI is also an important aspect for issuing port clearance licenses. In district/city level, the Transportation Agency of Kendari City disseminates daily weather forecast information to the public for each sub-district through letter and email and forwarded to the head of village. Regarding shipping and water transportation, CWI directly informed through board announcement or verbal announcement at harbor. While, in Konawe Selatan District, Transportation Agency uses CWI to monitor the traffic condition and issue port clearance licenses. Weather forecast obtained from BMKG is accessed via television and mobile application. The CWI is disseminated to the owner of ship regarding high wave warnings and extreme weather information. Tourism Agency in province level disseminates CWI to travel or tourist administrator to be aware of weather conditions. Regarding to tourism development, there is a Governor's Decree on Cross-Sector Tourism Development that involves BMKG, PU, BAPPEDA, Transportation Agency, and Police. In district/city level, the Tourism Agency coordinates with BMKG’s Meteorology Maritime Kendari Station as part of their service of delivering information to the tourists. Weather forecast is used as early warning in tourism management. Tourism Agency Konawe Selatan District utilizes weather information to determine the relationship between weather conditions and tourist season. Konawe Selatan has potential tourism in coastal area and it requires accurate CWI. Rainfall prediction from BMKG is used to determine tourist season. In the end, they hope there are training and workshops related to the issue of climate change so that human resources have the capacity to develop tourism by considering the weather and climate.

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5.1.9. Others TNI and POLAIRUD (Military and Water and Air Police) use CWI in search & rescue and patrol activities. POLAIRUD disseminates weather-related information directly to the community. There is a WhatsApp group created jointly with BMKG, BPBD, TNI and SAR that is used to disseminate CWI, especially related to extreme weather. In addition, they also receive Weather Bulletin from BMKG every month. They simplify the information received from BMKG to be distributed to the community (fisher folk, farmers, vessel owners, etc.). Extreme weather-related information obtained via short message, telephone or WhatsApp group will be forwarded to Babisa/Babinkamtimbas (TNI and Police personnel who are in charge in each sub district) or patrol officers to be delivered to the community.

Exhibit 96: Satisfaction level of Local Government to CWI Services

50 Exhibit 96 shows 45 satisfaction level of local 40 35 government in Southeast 30 25 Sulawesi to climate and 20 15 weather information 10 LessNot Satisfied services. Over all the 5 0 EnoughAverage result is good, but there are need improvement in

Cost Good

some indicator as Coverage

Guideline interoperability, coverage

Credibility

Resolution

Consistency Information…

Accessibility and guideline. interoperability

InformationForm

DissemiationMode

ConsistencyofData TypeofInformation 5.2. Private Sector & Media 5.2.1. Large Companies & Stated-owned Enterprises Nine companies were interviewed over Southeast Sulawesi as detailed below.

Exhibit 97: Type of Information that Disseminated by Media

Business CWI Source of CWI Accessing Company Usage Line Information Information Method

PT. TANTO INTIM Weather forecast Shipping Shipping BMKG Cooperate Letter LINE - KENDARI and prediction operational

Mining and Rainfall, tidal and PT. IFIS DECO Material shipping BMKG TV Plantation wind Patchouli - Rainfall and Purchasing PT. GIVOUDAN BMKG Website and TV Agricultural relative humidity strategy Shipping Shipping, operational and Website and PT. ASDP water High wave & tidal BMKG early warning social media transportation system PT. SULTRA Marine and Weather forecast Early warning Syahbadar, local Cooperate Letter TUNA Fisheries and prediction system fishers Rainfall and dry Citizen, BMKG PT. KALLA Cacao - season onset Dry processing and Statistic Verbal CACAO Agricultural prediction agency

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Business CWI Source of CWI Accessing Company Usage Line Information Information Method Rainfall and dry TV, Radio and PT. CAM Agricultural season onset Planting plan BMKG Website prediction Weather PT DARMA Shipping and Fishery forecast, extreme BMKG and KKP Website, TV SAMUDRA sailing weather Services for PDAM TIRTA water Weather forecast Operational BMKG Verbal ANOA consumption

Exhibit 98: Satisfaction Level of Private Sector to CWI Services

9 8 7 6 5 4 3 LessNot Satisfied 2 EnoughAverage 1 0 Good

The satisfaction Level of Private Sector to CWI Services in Southeast Sulawesi is described above. All companies above admitted that CWI is needed and useful for their company’s operational activities. CWI also used as an early warning especially for the company that focuses in shipping and water transportation. Some of them said the CWI need improvement such as information coverage for more specific area, available on a daily basis and more accurate. Overall the quality of CWI was good as described in Exhibit 98, but for some indicators such accessibility, interoperability, guideline and resolution still lacking. 5.2.2. Micro, Small & Medium Enterprise Seven MSMEs were interviewed in Southeast Sulawesi, including KUB P2MKP Wanita Pesisir that engaged in seafood processing as fish floss, prawn floss, fish chips and seaweed chips, Kelompok Bajo Indah and “Maminasai” that are engaged also in seafood processing such as salt fish and shrimp paste, UD AIPUL SAPUTRA and UD AIRIN are engaged in purchasing agricultural product as cashew, pepper, copra, cacao, nutmeg and cloves, Karya Bahari engaged in milkfish processing and UD Zam-Zam Jaya engaged with rice factory. The members of these MSMEs were clear that climate and weather conditions have impacted their businesses. For example, MSMEs that are engaged in purchasing agricultural product claimed that the weather and climate condition influence the drying process which takes a longer time due to higher water content and also decreasing the commodities quality and production from farmer. While, seafood processing MSMEs stated that long rainy

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CLIMATE & WEATHER INFORMATION SERVICES ASSESSMENT REPORT season delays fish drying processing leading to increased cost in order to purchasing ice, salt and electricity for fan. Generally, MSMEs access information about weather prediction from BMKG through local newspaper, television and DKP. The information they use to determine product processing. They hope CWI produced can be more specific and contextualized locally for each sub district and placed in business center so that its accessible for everyone. 5.2.3. Media There were 8 media organizations interviewed to Exhibit 99: Type of Information that determine their involvement in the dissemination Disseminated by Media of CWI there are Radio Alam, M. Radio, RRI, KOMPAS TV SULTRA, TVRI SULTRA, Number of CWI Information Media Kendari Pos, Rakyat Sultra and Swara High Wave 6 Kendari. All these media have role on disseminating CWI either regularly or incidentally. Weather Forecast 4 TVRI SULTRA is government TV channel that Rainfall 4 broadcasts CWI information from BMKG and Earthquake 3 BASARNAS on daily basis. KOMPAS TV Extreme Weather 2 disseminates CWI every month. Other media Weather Prediction 2 disseminate CWI information incidentally. RRI also Hotspot 1 broadcasts information from BNPB, BPBD, Landslide 1 BASARNAS and other media. In general, the Disaster News 1 media disseminates CWI through news but also Flood News 1 through social media (such as twitter, Facebook, flicker), website, YouTube and WhatsApp. Exhibit 99 shows type of CWI information disseminates by media. Exhibit 100 shows the satisfaction level of media to CWI services. There are still shortages in several indicators such lack of guideline, coverage and consistency indicator.

Exhibit 100: Local Media Appraisal Quality of CWIS that Received

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 NotLess Satisfied 1 NumberofMedia 0 AverageEnough Good

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“If it is too hot, Cashew trees become blackened, dry out and die. If too much rain, the flowers fall”

“I need CWI to plan for crop production/harvest. We also need CWI during the rainy season, in anticipation of flooding”

Name Sendra Age 36 - 45 yrs. Livelihood Stone Crusher, Farming Village Lamokula, South Konawe District Landscape Plain Commodity Cloves, Coconut, Rice, Cashew Long Term Commodity Teak

Climate Changes Perceived Raised temperature, unpredictable weather, Frequent Flooding, Season pattern changes, Longer wet season.

Climate Change Impact . Crop failure & quality decreases . Disease increases . Crops rot because a lot of rain . Shortage of water resources and dry due to overheating

Adaptation Strategy Cultivation technique adjustment and looking for alternative livelihood

Experienced Disaster • Huge Flood in 2013 from Pundedaho River flooded the settlements ± 4 meter depth.

Indigenous Knowledge Use the natural signs such as star, cloud, and wave direction

Source of Weather & Season Information • Families, Friends, colleague stone crusher/farmers

AdaptasiRole Perubahan on CWI Iklim dissemination & Ketangguhan – APIK Page 134 Disseminate informally to other community members.

CLIMATE & WEATHER INFORMATION SERVICES ASSESSMENT REPORT

5.3. Community The CWI team conducted the community assessment in twenty villages in Sulawesi Tenggara. We spoke with 12 sample villages in Wanggu Watershed: 10 in Kendary City and two in Konawe Selatan (Mata Wolasi and Lamokula Village which represents the upstream of Wanggu). There are at least 8 villages in Kendari City and 7 villages in Konawe Selatan which have direct access to the sea (coastal villages) including Bungin Permai as seaborne lifestyle community.

Exhibit 101: Samples of Village as Community representation in Sulawesi Tenggara

5.3.1. Kendari City The respondents from Baruga, Lalodati, Punggaloba, Poasia and Benu-benua mostly support their livelihood as fisher folk and Exhibit 102: Farmer in Baruga dry their paddy farmer. Some of them do stock farming, working grain as civil servant, trader, blue-collar worker, pedicab driver and miners. Most of the fisher folk and farmers have an alternative livelihood during bad season/hard season6. Baruga Village is located at upstream in the Wanggu watershed and most of the respondents are farmers. Paddy farmers in this village cultivate paddy in the first planting season (January to May) which depends on rainfall. During second planting season (June to

6 The term bad season/hard season –in Bahasa called “Paceklik”– is defined as the difficult times in which the community is difficult to get the results of their livelihood. For fishermen, the bad season is synonymous with the rainy season when there is strong wind and they are difficult to sail. For farmers, the bad season is synonymous with the dry season, which farmers have difficulty water for irrigation, especially for rainfed. In agriculture, the higher levels of bad season is famine.

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CLIMATE & WEATHER INFORMATION SERVICES ASSESSMENT REPORT

October), their land is supported by irrigation from a nearby water source. All Farmer are using CWI for their farming activities either officially gathered from agricultural extension workers or manually observing the natural condition. Mr. Arif, a farmer, also a leader of farmer group, uses KATAM (Kalender Tanam Terpadu) for his rice farming and seed nursery. He was introduced with KATAM through agricultural extension staff from BPTP (Balai Penerapan Teknologi Pertanian) who visits the village regularly from the beginning of planting until harvest time. He applies recommendation from KATAM to his farming operation and this has helped increase the crop production. According to respondents, both men and women in Baruga are involved into farming activities.

Exhibit 103: Villages Visited in the Wangu Watershed Lalodati Village is also located at the upstream of Wanggu. Most of the farmers are dry land farmers who cultivate various crops including perennial crops (rambutan, cashew and teak) and horticulture crops (corn, banana, cassava, lemon grass, galangal and ginger). In fact, most of people in Kendari have cashew in their yard and they had low production this year due to frequent rainfall. Both men and women in Baruga are involved in farming activities. Based on interview, none of them access or use weather and climate information for their planting activities, decisions for planting are made by experience, traditional knowledge and relying on natural conditions. In farming activities, men and women have an equal role in livelihood activities. Punggaloba, Poasia and Benu-Benua Villages are located in the coastal area. But some areas have hilly landscape behind their village. Most people are fisher folk and some of them work as merchant, fish collector, blue-collar workers, civil servant, and some of them work in Fishery Company. There are two categories of fisher folk in this area: small and large fishers. Small fisher folk typically using nets, traps and fishhook for fishing and the fishing ground were not far from the coast. They catch snapper, grouper, pompano, mullet, rabbitfish, crab and prawn and only Exhibit 104: Climate Change Indicator Perceived (% respondents) in Kendari City using 2-3 liters of fuel whilst earning Rp. 50.000-200.000 per Extreme weather increases 11% day. However, during bad season, Longer/shorter wet season 15% sometimes they did not earn Longer/shorter dry season 5% anything. While large fishing boats Season Pattern Changes 20% use small purse seine to catch fish Weather Uncertainty 13% like pompano, tuna, mackerel and Rainfall increases/decreases 12% koheru. In coastal areas, most of Temperature increases 20% the men fish while women process Other 3% the catch. Some fisherman use 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% weather information that they get

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CLIMATE & WEATHER INFORMATION SERVICES ASSESSMENT REPORT from television and some of them only use traditional knowledge to understand the weather and climate condition based on season pattern. But recently they admitted that the condition has changed. In 2013 a flash flood hit Kendari city triggered by heavy rain. It inundated some areas including Baruga, Poasia and Benu-Benua village. Even landslide occurred in Benu- benua, one person was killed, and three houses and one bookstore destroyed. The flood allegedly happened due to intensive land Exhibit 105: Poor Drainage System in Poasia use change in Wanggu Watershed. Some of respondent admitted that weather condition and seasonal pattern has changed. They also felt that the frequency of disaster event and extreme weather is increasing as well as a shifting of seasonal patterns. Exhibit 104 shows the changes in weather and climate based on respondents in Kendari City. They state that the changes negatively impact their livelihood. Fish catches have declined (24% state this) and yield and crop quality decreased (16% stated this). The 9% “other” category includes increased fish price and difficulty doing domestic job (see Exhibit 106).

Exhibit 106: Perceived Changes in Local Weather Impact by Residents of Kendari City (as a % of 56 respondents)

Disease increases 7% Shortage water resources 11% Pest & plant diseases increases 7% Yield and crop quality decreases 16% Crop Failure 4% Pond production decreases 0% Salt production & quality decreases 0% Seaweed production decreased 1% Fish quality decline 9% Limited ground fishing 12% Fish catches decline 24% Other 9% 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30%

Most respondents still rely on their experience to understand weather and climate condition. Only few respondents use climate and weather information for their day-to-day activity including for farming, fish farming and fishing. The following table shows the source of weather and climate information in Kendari City.

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CLIMATE & WEATHER INFORMATION SERVICES ASSESSMENT REPORT

Exhibit 107: Source of CWI in Kendari City

Source of Number of CWI Example Mode/Specific Information accessed by respondent Source Farmers 4 Verbally Community Television 25 TV One, Metro Tv, Kompas TV Radio 1 RRI Extension Agent 1 Verbally Friend and neighbor 40 Verbally, SMS, Telephone Other 25 Verbally

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CLIMATE & WEATHER INFORMATION SERVICES ASSESSMENT REPORT “Sometimes I just rely on

natural signs when fishing. ”

“I hope in the future I can regularly access information for wind, waves, temperature, current, seasonal prediction and fishing grounds, so I can adjust my fishing schedule.”

Name Fisherman Kamba Age More than 65 yr. Livelihood Fishing Village Punggaloba, Kendari City Landscape Coastal, Urban, Down-stream of Wanggu Main Commodity Pompano, Mullet, Groper, Rabbitfish, Red Snapper Fish Boat Type “Katinting” with 5,5 PK Machine Fishing Frequency 6 times a week Market Kendari Fish Auction and neighborhood Fishing Catch ± 50.000-200.000 per trip during good weather

Climate Changes Perceived Increased temperature, unpredictable weather, shorter dry season & longer rainy season (this year), and season pattern changes.

