qfiz Ka[inaa lndonesit (Dia,[onue -rf

(onference Foffer

15 -16 9,t@enber 2016 qqaensiau O na,elsitJ, C\Lttarh 75 3003

tollltcA lAlll0 f lulloall0N

fr,.., 'j, Bhuban!$,ar Club \-,t -imfo tt Contents

lnausuErPEaBmmeon 14 Nowmb..2016

ftEsenr.rlons at me conreEne

Lisi of Spedal hvhs A PanicipEnE 11

'Kallng. lndone6ia: A TGcO@n Di.losE'

05 Thfratic sructuE ad DetattEd oruin. 18

ResumeCPofi l€ of Panicipant6

Note on b.lndian Councrtfor CutuElRetEtions LTCCR)

09 Nole on he R5v.nsh.* unDe6ty (RU)

Noie on the Katinoe L6nka Foundation (KLF) 126

11 Usdi Tel€phone Numbe6 Hindu-Buddhist Art and Archileciure tn lndonesia

I WaYa. Redig

as H ndu sm'is lhe maior re igon n nd a, and is considered lhe oldesi relig on n lhe world I dates back perhaps lo lhe pehstore tme arcund 5OOO or more Yearc aq. The wod 'Hindu's de.ved from the name of the rver ndus, wrr ch flows throuoh Nonh€m lndla n ancenr rme the rver was caLled lhe shlidu but rhe Persian who migraled lo lndia named the river 'Hndu lhe and of H^dusbn aod ts nhablant H ddu Thus the re o on of lhe H nduswas knows as llinduism. Hslorcaly Hndusm was brought to the lndonesian archpeago bv lhe lndan tradeG thousands yea6 ago The Re goi nea v @vered alllhe counlryiJlva with lls great Hndu and Buddhist honumenis wtnessed he time ol the great llindu Kingdoms ol centE! and

Arrhough the theo oq ca framewo of ndonesian Hindu_Buddhlsl lailh was onoe prcvded bv nda thalof ndonesi6nwasyetdfierenl ndan Hindu_Buddhisl was greatv modifed when .ddpled and was comb ned wlh lhe lndoneslai liaditons of an@slor worship Anoestor worshp was prevalent itr ndonesa befoG comns dl Hindusm in lhls counlry P.oloh slor c buria tradlional and llre buid ng of plrde, suogesl lhe pra'tice of bellel in a

of lndonesa severa stone. ned qrcv€s and sarcophagus werc discovered n this counlry IheloManyrere also in d flerenl pads ofBei as an uslralion stone sarcophaguses have also beenlound at Margaleiqah Balukaang, Pludu Taked Bl.qa Tigawasa and G imaduk Allihe remains mentoned above.an be cassfied into Mo One oI them is lhe sarcophagus connecledlolheburaldateda bodvofth€dead wh ch was usd ror preseruing the maleria body ol the de@ased lrreolherisconnectedwlhthefunera!sifls(suchasaxe) tunhnand Drrde, bu Ldinq, which we@ required for the sou ol the deceased Accoding lo the be el bv thlsruneraLgft iresoulofth€demasedortheancestorremalntowollherefor ving ltwas aso be ieved ihat lhe anceslors coud nfluence the lives of ihe aler generations These

Punde, a knd ofbuldng orshdneassocialedwth vllage founderc is a dwel ng p ade for rhe sousoflhe deceas€d oranceslo6 The sousare. however. regarded as nol ivlng n lhs prrde, pemanenlly The permanent dw€Llio pa€s lor tlre ancestors shoud be high pcessuch as nounlan areas TlrereJore moslprrdenswerestualedinlhemounlainafeas Meanwhile, merrlr: lhe monolth c stend ng slone was a med um oi commun elion used bv the desceddanls of lhe deceased

Io sum up, we may say lhat n ndon€sia lhe traditon ol worshipping anceslorc was prev'enl li 6ncient lme mainy n lh€ mega lhic perod Ths tGditon has efl manv rema is lke ol lndoiesia sarcophagi. plrden DerhJi loneE gills etc The remans n severalparls 're sl we keot n Ihe r sles or wel! prese ed ii the museums n m'nv cases, how€ver we have eamed thal such a tradlion was sr I pGcticed amidst rhe prevatenlty toursh of Hindusm in hdonesa. Furrhermore, we can see that lhe lore gn rradrions comng to $s cou^try were nol neg ecred bul adopled and adapred ro L\€ indoenous ones. as dscussed n

ln lhe fo owng sectons we musl confne the dscusson lo rhe Hindu Buddhist ans and architecluresfound and stllava labre n (centE and Easrem Java in pantcutar)and Bat Because n lhe rwo menlroned lshnd lhe fnding of the same kinds are found a tot Eali ii padicu ar,lhelind ng is slil considered usefulfor relgious purpose

