Knowledge Management for Culture and Development: MDG-F Joint
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Women's Political Voice in Morocco
April 2015 Case Study Summary Women’s empowerment and political voice • Women’s representation in parliament THE ROAD TO REFORM has increased dramatically, from 1% in 2003 to 17% today. Women’s political voice in • Morocco’s 2004 Family Code is one of the Morocco most progressive in the Arab world. • In 1993, Morocco ratified an international Clare Castillejo and Helen Tilley agreement on gender equality that has provided leverage for further progress in domestic legislation. • The 2011 constitution asserts women’s equal rights and prohibits all discrimination, including gender discrimination. • Data on the spending of public funds is now gender-disaggregated data and so can be used to inform lobbying campaigns to improve outcomes for women and girls. • Women’s health and social outcomes have improved dramatically: the fertility rate is now one of the lowest in the region; the maternal mortality rate fell by two-thirds in just two decades; girls’ primary school enrolment rose from 52% in 1991 to 112% in 2012 (due to re-enrolment); and just under 23% of women are in formal employment (2011). This and other Development Progress materials are available at developmentprogress.org Development Progress is an ODI project that aims to measure, understand and communicate where and how progress has been made in development. ODI is the UK’s leading independent Moroccan women gather at an event commemorating International Women’s Day. Photo: © UN Women / Karim think tank on international development Selmaouimen. and humanitarian issues. Further ODI materials are available at odi.org.uk developmentprogress.org Why explore women’s political voice in uprisings of 2011 led Morocco’s King Mohammad VI Morocco? to adopt wide-ranging constitutional reforms, including Women’s political mobilisation in Morocco illustrates how an elected government and an independent judiciary, excluded and adversely incorporated groups can achieve these reforms have had paradoxical effects for women. -
Encyclopedia of Women & Islamic Cultures
Encyclopedia of Women & Islamic Cultures Divorce and Custody: Contemporary Practices: Mauritania and Egypt (5,360 words) Article Table of Contents 1. Moorish Women’s Agency 2. Khulʿ Versus Repudiation in Islamic Jurisprudence 3. Divorce and Bridewealth 4. Khulʿ in Egypt 5. The Status of Divorced Women in Egypt and in Mauritania 6. Bibliography Moorish Women’s Agency Moorish women in Mauritania did not wait for the introduction of a personal status code that guaranteed their right to divorce. The situation of Moorish women in this regard is different from that of Moroccan or Egyptian women who rediscovered this right through the legislative reforms concerning personal status. Thus, in Morocco the reform of the family code of 2004, the “New Mudawanna,” permits a woman to add a clause to her marriage contract giving her the right to divorce if her husband takes another wife. In Egypt, the personal status code of 2000 gives women the right to divorce, or khulʿ, even without the consent of her husband. It may also be noted that in Egypt and Morocco, legislative advances most often concern only urban zones and certain social milieus, and are not always implemented, given the weight of tradition and the persistence of certain types of gender relations. By contrast, Moorish women know how to exploit the social importance of their right to divorce, and are well supported by their families. Almoravids introduced the Mālikī school of jurisprudence into this region in the eleventh century. Moorish society is made up of Bedouin tribes, many of which are now sedentary and concentrated mainly in the capital city of Nouakchott. -
Mark Your Calendar! Development Goals (Mdgs)
Arab African Advisers Restructure your future Governance Observer Monthly newsletter that brings in best practice on governance with a focus on Arab and African countries experiences Vol. 1, Issue 10, March 2014 In this issue Gender Equality Gender equality and women‟s empowerment are human rights that are Page 1 - Gender Equality critical to sustainable development and achieving the Millennium - Mark Your Calendar! Development Goals (MDGs). Despite progress in recent years, women and girls account for six out of 10 of the world‟s poorest and two thirds of the Page 2 - Legislative Updates world‟s illiterate people. Only 19 percent of the world‟s parliamentarians are - Facts & Figures women and one third of all women are subjected to violence whether in times of armed conflict or behind closed doors at home. This is why UNDP Page 3 - Rwanda: A Revolution in integrates gender equality and women‟s empowerment into its four focus Rights for Women areas: poverty reduction, democratic governance, crisis prevention and - Women Empowerment: recovery, and environment and sustainable development… Union for the Mediterranean Conference When women and men have equal opportunities and rights, economic Held to Determine Priority growth accelerates and poverty rates drop more rapidly for everyone. Projects Reducing inequalities between women and men is critical to cutting in half Page 4 - Regulatory Policy and the number of people living in absolute poverty by 2015... Behavioural Economics The world‟s poorest and most vulnerable people are dependent -