Climate Change Impact • Fish catches and quality decline • Shortage of water resources • Limited ground fishing and far fishing area • Sea shell decline

Adaptation Strategy Postpone or adjust fishing schedule

Experienced Disaster . Strong winds and high waves caused Coastal Flood in settlement area during wet season. . Water shortage during dry season

Indigenous Knowledge Observe the natural sign such as air condition, cloud and thunder

Source of Weather & Season Information • Fisherfolk community, fisheries officers in the fish auction Adaptasi• TV Perubahan (Metro IklimTV and & Ketangguhan TVRI), Radio – APIK such as RRI Page 139

Role on CWI dissemination Disseminate to Friends and families, community or colleagues, fisher folk communities by verbal.

CLIMATE & WEATHER INFORMATION SERVICES ASSESSMENT REPORT

5.3.2. Konawe Selatan District The APIK team assessed ten villages in Konawe Selatan located in Tinanggea, Laeya, Kolono, Laonti, Moramo Utara, Wolasi and Ranomeeto Bara subdistricts. The majority of respondents’ livelihood are fishing and farming. Some of them also do stock farming; working as civil servant, trader, blue-collar worker, miners, etc. Some of them also has alternative livelihood during bad season. Awunio, Roraya, Batu Jaya and Rumba-Rumba villages are located in the coastal area. Most of people live as paddy farmer, dry land farmer, fish farmer and fisher folk. All of paddy farmers in this area cultivate in rain fed field. They have 2 planting times per year with plant pattern: paddy-fallow-palawija7. The first planting schedule applies for paddy on December to May. The second planting schedule applies for palawija during July to November. Paddy farmer claimed that longer rainy season increases pest and diseases such as rat and neck blast8 which decreases crop yield. Dry land farmers cultivate various type of plant as cashew, cacoa, banana, coconut, nutmeg, corn and nuts. In fact, almost every household have cashew in their yard or land, but they claimed that cashew production is failing due to long rainy season this year. As mentioned by Mr. Arif. T from Awunio Village, he is one of the farmer who cultivate cashew, cacoa and banana. He was very confused and struggling as a result of significant losses. The cashew flower will fall out and not develop with high intensity of rainfall. While, the banana and cacao are getting black before harvested due to plant diseases in 2016, and he is trying to find a solution to control disease. Other farmers from diffirent village also experiencing the same problem, high rainfall intensity increases pest and diseases in cacao and production losses in cashew. Laeya, Matambawi and Mata Wolasi village is a village located in Laeya and Tinanggea sub district, the predominant source of livelihood is farming, both rainfed farmer or dry land farmer. In rainfed farming they cultivate paddy when rainy season and green beans and corn when dry season. While, in dry land cultivates annual and perennial plants such as cashew, teak and cacao. While, majority livelihood of people in Matambawi village is paddy farmer but they also have field for farming cashew and vegetables. The people also said the same problem occurs when rainy season is extended, with increased pest and disease on cacao leading to low production or crop failure. None of the farmers in Laeya, Matambawi and Mata Wolasi Village access weather and climate information, they rely on natural signs to gauge and predict the weather. However, some farmers in other villages access information from television and some farmers are informed by agricultural extension officers. Fisher folk in these villages are traditional fishers using nets, traps and fishhook for fishing with small boats catching grouper, mullet and snapper. They cited bad weather, pollution and general lack of fish as reasons for occasionally not having any catch. However, many

7 Palawija means “Secondary Plant”. Usually is a second crop yield in addition to rice (i.e. corn, green beans, soybean, cassava, potatoes) 8 Neck Blast also called as neck rot or rotten neck is disease in rice crop caused by the fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. Blast can affect all above ground parts of a rice plant: leaf, collar, node, neck, parts of panicle, and sometimes leaf sheath. Node and neck blast commonly occur together and have similar symptoms.

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CLIMATE & WEATHER INFORMATION SERVICES ASSESSMENT REPORT fisherfolk also manage land for agricultural activities to supplement their income and provide food for the family. They did not access weather and climate information for fishing and farming activities, but they use traditional means by reading and seeing natural sign, to understand weather and climate. While, fish farmers cultivate whiteleg shrimp and milk fish. They claimed that weather and climate are not significantly affecting their business. Only when long dry season and long rainy season, they need more fuel to pump water to their field or otherwise to keep normal salinity level, and the quality of shrimp and fish is smaller rather than normal season. Usually, they access weather and climate information such as rainfall prediction to manage water in their field. Both of men and woman equally involve in farming, but in fishing activities, men more involved than women. On 2013, a flash flood occurred in a number of villages in Konawe Selatan District namely Awunio, Laeya, Roraya that led to crushed and washed-out houses, some loss of life and loss of livestock and crop failure. The respondent said there is no early warning system to help prepare them for this. Bungin Permai is the largest floating village located in Konawe Selatan District located in Tinanggea subdistrict, this village can only be accessed by boat. There are approximately 1000 citizens and most of their livelihood is gained through fishing, cultivating seaweed and fish processing for salted fish. Both men and woman involved in their livelihood. Typically harvesting seaweed is carried out by men, while women are cleaning and drying seaweed. Normal season is the best weather condition for seaweed growth. Long dry and rainy season increasing seaweed diseases that affect to seaweed production. The issues in this village is clean water scarcity, decreasing seaweed, as well as decreasing crab and fish stocks due to pollution from nickel mining upstream as well as sea level rise and extreme weather. They have traditional way to understand weather and climate condition by natural sign and experieces, but they state this is no longer reliable. Lamokula is one of villages in Konawe Selatan District stricken by bad flooding for 6 days in 2013 due to overflowing of the Pundedaho River. The floodwaters reached a height up to 5 meters, submerging hundreds of homes and forcing people to move to higher ground. Overflowing of Pundedaho River was triggered by blockage of natural stream networks due to mining activities. Now if it rains for two consecutive days, people start to feel worried and be ready to anticipate the flooding will hit them again. Shortage of water resources is another problem in this village when dry season comes. The main livelihood in this village is dry land farming with various commodities such as rice, cashew, corn, green bean, pepper, soy bean, teak, clove, coconut, etc. In addition to farming, most people work as rock miners or foresters. Several respondents see and hear about weather information from television but it does not help much as a warning for flash flood. So far they have not been informed or accessed weather information from formal government sources. But respondents said it is necessary for their daily activities as early warning system for flood and information about potential rainfall. In Laikandonga, most of farmers cultivate pepper, also farming vegetables, corn, cloves, rambutan, langsat, cacoa and nutmeg. Respondents claimed that the change of weather and climate condition affect their livelihood, especially farming productivity becoming lower with sometimes crop failure. Sometime they see and hear weather and climate information on

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CLIMATE & WEATHER INFORMATION SERVICES ASSESSMENT REPORT television. But it not really applicable on their farming activities, respondent said they need more information to understand climate and weather as climate field school. In 2013, Laikandonga was also hit by flash flood and landslide, damaging 22 homes, blocking the road, with 33 households evacuated and many more damaged. Related to disaster event, respondent said early warning system is needed. Respondents in Konawe Selatan District also stated they see climatic and weather changes. The Exhibit 108 shows the changes of weather and climate condition based on respondents in Konawe Selatan District Exhibit 108: Climate Change Perceived (% Respondent) in Konawe And they claim the changes above Selatan affect their livelihoods, the most significant impact is decreased crop Extreme weather increases 7% yield (24%), increased pest and diseases of crops (18%) and crop Longer/shorter wet season 15% failure (12%). Longer/shorter dry season 12% Season Pattern Changes 15% Weather Uncertainty 25% Exhibit 109 shows the effects of Rainfall increases/decreases 13% changes to respondents’ Temperature increases 13% livelihoods in Konawe Selatan District. Others 2%

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30%

Exhibit 109: Climate Change Impact Perceived (% respondent) in Konawe Selatan

Disease increases 5% Shortage water resources 9% Pest & plant diseases increases 18% Yield and crop quality decreases 24% Crop Failure 12% Pond production decreases 2% Salt production & quality decreases 0% Seaweed production decreased 3% Fish quality decline 8% Limited ground fishing 5% Fish catches decline 4% Other 11% 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30%

A few respondents access climate and weather information for their day-to-day activity including for farming, fish farming and fishing, and most of them rely on their own experience to understand weather and climate. The table below shows the source of weather and climate information.

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CLIMATE & WEATHER INFORMATION SERVICES ASSESSMENT REPORT

Exhibit 110: Source of CWI in Konawe Selatan District

Source of Information Number of CWI Example Mode accessed by respondent Television 40 Verbal, TV BMKG 48 Verbal Friend 44 TV One, Metro TV, Local TV Farmer and Fisher Group 29 Verbal Neighbor 23 Verbal Extension Agent 5 Verbal Other 48 Experiences

5.4. Conclusion & Discussion Exhibit 111 (a) shows the gender of respondents interviewed in Southeast Sulawesi. Among all respondents interviewed, most of them are male (66%) and female (34). Exhibit 111 Chart (b) shows role of gender on family support. 47% household of respondent are supported by both of father and mother, 46% household of respondent are supported by father only and only 7% household are supported by mother only.

Exhibit 111: (a) Percentage of 116 respondents divided by gender and (b) Percentage roles of men and women in livelihood support.

(a) (b)

7% 34% Male & Female Male 47% Male Female 46% 66% Female

Exhibit 112: Number of media is used to obtain CWI by gender of respondent

Mobile App Exhibit 112 shows media %female % male Telephone access to obtain CWI by Announcement gender of respondent; Short Message most of respondents obtain CWI from Verbal television and verbally Radio from friends, neighbors, Television extension agents, farmers 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% and fisher folk. Percentage of Respondent

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CLIMATE & WEATHER INFORMATION SERVICES ASSESSMENT REPORT “Too much sun exposure

is not good for the

seaweed. Too much rain is also not good.”

“I always see weather from natural sign such as temperature, rainfall, wind and wave height. I need this information in more detail and accurate.”

Name Farmer Badeki Age Over 65 yrs. Livelihood Farmer and Village Imam Village Bungin Permai, South Konawe District Landscape Rural, Coastal, Small Island in South East Sulawesi Main Commodity Seaweed

Climate Changes Perceived Raised temperature, unpredictable weather, and extreme weather increases such as heavy rainfall, strong wind, and whirlwind.

Climate Change Impact • Crop failure • Pest and plant diseases increases • Seaweed production decrease

Adaptation Strategy Cultivation technique adjustment and looking for alternative livelihood

Experienced Disaster • Whirlwind in 2009 • Strom in 2009

Indigenous Knowledge See the natural sign such as star, cloud, and waves direction

Source of Weather & Season Information • BMKG • TV in Metro TV News

AdaptasiRole Perubahan on CWI Iklim dissemination & Ketangguhan – APIK Page 144 Disseminate to Friends and families by verbal information.

CLIMATE & WEATHER INFORMATION SERVICES ASSESSMENT REPORT

Trace of Disaster Traces of the flash flood and landslides resulting from the collapse DAM Way Ela in 2013, which destroy at least 470 houses at Lima Village. Adaptasi Perubahan Iklim & Ketangguhan – APIK Page 145

~Negeri Lima Village, Maluku Tengah CLIMATE & WEATHER INFORMATION SERVICES ASSESSMENT REPORT

6. MALUKU ASSESSMENT

Chapter 6 presents the results from the assessment of climate and weather information services in the priority province of Maluku, with a specific focus on Ambon City and Maluku Tengah District. In support of the climate and weather information services assessment in Malulu, the APIK assessment team undertook consultations with 40 provincial government agencies and institutions, 12 companies, 16 MSMEs, 10 media organizations, and 21 villages over the period 6 October to 11 November 2016. 6.1. Local Government 6.1.1. Meteorological and Climate Offices In Maluku Province there are seven BMKG offices: Pattimura Meteorological Station (includes aviation), Banda Naira Meteorological Station (includes aviation), Saumlake Meteorological Station (includes aviation), Tual Meteorological Station (includes aviation and synoptic services), Geser Meteorological Station (synoptic services) and Namlea Meteorological Station (includes aviation), and the Kairatu Climatological Station. For this assessment, APIK interviewed staff at the Pattimura Meteorological Station and the Kairatu Climatological Station regarding CWI services in Maluku. The Kairatu Climatological Station is located in Seram Bagian Barat Regency, Maluku, and supports the collection and processing of climatological information for Maluku Province. This station oversees the operation of multiple instruments, including 62 rainfall stations (however, only 22 stations are currently active with the remainder being poorly maintained) and an Automatic Weather Station (which collects data on temperature, humidity, wind speed, etc.). Common climate and weather products published by the Kairatu Station include seasonal predictions, monthly rainfall analyses, and annual rainfall analyses in the form of a booklet. This product is distributed to the Agriculture Agency, BPBD, Public Work Agency, BPS, water consultants, students, and also local communities. BMKG already disseminates weather and climate information pertinent to the upcoming cultivation season directly to farmers and farming cooperatives. Specifically, BMKG invites farmers to local meetings to present and discuss their analysis of the seasonal forecast for the upcoming three months, including rainfall prediction, temperature, wind speed, soil moisture, and also potential pestilence challenges. In addition to data sourced from its observation instruments, Kairatu Station also uses model data and satellite data to support forecasting needs, including information from WRF, GCM, Himawari, and NOAA. The Station is responsible for processing, analyzing, and communicating tailored information to potential users and beneficiaries. Kairatu Climatological Station conducted Climate Field Schools (CFS) two times in 2015 at Waiheru Village, Ambon City. Pattimura Meteorological Station is a class two meteorological station supporting daily weather forecast information for aviation, 3 daily weather predictions for the Maluku region, and early warning issuances for the upcoming two weeks. Exhibit 113 below summarizes the products developed and communicated by the Pattimura Station.