Hindu.BuddhEt Art and Architecture in Centr.l Java Rouleted wares was in archaeologica excavalon dtscovercd at Senbi€, vflage, Nonh Bat (5eo,c. 11oo1po, o ^r ' 2.o.6.xn.rdo..sinrpo-.ry{.5 also d scoveEd at Kabak Keidar and cbadak, wesr J6va Ths indcares thar the ea iest conlactbetween lndla and ndones a took plae around 1sl or2nd.entu es. Horever. wedo not know if developed well or nol at thal 1 me The remains in the lom of rhe Budhisr imaoe dis@veEd in Sourh So aresiproved thar Buddrrisfi was known n lhe region Theim.qewasinihetomofafr.omentolavery arse and beautifu Buddha imaqe iheonty evid€ncethatlndonesiaon@ had establshedconracrwith ndan retgion" Thisf ndinodo€s nol represent ,ddisenous ad of ndonesa ltwasevdeniy mpoded t@m soulh ndaormore precisely fiom AmEvar dslrcr rwasdated intheperod benveen lhe 2""and 5tcentures AD By ths remnant ony. we cannor tak moeabout how rhe rcriqon was Dracticed the rema ns discov€red n j East Karimantan oave mo.e exp aialon about H ndu sm The€ wer€, n lhs regon seven nsfibed slones descrbed as Yuoa, dat€n back io 350 400 a D The srones were nroninq sacifcat anim. s or tavsh sifls. whch were many made up or canie and olher aiimals such as hoEes orovided to b/ahnar€s as a reward forthe ituas perfom€d on behaf of a kins named tvlutavaman This ilualappeaEd lo have chaGcterzed the archaic Hindu pracrce n tndia ! The p ace where lhertua was performen was to be € red vaprak€svara whch nrhe aler peiod was known as lhe veneEGn pace ior the Hrndu qod sva rt means rhat venebled pace of sva was known andfound n lhe €Oon ln additon n Westeh J.v., stone nsc.plons daied to a6und 5s century were aso found One ol them was a scupture wlh foolprinls and ne( Io il there was palava S.rpr menlionng! that these fooFdnls be ong ng lolhe Kinq Puhavarman idenlrfed as H ndu sod Vsnu As well, n one nscrplion commonly refered 1o as Kebon Kopiinscipl on,lhe olher Hindu god,lndra was aso mentioned ltslales thal lhe e€phantslootprnlsscupled on the slone were dentlied as Erav:ta the mountng vehi. eol god ndra. From these iscriptons we learn lhat Hlndu gods, vsnu and ndra we@ found there brt we do not know how they

Hinduism grealiy developed n CentralJava.r rrom whch a qreal number of Hindu ema ns d.led lo arouid 3h lo lo'h cenlures werc d scovered [Iosl remains we@ in lhe lorms or lempe buildiogs commony and ocaly refercd lo as chardil Th€ ea iest ones k'e d scovered nDiengPdeau in lhe nonhem area o, cent€rJavz.u Ths lateau had been common y known a5. sa.red plac€ lor a very o^g time Alhough no m€galthic rema n was rouid there the nahe D hyanq po its lo a preh slor c site The vord hva,g meatrs detv'or 'defied anc€s1or and is slr used n lhrce mountanous p.ces in Java namev ln ire vang Mounla ns in Easl Java the Prangan (Para hyansaD)h€ighls ln west Jawa aid D e.g lself naaltheword paftyangans ref€rshashrne nwhlchth€aicestorlndshouse The Hlidu .hardifound on ths oat€au \tas bu I n the ale 3h 1o earlv 9i'.enludes and s recoqniz€d asthe oldeslfom ol slruclur€ n Java The chard^ weG named aflerlhe hero€s aid haro nes n the h,ryarg slory (puppet srrado\{ pavs) adopled r. the l\rlahabharala naney A4un.. SnkandL Subadta Ponla Dera Bina, Dv.avatiand Galork"t whch are al standng sepaErely from each olher These iames however accd.d'nO to Kemper were dl cenlury O ven by the loca peoplelust n the beqinn ng lhe 19f The monumenls on the oaleau were etcusvey sivailc n characler sn.e a iumber ol sratues of svaltc detes had be€n found on the snes apan iiom lhe monumenl whi.h the slalues oi.e occupied. som€ ol the slalues showed lhat sods \Y.re seated on lhe shoude6 of the r varrr. (fd nq animas) dep cled ln an unosual mann€ri ii human shape wilh lhe h€ad or. goose a bnd ot a bul

