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Lab 11: Mesozoic A Observations How This Lab Will Work 1. Open a Word doc or similar on your computer 2. At various points I will ask you to answer a question based on the activities in this lab. 3. I will indicate these points by this symbol: Please answer these questions in your Word doc. 4. After you have assembled the answers into your Word doc, go to the course Canvas page. 5. On the module for this week there is a link to TurnItIn. 6. Please upload your document using the TurnInIt. 7. That completes the lab assignment. :) Reminder on Observation Project Please remember that as we go through these, you should be using these fossils to construct your lab observation project, which was detailed last time. Easy to put off, hard to catch up. ;) Topics Today: 1. Introduction to Mesozoic 2. Phylum Echinodermata: Phymosoma texana 3. Phylum Mollusca: Turritella 4. Phylum Mollusca: Cephalopods: Ammonites 5. Phylum Mollusca: Cephalopods: Belemnites 6. Phylum Mollusca: Bivalvia: Gryphaea 7. Phylum Mollusca: Bivalvia: Exogrya 8. Phylum Mollusca: Bivalvia: Inoceramus 9. Phylum Chordata: Gastrolith 10. Phylum Chordata: Dinosaur footprints (trace fossil) 11. Phylum Chordata: Compsognathus 12. Phylum Chordata: Mosasaurus tooth 13. Phylum Chordata: Mosasaurus 14. Phylum Chordata: Allosaurus Geology 121 Lab 11: Mesozoic A, page 1 of 8 Introduction to Mesozoic Today we’re going to see examples from the age of the dinosaurs, the Mesozoic (252 - 66 Ma). This time period encompasses the Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous. We can think of the Triassic as a time very much recovering from the devastation of the Great Permian extinction. The major extinction that happened at the end of the Triassic reset the board once again, and the few survivors from the Triassic proliferated and diversified into the Jurassic and Cretaceous. We will do this lab in two parts, given the large number of specimens we need to examine; this lab will have a few things that aren’t dinosaurs—because, of course, plenty of other critters were evolving during this same time period. Next time we’ll focus more on the major dinosaur examples. Phylum Echinodermata: Phymosoma texana If you’ve ever been to Texas, and ever cracked open a fossiliferous rock looking for a fossil, you might have seen one of these; they’re pretty common. https://www.nhm.ac.uk/our-science/data/echinoid-directory/taxa/taxon.jsp?id=1437 https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/echinoid-phymosoma-texanum- pri-76726-57316149d2f14a149045e91cb029a384 15. For any echinoderm, how many planes of symmetry do their bodies have? _____________ 16. Can you see this number of planes of symmetry here? _____________ 17. Where is the “mouth” of this animal? _________________ Please answer these questions in your Word doc. Phylum Mollusca: Turritella We pick up this form of mollusk in the Jurassic, and they’re still very abundant today. https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/turritella-seriatim- granulata-895f9f383e344e9d990f9de9c37acca0 Geology 121 Lab 11: Mesozoic A, page 2 of 8 18. Looking at the way this shell looks, what do you think this looked like when it was younger? How did it change as it aged? _____________ 19. What previous organism does this resemble? _____________ Please answer these questions in your Word doc. Phylum Mollusca: Cephalopods: Ammonites https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/cephalopod-cleoniceras-besairiei- a478a7dd64cc43b4a542b1923c45e374 20. Examine the sutures on the polished (brown) area. What do they remind you of? _____________ https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/cephalopod-perisphinctes-sp- a57e4e04cbf845d89e3d7d331e5d3cce This is an interesting example of a fossil mold/cast together in the same concretion: https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/cephalopod-gunnarites-sp- pri-61543-6d4851488e1b427a9d1bb970dca6cf2f Please answer these questions in your Word doc. Phylum Mollusca: Cephalopods: Belemnites It might not be immediately obvious what this is: https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/oxyteuthis-brunsvicensis-b2eafdcf8ce4406092ae9e0a5b7a4fbc However, take a look at an artist’s conception of the animal: https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/belemnite-419-ma-a-66- ma-085ad34e12fb42c185928bbdaaacbeb6 21. How does the first piece fit within the second? _____________ Geology 121 Lab 11: Mesozoic A, page 3 of 8 22. Describe the mouth of this organism: _____________ Please answer these questions in your Word doc. Phylum Mollusca: Bivalvia: Gryphaea Gryphea began in the Jurassic and became a common (easily preserved) fossil until their demise in the Eocene. https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/gryphaea-arcuata- birug-50538-8d9ec71de9314cda997e01ad6c572701 23. The nickname of this fossil is “the Devi’s toenails.” Can you explain why? _____________ 24. How did Gryphaea eat? _____________ Please answer these questions in your Word doc. Phylum Mollusca: Bivalvia: Exogrya Exogyra was a bivalve, though that is not obvious from this. https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/bivalve-exogyra-ponderosa- pri-50396-189acb1a43db40fcb49c4590763f5b90 https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/exogyra-laeviuscula-68a990d8c26c4d589c8f0116f59b8ac1 