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CLIMATE & WEATHER INFORMATION SERVICES ASSESSMENT REPORT

Exhibit 113: Product of Pattimura Meteorological Station

Product Consumer Delivery Mode Delivery Schedule Target Weather BPBD, TVRI, Website, Fax, Email, WhatsApp Daily at 10.00 am Forecast of RRI Group Maluku Weather BPBD, TVRI, Website, Fax, Email, WhatsApp Daily at 10.00 am Forecast of RRI, Group Shipping Syahbandar Area Metar, Speci, Airnav, AFTN, AWOS, CMSS, Every 30 minutes and Met Report Airlines Telephone as requested Company Flight Airlines Email As flight scheduled Document Meteorology BPBD, Post, Email Monthly Bulletin Agriculture Agency

The information on METAR/SPECI contains wind speed and direction, visibility, weather, pressure, temperature and trend forecast. The data sources used by the Station includes surface meteorological data, radiosonde, radar, and air quality observations. Also, the Pattimura Station uses global data products from the Bureau of Meteorology (BoM) Australia, NOAA, Himawari Satellite and Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA). The Pattimura Station prepares weather forecasts using global forecast models, global atmospheric dynamic analysis, and local atmospheric dynamic analysis. The Pattimura Station always coordinates with BMKG-HO. Both are able to correct analysis results when there are elements that are not unclear, to produce more accurate forecasts. Additionally, the Pattimura Station also has derivative products like a wave early warning system (InaWave) and extreme weather information based upon radar. This warning system is delivering to BPBD via SMS and WhatsApp. The Station actively collaborates with government and nongovernment stakeholders alike by, for example, presenting an analysis of monthly weather trends to the local government to aid in decision making. Also, BMKG has an MoU with local universities to provide data for climate and weather research and has worked with PODA on the relationship between rainfall and forest fires as well as JICA to implement Single-Sideband modulation (SSB) for radio communication. Key communication and dissemination barriers cited by the Pattimura Station are the absence of a website platform as well as an unstable internet network. They hope that the Home Office of BMKG is able to assist with such improvements in the near future. Amahai Meteorological Station is class three station located in Maluku Tengah District. This station collects meteorological observations that include temperature, relative humidity, cloud cover, wind speed and direction, weather conditions, horizontal visibility, and pressure on an hourly basis each day. These observations are then encoded and transmitted to the central database of BMKG’s Home Office in real time. In addition to using manual observation instrumentation, the Amahai Station also has an Automated Weather Observing System (AWOS) accompanied by an automatic aviation meteorological

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CLIMATE & WEATHER INFORMATION SERVICES ASSESSMENT REPORT observation system. The AWOS collects and stores data (on a server) for rainfall, temperature, pressure and wind speed and direction. The weather forecast products are communicated to BPBD and government representatives via official letter, email, and social media on a daily basis. This station also produces extreme weather bulletins using the WRF Model products from the BMKG Home Office. Further, wind and pressure analyses use CWI products from BMKG, BoM Australia, Himawari-8 and Radar. Other global data sources referred to by the Amahai staff include NOAA, Jaxa, and KMA. The Amahai Station communicates with the BMKG Home Office via an internet network that utilizes a Computerized Message Switching System (CMSS). The Station also coordinates with the Civil Aviation Authority through the Aeronautical Fixed Telecommunication Network (AFTN). The Pattimura, Kairatu and Amahai Stations do not yet use social media platforms such as twitter or Facebook to share climate and weather information. APIK found just one social media account associated with BMKG in Maluku: @BMKGMaluku. The account is managed by the Karang Panjang Geophysics Station in Ambon that only disseminates information related to seismic activity. 6.1.2. Development & Planning Agency The Maluku Provincial BAPPEDA uses climate and weather information to carry out their principal planning function as well as in the preparation for official travel. Government representatives stated that marine forecasts (such as wave height, wind speed and direction, and rainfall) are especially important to preparing for sea travel. Staff normally obtain climate and weather information from BMKG directly. The Bappeda of Maluku Tengah, however, only accesses secondary climatological data from BPS which is then used in policy formularization and published in regional planning documents. Regional Spatial Plans are required to address climate change and disaster risks in accordance with climate change impact analyses and disaster mitigation best practices. The Bappeda in Maluku already carried out an analysis of infrastructure development needs such as road construction, green space management, and mangrove conservation. However, climate change projection information has not yet been applied to the mid- or long-term development plans (RPJMD/RPJPD). 6.1.3. Disaster Agencies Generally, the BPBD in Maluku accesses climate and weather information from BMKG in the form of daily weather conditions as well as weather and climate forecasts. This information is generally delivered through fax, mail, SMS, WhatsApp and HT. BPBD Ambon City obtains the daily weather condition at 15.00 pm accompanied by seasonal forecasts in the form of monthly bulletins. Notably, BPBD Maluku Tengah only receives daily weather condition, while BPBD Province only receives monthly weather forecasts from BMKG. This information is used to anticipate disaster events, issue early warnings for potentially dangerous weather, and inform the planning and preparation processes. Each subnational BPBD agency (via its PUSDALOP) commonly disseminates climate and weather information—including flood and landslide warnings—to city or district government, POJKA and the public writ large daily via SMS, WhatsApp and HT or through

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CLIMATE & WEATHER INFORMATION SERVICES ASSESSMENT REPORT community socialization. The procedure on disseminating climate and weather information and disaster warnings as described below:

Exhibit 114: Procedure on Disseminating CWI and EWS in Maluku

BMKG BPBD Province Gubernur

via PUSDALOP Province

BPBD City/District

via PUSDALOP City/ Disrict

City/District Government & Media

As shown in Exhibit 114 above, climate and weather information and related warnings often stop at the level of the city/district government. Fundamentally, this means that applicable information does not continue to the end users at the sub-district level, the village/negeri level, the household level, as well as to the public more broadly. In this regard, the Provincial BPBD suggested that coordination be strengthened with the “Babinsa” 9 in each village/negeri to disseminate critical climate and weather information updates. Each BPBD in Maluku has conducted research related to regional meteorological disasters leading to the development of disaster risk maps. For example, the Provincial BPBD collaborated with Pattimura University to produce a local disaster risk map, while the BPBD of Ambon City prepared a study on flood, landslide, drought and coastal abrasion disaster risk in partnership with consultants. BPBD Maluku Tengah also conducted a study related to flood and landslide risks in collaboration with the Public Works Agency and IPB. Related to disaster, the SAR Office of Maluku Province is responsible for conducting search and rescue efforts as the lead organization for emergency response. To support this critical function, the SAR Office relies on information from BMKG, including weather and climate forecasts and which are received hourly and daily via mail, telephone, SMS, or social media, as well via BMKG website. Additionally, the Office also obtains information from Airnav concerning air travel as well as the BPBD Office concerning tsunami and earthquake warnings. This compiled information is then analyzed by the SAR Office in support of search and rescue efforts. Under the auspices of the Ministry of Transportation, Syahbandar focuses on the safety and security of commercial shipping vessels, including surveillance of vessels, safety standards, sea traffic, and shipping schedules. They are also involved in search and rescue efforts. In line with these responsibilities, Syahbandar disseminates sea weather information to shipping companies, providing inclement weather warnings linked to vessel departures. The products communicated by Syahbandar include current weather condition and

9 Military members being placed and was assigned to develop the village.

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CLIMATE & WEATHER INFORMATION SERVICES ASSESSMENT REPORT prediction, wave height, and daily weather warnings via an official letter. This information is obtained from the BMKG Pattimura Meteorological Station via facsimile and website, as well as the mailing list of the Ministry of Transportation. Syahbandar also coordinates with the SAR Office of Maluku maritime vessel accidents. Importantly, Syahbandar expects that BMKG will use real-time modes of communications—such as email, WhatsApp and SMS— such that wave height and inclement weather warnings can be rapidly transmitted and received in order to inform decisions in a timely manner. 6.1.4. Water Resources Agencies Provincial water resources agencies interviewed by the APIK assessment team included BWS, PIP2B of Public Works, Irrigation Agency (PU-Pengairan), and ESDM. BWS uses CWI data for water resource infrastructure development planning as well as field work analysis. BWS also has a center for weather and climate analysis under its Hydrology Unit as regulated by a Public Works Ministerial Decree for conducting research related to climate services and water resources such as water resources vulnerability analysis of climate change and projections of water resources demand (as presented in the Watershed Report or “Pola Wilayah Sungai Maluku”). Based on staff interviews, BWS requires weather information pertaining to rainfall, sunlight intensity, wind speed and direction, evaporation rate, and tidal patterns. The agency uses this information for infrastructure development planning, water availability analysis, and drought monitoring. Such data is usually collected via observational posts (i.e. primary data collection), website, letter, or telephone; common data sources include BMKG, TNI-AL, and BWS itself. In this regard, BWS is a CWI collector, producer, and communicator, using their own instrumentation to directly gather observations and produce daily datasets for rainfall, temperature, and wind speed and direction. BWS also develops more complex products in coordination with an early warning program under the Ministry of Public Works which is delivered through a website. They also disseminate CWI to the public via the website of water resource information system (SISDA). The Water Resource Agency (under Public Works) in Ambon City uses climate and weather information to inform infrastructure development; rainfall and tidal data, for example, represent key inputs for the construction of roads and bridges. The agency specifically noted the importance of reference flood and landslide risk maps when carrying out any construction activities. Concerning mode of communication, the Ambon’s Water Resources Agency generally obtains data from the internet as well as occasional SMS alerts related to extreme weather and natural disasters. Outside of Ambon, the Water Resources Agencies in Maluku Tengah did not report any specific uses of climate services to implement their institutional functions. ESDM is responsible for monitoring and managing aquifer levels. At the provincial level, ESDM uses CWI for hydrological and geological studies concerning groundwater. The Agency typically receives rainfall forecasts from BMKG every three months (in tabular, map, and graphical format) as part of its regular bulletin; this information is then used to create groundwater availability maps and landslide mapping studies. The local ESDM Agency in Maluku Tengah District also reported using climate and weather information—specifically yearly climate forecasts—but for purposes such as solar power studies (PLTS) and the development of micro-hydro power plants (PLTMH). The Agency obtains this information from a variety of websites.

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6.1.5. Agricultural, Plantation & Forestry Agencies Agriculture, forestry and related agencies in Maluku use climate and weather information to evaluate the planting schedule, determine appropriate crop patterns and varieties, as well as to inform forest planting and rehabilitation activities. These local agencies typically need rainfall, weather, and seasonal forecasts which are sourced from BMKG and the Research and Development Department of the Agriculture Ministry (Balitbang). In addition to utilizing information from BMKG, the Exhibit 115: KATAM dissemination scheme Agriculture Agency of Ambon City and Agricultural Central Task Group BPTP Task Group (Gugus Technology Assessment (Gugus Tugas) KATAM Tugas) KATAM Agency (BPTP) also operate and their own observational instruments such as Automatic Weather stations. (AWS). Agriculture Agency & Extension None of the local agriculture agencies consulted by APIK in Maluku reported using the Integrated Cropping Calendar (KATAM) compiled and distributed by the Ministry of Agriculture. BPTP was the singular agriculture agency that reported using KATAM for agriculture planning purposes, such recommending cropping patterns or selecting crop varieties resistant to floods and droughts. BTTP conducted climate field schools in 2016 which involved agriculture extension officers and related stakeholders. They also conducted research on the impact of climate change on the agriculture sector for the past 3 years. BPTP also stated that they actively coordinate with the BMKG Home Office and BMKG Kairatu Station concerning the collection of climate data and information as well as the developing of agriculture briefs for farmers and extension agents. Concerning the dissemination of climate and weather information and associated derivative products, BPTP regularly shares the KATAM with farmers and agriculture extension officers, passing out leaflets/booklets twice a year. The Agriculture Agency of Ambon City also disseminates the KATAM received from BPTP to agriculture extension officers and the public writ large at the beginning of the rainy and dry season. Exhibit 115 depicts the approach to disseminating the KATAM each year. Also related to local agriculture, the Regional Food Security Agency (BKPD) utilizes climate and weather information (predominantly from BPBD) in the preparation of food security maps as well as when targeting food aid to communities affected by natural disasters. BKPD also accesses annual drought information (data puso) from Agriculture Agency (BPTPH) to prepare food security maps and identify potential hotspots. 6.1.6. Marine & Fishery Agencies The Marine and Fishery Agency of Maluku Province participates in KKP’s Resilient Coastal Village Development Program (PDPT) in Tual City (Seram Bagian Barat District), where it disseminates SIMAIL to fishery extension agents. The local agency also conducted the first Indonesian Coastal School (SPI) in 2015 in the Southeast Maluku District. The involvement of Marine and Fishery Agency of Cities and Districts was limited to coordination only, and such programs have not yet been introduced in the APIK landscapes.

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Generally speaking, APIK did not find any marine and fishery agencies that actively disseminate climate and weather information to fisher-folk and fishery extension officers, either using electronic media, notice boards, or other harbor signage. One potential cause of this trend is that they receive very little information from BMKG; indeed, only the Marine and Fishery Agency of Maluku Tengah accesses information from BMKG on a daily basis via SMS, HT, radio, and Facebook. According to BAKORLUH (the Extension Agency for Fisheries), the number of extension agents that are civil servants in Maluku totals only 90 individuals. While there are also hundreds of extension agents under contract with the local government, the numbers are far from sufficient. In the agriculture sector, one extension agent covers one village; meanwhile, in the fishing sector, three extension officers must cover an entire sub-district, meaning that fishing extension agents number far less than farming extension agents. BAKORLUH staff reported that the Climate Field School Program was conducted in Maluku. Should APIK opt to support this program in the future, BAKORLUH highlighted the need to empower local extension agents to improve the content and delivery of the module. They also recommended evaluating the existing module developed by PUSLUHDAYA (Counseling Center and the Marine and Coastal Community Empowerment) under KKP. Marine and fisheries agencies in Maluku communicated their desire to better utilize SMS services as a means to communicate climate and weather information. While informal WhatsApp groups among extension agents have been somewhat effective, previous government programs such as SIMAIL are not working well in Maluku. Notably, marine incidents due to bad weather are on the rise due to lack of awareness and poor safety practices among the fishing community, which often pay little attention to inclement weather warnings periodically published by RRI. “Pancing Tonda” or Trolling Line 10 fisherman are especially vulnerable to bad weather since they only have small crafts but are required to sail far from the shore. Also, many fishermen still follow the seasonal east-west wind patterns, which are increasingly unpredictable. The 2015-2016 La-Nina has also affected inter-island transportation routes such as Ambon to Banda. 6.1.7. Environmental & Health Agencies The Environmental Agencies of Ambon City and Maluku Tengah District monitor environmental risks and damages across their jurisdictions, working to mitigate potential impacts of environmental pollution. In Ambon City, the Department of Environmental Controls and Pollution reported not using climate and weather information to fulfill daily responsibilities, relying wholly on personal observations. In Maluku Tengah District, on the other hand, the local agency stated that they refer to climate data in the preparation of the Regional Environmental Status Report (SLHD), coordinating with BMKG by letter to obtain rainfall and average temperature data twice a year. They also collaborate with BMKG and other SKPDs concerning the inventory of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions at the district level.

10 Trolling is a method of fishing where one or more fishing lines, baited with lures or bait fish, are drawn through the water.