The arch teclure of the lempes ercept thal of chrrdi B ma was verv simp e lthad a square grodnd panwnh an anlechamber. and tlre onlv one ohanb€rlorlhe main slalue The bodvof ire rempe uTas cub ce 6nd lhe roof uas mad€ as horzonlal se.tons pi€d one on top of atutheras a step pyramd Thelhreesloiessuccessiv€Lvdecreasnginszeorlheroolwer€

Th€ chand Bhma (Pate 1) nt i.om th€ oher lemples on Deusasu.lasnomolhe.monumenrsri ndonesa n rega.d to their chaEcl€rslcs This temp € facinq easl had quadr.ngu ar wrh s lht proleclons lrom ts base upwads The upper ev€ s of lhe c/rard, were divded ntoihieelersfromwhich scu pted la@s saz€d oul Kempers ', had conducled a lood comparalve sludv concemln! lhe characleistds of this rempre lo thosewth ndian ardhtecluE Er€pl llre chardiEima lhe schoal slaled lhatthe tpper struclures ol the chand in Oieng had lrtr counlerparls i Soulh lndian achilectuG .nd was lound li varlous shapes many other anceot lndonesai lemp€s As far as the 'n chandiBma is con.ern€d I was s16ted that the lemple especia v ls rool was made or a synllres s of al €ast lvo d rerent sty es the norllrem lnd the soulhem stvles ol architecture

Reveftng ld tre point of ancestor lvorsh p. based on wrral as mc thal the pace (Dlenq Paleau) was prevlouslv dedcaled r' "n'cdoc Hindursm anived rn rndonesia the oacewas convened anddedcated lo Hindugods Despile lhe conveGon. yel lh€.onceplioN behnd itwee rhal bolh ancestor and Hidu qods cuLG .o ncded li the laler period especla ly n Eastem Java. tre two culls were comb ned nlo a synrheticcull lhal in a sanctuary apanfrcm being dedlcaled 1o Hnd! qods saso dedcal€d

Thar lndonesian anceslors lsed 1o combne lhen od ndiqenous tradlion ol woGhpng an*srors wilh H.duism was approved bv De casparis He noted lhal lhe Mahavana Buddhism adhercd t! by the Sa endm rulec of Ms adapted lo lhe ancestor worship ' The chandiBo.obudur as a rcpresenhlion ol the s.iendE Rut€rc prcved h5l the enjoinllBdilionwas pevarent at

Acmdinq lo Kemp€6, ChandiBorobudu(ptaie 2) Ms buittaboutA.D BOO, dunng lhe Eign ol lhe SailendE dyiasq/. I was negtecled sh6n Cenlrat Javanese elure moved to , and as a esuii, iiwas coveed wilh €arih and veget5lion Str Thomas Siamtord R.ftles excavaled the grearer part of it tn th6 b€linning oi 196 century tt was restoEd in 1907_ 1911

From historical ponl ol view, was a3 it was inv€slioated by Kempets, @inecied boih with lndian .nd prehtsloric tndon€si.n monumenls The square tera@s of tle temple rer. an ndi@torlhat Iwasde ved lrom m.nylndian sarpss, especialty inlhe Nodtx{esl. On the olher h.id, rhey werc appaEntly re ated to the temced s.nctuaies. which reE b!i[ both in pEhisioric lndon$ian era and tn aler ndonesian arl tike chandiJago, , cola and those shich wee bui[ n v.nols aeas ii Mount penanllunoan. The tarer. ho@ver caregodzed as belonqing io the Easrem Javanese period dated 116-15b@ntuies. Talking abour cenlel Jav.ne* Hnluish, our discussion wit not be omDtete wrh.ui o.rg.rq roN.ld re sNairic.enp? ot o?Toa-an rptare 3J. Tre Fmp.e is €ted cha.oi P6hbanan .frer lhe v llag€ where the tempte is situated tr i6 aso knoM as Lara JongEng aner $e slatue ol Ourca , Si€s enson, which Ms 6tit intact, disposed in tho no.them chamber ol the main iemple The tempte was bult in lhe bestnninq of the iO' eituto. R...n y horever ar eei er o..e -as leel susse.Eo, rha. s B56A D wrich corespo, js lo lhe hscriplion irsued by King B. itonq. The lemple @mplex is a teraed sanctuary @ns stinq of thre t€races The upperone is tle @nt6l @ud, rhe roEr is lhe middte oourt and the last is rhe o@st coun rhe ent€ courtya.d coniains thre laQe temp esithe majn one is ded c.ted to siva lanked by those ol Brahm. (soulh) and Visnu (north). n the m ddte counr€rd rheE ae 224 subsidlary Emptes arcnged in lour rcws, and the towesl s enended far outsjde the compound ot the main temple. The main tempte s ded c.led io Siva and coniains tour S v.Iic siatjest namety Siva dispo*sthe main chahber the nodhern chsmber, Ganesa lhe westeh chamber and Agastya tho southern chamber

