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® THE LANGUAGE QUARTERLY Vol. XXVII, No. 1 Winter 2002 VERBATIM Editor: Erin McKean Founding Editor: Laurence Urdang Rendering the Language of Daad Orin Hargraves Westminster, Maryland I picked up a book at random. “Master, it’s not tions of capitalization (illustrated in this article by written!” transliteration of the emphatic consonants with “What do you mean? I can see it’s written. capital letters, described below), or extensive use of What do you read?” diacriticals. Newspaper editors, on the other hand, “I am not reading. There are not letters of the are likely to regard anything that isn’t in basic alphabet, and it is not Greek. They look like ASCII as the enemy, and broadcasters may not worms, snails, fly dung . .” know an alveolar implosive from a dinnerplate; they “Ah, it’s Arabic.” want to simplify as much as possible, rendering all —from The Name of the Rose words nominally intelligible and pronounceable to he novice Adso of Melk in Umberto Eco’s fic- all readers and listeners, in a form that will not jar Ttion can be excused for expressing bafflement conventional sensibilities. Those who wonder at the on first viewing the Arabic script. Scholars who highly variable forms found in the media of words would attempt transliteration of it may find them- taken from Arabic may better understand the rea- selves similarly perplexed, not because of irregular- sons for this with some background knowledge. ities in Arabic itself, but because of the difficulty of Of the 28 letters of the Arabic alphabet, ten finding satisfactory analogs for Arabic sounds and represent no difficulty in transliteration, having letters in English. The Arabic alphabet, despite generally the same sound as letters in English. appearances to the naïve, is in fact very logical and These are ba, fa, kaf, lam, mim, nun, ra, and zay, efficient, perfectly expressing in writing the lan- conventionally transliterated by b, f, k, l, m, n, r, and guage it evolved for. The Roman alphabet, by con- z, respectively. The letters w and y, when beginning trast, expresses English only through a highly styl- a word or syllable, likewise do very well for Arabic ized set of conventions, riddled with exceptions and waw and ya. The rest of the consonants are more or anomalies, that we spend twelve years of education less problematic, as will be described in a moment. (and then some) trying to master. Arabic uses one The Arabic vowels generally present no prob- letter to represent one sound; English sometimes lem for the English speaker and are variously uses two letters to represent one sound (as sh for transliterated. There is really no need to be system- IPA /ß/ and th for IPA /†/ or /∂/), or one letter to atic about them because Arabic morphology is such represent two sounds (as x, representing /ks/, that consonants (typically three in a word, all in the except when initial in which case it represents /z/). same order for words that are semantically related) Reconciling these two writing systems, one tell everything about what the root of a word is. nearly perfect and the other quite imperfect but Vowels vary considerably according to context and rulebound in its own way, is the job of those who dialect, and other factors. Thus we see in print would render a word from one language in the today various renderings such as Taliban, Taleban, other. For words traveling from Arabic to English, mujahedin, mujahideen, Muslim, Moslem. the result is often a dog’s dinner. Lexicographers The “emphatic” consonants present a good and linguists must be systematic in their approach place to dive into the subject. Arabic has four of or Saad, DaaD, Ta, and ,ﻆ and ,ﻂ ,ﺾ ,ﺺ :to the problem, and have devised a variety of sys- them tems that rely on special symbols, unusual conven- Zaa, to give an approximation of their names. Page 2 VERBATIM VOL. XXVII, NO. 1 Contents Vol. XXVII, No. 1 Winter 2002 Articles Rendering the Language of Daad Orin Hargraves p. 1 Unexpected Surprises Gerald Eskenazi p. 5 A Column on Columns David Galef p. 6 The Slang of the Day D. Russ Wood p. 9 Fancy a Viking, Sooty? Steve Powell p. 12 L33t-sp34k Erin McKean p. 13 Palaver Sauce Martin Wilmot Bennet p. 16 Columns Horribile Dictu Mat Coward p. 15 Classical Blather: Certain Somebodies Nick Humez p. 20 Bibliographia Why We Curse Fraser Sutherland p. 25 Vanishing Voices Steve Kleinedler p. 27 Language Play Kate Deimling p. 29 The Way We Talk Now Erin McKean p. 30 plus a puzzle, SICS!, and EPISTOLAE Contributions: VERBATIM will publish articles, anecdotes, squibs, letters, and other materials at the discretion of the Editor. If at all possible, please send your submission as an email attachment. Unless accepted for publication, unsolicit- ed submissions will be neither returned nor acknowledged unless return postage is provided by the sender. Queries by email are STRONGLY recommended. Send queries or articles to the Chicago address below. Benefactor: Dr. Warren Gilson Editor: Erin McKean Founding Editor: Laurence Urdang Editorial Consultant: Paul Heacock UK Representative: Hazel Hall Copy Editor: Lorraine Alexson Crosswords Editor: Pamela Wylder Database Consultant: Jane Cates ©VERBATIM®, The Language Quarterly, ©2001, Vol. XXVII, No. 1, Winter 2001 (ISSN 0162–0932). VERBATIM is a trademark reg. U.S. Pat. Off. VERBATIM (ISSN 0162–0932) is published quarterly for US$25 per year by Word, Inc., 4907 N. Washtenaw Avenue, Chicago, IL 60625. Periodicals postage paid at Chicago, IL, and additional mailing offices. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to VERBATIM, 4907 N. Washtenaw Avenue, Chicago, IL 60625. VERBATIM is printed in Canada on recycled paper. Business and editorial offices are located at 4907 N. Washtenaw Avenue, Chicago, IL 60625. email: [email protected] web page: http://www.verbatimmag.com For subscriptions in U.K., Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East (UK£18), please write to VER- BATIM, P.O. Box 156, Chearsley, Aylesbury, Bucks HP18 0DQ, or email: [email protected]. For subscriptions in North America (US$25) or anywhere else not covered above (US$30), please write VERBATIM, 4907 N. Washtenaw Avenue, Chicago, IL 60625 (800–897–3006), or email: [email protected]. VERBATIM VOL. XXVII, NO. 1 Page 3 Arabic speakers fancy that theirs is the only lan- All three of these are transliterated in English, guage that contains the emphatic d sound, and thus rather whimsically, as c, k, q, or kh, but invariably one of the nicknames of Arabic is al-lughat pronounced as /k/. This doesn’t present a problem DDaaD, which might be clunkily translated as “the for the English speaker, who usually knows what is language of emphatic D”. These consonants are being talked about, but the English renderings are sin, dal, unrecognizable in either speech or writing to an ,ﺬ ,ﺖ ,ﺪ ,ﺲ emphatic versions of the letters qaf, is what linguists call a uvular ,ﻖ .ta, and thal, which correspond closely to English s, Arabic speaker d, t, and voiced th (/∂/). An Arabic speaker hears plosive. Take a k, move the point of contact of your very clearly the difference between, e.g., sin and tongue with the roof of your mouth backwards Saad; the emphatics are pronounced with greater about an inch, and you’ve got it. This is the initial force, with what you might call greater lingual flex- sound, properly pronounced, in Qatar, and ,kha ,ﺦ *.ion that any English consonant requires. Emphatic Kandahar, and the terminal sound in Iraq consonants also have an effect on the vowels that is what linguists call a voiceless velar fricative, and precede or follow them, tending to both heighten sounds like the rude “hocking” sound that vulgari- and lengthen them. Consider, for example, the ans make as a prelude to expectoration. It is the ini- Arabic words Baghdad, Ramadan, and Intifada. tial sound in Khartoum and Califate, and the ter- The ds in Baghdad are “ordinary” ds, both Arabic kaf, is the easy one: it is ,ﻜ .minal sound in sheikh dal. The ds in Intifada and Ramadan are DaaD, the truly like English k, the initial sound in Kuwait. emphatic d. The effect on the pronunciation of the Innumerable historical transgressions aside, it preceding (in Intifada) and following (in Ramadan) would be sensible to always transliterate qaf with q, vowel is reflected in the English pronunciation of kha with kh, and kaf with k. these words, which approximates the Arabic; the Delving even deeper into the subject, and “a” sound in Baghdad is the same written vowel (in deeper into the throat, we find the two Arabic let- Arabic) as the “a” sounds in Intifada and Ramadan. -ghayn, which may cause the translit ,ﻎ ,ayn ,ﻊ ters Though not strictly an emphatic/ordinary pair, erator despair. These have not even approximate whose name is haa, is ,ه ,Arabic also has two hs: one analogs in English. ayn is what linguists call a similar to English h, though made much deeper in the throat; more like the h in house than the h in hi. voiced pharyngeal fricative, (IPA /¿/). The closest whose name is Haa, is voiceless and we come to this in English is when trying to make ,ﺢ ,The other h heavily aspirated. It is represented in IPA as /˛/, a very convincing imitation of sheep: the terminal and sounds something like hi whispered at the top sound in baa is something like it, when you bring of your lungs. In fact English speakers don’t pro- out the sound from deep in your throat. This con- nounce either of these consonants like an Arabic sonant is largely ignored in transliteration and you speaker would, and both invariably appear in would never know that it is a feature of many com- English simply as h.
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