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Notably, the Health Agency of Maluku Province reported regular use of climate and weather services, even including climate projection information as part of local public health studies. To facilitate regular data exchange, the Environmental Health and Crisis Division cooperates with the local BPBD Office, receiving relevant information by SMS, email, and letters. The Health Agency uses an Early Warning and Response System (EWARS) from the Ministry of Health to analyze seasonal disease patterns and prepare drugs and medical staff accordingly. The Health Agency of Maluku Tengah District also uses EWARS to track disease incidence, especially during the seasonal transitions. In Ambon City, Health Agency staff reported using television and radio channels to obtain climate and weather information, especially concerning inclement weather warnings. 6.1.8. Transportation & Tourism Agencies The APIK assessment team interviewed two divisions of the Transportation Agency of Maluku Province the Maritime Safety Division and the Ferry Management Division. BMKG generally disseminates CWI to Syahbandar for sea transportation information while also sending a carbon copy to Transportation Agency of Maluku Province. To meet their needs, the Transportation Agency submits a formal request directly to BMKG for weather forecasts, wind speed and direction, and wave height. The information is then delivered twice daily at 09.00 am and 09.00 pm. While the intention has been to further deliver this information to city/district governments managing coastal areas and small islands, the plan has not been realized given the absence of a regional law and the absence of local government prioritization. According to the Transportation Agency of Ambon City and Maluku Tengah District, they receive minimal climate and weather information from BMKG and thus do not regularly apply BMKG data in their daily operations. Personnel at the Transportation Agency of Ambon City primarily obtain weather information (i.e. rainfall and wave height) from BMKG via SMS or WhatsApp, but not for formal purposes. The agency also does not disseminate climate and weather information to fishing communities or sea transportation services (e.g. small boat, speed boat and fast ship). In fact, the operating licenses and shipping safety of such services are the responsibility of regional transportation agencies. The Navigation District of Ambon (under the Ministry of Transportation) is charged with disseminating climate and weather information from BMKG for navigation and shipping safety to vessels weighing more than 7 GT, high speed passenger craft, and high speed craft (>300 GT). The information from BMKG—including weather forecast, wave height, rainfall, wind speed and direction—are forwarded to ships through the maritime telecommunication radio daily. Such communications originate from coastal radio stations which also play an important role in issuing local weather alerts and coordinating search and rescue communications. In addition, sailing vessels are also required to report weather information and sea conditions to the Navigation District of Ambon through the Ship Reporting System (SRS). This system relies on ships entering and exiting Indonesia’s coastal waters to transmit weather information to the Navigation District through coastal radio stations, Vessel Traffic Services (VTS), and/or the National Data Centre (NDC) via radio and electronic shipping devices. Finally, the Tourism Agency of Maluku Tengah reported using weather information for events such as boat racing, undersea photography, etc. They have not, however, applied

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CLIMATE & WEATHER INFORMATION SERVICES ASSESSMENT REPORT climate services for mid-term or long-term planning. More broadly, APIK found that tourism organizations did not use climate and weather information formally in support of daily tasks and functions. That said, several organizations interviewed did communicate that they believe erratic weather patterns are impacting the tourism sector, making it harder to determine optimal travel times and destinations. 6.1.9. Other Stakeholders The Indonesian Navy (TNI-AL) of Maluku Province is responsible for disseminating early warning information and responding to natural disasters. In this regard, the Navy coordinates with other local agencies (e.g. BPBD/PUSDALOP/SAR/PMI) as well as the Exercise Command Post (Latposko) related to flood disaster management and Western Fleet Quick Response (WFQR) for maritime security. The Central Command commonly obtains early warning and inclement weather information from BMKG, with this information then forward to the appropriate squads through telegram. Under the Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), the Deep Sea Research Center of Ambon regularly uses climate and weather information such as tidal temperature and depth, surface temperature, current velocity and wave height in support of its research objectives. The tidal and wave height are generally obtained from BMKG, with supporting data obtained from Dishidros and NOAA. In addition to research, the Center also carries out surveys and observations of sea water pH, dissolved oxygen content, biological and chemical content, sea surface temperature, and coral and phytoplankton distribution. Such information is then used to produce maps of potential fishing areas. Nevertheless, the Center does not yet apply its data and research to assess the vulnerability of the deep-sea ecosystem to climate change. Generally speaking, the government agencies and institutions interviewed in Maluku expressed satisfaction with the level of access to and quality of climate and weather information, especially services provided by BMKG (see Exhibit 116). That said, there were several areas of improvement identified, including the geographic coverage of CWI services (i.e. spatial resolution), the completeness and detail of climate and weather data, as well as the understandability of climate and weather products (both for government as well community stakeholders). Further, many of the government actors that met with APIK are interested in ways to bridge the information gap with the end user by working with BMKG to improve the packaging and dissemination of the appropriate tools and products.

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Exhibit 116: Local Government Sector Appraisal Quality of CWI that Received

LOCAL GOVERNMENT APPRAISAL QUALITY OF CWI THAT RECEIVED

Cost Guideline Interoperability Geographical Coverage Completeness of Type Data Consistency Details Format Format Delivery Consistency Accessibility Presentation Delivery Mode Credibility 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Number of Respondent

Less satisfied, need improvement soon Quite satisfiedd, need improvement Satisfied, no need improvement

6.2. Private Sector & Media 6.2.1. Large Companies & Stated-owned Enterprise The APIK assessment team interviewed twelve companies and state-owned enterprises in Maluku (with many geographically based in Ambon) to better understand the commercial landscape for climate and weather services. The table in Exhibit 117 describes the highlights from these discussions.

Exhibit 117: Large Companies & Stated-owned Enterprise Respondent in Maluku

Name and Division CWI Needs Source of Utilization Dissemination Field CWI PT. Angkasa Safety and Rainfall BMKG For flood N/A Pura I Risk (Pattimura assessment in Pattimura Management Meteorological airport area (Airport Division Station) Management)

PT. Harta - Weather Android For planning Deliver CWI to Samudera prediction, Application activity and fisherfolk (Fish wave height, (Navionic for knowing fish verbally Exporter) and fishing Asia Africa) ground ground

PT. ASDP Business Weather BMKG For early Deliver to ship’s (Sea/Ferry Management prediction, (Pattimura warning system officer and Transportatio wave height Meteorological public verbally n Services) prediction Station) and via SSB

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Name and Division CWI Needs Source of Utilization Dissemination Field CWI PT. Dharma Shipping Weather BMKG For extreme Deliver to ship Indah Administrati prediction and (Pattimura weather captain and (Sea on weather Meteorological warning ABK Transportatio warning Station) and n Services) Syahbandar PT. Dok Human Rainfall and BMKG For operational N/A Wayame Resources wave height (Ship Repair Division Services) PT. Wisata - Wave height, NOAA & Weather and N/A Tirta current Tides Mobile seasonal Ambon velocity, Graphic prediction for seasonal (tidesmobilegr security of Maluku Diving winds/monsoo aphics.com) visitors and and Tourism n, El Nino divers (Dive into event Ambon)

PD. Panca Public Weather BMKG For operational Deliver to Karya personnel prediction prohibition personnel

(Land & Sea Transportatio n Services, Mining and Plantation)

PT. PELNI Operational Weather BMKG For early Deliver to Division prediction warning system employees and (Sea public Transportatio n Services)

PDAM Kota - Daily weather Website and For operation Deliver to Ambon prediction TV and planning operational (incl. recording employees (Regional data of water Water Supply resources, Services) cleaning and repairing water treatment facilities) PT. PLN Legal and Rainfall, wind BMKG’s Planning for Deliver to Persero Public website electricity technicians Kota Ambon Relation networks Division installation (Services and Infrastructure)

PT. Dream - Daily weather Website and For operation Deliver to

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Name and Division CWI Needs Source of Utilization Dissemination Field CWI Sukses prediction TV and planning operational Airindo (incl. recording employees data of water (Private resources, Water Supply cleaning and Services) repairing water treatment facilities) Ayudes Production Rainfall BMKG’s To estimate N/A Head website number of (Mineral production Water Producer)

Exhibit 118: Local Private Sector Appraisal Quality of CWI that Received

LOCAL PRIVATE SECTOR APPRAISAL QUALITY OF CWI THAT RECEIVED

Cost Guideline Interoperability Geographical Coverage Completeness of Type Data Consistency Details Format Format Delivery Consistency Accessibility Presentation Delivery Mode Credibility 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Number of Respondent

Less satisfied, need improvement soon Quite satisfied, need improvement Satisfied, no need improvement

Per the above exhibit, many of the commercial entities interviewed by the assessment team expressed relative satisfaction with the locally available climate and weather services, especially those products development and disseminated by BMKG. Notable areas of improvement, however, included accessibility, data consistency and completeness, geographic coverage (i.e. higher spatial resolution), and improved guidelines. Above all, CWI consumers communicated their need for climate and weather information that is detailed, well-explained, accurate, and accessible.

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6.2.2. Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises (MSME) APIK interviewed 16 MSMEs in Maluku from varying sectors concerning climate service needs. Hatukau and Sumber Rejeki, for example, produce handicrafts from pearl shells with support from the Education and Training Center for Fisheries (BPPP) under Ministry of Marines and Fisheries, located in Batu Merah Village, Ambon City. The local craftsmen produce accessories and wall decorations using pearl shells (clamshells) from Seram Island and Southeast Maluku. The clamshells can be cultivated at any time and are available throughout the season. However, the quality of clamshells is highly dependent upon local weather conditions; harvesting clamshells during dry season will improve product quality, whereas shells harvested during the rainy season tend to be substandard. While the handicrafts can usually be produced throughout the year, the rainy season has been known to stall production due to localized flooding. Sinar Kasih is a cajuput oil refinery enterprise which says products under the label of “Erikawang”. Normally, about 300 kilograms of cajuput leaves can produce three large bottles of oil (1 bottle equals about 650 ml). However, during a prolonged wet season, the production decreases to 2 or 2.5 bottles per day due to water absorption by the leaves. During extended dry seasons, however, the quality of cajuput leaves can also decline as the leaves become dried out or burned. The weather conditions also impact the production of fish floss and dendeng (also known as Nacha). According to one business owner, the number of fish declines during bad weather and the size of the fish are reduced as well. For daily production purposes, about 80 kg of tuna is needed (or 800 kg to 1 ton per month). To meet this target, in 2015 they shifted the supply of fish local fisherman to PT. MA (a large fish company) in order to bolster their revenue. For drying dendeng, direct solar radiation is required for approximately 4 to 5 hours. Due to erratic weather patterns, fish dendeng enterprises have turned to mechanical drying despite the fact that it takes approximately 14 to 24 hours. Erratic weather patterns have also obstructed product distribution, leading enterprises to increase output during the dry season to ensure adequate stock. Nutmeg and clove MSME’s have also experienced the impact of climate change on their business. The longer wet season slows seedling growth, causing leaves to yellow and die. Pelita enterprises claim that the longer dry season last year caused 4000 to 6000 seedlings to die due to water shortages; they are now constructing greenhouses to better regulate the temperature and humidity. Other home industries in Maluku—which are frequently managed by women—have also suffered in recent years. Small businesses the convert sago into bagea and sarut in Saparua Island, for example, depend upon solar radiation for drying and baking the sago. During the rainy season, such businesses need firewood or a steam machine, which only adds to production costs. Thus, as the bagea and sarut drying process has become more challenging, many small business owners have sought alternative livelihoods. With technical support from the United Nation Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) village cooperatives such as Tomasiwa and Hutumuri manufacture nutmeg juices. While changing weather conditions have not had any major impacts on the nutmeg industry thus far, local enterprises did share with the APIK assessment team that nutmeg growth can be vulnerable to shifts in the climate from one season to the next. In the rainy season, for example, nutmegs tend to have higher juice content; wetter weather, however,

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CLIMATE & WEATHER INFORMATION SERVICES ASSESSMENT REPORT means that nutmegs fall from the trees prior to harvest, vastly reducing juice production. Similarly, during a prolonged dry season, higher temperatures can decrease the size and juice content of the nutmegs, requiring up to 50% more nutmegs to match production targets. In general, MSME’s in Maluku did not utilize formal climate and weather information services to operate their businesses or directly inform business planning. When weather forecast information was accessed, most entrepreneurs interviewed obtained information from television while also relying heavily on indigenous knowledge. 6.2.3. Media APIK interviewed various media organizations in Maluku, including television stations, newspapers, and radio outlets. TVRI Maluku, for example, broadcasts climate and weather information on a daily local news program, including weather forecasts, wave height, rainfall, wind speed/direction, and natural disaster information (when applicable). The station’s broadcasts are based upon weather information from BMKG, BPBD, the Transportation Agency and field observations. In addition, TVRI also discusses climate change information and flood risk on talk shows with officials from BPBD Maluku Province and BMKG Kairatu. The Molocca TV Station principally communicates extreme weather and disaster information on an as needed basis; they have also partnered with BMKG to conduct flood simulation scenarios and improved emergency response. APIK interviewed five Maluku newspapers that disseminate climate and weather information: Siwalima, Kabar Timur, Suara Maluku, Teras Maluku and Ambon Ekspres. Siwalima and Ambon Ekspres include daily weather forecasts as part of their publications, while Teras Maluku and Suara Maluku include weather forecast information as part of their weekly and biweekly editions, respectively. Kabar Timur only includes extreme weather and disaster information as part of reporting. All of the aforementioned publications also include weather information on their respective websites and social media platforms, sourcing their weather products from BMKG, the City and Provincial BPBD, and Kesyahbandaran. In addition to television and newspapers, radio also represents an effective mode for communicating weather content to the residents of Maluku. RRI, for example, collaborates with BMKG to broadcast the weather forecast live every morning at 9:30. Other potential channels include Pembudayaan Masyarakat on FM 105.1 and Kreatifitas Anak Muda on FM 98.4, though neither station has a regular weather broadcast at this time. Notably, local community radio (RAPI) outlets receive daily weather reports from BMKG via SMS, disseminating this information to the public and government agencies via their radio frequencies accompanied by Facebook and WhatsApp platforms.

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Exhibit 119: Media Satisfaction to CWI

LOCAL MEDIA APPRAISAL QUALITY OF CWI THAT RECEIVED

Cost Guideline Interoperability Geographical Coverage Completeness of Type Data Consistency Details Format Format Delivery Consistency Accessibility Presentation Delivery Mode Credibility 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Number of Respondent

Less satisfied, need improvement soon Quite satisfied, need improvement Satisfied, no need improvement

Exhibit 119 depicts the level of satisfaction of those media organization consulted with climate and weather information services in Maluku. Notably, the results indicate a modicum of dissatisfaction across nearly all aspects of CWI services. Based on APIK’s interviews, media organizations require products that are easily understood by consumers and are delivered in real time locally.

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6.3. Community The APIK assessment team visited more than 20 villages across Ambon, Haruku, Saparua and Nusalaut Island, both along the coast as well as in upland areas. The following subsections summarize the results of community interviews. 6.3.1. Ambon Island In Waiheru Village, Baguala Sub-District, Ambon City, the APIK team met with farmers engaged principally in horticulture. Mr. Suwardi Daeng Taba—a local leader of the Sejahtera Farm Workshop (Sanggar Tani Sejahtera)—supervises five groups totaling 50 farmers. The farmer’s association is supported by the Bank of Indonesia Maluku Province, which provides both land and technical assistance for horticulture cultivation under the auspices of the PPI Program. In this regard, the Bank of Indonesia advised farmers to grow economically viable plants such as chilies, tomatoes, and mustard. Migrant farmers—which must rent small plots of land—have their own techniques for cultivating such crops, including mulch application and the use of manures and other fertilizers. The farmers strive maximize crop yield while minimizing cultivation costs. Protracted dry seasons cause crops to dry out and wither. During the rainy season, however, the growth periods may lengthen—kale, for example, often requires a month to reach maturity as opposed to 20 days. In anticipation of such challenges, local farmers often use mini greenhouses as well as specialized mulches. Mr. Suwardi—who typically accesses climate and weather information from BMKG staff—shared that many farmers in his village do not use the Kalender Tanam to inform planting and harvesting decisions given they are using rented land and are well acquainted with the requisite growth periods. Mr. Rasyid, another local farmer leader, found that BMKG’s forecasts can occasionally be inaccurate, and reported also using a smartphone Android application to access climate forecasts. Notably, he then passes along information on precipitation and temperature forecasts at a monthly farmer’s council. In his opinion, many local farmers do not realize the important role of weather information and he recommended further training for the local farming community on the application of climate and weather information in the context of agribusiness. In contrast with Waiheru Village, the Villages of Kelurahan Urimesing and Waihaong (Nusaniwe Sub-District, Ambon City) are situated in an urban setting where residents engage in many different livelihoods, including entrepreneurs, public transportation providers (pedicab, ojek), civil servants, and, to a lesser extent, fishing. In 2013 during the month of Ramadhan heavy rains brought caused flooding in Waihaong, submerging many houses in one to two meters of water. Nearby Urimesing, on the other hand, is subject to regular flooding nearly every rainy season when the the river overflows its banks, impacting houses in the communities along the edges of the waterway. According to Urimesing resident Mrs. Aryati Maryani flooding nearly a meter of water inundated her house in 2014. While there were no casualties, Mrs. Aryanti and her neighbors nonetheless lost many material possessions. Communities upstream of Urimesing are also vulnerable to flood and landslide hazards. Mrs. Stella reported that heavy precipitation in May and June of 2016 triggered flooding and landslides in 12 different upstream locations. Local residents also shared that strong winds have also caused extensive damages to their homes in recent years, requiring costly roof repairs.