Unemployment
Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized CONTENTS Acknowledgements . .. ix Abbreviations & Acronyms . xi Executive Summary . xiii Growth and Jobs: Low Productivity, High Demand for Targeted Skills . xiii Youth-related Constraints: Women, Mobility, and Core Competencies . xv Labor Market Programs: A Better Balance between Demand and Supply . xvi Transforming the Youth Employment Trajectory: Toward an Integrated Approach .. xvii Context and Objectives . 1 Conceptual Framework . 2 Approach . 4 Profile of Jobs and Labor Demand . 7 Growth Trends . 7 Types and Quality of Jobs . 9 Labor Costs . 12 Demand for Workforce Skills . 14 Recruitment and Retention . 14 Conclusions . 16 Profile of Youth in the Labor Force . 17 Demographic and Labor Force Trends . 17 Education . 20 Gender . 21 Unemployment . 23 Job Skills and Preferences . 24 Conclusions . 28 MAURITANIA | TRANSFORMING THE JOBS TRAJECTORY FOR VULNERABLE YOUTH iii Landscape of Youth Employment Programs . 29 Mapping Key Labor Market Actors . 29 Youth Employment Expenditure . 30 Active Labor Market Programs . 33 Social Funds for Employment . 33 Vocational Training . 34 Monitoring and Evaluation of Jobs Interventions . 34 Social Protection Systems . 34 Labor Policy Dialogue . 36 Conclusions . 37 Policy Implications: Transforming the Youth Employment Trajectory . 39 Typology of Youth Employment Challenges and Constraints . 39 From Constraints to Opportunities . 40 Toward an Integrated Model for Youth Employment . 48 Conclusions: Equal Opportunity, Stronger Coalitions . 48 Technical Annex . 49 Chapter 1 . 49 Chapter 2. 52 Chapter 3 . 56 Figues, Tables, and Boxes FIGURE 1 Conceptual framework for jobs, economic transformation, and social cohesion . 3 FIGURE 2 Growth outlook for Mauritania, overall and by sector, 2013–2018 . 8 FIGURE 3 Sectoral contribution to GDP and productivity, Mauritania, 1995–2014 . -
1 Institutional Changes in the Maghreb: Toward a Modern Gender
Institutional Changes in the Maghreb: Toward a Modern Gender Regime? Valentine M. Moghadam Professor of Sociology and International Affairs Northeastern University [email protected] DRAFT – December 2016 Abstract The countries of the Maghreb – Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia – are part of the Middle East and North Africa region, which is widely assumed to be resistant to women’s equality and empowerment. And yet, the region has experienced significant changes in women’s legal status, political participation, and social positions, along with continued contention over Muslim family law and women’s equal citizenship. Do the institutional and normative changes signal a shift in the “gender regime” from patriarchal to modern? To what extent have women’s rights organizations contributed to such changes? While mapping the changes that have occurred, and offering some comparisons to Egypt, another North African country that has seen fewer legal and normative changes in the direction of women’s equality, the paper identifies the persistent constraints that prevent both the empowerment of all women and broader socio-political transformation. The paper draws on the author’s research in and on the region since the early 1990s, analysis of patterns and trends since the Arab Spring of 2011, and the relevant secondary sources. Introduction The Middle East and North Africa region (MENA) is widely assumed to be resistant to women’s equality and empowerment. Many scholars have identified conservative social norms, patriarchal cultural practices, and the dominance of Islam as barriers to women’s empowerment and gender equality (Alexander and Welzel 2011; Ciftci 2010; Donno and Russett 2004; Fish 2002; Inglehart and Norris 2003; Rizzo et al 2007). -
Home Truths: a Global Report on Equality in the Muslim Family
