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Status of Arab Women Report 2017 Violence Against Women: What Is at Stake?

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Status of Arab Women Report 2017 Violence Against Women: What Is at Stake? LIMITED OUTREACH TO SURVIVORS NEGATIVE IMPACT PUBLIC HEALTH ISSUE ON WOMEN’S PERPETUATION INEFFICIENT EDUCATION GOVERNMENT OF EXISTING EXPENDITURE SOCIAL INEQUALITIES Status of Arab Women Report 2017: Violence Against Women Status of Arab Women CRITICAL HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATION MARGINALIZATION INFORMAL RATHER THAN FORMAL ABSENCE OF STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES IMPACT ON CHANNELS TO REPORT INCIDENTS LOW REPORTING RATES CHILDREN REHABILITATION SERVICES HIGH ECONOMIC COSTS LACK OF ACCOUNTABILITY MECHANISMS HESITATION LIMITED ACCESS TO REPORTING CHANNELS LIMITED LEGAL OF VICTIMS FOR MIGRANT AND TO SEEK HELP REFUGEE WOMEN FRAMEWORKS INSUFFICIENT POLICY RESPONSE UNCOORDINATED REPORTING MECHANISMS What Is at Stake? DIMINISHED ABILITY TO WORK Status of Arab Women Report 2017 Violence Against Women What Is at Stake? E/ESCWA/ECW/2017/2 Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia STATUS OF ARAB WOMEN REPORT 2017 VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN: WHAT IS AT STAKE? United Nations Beirut © 2017 United Nations All rights reserved worldwide Requests to reproduce excerpts or to photocopy should be addressed to the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA), United Nations House, Riad El Solh Square, P.O. Box: 11-8575, Beirut, Lebanon. All other queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should also be addressed to ESCWA. E-mail: [email protected]; website: http://www.unescwa.org United Nations publication issued by ESCWA. The opinions expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Secretariat of the United Nations or its officials or member States. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in the publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations or its officials or Member States concerning the status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The authors have taken great care to ensure that the information and data presented are as accurate as possible. However, the Secretariat of the United Nations cannot guarantee the accuracy, reliability, performance, completeness and/or the suitability of the information in the publication. 17-00384 iii Acknowledgments The present publication was completed by the chapters 1 and 2, and reviewed initial drafts. Centre for Women of the United Nations Mr. Kamel Mansi, assistant professor at the Economic and Social Commission for Western University of Dammam, prepared chapter 3. Asia (ESCWA), in partnership with the United Ms. Lina Abirafeh, Director of IWSAW, with Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the support from visiting researcher Ms. Gabriella Empowerment of Women (UN Women) and the Nassif, prepared chapter 5. Ms Seema Vyas, an international expert on violence against women, (IWSAW) at the Lebanese American University, drafted chapter 6. as part of a joint project on estimating the economic cost of violence against women in the Invaluable contributions and critiques were Arab region. provided by an expert group, which met at the United Nations House in Beirut in January 2017 It was prepared by several authors. Lead author to discuss preliminary findings, and by internal Ms. Nata Duvvury, Director of the Centre for reviews by ESCWA and UN Women. The study also benefited from the substantive review and University of Ireland at Galway, reviewed the input of Ms. Yakin Ertürk, former United Nations study, and prepared its fourth chapter and Special Rapporteur on violence against women, conclusion. Ms. Mehrinaz El Awady, Director of and peer review by Ms. the ESCWA Centre for Women, prepared rights consultant in the Arab region. iv v Contents Page Acknowledgments iii Acronyms viii Executive Summary ix Intimate Partner Violence: An Alarming Phenomenon 1 A. Introduction 1 B. Definitional issues with violence against women 1 C. Prevalence of intimate partner violence 3 D. Underlying causes of intimate partner violence 5 E. International efforts to address violence against women 6 F. Conceptualizing the effects of intimate partner violence 8 A Disconnected Approach to Violence against Women 11 A. Policy context of violence against women in the Arab region 11 B. Ratifying international instruments 12 C. Constitutional and legal frameworks 13 D. Policy framework 16 E. Costing violence against women: a tool for expanding the response 16 Reporting Violence against Women: A Further Disconnect 19 A. Importance of reporting and administrative data systems 19 B. Sources of data 20 C. Reporting violence against women, and related data systems in the Arab region: survey results 23 D. Efforts to