Reaadiiq lhe srtucrue of the rcofs, we .an * agatn that it is sim ar to the s1ruclu€ of $e rools in lndia. As slated by Kenpers the Emple ofLorcjongEng shows a kind of syilhesis of ihe nonhem" and'soulhem'indian archilecluBtslyles. The ouiine ot then roofs (sikhara).1 '5e sale rime t d'vid& horizonE !s - Bo.oouorr, 'nlo lte€ are "interiod.nd'e{enol iemptes. The "inte.iol temple disptays the usuatsuc@$ion of dbic elements the '6nenoa one disptays tle sitholette ol srikha€. Whereas the ines dominate lhe fomer, the vediml lendencies dominste the iater The shape of the bels in the horjzoniat sloreys ollhe rcol Gc.lls hat ot dogobs of K.la*n on one h.nd and lhe aDalaka ol tndian an on lhe olher hand Th. ey in which Ltey .re amiqed s in ac@dane with whal is slated by Kefrpers, similar to the my n whidr the replc.s in the roofs of lhe south tndian 1empl6 .r€ aranged. Here, as in 3o many olher inriai@s, rhe Javane* Hindu architecl dispbF a wide knovL4€dge of tndian slytes and an tndigenous ways ot ombining severat To sum up lhe Nindo rempres n cenlra Java mainhns lhe prehistoic ndonesian rorm for sancluaies as slepped pyramids. li other words lhe tradlion of ancesto. clrl is stll but is obscurely practi€d in entra Java Funhemo€ n easlrem Java we stllceady see lhe praclle of worch ppinq anceslo6

Hindu-Buddisl arl and Achitecture in EasternJava Now we ae qong io *e the emains oomng from lhe easrern Java peiod As ii Cent.a Java in eastern Java as well lhe ruer oflhe region bu r tempres n the Easlern Javanese temples. however,lhe poiile is not so gmnd as ts coonlerpad Senlm Java. Regardng the ulizaton of lhe Iempes lhe enta Javanese lemples were f compaed to lhe. counleDans in easl Java, dore oedofriiantry lunctoned as lhe culrs of Gods. ln eastern Java lhe lenples more predominanlly lunctoned lor Mrsh pping ancestors. Even in some cases one m8y obsetoe lhat bolh the ancesroG and the Hindu gods were worshipped at one. The maoesoflhe andeslo6 addlhe Hnduoods became one embodiment. whichwas

Ancestors n lhis discusslon refer lo rhose spnih.oinecled wth the culrof lhe deceased kinss ortheirfamily membe6 whose souls wee purred through purfcation rte Ths ktnd ofriles was .a ed Sraddha n the panegyrc NaqaEker6qam a great S.addha perf..med in easlern Javanese thal s. n 1362 ior Rajapaln, the queen of lvlajapahl, as desdbed n Negarakedagama! Uponlherlua aporlratslaluewasmadeandatemprewas bur(t! house it This knd oi iemple was accordngly lemed asire cutlempeoflhedeifed

This@remonywas kely perlomed very often asevidenced in EasiJava by a otofrenains discovered and dedicaled to lhe deifed knls at lhal tme The rematns.oncehed we€ mosny connecled wlh Sinqasariand [,la].pahit klnqdoms @d in lhe loms ofmonumenls add maqes The rema ns are e ucidared asionows

This temp e is lo.aled in th€ south easiem pad ol Ma anq, dedicatedlo Anusapat who died n 1243.lhe se@nd kinq of Singasar step son o, ih€ k n! Ken Arok. The lapse oltme between the deceased knq and the sBddha deremony connecled w(h the consecEt on ol the lemp e dedlcated lo him seemed h,erve yea6, meaninqthatthetemplewasfnished n1260 Krn! Anusapati was pon.ayed afrer his dealh as Siva (Plate 4) A portrail statue wtrich s now preseryed ntheRoya Topica lnsltule nAmsterdambyKedpersissupposedlocometom