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Importantly, none of the residents of either village received any type of early warning prior to the flooding events that impacted their communities. Some residents did, however, report obtaining basic weather information (rainfall, temperature, wind speed and direction, and near term forecasts) as well as extreme weather forecasts from BMKG via SMS from time to time. Additional sources of CWI included the Navigation District of Ambon as well as the Ambon Public Relations Office. The former broadcasts marine conditions (wave height) on the 26th of each month via loudspeaker in Waihaong. According to Mrs. Stella, the head of Urimesing Village, local residents also obtain climate and weather information from the Public Relations Office of Ambon City which is then passed on to others through SMS or verbal communication. The villages of Negeri Soya and Hatalae are situated in the hills surrounding the City of Ambon. While most of the residents rely on farming for their livelihood, others also work as public transportation providers, entrepreneurs, and civil servants. Most farmers in the referenced villages plant long-lived crops—such as clove, nutmeg, durian, salak, langsat, and mangosteen—while also planting seasonal vegetables like mustard, spinach, kale, and lettuce. Several farmers noted during APIK’s consultations that a protracted dry season the previous year decreased the quantity of nutmeg and cloves harvested, while a wetter rainy season reduced the quality of the crops and caused prices to fall. Similarly, cloves could not be sufficiently dried with solar radiation, meaning that farmers were forced to settle with lower quality crops from stream drying. Concerning common sources of climate and weather services, most stakeholders consulted accessed weather forecasts from BMKG through television broadcasts (e.g. TVRI Ambon, TV One and Metro TV), while other simply relied on personal observations. There was no clear linkage between climate services and decisions concerning livelihoods, however, as the farmers continued to plant according to the traditional seasonal schedule no matter what the weather conditions might be. From the perspective of natural disaster risk, Negeri Soya and Hatalae are principally exposed to flooding and landslides associated with high intensity rainfall. In 2012 and 2013, for example, these areas were submerged under a meter of floodwater, with many homes inundated and damaged. In late May 2016, during the peak of the rainy season, landslides also struck communities in Negeri Soya leading to three casualties. Further, landslides have occurred each of the past three years in Negeri Hatalae due to high rainfall intensity and reduced recharge area, with 10 homes impacted by the landslide events.

The nearby village of Negeri Leahari also has a steep topography that extends to the coast. The village is highly vulnerable to hydro meteorological disasters such as flooding, coastal inundation, extreme weather events (e.g. whirlwind, storm, and high wave) and drought. The more recent flooding event in 2014 destroyed residences and buildings at three locations following intense rains, swelling drainage canals, and tidal surge. The event was undoubtedly worsened by the absence of a natural buffer along the beach as well as along the rivers. Also, in 2015 El Nino exacerbated forest fires and water shortages. Such disasters have also impacted public health and the incidence of water borne diseases, most recently in the form of a dengue outbreak in 2016.

Negeri Lima is part of the Maluku Tengah District and is located along the coast in the northwest part of Ambon Island, about 1.5-hour drive from Ambon City. The landscape is similar to many settlements on Ambon Island, with houses lining the shore surrounded by mountainous terrain rising behind the village. Notably, however, Negeri Lima is situated at the mouth of streams extending 2.4 kilometers inland to the Way Ela Natural Dam at Way

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Ela National Park. In July 2012 a portion of the Way Ela Dam separated, leading to flood of debris that blocked the flow of the Way Ela River. Then, in July 2013, intense rainfall spurred the BPBD and BNPB to evacuate the villagers and declare a state of emergency for the village. The first break occurred on 25 July 2013 around 9:00 WIT, and, by that afternoon, the entirety of the dam collapsed, washing away 470 houses and buildings. The event displaced 5.233 people and caused three fatalities. Despite these negative impacts, the event would have undoubtedly been more calamitous had it not been for a flood simulation to prepare local communities organized by BNPB and BPBD just one month prior to the collapse of the dam.

The APIK assessment team interviewed six residents from the Negeri Lima Village (four male and two female). Three of the respondents fished for a living, catching stonefish, Lalosi (reef fish), Lema, Tuna and Saku fish. The balance of the respondents farmed the hillsides, cultivating cloves, nutmeg, cocoa, cassava and coconut, as well as backyard vegetables such as papaya, chili, and tomato. Notably, two of the respondents were directly impacted by the aforementioned flood event in 2013.

All individuals interviewed perceived changes to daily and seasonal weather patterns, especially in the last two years. More specifically, the have noticed changes in the duration of the dry and wet seasons accompanied by increasingly erratic weather patterns more broadly, conditions which they then link to crop failures and water shortages. The fisher folk specifically shared concerns about the reduction of fish catches while the farmers also noted alarming increases in pestilence. These perceptions are driven in part by a severe drought in 2015 which, among other impacts, killed many clove trees. It will take many years for replanted trees to become productive, causing a significant drop in income in the interim.

Only two respondents reporting using climate information services when making decisions related to their livelihoods (farming or fishing) or for preparing for potential natural disasters. They obtained climate and weather information—specifically weather forecasts, temperature, wave height and wind condition—from BMKG via local TV stations or RCTI and as well as from the fishing community writ large. This information was also frequently passed along verbally to their relatives and neighbors. They did not, however, regularly use CWI products to, for example, improve crop yields or decide when and where to fish. Further, the indigenous knowledge of “Nanaku” served as a key point of reference for understanding weather and seasonal conditions.

Other villages consulted by APIK on Ambon Island included Negeri Hative Besar, Passo, Waai and Allang. Not surprisingly, they too remain highly vulnerable to flooding and landslides, while also stating that there are no early warning systems currently in place. While some weather information is delivered by both BMKG and Negeri officials, they would like to see improved coordination between BMKG and BPBD with Negeri officials to disseminate climate and weather information, including transmitting early disaster warnings via SMS or mobile loudspeaker (known locally as “tabaos”). The “tabaos” method was preferred by those individuals interviewed as they watch television infrequently and the cellular signal is not strong in some areas.

According the results of APIK’s interviews on Ambon Island, more than 20% of respondents believe that weather is becoming increasingly erratic and that seasonal patterns are shifting. Such changes are believed to have triggered many natural disasters in Ambon. Also, about 15% of those interviewed cited a longer dry season in 2015 due to El Nino (See Exhibit

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120), linking the phenomenon to decreased crop yields, declines in fish catches, and scarcity of water (see Exhibit 121).

Exhibit 120: The Change of Weather and Climate Exhibit 121: The Effect of Changes to Respondent Condition in Ambon Island Livelihood in Ambon Island

Extreme Weather Disease Increases Increases Shortage of Water Longer Wet Season Resources Pest and Plant Diseases Longer Dry Season Increases Yield and Crop Quality Decreases Seasonal Pattern Chages Crop Failure Weather Uncertainty Fish Quality Decline Rainfall Changes Limited Ground Fishing

Temperature Increases Fish Catch Decline

0% 10% 20% 30% 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25%

The majority of individuals interviewed rely on the indigenous knowledge of Nanaku to understand weather and seasonal conditions, even as they access weather and climate information from TV, radio, and newspaper. Three respondents reported receiving weather information from BMKG via SMS, while three others received marine weather alerts from the Navigation District of Ambon. Exhibit 122 and Exhibit 123 below further describe the types and sources of climate and weather information used by respondents in Ambon.

Exhibit 122: Source, Mode & Methods of CWI in Exhibit 123: Type of CWI used in Ambon Island Ambon Island

Example of Number

Mode/ of Source of Information 25 Methods Person 20 Verbally, SMS 3 BMKG (Pattimura) TV 28 Metro TV, TV One, TVRI 15 Nasional, RCTI, TVRI Maluku 10 Radio 2 Rock FM 5

Newspaper 1 Siwalima, Suara Maluku, PersonofUses Number 0 Ambon Ekspres Verbally 6 Farmer/Fisherfolks Community Verbally (load 3 Navigation District of speaker) Ambon hereditary 50 Nanaku

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CLIMATE & WEATHER INFORMATION SERVICES ASSESSMENT REPORT “Traditional Nanaku knowledge is already unreliable, as the weather is getting so unpredictable.”

“I need weather predictions and wave height forecasts for fishing. I also need weather prediction to know when I have

to dry the nutmeg and cloves.”

Name Fisherman La Mochtar Age 46-55 yrs. Livelihood Fishing Village Negeri Lima, Maluku Tengah District Landscape Rural, Coastal, Hilly, Downstream Way Ela River Main Commodity Tuna and Lema Fish Boat Rented from cold storage company Fishing Frequency 5 times a week Secondary Livelihood Farming (Cloves, Nutmeg, Olive, Cassava) Land Area 3Ha

Climate Changes Perceived Unpredictable weather, shorter dry season (this year), longer dry season (last year).

Climate Change Impact Planting Time • Reduce Fish Catch Time of planting cloves during the west • reduce crop quality monsoon. After eight years, there have • Increases Pest and Plant Diseases been fruitful and ready to be harvested

Adaptation Strategy Changing Variety, Growing cassava during the dry season because of the dry season can not grow nutmeg and cloves

Experienced Disaster In July 2013, due to the high intensity of rainfall around the afternoon, Way Ela Dam was collapsed causing 470 houses and some public building were washed away, 5.233 people were displaced, and three people died.

Indigenous Knowledge Nanaku, by looking at the movement of the clouds, if fast then it will rain or strong winds. West and east monsoon season becomes the standard.

Source of Weather & Season Information • Television

AdaptasiRole onPerubahan CWI disseminationIklim & Ketangguhan – APIK Page 165 Delivered orally to the community.

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6.3.2. Haruku Island The APIK assessment team conducted interviews in four villages on Haruku Island: Hulaliu, Wasu, Haruku, and Oma. All four villages are situated along a flat, coastal plain, and thus the predominant livelihoods are farming and fishing. In general, residents fish during periods of calm seas but then turn to farming during stormier seasons when waves are more intense. Some residents also make a living as speedboat drivers, owners of sea transportation, and civil servants (as officials of Negeri). Most of people in Haruku Island obtain seasonal weather information by observing the phases of the moon. They are familiar with the term “Tanati” which begins on the seventh day of a full moon and is used to determine the monthly schedule for planting and fishing. Specifically, Tanati dictates that the highest tide represents the best time for planting while fishing should be carried out during the lowest monthly tidal periods. Mr. Oce of Negeri Hulaliu, regularly sets out to sea from day 13 to day 28 of the moon’s cycle, which represents the best time for hauling in a large catch in his experience. He also uses climate and weather information such as wave height and extreme weather warnings from BMKG via TVRI Ambon, but noted that he is dissatisfied with these sources as the information is not easily understandable. Mr. Leonard—a local farmer—also occasionally accesses basic weather information (rainfall, wind speed and direction, dry season start date) and extreme weather warnings from BMKG through TV One and Metro TV. Both residents compare and adapt such supplemental information to the Tanati tradition. At the same time, they realize that Nanaku is shifting and that long-standing indigenous knowledge may be less and less relevant in light of more erratic weather patterns and climate change, which they perceive to be affecting fish catches, changing the location of fishing grounds, and undermining crops. Mr. Oce adapts to the changing conditions by moving fishing sites while Mr. Leonard alters the varieties plants he cultivates from one season to the next. The Village of Negeri Haruku adheres to the cultural tradition of Sasi which prohibits the exploitation of terrestrial and marine natural resources during a set time period in order to protect the ecosystems and engender the sustainability of these resources (Sangadji, 2012:3). APIK interviewed Mr. Cliff—a local “Kewang” or traditional policeman— who shared that the tradition of Sasi “Lompa” means that the Lompa fish can only be caught at certain times and, further, that a lompa fish found in specific “Sasi” areas may not be caught or interfered with in any way. The boats with propeller are not allowed to enter the “Sasi” areas. Such areas are also protected from the emptying of waste products and other forms of pollution. Lompa fish catches average 10 tons but may reach up to 32 tons. Mr. Cliff mainly catches tuna, traveling about 2 hours from the coast out to the traditional fishing grounds, a location that was passed down by his ancestors. Such local indigenous knowledge is also captured in the “Nahas Book”, which prescribed the best times for fishing, planting crops, and conducting ceremonial activities. He noted, however, that the location of the best fishing ground is now further away, and that the coastline has moved inland more than 13 meters since 1980. The predominant hydro-meteorological disasters in and around Haruku Island are flooding, landslide, drought, and extreme weather. In August 2015, a flood event damaged the school in Negeri Wasu following a long period of steady rains. Also, an abnormally protracted dry season in 2015 has since led to the death of thousands of clove and nutmeg trees. Lately, local residents have also noticed that high waves are posing an increasing threat to the

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CLIMATE & WEATHER INFORMATION SERVICES ASSESSMENT REPORT village. The local government (through the PNPM Program) stated constructing a sea wall in 2015, but it remains unfinished. The residents of Haruku Island interviewed for the CWI Assessment hope they can obtain more detailed climate and weather information specifically for identifying optimal times for fishing and planting activities. Ideally, such information could be accessed and disseminated through local radio or other media. 6.3.3. Saparua Island The communities of the hilly landscape of Saparua Island predominantly rely on fishing and agriculture for their livelihood, although some residents are entrepreneurs, village government officials (as known as Kaur Negeri), laborers, and transportation providers. The farmer communities commonly plant long-lived plants such as clove, nutmeg, sago, and cacao, but also cultivate cassava, corn, sweet potato and horticultures. Communities on Sapura Island generally fish during the period of westerly winds (December to March) which is when sea conditions tend to be calmer. Residents then transition to farming when the easterly winds arrive in April and the rains and waves increase in intensity. The most commonly cited climate and weather information needs included rainfall, wave height, weather forecasts, wind speed and direction, the approximate start dates of the rainy and dry seasons, and the locations of optimal fishing grounds. Many also rely heavily on traditional seasonal patterns and their own experience, recalling specific events from years and decades gone by. More specifically, the people of Sapura also use traditional knowledge of “Nanaku” to predict future events based on experience and certain signs in the natural world. For example, Mr. Kahpa from Negeri Kulur anticipates seasonal weather patterns by monitoring the phases of the moon (i.e. one day following a full moon will likely be rainy) and through personal weather observations. Similarly, Mrs. Mujina, approximates the start of the dry season based upon the blossoming of the Kololu trees. Some residents of Negeri Kulur also see weather information on TV and other sources. Mr. Alimin, for example, occasionally obtains wave height information from BMKG via TV, while Mr. Basir receives it from government officials through SMS. Nevertheless, these consumers complained that the information is often inaccurate, and thus they prefer to simply continue to apply traditional knowledge sources such as Nanaku. Mrs. Merry, as resident of Negeri Ihamahu Village, goes out fishing with her husband on a daily basis in their small, wooden boat. In addition to fishing, they also grow sago on their own small plot of land. Mrs. Merry and her husband value accurate weather forecasts— including wind speed and direction—to help determine when and where to fish. However, she does not generally obtain such information from TV or other media, but instead relies on Nanaku knowledge to plan her daily activities. Broadly speaking, the local communities interviewed in Saparua Island perceived changes in local weather patterns. They have noted, for example, greater uncertainty in the weather, increased rainfall, and longer rainy seasons. Such changes impact their livelihoods by decreasing the number of days for fishing, shifting the location of fishing grounds, and decreasing the quantity and quality of crop yields. In Negeri Porto, Mr. Noya lost more than 21 clove trees due to droughts and a longer dry season during El Nino. He similarlty shared that, earlier this year, he was unable to fish in more distant waters due to the dangers posed by erratic weather patterns. Mr. Noya adapted to this challenge by fishing