enhance reporting and data systems in the Arab region 29 Costing Violence against Women: A Review of Methodologies 31 A. Overview of framework on violence against women impacts for the economy 31 B. Framework of costs 33 C. Typology of costs 34 D. Main methodologies for estimating costs of violence against women 34 E. Data requirements for different methodologies 43 Violence against Women and the Economy 45 A. Understanding the relationship between interpersonal violence and the labour market 45 B. Formal and informal labour 46 C. Protecting women: legislative frameworks 48 D. Intimate partner violence and the economy 50 vi Contents (continued) Page Violence against Women and Health 55 A. Health effects of violence against women 55 B. Health consequences of violence against women in the Arab region 57 C. Health services in the Arab region 65 D. Health costs of intimate partner violence 69 Conclusion and Recommendations 71 A. State institutions: accountability and leadership 72 B. United Nations and international organizations: supporting partners 73 C. Civil society and academia: new issues 73 Endnotes 75 List of tables Table 1. Status of Arab countries’ ratification of international instruments 12 Table 2. Status of legal and policy reform on violence against women 15 Table 3. Formal channels of reporting systems by country 24 Table 4. Forms used for reporting violence against women 26 Table 5. Overview of cost methodologies 35 Table 6. Exhaustive list of data requirements for costing methodologies 44 Table 7. Blocking access for women 47 Table 8. Economic and demographic factors 48 Table 9. Accession of Arab States to core gender-relevant international labour conventions 49 Table 10. Maternity leave provisions of Arab States 50 Table 11. Characteristics of studies exploring partner violence and women’s health in the Arab region 57 Table 12. Partner/family violence against women and physical health effects 61 Table 13. Partner/family violence against women and mental health effects 63 Table 14. Partner/family violence against women and sexual and reproductive health effects 64 Table 15. Out-of-pocket payments and total per capita health expenditure in the Arab region, 2014 66 Table 16. Availability of medical services for victims of violence 67 List of figures Figure 1. Global prevalence of violence against women 4 Figure 2. Effects of intimate partner violence on women and the wider society 10 Figure 3. Informal reporting channels 25 Figure 4. Who reports incidents of violence 25 Figure 5. Framework of intimate partner violence impacts for national economic loss 32 Figure 6. Costs of violence against women 33 Figure 7. Steps involved in gender-responsive budgeting 42 vii Contents (continued) Page List of boxes Box 1. Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women (article 4) 11 Box 2. Egypt: a pioneer in costing violence against women in the Arab region 17 Box 3. Gender-responsive budgeting initiatives in the Arab region 42 Box 4. Strategy for cost estimation in Egypt 43 Box 5. ABAAD: a shelter for survivors of violence 53 Box 6. Women’s help-seeking behaviour in response to partner violence 62 viii Acronyms CEDAW Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women DALY Disability-adjusted life year DHS Demographic and Health Surveys FGM Female genital mutilation GBV Gender-based violence GDP Gross domestic product GRB Gender-responsive budgeting ICCPR International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ICESCR International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights ILO International Labour Organization OP-CEDAW Optional Protocol to CEDAW OECD Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development PSM Propensity score matching PTSD Post-traumatic stress disorder SDGs Sustainable Development Goals SGBV Sexual and gender-based violence UNFPA United Nations Population Fund UNHCR United Nations High Commission for Refugees VAW Violence against women WHO World Health Organization ix Executive Summary Violence against women (VAW) in the Arab duty bearer in protecting the rights region is widely recognized as a critical human of all people. rights violation that requires political commitment and leadership to prevent its Evidence-based knowledge is reviewed, and the occurrence, mitigate its impact, and prosecute socioeconomic consequences of intimate its perpetrators. Most Governments have signed partner violence is explained. The study international human rights treaties and acknowledges it is a continuum of forms of conventions, and are beginning to translate , including commitments into national laws, policy violence that occurs in private and public frameworks and strategies. However, progress spaces, and involves husbands, other family has been slow, and more importantly uneven, and community members, and State actors. It is with
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