Ths chandi is stuated al Tufrpaio viraoe, the easlern pan of [ralan!, dedi@ted Visnuvardhanalhodedl26s Thekn!whobeonledtoSngasaridynasiy whosedearh inscnben n Naqarakkedagama!", was mmonalzed n a Sivaitic skrue at Vater aid Buddhist slalue al Jajaohu Tlie lnsl nahe was iot dentifed yel bul the rarer is the modem Jago or TufrpangTheconsec€ionofihesancluarymiohriakepaceiil2S0.ltwasl\4€v6yeare afrer the k n!'s dealh. takng into ac@uit the usua lapse oi lime bet@en whei he was de@ased and when the Sraddha-ceremonyMs perfomed The lemp e is archilecluraly un que. I has thGe succe$ive lerraces and the body oflhe lemple is nol slandinq in Ihe.enire of lhe upper tera@ but atthe rear pan. so lhe lempe ooks like a teGced s:nctuary asfound nfiemounlains Thsatranoemenl sverysmiarlo lhat of the Balinese iemples in whch rhe ma n sanctuary is al Ihe very back of the emplex The rcor is missing and ii was predicted lhat it had a meu roof wth many 1ie6 I ke whar is slii

The temple es in the nonhem pan of Maraig. Al presenr I isa rarhersmat counyard but it mighi have beei arger in lhe pasl The man tempe was used as the cur shrine ol Kenanegara, the last king of Sngasar who followed both Findusm and auddhism at once rhe kng Kenanegara, as nscrbed n PaEton ded n r292ihe was honored n hro pac€s, as a Siva'Buddha ln Ch.ndiJaviand as a Bhairava in Chand Sngosai- The menlioned chand s are nol had to rnd as lhe nades of lhos aG slilllhere Regadins the ChandiJawi it s situared somewhere bebxeen Pandakan and Treies From the arch(ecturatpoinl ofview the lemple seems to expressihe @mbination ofsaiva and Buddhist h is shown by sivailc scurptues on lhe body of the tempe and Buddhist srupa on lne top tnside ot whch lhere was now missing.lhe Buddha Sialue. Actually. there are slil many olher shrines used to worshp ancesloE (ihe de@ased kings) bul lo whom rhey are ded caled ro has noi been idenrlied ye1 We do nol d scuss lhis here nstead, we here bnng lotuard lwo mages of the deeased kings bolh re.e housed in lhe NarionalMuseum Jakarta Aciuarry,lhere are many other smiar slarues bor rwo of lhem are wodhmenlionnoas$eyookpadcurarlheydspraysodistincrveaftbutesidenliryinqtrem as cult slatues ol the deceased k igs a^d belong io a @r€in reoon. one of lhe lwo was idenlilied as lie po.lrait stalue of the kn9 Kenaralasa (Gigure 5) He Msthe founderorlhe kingdom of [/a].pahil who €iqned 1293 - 1304 Afler being de@ased, he was worshipped as siva who incamaled as the king (saiva praaishla) Forhrscurl aslatuelntheformofsva was m.de with hs arlrlbures were mnnected w(h lhat ood such as rosary (aksana/a). (try whsk) ftn.E and so fodh usuary hed by rhe Hindu god siva The temp e whe.e lhe slatue was enshrined is supposed lo be at simpng This plae has been ide^lilied as sumbelali

Anolherone is lhe ponralstalue of Majapahiqueen ltissuppos€n ro be lhe Raasanaqah's molher oueen Regent Tdbhuaia (Plale 6), who ded n 1372 The de@ased queen was woBhipped as the loddess Paryal. The temple n *nch the stalue was enshrined s €gaded as chrnd Rmbi situaled al Jombang since the podrar sratue oflhe decea*d queen was denff€d as lhe goddess Patoali her allribules wee connected wlh thal f

Bolh slalues have no skun nthecbwn:lheloluesspdngingf@mlnevasefankthe maOes Lotus s as e ucldrted by Kempe6 (956), awellknown deco€tive @ found ln nda and cenlElJava wh ch ha3 developed in Easl Java nto a dynasly ha ma& ln var oos eqions of lndonesia vases are (as thev used to be) much use as lhe containe6 lor bones of the dead.Therelore one of their symbo ic associatons is death Funhemore, a olus is, as KempeB e ucldaled a symbo ol ife. The @mbnaton ol a vase and . olus, Ihe scho ar .dded, might have had the meaninq of'new rtu ais ng lrcm death' or 'spiritual fieedom arisng lrom lhe bonds of lhe body". This is supposed lo be dislinciive atdbures lor rh€ porrE r srrlue of M.l.Dah r dynasry