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CLIMATE & WEATHER INFORMATION SERVICES ASSESSMENT REPORT instead with nets a short distance from the shore. Another resident, Mr. Hengki, stated that the severity of the previous year’s dry season forced him to purchase water to meet his daily needs at a rate of Rp. 50.000/tank, significantly higher than normal. In conclusion, the predominant hydro-meteorological risks facing the communities of Saparua Island are coastal flooding, drought, extreme weather and “puting beliung” winds. In Negeri Sirisori, the drought also exacerbated forest fires in some areas at the end of 2015. 6.3.4. Nusalaut Island In a similar vein to Saparua and Haruku Islands, the residents of Nusalaut also earn a living from both sea and land. At sea they fish for tuna, skipjack tuna, lema, moma as well as garopa, salmaneti, and saku. Residents from Nusalaut commonly fish the waters of Seram Timur, traveling approximately 4 to 5 hours by boat every day. During the season of easterly winds, communities transition to farming, traditionally cultivating cloves, a crop with which they are very familiar. Nutmeg is also planted from time to time, as is durian, langsa, cassava, taro and horticulture, albeit on a much smaller scale. The cultivated lands of Nusalaut are predominantly family-owned, passed from generation to generation of the “Tanah Dati” people11. By way of example, Mrs. Tarumasely, a resident of Negeri Ameth, plants cloves and nutmeg, while also growing horticultural plants such as tomatoes, peas, long beans, mustard, and kale. She uses an intercropping system on her land and irrigates the crops with water from the local utility. Mrs. Tarumasely generally evaluates weather conditions based upon Nanaku knowledge; according to her, cold temperatures and a star-filled night are telltale signs of a sun-filled day tomorrow. She also avoids farming during the Laor12 Season given the likelihood of lower yields. Another resident of Negeri Ameth, Mr. David, has observed changes in the local climate over the past five to six years, noting that fishing yields appear to have decreased while local fishermen must also travel farther out to sea to find fertile fishing grounds. He usually determines the optimal timing for fishing based on the phases of the moon, as a crescent moon or new moon will results in a greater catch. In addition, Mr. David also uses the traditional practice to identify the best fishing grounds, which is based on the level of the tides in “Saaru” area13. According to this practice, for example, fish catches tend to be larger during periods of low tide. In the Village of Negeri Titawaai, Mr. Mathias—a farmer as well as a day laborer in the clove fields—shared that he has found there to be greater uncertainty in the weather of late. He has specifically encountered greater crop diseases and pestilence during the rainy season, with his clove trees attacked by caterpillars which cause the clove leaves to yellow and prematurely dry out. Mr. Mathias is not aware of any technique to protect his trees from such pestilence; he submitted a request for support to local government officials but has not yet received a reply.

11 Indigenous People 12 Laor means marine worms. Laor season is the season when many marine worms appeared in the waters. 13 Shallow sea with usually many fish in coral reefs.

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The APIK assessment team found that very few residents of Nusalaut Island utilize formal weather and climate information (from sources such as TV, radio, government, fishing or farming instructor, or hand phones) for livelihood decision-making. Instead, they rely wholly on observing signs in their natural environment in accordance with the traditions of Nanaku. While some individuals interviewed believe that Nanaku remains relevant to their daily lives, still others admit that it is less useful in the face of increasing climate uncertainty. The predominant hydro-meteorological disasters in Nusalaut Island are coastal flooding, extreme weather, and landslides. In Negeri Titawai, massive landslides occurred in 2013 following heavy rains. Furthermore, coastal flooding in Negeri Ameth during high tides that same year impacted many homes that were not protected by a sea wall. Following that incident, however, the government undertook an initiative to construct a breakwater wall, which has since prevented further coastal inundation in Negeri Ameth again. Based on APIK’s interviews in the Lease Islands, more than 20% of respondents perceived greater uncertainty in local weather patterns in recent years, including a longer dry season in 2015 due to El Nino. In addition, more than 15% of respondent cited that the current rainy season is significantly longer than normal (see Exhibit 124). The changes in the weather and climate have principally impacted crop yield and fish production in the Lease Islands (see Exhibit 125).

Exhibit 124: Perceived Changes in Local Weather by Exhibit 125: Perceived Impact in Local Weather by Residents of Lease Islands (as a % of 102 Residents of Lease Islands (as a % of 102 respondents) respondents)

Extreme Weather Shortage of Water Increases Resources Longer Wet Season Pest and Plant Diseases Increases Longer Dry Season Yield and Crop Quality Decreases Seasonal Pattern Chages Crop Failure Weather Uncertainty Fish Quality Decline Rainfall Changes Limited Ground Fishing Temperature Increases

Others Fish Catch Decline

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 0% 10% 20% 30%

Although some local people access weather and climate information from television, many still depend on traditional Nanaku knowledge which is rooted in changes in the natural environment (See Exhibit 126). Several respondents also obtain climate and weather information from farming and fishing community members. The graph below shows that the most common form of information used in making livelihood decisions is weather prediction, rainfall, wind, and wave height.

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Exhibit 126: Source of CWI in Lease Islands Exhibit 127: Type of CWI Utilized in Lease Islands

Source of Number of Example Information Person of Mode Wave Height TV 21 TVRI Extreme Weather Maluku Farmer/ 3 Verbally Weather Prediction Fisherfolk Wind Community Nanaku 53 Rainfall

Temperature

0 5 10 15 20 25 Number of Person Uses

6.4. Conclusion and Discussion Exhibit 128 shows the gender profiles of those interviewed by the APIK assessment team across the four islands in Ambon Province (Ambon, Haruku, Saparua and Nusalaut Islands). Of the 102 respondents, the gender breakdown was 83% male and 23% female. Per Exhibit 129, males most frequently served as the head of the household. Further, 52% of households were supported economically only by the father, 42% were supported by both father and mother, while 6% were supported by the mother alone. According to the community assessment, both men and women were more likely than not to use some form of climate and weather information in support of livelihood decision-making (Exhibit 130).

Exhibit 128: Gender Percentage Exhibit 129: The roles of men Exhibit 130: Gender Percentage of of the Respondent in Maluku and women in livelihood (n=102) CWI Uses Province (n=102)

Femal e, 17% Father & Use Mother 43% Female 12% 5% Not Use Mother 6% Male 49% 34% Father 52% Male, 0% 100% 83% 0% 20% 40% 60%

The predominant modes of CWI dissemination among male respondents were TV (54%) and informal/verbal communication (15%), while only 4% received CWI via their mobile phones. For female respondents, the most widely used format was television (10%), followed by SMS (4%), miscellaneous forms (3%), radio (1%), newspaper (1%), and information/verbal communication (1%).

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Rainfall Station near Way Ela Dam at the upstream of Negeri Lima Village

~Negeri Lima Village, Maluku Tengah

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7. CONCLUSION & RECOMENDATION

The overarching purpose of APIK Climate and Weather Information Services Assessment is to better understand the current needs and capabilities of stakeholders in Indonesia to generate, provide, and use climate and weather information, specifically homing in on current gaps in supply and demand. This Assessment Report will then serve as the basis for the development of the APIK CWI Services Roadmap which details the Project’s specific approach to improve the development, provision and uptake of climate services over the life of APIK. In an era of increasing meteorological and hydrological uncertainty, climate and weather information services are fundamental to fostering place-based resilience, saving lives in the near term through disaster preparedness while supporting better planning and investment in the long term through climate change adaptation. Government, businesses, and communities need data and tools to address climate change and climate related natural disasters. The availability of reliable climate and weather data is not sufficient, however, as it must also be communicated in a manner that supports informed decision-making and action. As related in Chapter 2, climate and weather services are most impactful when an active process is put in place to transform raw data into actionable information communicated to the right people and the right time. Toward this end, we have used the concept of a climate and weather information value chain to describe the institutional roles and action steps required in the transformation of data into decisions. These steps are: (1) data collection, (2) product development, (3) communication and dissemination, (4) application and use, and (5) benefit realization. The following subsections of Chapter 7 present and discuss the climate and weather information services gaps identified by the APIK assessment team at each step of the value chain, including those at the national and subnational levels, in the public and private sectors, as well as at the community level. Each step also includes recommendations for addressing these gaps in order to empower people to better manage climate and disaster risk. 7.1. Data Collection & Processing Concerning the collection, processing, and storage of raw climate data, the APIK assessment team identified two types of challenges: (1) the internal institutional capacity of key climate and weather data collectors, accompanied by (2) the open exchange of raw climate and weather data between organizations as well as with the public writ large. Regarding the gaps in “internal” institutional capacity, these ranged from limitations of infrastructure coverage (e.g. the number and locations of stations, instruments, etc.), lack of maintenance of existing sensor infrastructure, poor controls on standardized collection methodologies and organization, poor connectivity due to unreliable internet access, and a shortage of trained staff in both government and partners (consultant, vendor, etc.). Concerning the spatial resolution of data, however, BMKG recently shared that they plan to install six new stations across Indonesia in 2017, including a climatological station in Kendari, Southeast Sulawesi.

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The collaboration challenges between BMKG Karangploso and the local irrigation agencies in East Java in operating and maintaining 992 rain gauges provides one telling example of the data collection issues facing the climate and weather information services sector. Notably, all of these rain gauges are manually operated, requiring irrigation agency staff to check the gauges on a daily basis and record precipitation levels into the log book. They must then summarize the data on a monthly basis, and send it to the irrigation office, which further compiles and summarizes the data across all posts and transmits it to BMKG via email. BMKG staff shared that this process was unreliable, with incomplete data sets, incompatible formats, and the late submission of data. While not specifically mentioned by BMKG, it is also noteworthy that such manual gauges do not necessarily capture one of the most anticipated changes in local climate, namely, the hourly intensity of rainfall. The data exchange challenges between organizations range from procedures, open data policies, standardization, data formats, interoperability, and, most importantly, the awareness of data collectors on the importance of data exchange/sharing and the willingness to follow through no matter the circumstance. The issue of open data is particularly important given the needs shared by various national and subnational organizations such BNPB, BPPT, BPBD, etc. especially for early warning purposes. The reality is that climate and weather data collectors tend to focus on the gathering of environmental data in accordance with their own needs. Collectors often do not recognize, then, that other producers, communicators, and users may have related yet distinct information needs that can only be fulfilled if the raw data is maintained in a specific format and is of sufficient granularity (i.e. spatial and temporal resolution). Disaster warning systems represent a common situation in which the necessary data is, in fact, collected, but it is not shared in a timely manner and interoperable format. Additionally, data collection must be carried out reliably in order to be used for early warning systems, streaming in real time 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. One specific example of data exchange challenges at the national level concerns the implementation of the Multi-Hazard Early Warning System that involves six different government agencies. This initiative already has an MOU in place, but the operationalization and effectiveness of the system continues to be hampered by poor coordination between the partnering agencies, specifically when it comes to the sharing of data in a timely and proactive manner. Similarly, in the maritime sector, there is a regulation requiring all vessels equipped with weather detection instruments to transmit data to the BMKG. However, according to BMKG, many of the ship owners do not comply with this mandate and, further, it is not enforced by marine officials. In addition to BMKG, other key climate and weather data collectors include BBWS, Irrigation Department, Perum Jasa Tirta I and universities such as ITB. WCPL at ITB, for example, maintains three automatic rain gauges, ten automatic weather stations, and four automatic water level recorders (AWLRs) that upload data to their servers. The entire network was the result of inter-agency cooperation and corporate social responsibility. Notably, the local BPBD utilizes this data for its early warning systems. Unfortunately, Brawijaya University in Malang City only has one rainfall station for educational/lecture purposes only. BBWS in each region has instruments to measure weather and hydrological parameters spread across their watershed areas. Perum Jasa Tirta I also has meteorological

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CLIMATE & WEATHER INFORMATION SERVICES ASSESSMENT REPORT and hydrological instrument networks located in their respective watersheds. Despite the presence of these many observation instruments, the fact that they are managed by various institutions for their own purposes unfortunately means that local disaster management agencies are unable to easily access and use the data for disaster waring purposes. The enabling regulation for the SIH3 System represents one potential policy that can help facilitate better data exchange between agencies, both at regional and national levels. SIH3 already covers three key institutions, namely, the Ministry of Public Works (incl. BBWS & Irrigation Agency), which are already beginning to implement the regulation in the areas where the APIK Project is working. The following table describes data collection infrastructure that managed by local/national institution in APIK Region:

Exhibit 131: CWI Data Collection Infrastructure in APIK Region

Area Institution Facility East Java BMKG Karangploso 36 ARG, 14 AWS, 7 AAWS BMKG Karangploso in collaboration ±992 Rainfall Station with Water Resource Agency BMKG Juanda 1 Weather Radar, AWOS, Other standard Observation instrument BMKG Tanjung Perak AWS, Telemetry, Vessel AWS, Vessel Station, Maritime Radar BBWS Brantas 5 Anemometers. 5 Rain Gauge, 5 Sunshine Recorder, AWLR, 5 Psychrometer

Perum Jasa Tirta I 61 ARR, 33 AWLR Brawijaya University 1 Rainfall Observation Instrument at Dusun Sendangbiru

Southeast Meteorology Maritime Kendari Station AWS, AAWS and weather radar instruments Sulawesi BMKG in collaboration with Agriculture 15 AWS & AAWS, 100 rain gauge stations Extension spread over Southeast Sulawesi

BWS Sulawesi IV Kendari 48 ARR, 24 AWLR, 18 Climatology Instrument BKSDA 1 ARG Maluku Kairatu Climatological Station Stevenson screen, Rain Gauge, Thermometer, Evaporation Pan, Soil Thermometer, Cup Counter Anemometer, etc. Pattimura Meterological Station 1 Radar, AWS, 1 AWOS, CMSS, 15 Rain (Airport) gauge (at Ambon Island), 2 Anemometer, 1 Barometer Amahai Meteorological Station AWOS BMKG with Agricultural Extension 22 Active Rain Gauge (from 62 installed) BMKG in collaboration with public Weather Device installed in vessels vessel

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Area Institution Facility BWS Maluku 39 ARR, 10 Climatological Instrument, 20 AWLR

Agriculture Agency of Ambon City and 1 AWS Agricultural Technology Assessment Agency (BPTP)

The following table provides recommendations to improve the collection of climate and weather data at the national level as well as in the three APIK regions.

Exhibit 132: Recommendations for Data Collection & Processing Phase in institutional landscapes

Area Institution Recommendation

National PUPERA, ESDM  Conduct SIH3 FGD to evaluate the process of the implementation of SIH3 in their region  In work with PUPERA (incl. BWS and PUSAIR), BMKG and ESDM to conduct pilot program for SIH3 implementation in APIK region

Ministry of Health  Integrate Early Warning and Response System Climate Change (EWARSCC) from the Early Warning and Response System (EWARS) with BMKG Data

BNPB, BMKG,  Conduct FGD to integrate Multi-Hazard Early Warning System BPPT, PUPERA, etc.

