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Jurassic Ostreidae of Poland

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Jurassic Ostreidae of Poland ACT A PAL A E 0 N T 0 LOG ICA POLONICA ------------ Vol. XVI 1971 No. :I HALINA PUGACZEWSKA JURASSIC OSTREIDAE OF POLAND Contents Page Abstract 1% Introduction 196 General Part Material 197 Methods 1990 Terminology 200 Lithological and geological remarks 206 Influence of environment onto the shell morphology 208 Structural adaptations of oyster shells . 210 Remarks on shell microstructure 213 On the phylogeny of the family Ostreidae 215 Systematic position of Nanogyra nana Beurlen, 1958. 220 Hinge evolution in some Exogyrinae 221 Systematic Part Family Ostreidae Lamarck, 1818 225 Subfamily Ostreinae Vialov, 1936 225 Genus Alectryonia Fischer de Waldheim, 1807 226 Genus Arctostrea Pervinquiere, 1910 240 Genus Liostrea Douville, 1904 . Z!3 Genus Catinula RoIlier, 1911 . 272 Subfamily Gryphaeinae Vialov, 1936 276 Genus Gryphaea Lamarck, 1801 276 Subfamily Exogyrinae Vialov, 1936 280 Genus Nanogyra Beurlen, 1958 280 Genus Excg:JTa Say, 1C20 . 2.86 Abstract. - Thirty five species of oyster pelecypods are described from the Middle­ and Upper Jurassic of Poland, belonging to 7 genera and 3 subfamilies: Ostreinae,. Vialov 1936, Gryphaeinae, Vialov, 1936 and Exogyrinae, Vialov, 1936. Morphology of species, their development and individual variability are investigated. The litho­ logical and geological relationships of the area under investigation, the influence of environment onto the shell morphology, examples of functional and structural adaptations of Ostreidae and shell microstructure are characterized. The remarks on the phylogeny of Ostreidae are completed by an introduction of two develop­ ment stages: Catinula and Nanogyra. The systematic position of Nanogyra nana Beurlen, 1958 is discussed. 196 HALINA PUGACZEWSKA INTRODUCTION The pelecypods of the family Ostreidae, described in the present paper come from Middle and Upper Jurassic of Poland (Bajocian - Middle Vol­ gian), namely from Mesozoic margin of Holy Cross Mts., from the Polish Lowland and from several outcrops in the Western Pomerania and in the Polish Jura Chain. The material was collected by the writer in the years 1965-1968 in the field. Some of the material was obtained from the collection of the Institute of Geology, Warsaw University, and from the collection of the Laboratory of the Geology of Young Structures of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Cracow. The studied material consists of over 2500 specimens, selected from over 8000 of specimens collected in the field. No new species are describ­ ed in the present paper. Majority of the described forms, are the species known from many countries from the same stratigraphic horizons. Some of them, regarded till now as independent species, were found to be synonyms after the analysis of their morphology. The most abundant and diversified fauna comes from the Mesozoic margin of the Holy Cross Mts. and from the Western Pomerania, chiefly from the Ataxioceras hypselocyclum and Katroliceras divisum Zones of the upper part of the Lower Kimeridgian. That of the Idoceras planula Zone, which corresponds to the Upper Oxfordian, is less diversified. The data on the Ostreidae from the Jurassic of Poland so far published, ~ome predominantly from the geological papers, in which they are cited among other fossils. Few works, however, are palaeontological in cha­ racter. Ostrea claustrata and Gryphaea dilatata were described and illu­ strated by Pusch (1837). Those species derived from the vicinities of Przedb6rz and Wloszczowa (western margin of the Holy Cross Mts.), but majority of the species described by Pusch came, from the Cretaceous of Poland. W6jcik (1913) has described 8 species of the Ostreidae, and Lewinski (1922) has described and illustrated 10 species of oyster pele­ cypods, among which 3 new species. The8e fossils derived from the Middle Volgian of Brzost6wka near Tomasz6w Mazowiecki. The pelecypods of the genus Anisomyaria, coming from the Middle Jurassic of the vicinity of Cracow, were investigated by Krach (1951), who has described and illustrated 16 species of the Ostreidae, among which 8 were new. The present work is the first monography of pelecypods of the Ostrei­ dae family from the Jurassic of Poland. It has been prepared in the Laboratory of Palaeozoology of the Warsaw University. The writer wishes to express her cordial thanks to Prof. Roman Kozlowski for his kind proposition of the theme to this work, and to Prof. Adam Urbanek, the Director of the Laboratory of Palaeozoology, Warsaw University. Thanks are due also to Prof. Wilhelm Krach of the Laboratory and Museum of JURASSIC OSTREIDAE OF POLAND 197 the Young Structures, Polish Academy of Sciences, Cracow, for his kind reviewing the manuscript and useful remarks. The writer is also grateful to Prof. Zofia Kielan-Jaworowska, the Director of the Palaeozoological Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, for a partial financial support from the funds of the Institute. The writer took advantage also of the materials lent by Dr. W. Szy­ manska, Dr. E. Roniewicz and Dr. J. Blaszyk of the