Hrndn BtrddhEra ahdArchleciure rn sall

The is and ol Ba i s ocaled iust Easl ol Java There are nol so many monumenla antiquit es avalabe he€. Horeve., Nindusm is llving ultue only be@use lhe people re those Javane* who lred to that srand to pEsefre $er curtuE. They fed to Bat arcund 15b cenlury when Majapah t Kingdom, eastem Javanese emp re al thal tihe tumed .a lap, when lsranc rule6 floursh lh@ughoul Java Lono beforc lhe eved of exodus people, Bal has been Hindus6. Ba*d on lhe Archeoooi€ Emains, H ndu as wel as Buddhsl h6s been dev6 op€d n Bal dne3bcenturyAD. Bei!€en 3s-1os centures A O B:li was under the rue of ih6 Javan*e kingdom ot lhe Sailendras- which, accodlnq to a legend, was lhe chief porer at that Iime n Java, Sumalra rnd ceriain olher pars ol lndonesia. 1' s expeins why lhe Svale and Buddh sl images of Barib€onqinq lo tls pedod eveallhe cha6clerslica ofihe an sryE which was pEva ent ii centra Java. The remainsiromihis pe od are mosty in lhe shape ofstatues, among olhers the sivatu and Buddhist stalues. The fomer is lhe stalue of siva which is srill perfecty presetoed in the family house compolnds at lhe vilaqe of Bedulu, GianFr regency. Ihe aller arelhGe slatues tound in Bedulu Gianyar. Two ol lhem are ol OhyaniBuddha, beng preseded in the souihern par( of compex The other one is what s c. ed S mhanadava okilesvaG. This is a Boddhisallva knd ol Buddhisl Slatue, which is p.eserued - 5e P-ra erbaf Ktaa.qan W._ryu. Bedrr- Gdnya Ba . ourlng lhe lenlh enlury in Bari rhe Ba nese roya dynasry of the varmadevas was in tue The fouider ol lhe dvnasb/ Ms supposed ro be srl Kee.i vamadewa The name 'vamadeva"wrs atthefNttme inscdbed n thethee upnqhl stone insciptons, dated back ro912A O. Thesinscriptonsaerespectuelyfrom Blanjong(sanuo, Paiempahai aLmpak S ng) and lvTalal Gede (nonh of Panempahan)_ At this time the king and his su@essors oafre iidepe.denlly to rule Ball However, atrhe end ol lhe tenlh @nlury, Balwas under Javanes rue. Consequently, lhe maniaqe beh,een Oueen Gunapryadammspah and Dhamod.y.na took place. The former was a Javanese who after ben! maried lo Dha.modayana who @s a member of lhe Balinese dynasly became lhe @ioiinq queen which poinl lo lhe lacl lhatJava a so exerled its po@r over Ba i As: result ol rhis m.riage anbnqga Ms bom who w.s $e only Balines govemn! ihe trro is ands That JavanBe influence at the Ba inee oud must have been lEar snce Airlangga s molher became lhe queen The inMrlpiions hsued before the royar coupe ascended lhe Ihrcne were w lten n old Barinese oired wirh od J.vanese since 1022 the tangu:ge oflhe edicr was purely Javanese un the dealh ofAn.kwungsu n 1075 and Maal Gede (nonh olpanampahan on; of rhe hmous antiqulies belongs to this dynasry is porrra I slalue of the kino udayana and queen Mahendradara (Ptare 7) ln 1234_AD wassubjugaled by rhe King Kerianegara of easleh Java. The king was successtu ry subiulating rhe Ghnd for a bret peiod of time He was wel knownforbei;g$e 'orlowe o. Ta +rosc .vnbo-at dopaa.al 6 1e rpa!. ol Tantrism n Bat '.n is een from lhe imaqe lound in Kebo Edan rempre Bedutu vlale, cianyar regency Bali The rma€e is with demonic appearance and omhonycated Arc Bh,.r,v. ou F.bo Eor''eore. ar'ng . " 1.r of tcn.. sr,ptdt. B, n u) E.t was dSrr s,bjuSaFo but agz n onry temporarty byrhe king Rajasaneqara ofJavanesedynaslyolMalapahit(1294

Generally speakinq around 15s @ntury Javanes Hndu kngdom, togelher wirh rhen HinduismceasedtoexisrinJava,duetotheariva of rslamandpereonaldispulesamonothe rcya lamlies Ho@ver in Bal, it was sli aive. We have seen lhat varous foms of Javanese €loion, fmh Mahayanic lhe Buddhsfi rn rhe SaitendGs of sh or gjh cenlu es, ou ,0h...,.ry SvasE +e o, o i.6 derora! orai[G of ,c1trn o .1. tJ. .cr-ry be.are l!6.erigo-s ot B:" h |a.e.lne Ba,aoop.eo Le roo,feo hlghy Javan zed retigion ot Matapah r when H nduism had becohe srong y nherenr wirh the natve ndonesr.n deas. epooh E:ch tefra depmark in ihe Balinese rruats, in andestor and