KLHK  Conduct FGD to integrate SIDIK with BMKG climate projection data

East Java BMKG  Evaluate the existing data collection and processing activity, Karangploso including data collection process from Irrigation Agencies  Conduct training to improve the process of data collection

BMKG, BPBD,  Conduct FGD with local watershed stakeholder at Brantas (BBWS, BMKG, BPBDs, BP-DAS, etc.) to define their needs which aligned with SIH3 implementation (e.g. installation of AWLR, DEM inventory)

Southeast BMKG Maritime  Conduct assessment on process & hardware that support data Sulawesi Kendari City collection process

BMKG, BPBD &  Conduct FGD related to CWI & Data Exchange inter- Water Resources institution Agencies

Agricultural  Conduct rainfall data collection training for Pest Control Agency Operator

BLH  Evaluate & support the existing Forest Fire observation instrument

Maluku Agricultural  Conduct training the utilization of CWI Agency  Engage collaboration between Agricultural Agency and BMKG in term of providing rainfall gauge

All Region Universities  Seek an opportunity with local universities to build, develop, and maintain community-based early warning system sensor/instrument

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7.2. Product Development CWI product development—which includes the analysis, visualization, and packaging of climate and weather data—needs to be carried out in a manner that more directly considers the needs of users as those who will ultimately apply the products at the local level. While national level respondents expressed a degree of satisfaction with the products available (with an average satisfaction score of 3.44 out of 5.00 (see Exhibit 46 in page 63), it was also clear that there are areas for improvement concerning how products are packaged and made accessible. Specific critiques included the following:

 Weather Forecast product needs improvements in term of accuracy  Hot Spot and distribution of smoke data are accessible but need some improvement  BNPB stated that it needs access to radar data in order to strengthen its Multi- Hazard Early Warning system  Jakarta Flood potential information also needs more improvement  The historical data is not complete in some regions or stations  The main BMKG websites is frequently down  Evaporation, evapotranspiration and solar radiation data represents a major data gap in many areas

In East Java, 64 of 166 community respondents (47%) use formal CWI from BMKG to support their daily activities. Farmer’s in East Java usually used the CWI related to the timing of the start of the new rainy season as well as daily weather forecasts obtained from television and instant messaging. However, farmers cited a need for more detailed CWI that is specifically for their village (i.e. greater spatial resolution). The existing CWI that is published by the local BMKG only covers the city/district scale. Most of fisher folk and aquaculture farmers interviewed use the wave height information that they receive from the television or that is communicated via instant messaging by their colleagues or community members.

In Southeast Sulawesi, 25 of 116 community respondents (or 22%) use formal CWI from BMKG to support their daily activities, while the largest group still relies principally on their experience and personal observation (31%). There are only 8 respondents that use the formal CWI in a daily basis. Most respondents use formal CWI intermittently, such as during the beginning of planting season. In terms of level of satisfaction with climate and weather information, 27% of the stakeholders interviewed feel very satisfied, 48% are somewhat satisfies, and 25% feel unsatisfied with the available products. Most respondents said that it was relatively straightforward to read the information (91%) and only 9% of the respondents shared that it was difficult to understand the CWI accessed. On a positive note, 67% of the respondents are involved in spreading the CWI to their friends, colleagues, and community members.

In Maluku, 49 of 102 community respondents (48%) already accessed the CWI from BMKG and the most common form of delivery of information is through television. There were 11 respondents that confirmed that they are still using indigenous knowledge such as Nanaku or Tanoar (traditional astronomical method for predicting weather). 17 respondents are satisfied, 16 are average, and 15 respondents aren’t satisfied with BMKG’s CWI products.

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90% of the respondents who received the CWI from BMKG reported that it’s easy to read the information, while 10% are complained about issues such as: the difficulty to ascertain the location and distance from the fishing area (on TV); inaccuracy of weather forecasts; the information is displayed too quickly (on TV); the language and code used is not easy to understand; and the difficulty of understanding the images used in televised broadcasts.

Those stakeholders that received climate and weather information developed and delivered by the government, generally responded positively to such products. However, there are some respondents from the community who complained about information that is unclear and not sufficiently detailed. For example, wave height maps are often disseminated in low- resolution format, making it difficult for fisherman to discern the conditions in local waters. Another complaint is that overly technical language that cannot be understood by the respondents. Many of the local government respondents shared their frustrations that published climate and weather product guides are not used by the community, making it difficult for users to fully understand and benefit from the available climate and weather information products.

Based on the research and interviews carried out by APIK, specific recommendations relevant to the analysis and packaging of climate and weather products are as follows:

Exhibit 133: Recommendations for Product Development Phase in institutional landscapes

Level Recommendation

National  Evaluate potential collaboration with Maker Movement or other innovative communities (e.g. Telkom Indigo, Makedonia, Hack-a-farm contestant)  Evaluate potential collaboration with KEMENKOMINFO in term of provision of Internet access to villages  Evaluate Potential Private Sector Engagement on Climate & Weather Information Dissemination (Telkomsel, XL, etc.)  Open Resilience Fund Challenge to Strengthen the CWI Services in accordance with CWI Roadmap  Evaluate and improve Early Warning and Response System (EWARS) from Ministry of Health

Subnational  Evaluate & support the existing CWI derivative product that developed and published by local government in various sector including water resources, health, DRR, Forest Fire, marine and agriculture (e.g. Planting Calendar, Ground Fishing Information, Flood Modeling, Ground Water Modeling, SiPongi)  Conduct training in user-centered design (UCD) of CWI products for local BMKG stations, including location-based products  Provide Proper User Manual for every BMKG CWI Product  Evaluate the existing CWI product that published by local BMKG Offices  Evaluate & improve the existing early warning system of local BPBD (e.g. BPBD East Java Province, BPBD Sidoarjo District)  Support on product development specific for marine activity (e.g. marine tourism, fishery)

7.3. Dissemination & Communication Currently there are several government programs already underway that aim to maximize dissemination, enhancing the capacity of the public to apply climate services (i.e. climate literacy), including the Climate Field School program, PKPT / PDPT, Indonesia Coastal

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School, Agricultural Extension and Fishermen, and Proklim. Some of the respondents are not familiar with these programs but would welcome such training sessions in their own villages. The SIDIK system, a derivative product of KLHK, represents an example of one product that has not been socialized properly in with the local BAPPEDA. Meanwhile, Climate Field School Stage 3 for farmers, which interacts with the farmers directly, only covers less than 10% of the total villages in APIK region. Climate Field School Stage 3 for fisher folk, hasn’t reached the community at village level at all. On the other hand, the extension workers, disaster volunteers, and POKWASMAS represent critical “communication assets” that should be empowered given their ability to reach communities at the grass roots level. Another potential program that should be considered for improving CWI dissemination and product socialization is DISHIDROS’s Indonesian Seafarers News (Berita Pelaut Indonesia). Tools such as KATAM or SIMAIL, however, are not being optimally utilized by the farmers or fisher folk. Only one respondent in East Java and one in Kendari City reported that they are familiar with KATAM. Similarly, only one respondent in Ambon and one respondent in Kendari shared that they are familiar with SIMAIL. Many of the respondents at the community level shared that they did not have ready access nor regularly receive climate and weather products. The majority of those that did receive such information used local and national television stations. However, the information was generally in the form of the daily weather forecast and/or wave height conditions. The Livestock Agency in Malang District stated that they never obtained regular CWI from BMKG; instead, they rely on historical knowledge concerning the seasons or television broadcasts. It is clear the Livestock Agency needs support to build its capacity in the utilization of CWI, including the most appropriate modes for accessing CWI. For farmers, the most crucial information is the seasonal forecasts in the form of the approximate start times and durations of the rainy season as compared to the dry season. Most farmers consulted were not aware of La-Nina and stated that they were not prepared for the lengthy rainy seasons. Thus, they do not feel prepared to adapt to changing weather conditions and simply attempt to cope with conditions as they happen. Thus, it is clear the products such as BMKG’s analysis of monthly rainfall could be of considerable benefit were it to be more widely disseminated. Those respondents who actively participate in the agricultural extension programs, however, tend to be familiar with BMKG’s products and receive regular information from their farmer’s association or from an extension officer, either in the form of daily information, as well as early warning. Many of the respondents were advised to participate in the agriculture extension program in order to be better equipped to utilize weather and climate information. In part, many of the respondents simply did not know that there are products that can help them in carrying out daily activities; products such as fishery maps or wave height conditions appeared to not be widely introduced to the fishing communities visited by APIK. Only seven respondents (out of 384, or 1.8%) reported using BMKG’s mobile application (BMKG Apps) in support of their livelihood. Not surprisingly, all of those respondents lived in East Java, while none were from SES or Maluku.

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BPBDs and BMKG must work closely with the local media to better reach people of all backgrounds. The media itself suggested that BMKG publish more official information about weather. Some of the media suggest that products be more detailed, more accurate, and utilize easily understandable visualizations. They also hope that BMKG has videotron to broadcast weather changes. Furthermore, they would like to see more tips or suggestions regarding how climate and weather impact public health, the safety of motorists, agriculture and disaster risk. The Agriculture Agency in Batu City also disseminates CWI via private radio (Tidar Sakti FM), which is a good example of proactive communication. Many of the community members consulted continue to rely upon the monsoonal pattern (DJF-JJA-rule) to anticipate changes in the weather, but few understand the important roles of other climate variability and particularly extreme events such as ENSO (La-Nina/El-Nino), Tropical Cyclone, or Dipole Mode. This is evidenced by the number of respondents who shares their frustrations with the general lack of preparedness for the impact of La-Nina or El-Nino. The use of social media in the dissemination of weather, climate and disaster is not yet optimized by BMKG and BPBDs at the subnational level, particularly in the SES and the Maluku. Exhibit 134 presents recommended strategies for improving the communication and dissemination of climate and weather information services at both the national and sub- national level:

Exhibit 134: Recommendations for Dissemination & Communication Phase

Level Recommendations

National  The need for deeper coordination with all the ministries that manage the extension services such as the MoA, MoMF and the MoH.

Cross-level  Evaluate & Promote BMKG Apps, KATAM & SIMAIL Tools

 Develop media campaign for CWI (e.g. Climate Variability, ENSOs, Tropical Cyclone, Dipole Mode, how to adapt in an ENSO year)  Promote the media campaign via local media

 Develop Module & Provide training for Social Media Guidelines for related SKPD/Agencies (e.g. BPBD, BMKG)  Train local young people in using social media as part of CWI dissemination in their community

 Evaluate & develop the module of Climate Field School both for Farmers & Fisher folk.  Village selection for Climate Field School in three APIK Region  Conduct Climate Field School in three APIK Region

 Use the existing programs such Climate Field School, PKPT / PDPT, Indonesia Coastal School, Agricultural & Fisher folk Extension, Proklim, Resilient Village, Resilient City, Resilient School, Disaster Resilient Madrasas, “Kampung Iklim”, etc. as a vehicle to increase the community climate literacy, promote the formal CWI, and form the community network information.

Subnational  The socialization standardization dissemination procedure at each station in the area: who are the targets, what mode to use, what products are disseminated.  Conduct training or simulation of CWI Dissemination in local SKPDs

 Conduct training for local Universities and Private Sector (Consultant) of the Application of Downscaled Climate Projection & its derivative products such as flood modeling,

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Level Recommendations groundwater modeling, etc.

 Conduct socialization of the Application of Downscaled Climate Projection in regional planning at local BAPPEDA and related agencies & SKPDs such BMKG, BPBD, Public Works & ESDM.

 Engage private sector in term of dissemination of CWI to public (e.g. Telkomsel, Intel, Google, Facebook, etc.)  Engage collaboration with local media such Television & Radio Station (improve their access to CWI, conduct training for CWI dissemination, conduct talk show, etc.)

 Evaluate and support the existing website of local BMKG

 Conduct FGD to tackle the dissemination issues for remote area (e.g. lack of cellphone signal, no. internet signal, isolated are, )

 Installation of outdoor or indoor display sign (electronic/non-electronic) in certain place (e.g. port, road, rail station)

7.4. Application & Use Almost all ministries and agencies at the national level have been utilizing CWI in their respective fields such as DRR, climate change, transport, planning, operational planning and construction, etc. Given the wide variability how CWIS are used, it is a challenge to list general recommendations for the application and use of climate and weather information. Instead, the APIK team recommends honing in on specific sectors – agriculture, marine fisheries, flood early warning, etc. – in APIK regions (East Java, SE Sulawesi, Maluku) to analyze areas of opportunity for value chain strengthening. For example, for DRR, the project could evaluate the existing Landslide Early Warning System in the three APIK regions to identify how to improve reliability, user acceptance, coverage, maintenance, procedures, etc. Another opportunity lies in piloting the Multi-Hazard Early Warning System as a way to enhance the value chain analysis for the product. Exhibit 135 below offers a short list of recommendations for the subnational level based largely on existing CWIS products. It is possible that conducting a value chain analysis on existing products could lead to either improving existing products or developing new ones that are more suitable to user needs and requirements.

Exhibit 135: Recommendations for Application & Use Phase

Sector Recommendation

All  Socialization through FGD of CWIS Roadmap at the National Level & Sub-National Level (this shall be aligned with CCA-DRR Working Groups)  Gather some comments and feedback from the CWIS Assessment Report and Roadmap from each of the stakeholders including producer, communicators and consumers

Climate  Strengthen the Climate Change Information System (CCIS) as a Climate Change Adaptation Knowledge Management System & Sectorial Information (develop new interface, data synchronization & high-res downscaling CC projection for Maluku area)

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Sector Recommendation

DRR  Engage with Jasatirta I to support Community-based EWS  Conduct FGD between DRR stakeholder  Define what kind of strengthening to be made  Strengthen Meteorological Early Warning System & aligned with other EWS initiative such as Drought, Landslide & Flood early warning system at national & subnational level (e.g. PU)  Conduct Pilot program that applied Multi-Hazard Early Warning System  Evaluate the existing Landslide Early Warning System that spread in three APIK regions (reliability, coverage, maintenance, procedure, etc.)

All Sector  Conduct training the utilization of CWI to improve the application of CWI in related SKPDs/Agencies that used CWI (e.g. planning, disaster, water resources, construction, drainage)  Socialization regarding the use of this climate projection information

7.5. Recommendation for the Community Level Communities throughout the APIK project regions are as diverse as the country itself; each one sits at a different place along the spectrum of sophistication in terms of accessing and applying CWI at a local level. We anticipate that the APIK sector-based CWIS value chain analyses will highlight more focused activities needed at the community level to enhance the use and impact of climate and weather products. That said, Exhibit 136 below offers a more general set of community capacity building activities that would help socialize CWIS, improve climate literacy, and highlight DRR / CCA strategies that can be mobilized at the local level. For example, working with a community to develop a low-cost and locally maintained weather station or flood early warning system helps to engage beneficiaries further up the value chain – as active data collectors – which itself helps build local capacity and an appetite for CWIS. Engaging communities in these types of activities would be a sound method of gathering user/beneficiary needs, understanding service gaps, and ultimately ensuring that all CWIS strengthening work stays practical and grounded in the local reality.