https://www.digitalatlasofancientlife.org/learn/mollusca/bivalvia/evolutionary-history/ 25. What living animal did they most resemble? _____________ Please answer these questions in your Word doc. Geology 121 Lab 11: Mesozoic A, page 4 of 8 Phylum Mollusca: Bivalvia: Inoceramus Looking again at this page: https://www.digitalatlasofancientlife.org/learn/mollusca/bivalvia/evolutionary-history/ and these https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/bivalve-inoceramus-sp-pri-45554- e6eecc0c2a9b42c592b2789d833fb11e https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/inoceramus-incertus-d9764- c9975e3c58104ddf9084ed963fe2c76e 26. How big were some of the Inoceramids? _____________ 27. Look closely at the way the shell plates overlap. Sometimes you don’t see the complete fossil, but just a fragment that has that pattern. What would you look for to recognize this from just a small fragment? _____________ Please answer these questions in your Word doc. Phylum Chordata: Gastrolith Alright, let’s get to the dinosaurs. Dinosaurs apparently ate rocks and used these to crush food in the stomach. It turns out this acts like a rock tumbler and nicely smooths and polishes the surfaces. When we find a cluster of gastroliths associated with the mid-section of a dinosaur fossil, this gives us a clue about how the functioned. https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/gastrolith-2c48a868eda143098b02182b5599dddf https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/taxa/verts/archosaurs/gastroliths.php https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrolith#/media/File:Psittacosaurus_stomach_stones.jpg 28. What other living animals exhibit this same behavior? _____________ Geology 121 Lab 11: Mesozoic A, page 5 of 8 29. Why were these necessary? Couldn’t the animals just chew food the way se do?? _____________ Please answer these questions in your Word doc. Phylum Chordata: Dinosaur footprints (trace fossil) https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/raptor-footprint-435f31c15bc54c239d49fe23c0d27045 https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/raptor-footprints-arizona-desert- d7142a2fe4a84e228534e8b336de5228 https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/theropod-dinosaur-footprint-natural- cast-195ecd3e7d8d4bc2be1941dd26a14b9b https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/dinosaur-footprints.html 30. How are these different from bird footprints? ___________________ 31. What kind of things can we learn from dinosaur footprints ? ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ Please answer these questions in your Word doc. Phylum Chordata: Compsognathus This dinosaur was about the size of a chicken: https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/cast-of-joseph-oberndorfer-compsognathus- fossil-318cd8417bfb40f0ad473f24b1be03f7 32. What are two ways it is anatomically different from a chicken? _____________ 33. Look especially at the teeth. What might the teeth suggest about how it ate? _____________ Here’s how this might have looked in life: Geology 121 Lab 11: Mesozoic A, page 6 of 8 https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/3drt-dinosaurs-compsognathus- bb1b5ba717b8446db16700f4b0663402 Please answer these questions in your Word doc. Phylum Chordata: Mosasaur tooth https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/mosasaur-tooth-showing- replacement-83ede84b5a5a434d97975710787cea45 https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/mosasaur-skull- fragments-1da80aee69c94e1792435b5a6cda8964 34. Given this shape, what this an animal that could grind down its food? _____________ 35. Given this shape, how do you think it ate? _____________ Please answer these questions in your Word doc. Phylum Chordata: Mosasaur Ok, here’s how this animal might have looked. https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/mosasaur-14b9244ebea34c05927f3cfcfbde7fe4 https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/mosasaurus-hoffmannii-83338897566c4288a8e5f10db623ff18 36. What living animal does this most remind you of? _____________ Please answer these questions in your Word doc. Phylum Chordata: Allosaurus https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/allosaurus-skull-and-jaw-703839dcc16f4b1fb4dc14bf9d3144c6 https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/allosaurus-fragilis-by-thomas- hanlon-911bd2ef8aee49fba398aa7f864b0daf Geology 121 Lab 11: Mesozoic A, page 7 of 8 Check out the skull. 37. Is this a synapsid, anapsid, or diapsid? _____________ 38. Examining the teeth, what do they suggest about how this animal ate? ______________ 39. Try to find the brain case. You might be surprised by its size. What does that suggest about this animal? _____________________ Please answer these questions in your Word doc. https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/allosaurus-fragilis-ed5b571066394deab73980f1a0c2fe47 https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/allosaurus-206f42dc22704ed08e4475e9eae19d5b This model is a bit … much. But Allosaurus was essentially a smaller version of T. rex. Next time we’ll focus more on dinosaur species you’ve come to know and love…. from all those Jurassic Park movies, lol :p Geology 121 Lab 11: Mesozoic A, page 8 of 8 .