B"sd m lhe pEvrec d $6son. we may say thar I is tikety @tigion of Javanese Hindu got blended wth lhe Eaunese hdron and bemme presenr days Baunese Hindu The blended relEbn has been ddetop @nlinualy. This s now sl in progress The devetopment being Bli in proqress s had lt ro find realy.ncent teffpte buitdinq in Ba as the Batinese iend lo renovale thetr rempe The Batinese peope buld a new lempre as weti, whenever they fee I'ke todo so.. Dueto rhis condion Baliis tafrous for epirhei Balilhe stand ofho;sand

Ba inese peopte buitd fien tempte in accordan@wtth therctan. profession job area where lhey rve erc Evenlhouoh according ro Adana 0971:23.24),the Batnese lemotes ci be .ls> Ed nr blraqo qr + arerr..a, orfay yrenpedeo cronallel o6 rlar oerono lo other iempte tsuch dedicaled 10 qoddess sr Laksm or uma worshtped bylhose of farmers .nd to goddess Me antig whorstripped by lhose ot trade6, (3) vilaqe rempte b€tonqing to vlraoer Each v tage in Eatibuld at easl thre tempte dedi@ted lo the lod BEhma, vsnu and (4) siv:. Pub icrempe dedtcaled b any one ofthe gods of dikpalatas .o,ocss aa ias a otuvrnce s n.re v poh d rfe o.a,oed or.eldne g lempes boll in eqht cardina dnedion The lemptes and lhe gods respeclive y ensh;ined lh€re in are as fottows ( HDN 19EO:40)

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Pura Puser nc Jasat Pejens

Apan from rhe ment oned temple categor es we siillsee some olher lemple wh ch en not be crouped lo any one ol the categor$ Lel us say for example lhe iemple wh ch was buid lo commemorate h storcalevent when veteBns ightng againsl the Dulch @ onized lndonesia Bisdes. in modem Hndu Balinese lhe€ are lunctional chanle relaled lo ed.in lemples especally PuE subak, lemp€s for wo*hippino Goddess sn associaled wth n gaton man.g€ment organzatons Now ils lun.tionlt chanle bsaus6 many dcefehs ae convened to and use lor rcal estaie development Whi e such iemples st ll ex st on the spod and the people livng close to and amund such place are suppo*d lo be worehippers io mater whethqthet profess onsdo ordo nol munl Wonh menlionlng here is that, moslly gods and Ooddess enshrned in a temple wllhoul slalue epesenring god-symbo. only lhen @remonies ae lield lhe god-image s :de ol some tempoGry mar6ral Than when lhe dua isfnished the imaqe is necesssanv disfranl ed ln Bwo6ippeE are pepali,lhe.d olsculptrdng deily mages alw:ys fo low ils own stvle The Godwishnu (Plac 9), forexample, s modeslly sculptored wilh trvo hand only, havinq ekG in one hand and pEctcing a @da n hand-pose with the lhe olhe. \!h€n he s souplured withoul /a,Gsn m (allribute) he s marGd with black color. on occas ons the god i3 also 3cu plured wilh lour hands (F gur 10) a iemple cofrplex n Baicontain many shrines. The number of lhe shdnes applied in lhe lemple complex depend upon gods and goddess being wrehiped The grealerthe numberof the woGh pping members lhe more number of lhe shrnes buil n lhe lemp e compex An exception lo rhe modem Balin*a Hindu lemple is whal s Padmasana, seruing as lhe coe and the only shrine buit in the common lemple compex ie lemples ot which lhe lhe worehippere are people olrllolasses or €tegories. The Padmasana shrine is located on a specialspotwlhin the complex and stands nvanab! in lhe uppemosl righlhand comer of lhe temple compex wlh I back back directed aMys Lward Mou.l Agung Padmasan. (Plaie 11)is a kind of shrine specili€Lly for woBhip ng slwa-Rad lya Slwa aB lod of the Sun n lhe beg nnng th s kind of buiiding was pan of a system and was not a cenlerof odenlalion. bul since the midd e of rhe 2os oentury I changed into a co.e build ng n rltua ceremoiy lhis chanq€ was broughl by lhe improvement ol undeElanding aid conscousness of the H ndos The availabilry ol rcadlig telt, lhe erlod lo spEad conlinually the lnlomalion and the inteEclon wilh other @ligious grcups, ae lhe maln facto. for thls change (PateE. 2012135). Simiarly this phenomenon also occurc re@nily bul lo ihe wile spEadinq of Grnesa images lhroughloulBaliWeseealmoslinlheinfrcnlofeveryhouseompounds,iistlulion,eleges, unlveBtieselclobeapa@ollhegod Ollhistradiiions we have nevereen peviously Aiother comdoi shrine caled Meru (Pla1e 12) dNa our anenlion The building is hlqh pagodas of wod resling on Blones plalform, with an odd numbe. ol superimpo*d r€€ding roor (rrcm lhree lo eleven) made or lhick l.y€rs or llnk (fibre of the sugar pah). rhe build ns s supposed lo represenr rhe o€.t cosmic mountain Mahametu and is the *at ol the Hindu