Exhibit 136: Strengthening Suggestion for Community Level

Community Type of Strengthening Characteristic

All Community  Optimize the existing Community-based program such CFS, Proklim, etc. to increase climate literacy, introduce and promote the CWI products to the community.  Bridging the local MSMEs with innovator in Climate Services innovation  Socialization of CWI Products/Tools such BMKG Apps to society

Upstream & Mid-  Conduct thematic CWI training for community and MSMEs (plantation, farming, Stream livestock, agro tourism, etc.)  Evaluate & optimize the existing precipitation gauges manage by the local community, farmer extension or SKPDs

Downstream &  Strengthen and conduct the existing Community-based Climate Service program Coastal such CFS for Fisher folk, Aqua culturist, Seaweed or Salt Farmer

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Community Type of Strengthening Characteristic

 With the existing program such PKPT or SPI, conduct CWI training & socialize the CWI Product such as SIMAIL & BMKG Apps  With POKWASMAS, Fisher folk Radio and Fisher folk Extension, socialize the marine safety & CWI Product

Agricultural  Strengthen and conduct the existing Community-based Climate Service program, such as CFS for Farmers

Small Island  Conduct socialization of CWI Product for maritime including campaign of marine safety  Utilize local media or media community to increase climate literacy & promote CWI Product for maritime

Exposed to Urban  Conduct training and desktop exercise at RTs, RWs & Villages at Upstream, Flood, Landslide or Midstream & Downstream Flash Flood  Install community-based FEWS such water level sensor or AWS  Conduct training Upstream-Downstream Community-based FEWS  Seek collaboration with private sector in order to maintain the EWS facility

Exposed to Coastal  Install community-based tide-gauge monitoring Flood  Conduct socialization to Coastal Communities how to prevent and adapt to Coastal Flood

Exposed to Coastal  Conduct socialization to Coastal Communities how to prevent and adapt to Erosion Coastal erosion

Exposed to Dengue  Collaborate with local Health Agency to socialize the impact of climate variability to health (diarrhea, DBD, etc.)

Non-smartphone  Optimize other channel such television, radio or community radio users  Conduct Socialization of CWI  Utilize Local Extension

Smartphone users  Improve product presentation & packaging  Optimize social media  Conduct product socialization  Form Communication Chain

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Adaptasi Perubahan Iklim dan Ketangguhan

World Trade Center, 7th Floor Jl. Jend. Sudirman Kav. 28 Jakarta 12920 Indonesia

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ANNEXES

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ANNEX I Public Meteorology Product Detail

Product Information WEATHER FORECAST - World Forecast Today and Tomorrow Weather Forecast for Big Cities in the World (from WMO). The information contained: - Weather Conditions (Bright, Cloudy, Rain, Light Rain, Moderate Rain, Heavy Rain, Snowy or Foggy) - Temperature Range (OC) - Indonesia Forecast Today’s and Tomorrow Weather Forecast for 37 Big Cities in Indonesia. The information contained: - Weather Conditions (Bright, Cloudy, Rain, Light Rain, Moderate Rain or Heavy Rain) - Temperature Range (OC) - Humidity Range (%). - Province Forecast Today and Tomorrow Weather Forecast for Cities and Districts in 33 Province. The information contained: - Weather Conditions (Bright, Cloudy, Rain, Light Rain, Moderate Rain or Heavy Rain) - Temperature Range (OC) - Humidity Range (%) - Wind Speed and Directions (km/jam).

NOTES: The information didn’t displayed for some Cities and Districts, such as : Tangerang Selatan, Malang City and District put together in Malang, etc. - JABODETABEK Today’s, Tomorrow and two days later Weather Conditions, Temperature and Forecast Humidity in the morning, noon, night and dawn for area DKI Jakarta Province, Depok, Tangerang, Bekasi and Bogor. WEATHER PROSPECT - Three Days Prospect Extreme Weather prospect area in Indonesia for three days later with wind conditions description, Humidity, and cloud development conditions. Extreme weather includes: - Heavy Rain - Gale - Showers with Thunder and Tornado - Weekly Prospect Weekly weather prospect in descriptions and tabular: 1. Monitoring Result as basis analysis 2. Weather prospect (JABODETABEK and 7 Big Island in Indonesia): general in three days and four days after 3. Early Warning: potential province may experience extreme weather in a week later 4. Notes and Annotations: Rain classifications (light, moderate, heavy and very heavy) in mm/hour and mm/day

REMOTE SENSING - Citra Satellite Satellite Himawari 8 (EH, VS, TC, WE, IR + Wind 859mb (m/s), and potential Rainfall ) for Indonesia Region - Citra Radar Potential rainfall intensity based on emission of radar energy. It has reflected back by water droplets in clouds and illustrated with a reflectivity product that has a magnitude unit DBZ (decibel). The greater intensity of DBZ reflectivity indicates greater rainfall occurs. Radar imagery is only available for selected (11) area : Medan, Padang, Palembang, Tangerang, Surabaya, Pontianak, Denpasar, Kupang, Bima, Makassar and Manado. WIND FORECAST Historical Wind lines contour map (Isotach) Slide Show at 3000 feet (ft) altitude from previous Month.

Notes: The information did not consistent with the Title “Forecast” which means prediction for the future

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Product Information JAKARTA This page displays maps with information of potential flooding in Jakarta and also potential POTENTIAL FLOOD rainfall intensity (DAILY) JABODETABEK Daily Rainfall Analysis is a rainfall distribution map displayed in folder document form which DAILY RAINFALL directly connected to sub-division of dissemination BMKG’s server. In that system can be seen ANALYSIS distribution of daily rainfall data history from 2013 until recent year, specifically for 2013 data is only available for the months of January, November and December. The source of this distribution data looks like it is derived from the radar data, but need to be reconfirmed with the BMKG. FOREST FIRE 1. Fine Fuel Moisture Code Map : the convenience of forest fire occurrence potential map reviewed from Weather perspective (observation and potential for 1 day until 6 days ahead) 2. Fire Weather Index : The difficulty of management forest and land fires potential map (observation and potential for 1 day until 6 days ahead) 3. Smoke Distribution Image : the analysis distribution of smoke forest fire from himawari satellite imagery map. The distribution of smoke delineated with a red line for the thick smoke, and dotted red line for thin smoke. 4. Hot Spots Distribution : Indonesia area divided into two maps (West and East ) TROPICAL CYCLONE This portal provides information about current cyclone, cyclone outlook, After event reports, historical cyclones, annual reports, cyclone name, learn about TC; Historical cyclones obtained from Data source : Bureau of Meteorology Australia (BoM) and Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)., also after event reports in Indonesian language that describes a summary and analysis of tropical cyclones occurring and its influence on the conditions in Indonesia and include actions plan after that. Annual reports an incident tropical cyclone report in Jakarta, the report also provided an average incidence of cyclones in the southern and northern Indonesia ocean.

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ANNEX II Aviation Product Detail

Product Information Actual Airport General Actual Weather information in 124 Airport Station in Indonesia: Weather Report Observation time, Visibility (km), Weather, Temperature(ºC), Dew Point (ºC), Air Pressure (hpa), Wind Direction and Wind Speed (km/jam) Airport Weather Weather forecasting for 1-12 hour ahead 124 Airport Station: Forecast Observation time, Visibility (km), Weather, Temperature(ºC), Dew Point (ºC), Probability, Wind Direction and Wind Speed (km/jam) WARNING SIGMET (Significant Meteorological Information), is International standard code for aviation safety , - SIGMET contains information about Volcanic Ash, Tropical Cyclone, and other weather phenomenon.

OBSERVATIONS - Last Update Weather Condition in Airport (same as Actual Airport Weather Report on Main Website) - METAR/SPECI & Trend Forecast - Satellite Image (Infra-Red, Visible, Water Vapor, Cloud Type)

FORECASTING - Airport Weather Forecast - TAR - Wind/Temperature - SIGWX (High &Medium Level)

OTHERS Contains Meteorology Aviation Center Articles, Located and International Code of Aviation Station all over the world and link of Darwin Volcanic Ash and Tropical Cyclone.

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ANNEX III Maritime Product Detail

Product Information Weather Forecast Information of warning shown in a red box if the wave higher than 2 meters. In the bottom page it for Cruise Area is displayed information of maritime weather forecast in general condition in selected maritime station for two days ahead, contains information of speed and direction of wind, rain, and a range of wave height. Wave Height Maps of Indonesian wave height forecast Forecast Forecast The maritime weather forecast given for 24-hours ahead, next week, and the prospect of a weekly wave data which updated every day. In this web page is also delivered early warning of high waves for moderate sea (0.5 - 2.5 m) and rough Sea (2.5-4 m).

Forecast Map Directory of Index file, contains image of Wave height near maritime station BMKG

Maritime Station There are 20 BMKG maritime stations in Indonesia. Each station displays information about weather forecast in ocean territory, weather forecast along the lines crossing closest to the maritime station, weather forecast in the main port and the weather forecast on the location of the nearest marine tourism.

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ANNEX IV Climate Information Product Detail

Product Type Information CLIMATE Seasonal This contained information about beginning of raining season PREDICTION Prediction prediction in a map with descriptions. For further study, this page provides the documents that can be downloaded. The document is a Provides information so summary analysis of the phenomena that affect climate conditions and that society can plan its dry season prediction map for season zone (ZOM) in Indonesia in this activities such as year. This document also shows comparison of initial dry season agricultural planting and prediction with the historical data average from 1981-2010. also can anticipate the Monthly Rainfall Monthly rainfall prediction and probabilistic for this month and 2 effects of adverse Prediction months ahead. Probabilistic map shows probability of monthly rainfall conditions. less than 50 mm, 100 mm, and 150 mm, and greater than 50 mm, 100

mm, ..., until greater than 500 mm.

Notes: Probabilistic Map is quite confusing, it may better if it display probability with certain range of rainfall, for example probability of rainfall amount between 50mm and 100mm (50mm < r < 100) Water Balance This information displayed as a maps of groundwater availability in Indonesia. If the level of availability of groundwater shows less than 0%, it indicates the water content of the region is under the permanent wilting point, and if more than 100% indicates there has been a surplus (saturated water). Flood Potential Information about potential flood disaster is presented in maps of Flood Prediction for current month, and for the next two months. Flood Potential Maps available for Indonesia archipelago that divided into 19 regions. This information is a result of cooperation between three institutions including BMKG, Water Resource Department at PUPERA and Geospatial Information Agency (BIG).

Notes: Unfortunately the maps cannot be downloaded, and the image resolution was to small Outlook ENSO (El The information only shows a few lines of the executive summary of Nino South El-Nino index and intensity from temperature monitoring Pacific Oscillation) Ocean (especially in Nino region). For more detail it provides documents that can be downloaded. The document describes the conditions of El-Nino in 2015-2016 from monitoring sea surface temperatures, prediction and probability of dasarian (ten-days) rainfall, monthly rainfall prediction and probability of medium rainfall (>150 mm/month) and heavy rainfall (>300mm/month). CLIMATE ANALYSIS Atmospheric This information contains an analysis of ocean-atmosphere dynamics Dynamic for dasarian current condition and predictions for the next dasarian and for the next month, for more details it provides a document that can be downloaded. The document contains an analysis of wind and Outgoing Longwave radiation (OLR), Sea Surface temperature (SST) predictions, ENSO predictions, Indian Ocean Dipole Mode (IOD) and the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) as well as rainfall prediction and analysis. Monthly Rainfall Indonesia Rainfall Maps (low, medium, high, very high) and Rainfall Analysis Manner Maps (below normal, normal, or above normal) analysis from last month data Standardize The Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) is a drought index that only Precipitation Index considering precipitation as a drought factor. SPI is a probability index (SPI) of rainfall data in which the negative index indicates dry conditions and positive index indicates wet conditions. SPI can be used to monitor the conditions in a variety of time scales. Flexibility in this

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Product Type Information time scale means SPI can be used for short-term applications for agriculture and long-term applications for hydrology.

CLIMATE Days Without Information of days without rainfall is displayed with maps for INFORMATION Rainfall Indonesia region and each archipelago area. It mentions which region Information will experience days without rainfall ranging from very short (1-5 days), short (6-10 days), medium (11-20 days), Long (21-30 days), very long (30-60 days), and extreme drought (> 60 days). Sea Surface Sea Surface Temperature (SST) information is a temperature data and Temperature anomaly index map for Indonesian Seas and Pacific-Indian Ocean. This anomaly index usually used as a reference for an ENSO phenomenon. Pacific Subsurface The information is displayed in the animation of subsurface Temperature temperature and its anomalies at 2oS-2oN, from depths of 0 to 500 meters below sea level. An animation shows a five-day data from early this year to the latest data. On this page also shown the evolution of the average temperature anomaly change in depths of the ocean for the past year. Index El Nino Nino 3.4 index historical data from 1982 to the latest in graphical form. Unfortunately, the historical data is not displayed the years of El-Nino events or information index threshold of El-Nino events. CLIMATE CHANGE Rainfall Trend Information related to climate change in various precipitation maps as indicators of climate change.

NOTES: - Maps only available for some Indonesia region, for example, for trend of heavy precipitation map are shown just for Sumatera, Java, Papua and Maluku Island and only maps of Sumatra has different color index description. - All trends are displayed in a map, and for Sumatra Island are displayed based on annual data analysis while the other islands (Java, Maluku and Papua) displayed based on 10 years analysis data. Temperature This information shows the temperature trend information at specific Trend points in Indonesia on a map of raster data interpolation.

NOTES: - The completed data only available for the island of Java, Maluku and Papua. The data that available is trend of maximum, minimum, and average temperature, for yearly and monthly. For other regions only for Sumatra and Nusa Tenggara region, did not have much available data, while the other islands are not available at all. - This information also not effective/impracticable because for more than 80 maps we need to open the image one by one without title or short lists. Normal Rainfall Change of normal rainfall contains information of deviation against the Change normal 30 year rainfall in Indonesia. The data used for analysis is the monthly average rainfall data from the period 1971-2010. The map shown changes/deviations from the normal pattern of rainfall in the last 20 years (1991 to 2010) against 20 years previous (1971 to 1990). It also provides charts with information of average decadal (10 years) from 1981 to 2010 at each BMKG station (103 charts are shown). Extreme Climate This information contains analysis of the incidence of extreme climate Change related disaster. This page seems not have been updated, the information only shows analysis for flood and landslide disaster that occurred in Aceh at 2014.

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Product Type Information Climate Change Center for Climate Change and Air Quality BMKG has done Projection processing, modeling, and analysis to produce a product of projected climate changes analysis. Some products of the projected climate change analysis, including: - Oldeman Climate Classification Projection Map of Indonesia. - Rainfall Projection for Indonesia Area - Temperature Projection for Bali

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ANNEX V Matrix of CEWS Issues

Issue Issue Detail Target Collection and  Partial and unintegrated database  Integrated Database Management Dissemination of management  All historical data digitized Climate  Historical data in not yet digitized and  Integrated data delivery & Collection Database managed well  Radar data and satellite data is validated with  Unintegrated data delivery and collection Ground truth data  Inventory of global data  Uniform Database Format  Radar data and satellite data have not been validated with Ground truth data  Different database format Modelling  Current method has not run automatically  The models used for monthly forecasts, System  Needs of High Performance Computing, seasons, SST prediction, potential flood Software and Compiler model and analysis of groundwater availability, either global, downscaling, dynamic or statistical have been entirely automated  Implementation of HyBMG, RegCM4, Ensemble, Hybrid Arima methods/models and assimilation of model data with observation data  Assimilation of model data with all existing observation data

Extreme  Data availability for interpolation (station Climate density) Information  Climate literacy for users Content  Data acquisition & accuracy from AWS, ARG and rainfall station observation Hardware &  Unstandardized server room Infrastructure  Challenges in Power Supply & Operational Space Network for CEWS  Challenges in connection between servers required by DSS CEWS system

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