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    JANUARY 1987 ?^te.^i.^ OYSTER CULTURE-STATUS AND PROSPECTS Edited by : K. NAGAPPAN NAYAR AND S. MAHADEVAN CENTRAL MARINE FISHERIES RESEARCH INSTITUTE (Indian Council of Agricultural Research) P.B. No. 2704, Cochin 682 031, India 1 TAXONOlVtV OF IKDUN OYSTERS K. SATYANARAYANA RAO ^ There has been considerable disagreement on the valve and three teeth on the left ^Ive in the larval shell identity of oysters due to the large variations in shape, and in the adult the shape of shell is irregular, the shell size, texture and colour of shell which are very much is generally attached to the substratum, the adult is influenced by the substratum and ecological conditions. oviparous, rectum does not pass through ventricle and As many as hundred species of living oysters and five promyal chamber is present. In the genus Saccostrea hundred species of extinct ones were recognized initially the umbonal cavity of the adult is deep and there are (Korringa, 1952). Later it has been realized that most tubercles along the iimer margm of the left shell valve. of the species were not valid. The palaentologist Stenzel (1971) in his treatise on the systematics of oysters recognizes eight genera of living and fossilized ones, TAXONOMY OF INDUM OYSTERS Ostrea, Lopha, Alectryonella, Crassostrea, Saccostrea, The taxonomy of Indian oysters has been studied Striostrea, Neopycnodonte and Hyotissa. Oyster biolo­ by Homell (1910, 1922) Annandale and Kemp (1916), gists distinguish four genera of living species of oysters Ostrea, Crassostrea, Pycnodonta and Saccostrea and this Preston (1916), Gravely (1941), Satyamurthi (195Q, is accepted (Yonge 1960, Galtsoff 1964, Ahmed 1975).
  • Journal Pre-Proof

    Journal Pre-Proof

    ORE Open Research Exeter TITLE Carbon and oxygen isotope records from the southern Eurasian Seaway following the Triassic-Jurassic boundary: parallel long-term enhanced carbon burial and seawater warming AUTHORS Hesselbo, S; Korte, C; Ullmann, C; et al. JOURNAL Earth-Science Reviews DEPOSITED IN ORE 18 February 2020 This version available at http://hdl.handle.net/10871/40906 COPYRIGHT AND REUSE Open Research Exeter makes this work available in accordance with publisher policies. A NOTE ON VERSIONS The version presented here may differ from the published version. If citing, you are advised to consult the published version for pagination, volume/issue and date of publication Journal Pre-proof Carbon and oxygen isotope records from the southern Eurasian Seaway following the Triassic-Jurassic boundary: Parallel long- term enhanced carbon burial and seawater warming Stephen P. Hesselbo, Christoph Korte, Clemens V. Ullmann, Anders L. Ebbesen PII: S0012-8252(19)30659-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2020.103131 Reference: EARTH 103131 To appear in: Earth-Science Reviews Received date: 4 October 2019 Revised date: 6 February 2020 Accepted date: 13 February 2020 Please cite this article as: S.P. Hesselbo, C. Korte, C.V. Ullmann, et al., Carbon and oxygen isotope records from the southern Eurasian Seaway following the Triassic-Jurassic boundary: Parallel long-term enhanced carbon burial and seawater warming, Earth- Science Reviews(2020), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2020.103131 This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the addition of a cover page and metadata, and formatting for readability, but it is not yet the definitive version of record.
  • (GSSP) for the Base of the Pliensbachian Stage (Lower Jurassic), Wine Haven, Yorkshire, UK

    (GSSP) for the Base of the Pliensbachian Stage (Lower Jurassic), Wine Haven, Yorkshire, UK

    93 by Christian Meister1, Martin Aberhan2, Joachim Blau3, Jean-Louis Dommergues4, Susanne Feist-Burkhardt5, Ernie A. Hailwood6, Malcom Hart7, Stephen P. Hesselbo8, Mark W. Hounslow9, Mark Hylton7, Nicol Morton10, Kevin Page7, and Greg D. Price7 The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Pliensbachian Stage (Lower Jurassic), Wine Haven, Yorkshire, UK 1 Département de Géologie et de Paléontologie, 1, route de Malagnou, c.p. 6434, CH-1211 Genève 6, Switzerland. E-mail: [email protected] 2 Museum der Naturkunde, Zentralinstitut der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Paläontolgie, Invalidenstr. 43, D-10115 Berlin, Germany. E-mail: [email protected] 3 Institut für Geowissenschaften, Diezstrasse 15, D-35390 Giessen, Germany. E-mail: [email protected] 4 Centre des Sciences de la Terre de l’Université de Bourgogne, UMR CNRS 5561: Paléontologie analytique et Géologie sédimentaire, 6 Boulevard Gabriel, F-21100 Dijon. France. E-mail: [email protected] 5 Department of Palaeontology, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK. E-mail: [email protected] 6 Core Magnetics, The Green, Sedbergh, Cumbria, LA10 5JS, UK. E-mail: [email protected] 7 Department of Geological Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, Devon PL4 8AA, UK. E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] 8 Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PR, UK. E-mail: [email protected] 9 CEMP, Geography Dept. Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster, UK.