L.sl bul nol le.sr PUE Besakrh must be menlioned This geattempte, silualed exacty hslf- w.y up rhe slopes of Mounl Aguig (the highest mountan n Bai) (P ar€ 13) There aE nol ess lhan 20 pubic l€mples available here Five ol those can be @nnected wilh the fi@ cardn.ldneciiorc ncludnq lhe @nlra one. The lefrpe ln question ae respe.tvey PUE Penar.En dedicated to Siva as the cenler and the around PUE Ge ap siruated nlheeastem dnedion, dedicaied lo lswarat Pu€ Kiduling Kreteg which is to dedicated to B6hma in the Sodhem dnection pura Ulun Kuku which as ded caied ro Mahadewa n tle wesi€rn direction and PUE Batu Madeq which is dedicaled to Vsnu inthe Norfiorn dnedion Du nq the temple lesiivals each lempre is de@raled wilh cloths @l€ n eor dependinq on the 1o which lhe temple ae odented. The colo6 used are whiio lor the east red for lhe sodh, yenow ior lhe @st, black forlhe nodh and vadous @lorfor rhe cent€

The lemples of Besakih additon ro be ng ded cacd io fle H ndu Oods they ae atso dedicated 10 the ancestors as the names ol the Hindu gods.nd of rhe lo@rde(es $ggestthe€, in aiy lemple. We will euc&le one of lhem, namey PUB Batu IVad€, as an exampl-. be€u* it is imposs ble ro reniion alllh6lompl€s n a very imited space of this a/rcle. PUE Batu Madeg, as seen 1rcm ils name means lemple ofup qht slone'which remnds us ol tle tEdition of an@stor woreh p coming lrom the mega ilhlc perod.ln lhat pedod. it MS a lBdilion lo uelhe updghl slones asthe medium ofwo6hipping an@slo6. Some anriqulies being rell pEserued the@^ a€ indicalve ol lhe fact that tE site h.s ben funcrional since as akeady menrioned, rhe rempre is dedieted to lhe Hlndu god visnu. Here rhe god s worshipped ln the building ofeleven supermposed re@ding oofs The stoctuE ol lhls kind -rhis is commony named fretu, epeenlng mountains is tho only shrine n lhe shape of Deu dedi€ted to lhe god Visnu TheE are actua y many olher slrucluEs bolh n lle fom of ueu and Ihe olhe6 in rhe @unyard otrh s Emple bl, 3ome of rhem bearthe nafres oi roca detiesandlherestarcofpavilionsusetuforpacingofturngspayngmusic,meetngandso fonh. Those which bear rhe deiries ol lo€l names are supposed io be dedieted to ancestors. The anelo6 whidr ae ensh ned in this lemple are among others Bhata6 M8nikAngke6n woBhipped ln a neru of nine rcofs, Raru Manik Buncing woGhipped ln . Meru of eleven 1006, Ratu Baqus Babotoh worshipped in a ,eto of eleven oots, and slirl many olhe6. The same arangements @n also be seen ln tle olher ledples such as PUB PenaraEn Aquno, Pura Gelap PUE Kiduling Kereteg, Puru Ulun Kulkul etc. Based on whal has just ben menrioned, re iempred ro $y flar lhe lemples tuve been the an@slor cult s n@ very er y induismatrved in Bari Besakih is as il has been known todav, the Molher Temple of lndonesan Hinduism.lt takes ils root n the preh islo r c peiod, lh al is, ii ihe lradilio n ol anesto. wo6hip b6ide the cull ol naruEl po@rs, whi.h could be enduded as the o gina t€dllion of lhs countrv ln ls long hisrory this lraditon bgether wltl Hinduism ideas ol ndla has developed into panicular tEd lions ii diferenr pads ol the muntry ln enl@l Java, ll ame lo belhe cenlralJavaiese Hinduism.inEastJavaiobetheE.stemJa€neseHinduismandinBaiafierbei!adopled rh. cenrzrand E st€m Javanes Hindulsm ihe Balines Hinduism app6ars. The Balinese Hinduism is. thus, a mmbinauon of differeit elemenls denved lrcm diftb€nl areas and eEs. This Dheno@non appeare by scrutnizlig lhe temples of Besakh.