Palaeozoological Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, and by Dr. A. Wierz­ bowski of the Institute of Geology, Warsaw University. To all these per­ sons the writer is grateful, as well as to the Directors of their Institutes. Thanks are due also to Mrs. M. Nowinska, technical assistant of the Palaeozoological Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, for her help during the field work. The photos were done by Miss L. Luszczewska M. Sc. (Institute of Geology, Warsaw University), and the drawings in the text - by Mrs. K. Budzynska (Palaeozoological Institute, Pol. Acad. ScL). To both the writer expresses her thanks. The material is housed in the collection of the Laboratory of Palaeo­ zoology, Warsaw University (abbreviated as Z. Pal. U.W.), and partly in the Palaeozoological Institute of the Polish Academy of Sciences, War­ saw (abbreviated as Z. Pal. P.A.N.). GENERAL PART MATERIAL The collection of oyster pelecypods of Poland so far amounts to about 8000 specimens, however, because of their bad state of preservation and preparation difficulties only about 2500 specimens were worth invest­ igation. These fossils come from various horizons of the Middle and Upper Jurassic comprising the stages from the Bajocian to the Middle Volgian indusively, and derive from the Western Pomerania, vicinity of L~czyca, Sulej6w, Radom and Tomasz6w Mazowiecki, the latter localities in the area of the Polish Lowland, the Mesozoic margin of the Holy Cross Mts., the Polish Jura Chain. In the Western Pomerania the oyster material was collected from the Upper Oxfordian, Kimeridgian and Middle Volgian deposits compris­ ing the ammonite zones from the Idoceras planula to the Zaraiskites scythicus inclusively. The excavation works were done in the Czarno­ glowy and Swi~toszewo quarries. The oyster fauna is relatively rich and diversified there. All known Jurassic genera, except Arctostrea, are repre­ sented. The species of Liostrea are most common. These are: Liostrea delta 198 HALINA PUGACZEWSKA (over 20 specimens), L. virguloides, L. gryphaeata, L. multiformis, L. plas­ tica and L. dubisensis (several specimens each). Alectryonia is less frequent and it is represented by the following species: AI. gregarea, AI. rastellaris, AI. solitaria (about 20 specimens each), which occur both in the Upper Oxfordian and Lower Kimeridgian deposits. The representatives of Exo­ gyra occur frequently in the Kimeridgian as e. g. Ex. virgula, Ex. renifor­ mis, Nanogyra nana (about 30 specimens each), but Ex. michalskii and Ex. decipiens are seldom found only in the Middle Volgian rocks. Gryphaea is represented only by Gr. dilatata (about 15 specimens). The shells of the above species are generally well preserved, seldom are they damaged and can be easily prepared what allowed to a detailed analysis of their morphology, variability and the ontogenetic changes. Five species were found in the zone ore-bearing Bajocian-Bathonian deposits at L~czyca, among them Catinula knorri (40 specimens) and Liostrea acuminata (30 specimens) are the most abundant. The shells of both these species are friable, and frequently grown together. Better pre­ served specimens are those of ribbed surface, belonging to C. knorri, whe­ reas the smooth, elongated shells of L. acuminata can be separated only exceptionally. The remaining species such as Alectryonia marshi and L. explanata are either preserved in fragments only, or in small quan­ tities as e. g. Exogyra crassa. The determination of these species was easy, because of the characteristic and well traceable ornamentation. The oysters from the vicinity of Sulej6w upon Pilica are exceptionally well preserved. This concerns primarily the Strzalk6w I/4 bore-hole (12-14 m, 37-39 m), of Lower Kimeridgian. Well preserved shells and valves of the youngest ontogenetic stages of Nanogyra nana, Exogyra virgula, Ex. reniformis and Ex. welschi allowed to study the morphology, variability and ontogeny and also the hinge evolution of their early growth stages. Well preserved shells and separate valves of some species of Alectryo­ nia occur in the Lower Kimeridgian deposits at the Wierzbica cement plant near Radom. The most frequent are AI. flabelliformis, AI. pulligera and AI. rastellaris. An abundant oyster fauna occurs in the vicinity of Tomasz6w Mazo­ wiecki in an old clay pit at Brzost6wka in the Middle Volgian deposits. Particularly numerous are shells and separate valves of Liostrea virgu­ Loides. These fossils are badly preserved, friable and frequently firmly cemented with the rock. Nevertheless, about 50 specimens were obtained. The shells of Exogyra michalskii and Ex. decipiens are better preserved. The latter species is represented also by shells of young growth stages. The shells of other species such as Liostrea expansa and L. cotyledon are preserved either only in fragments, and hardly can be investigated, or are represented by few specimens only, as e. g. L. multiformis, L. unci- JURASSIC OSTREIDAE OF POLAND 199 formis and Nanogyra nana. The representatives of genera Alectryonia, Gryphaea and Arctostrea do not occur at all there. Ostreidae are also well represented in the Mesozoic margin of the Holy Cross Mts.
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