Musawah (‘Equality’ in Arabic) is a global movement for equality and justice in the Muslim family. Musawah builds on decades of effort to reform Muslim family laws that discriminate against women and to resist regressive amendments demanded by conservative groups within society. Musawah was initiated by Sisters in Islam (Malaysia) and a planning committee of Muslim activists and academics from eleven countries. Musawah is pluralistic and inclusive, bringing together NGOs, activists, scholars, practitioners, policy makers and grassroots women and men from around the world. Participation is based on proven commitment to promoting rights in Muslim families, whether from religious, secular or other perspectives. Compiled from reports submitted by national level organisations and activists in 30 countries, Home Truths provides background information about the family laws and practices in these countries, including details of why equality in the family is necessary and the opportunities available that make equality in the family possible. Musawah calls for equality, non-discrimination, justice and dignity as the basis of all human relations; full and equal citizenship for every individual; and marriage and family relations based on principles of equality and justice, with men and women sharing equal rights and responsibilities. The time for realising these principles in our laws and in our daily lives is now. Home Truths: A Global Report on Equality in the Muslim Family c/o Sisters in Islam (SIS Forum Malaysia) 7 Jalan 6/10, 46000 Petaling Jaya, Selangor, MALAYSIA Tel : +603 7785 6121 Fax : +603 7785 8737 Email: [email protected] Web : www.musawah.org Home Truths: A Global Report on Equality in the Muslim Family Home Truths Introduction ............................................................... -
2013 Model Arab League Background Guide
2012 - 2013 Model Arab League BACKGROUND GUIDE Arab Court of Justice ncusar.org/modelarableague Table of Contents Docket A: Jordan v. Libya: Over the failure of Libya to pay health care and associated costs of Libyans being treated in Jordan following the conflict in Libya. ................................................................. 2 UAE v. Oman: Regarding the status of Borders and Territorial Governance concerning the historically disputed territory of the Musandam Peninsula. ........................................................... 4 League of Arab States (represented by Bahrain) v. Qatar: Regarding Muslim Brotherhood election rigging. .............................................................................................................................. 6 Kuwait v. Somalia: Regarding Somali government misuse of donations made by the State of Kuwait through the Kuwait Fund to the Somali state and its citizens. ........................................... 7 Palestine v. Lebanon: Over legal employment opportunity restrictions imposed upon Palestinian refugees in Lebanon. .................................................................................................... 8 Docket B: Sudan v. Egypt: Regarding the mistreatment of Sudanese refugees in Egypt in violation of the UNHCR 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees and the 1967 Protocol, of which Egypt became a signatory on 21 May 1981. ................................................................................... 9 Advisory Opinion: Extradition of former -
Chapter 1 Women's Participation in the Labour Market And
1. Women’S participation in the labour marKet and entrepreneurship in selecteD MENA countries – 25 Chapter 1 Women’s participation in the labour market and entrepreneurship in selected MENA countries This chapter presents an overview of women’s educational attainment, participation in the labour market and involvement in entrepreneurship in the six countries under review – Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Jordan, Morocco and Tunisia. It examines women’s engagement in the economies of the six countries as compared to men’s participation as well as to women’s economic involvement in other parts of the world. The chapter also seeks to better understand the main features defining women’s economic status and the different characteristics of men and women in employment and entrepreneurship. WOMEN’S ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT IN SELECTED MENA COUNTRIES – © OECD 2017 26 – 1. Women’S participation in the labour marKet and entrepreneurship in selecteD MENA countries Introduction There is a striking gap between women’s improved education and their limited participation in economic activities in Algeria, Egypt, Jordan, Libya, Morocco and Tunisia. Despite the substantial narrowing of the gender gap in education, the percentage of women in the total employed population in the six countries is among the lowest in the world, at 17.9%, compared with the world average of 47.1% (World Development Indicators, 2014). Female labour-force participation in these countries ranges from 15.4% in Algeria to 30% in Libya. At the same time, a dramatic gap between labour supply and demand in the female workforce has been creating high levels of unemployment, in particular among young educated women. -
Female Genital Mutilation in Africa: an Analysis of Current Abandonment Approaches
Female genital mutilation in Africa An analysis of current abandonment approaches December 2005 A.C.S. Plaza, 4th Floor, Lenana Road P.O. Box 76634, Nairobi, 00508 Tel: 254.20.3877177 Fax: 254.20.3877172 email: [email protected] www.path.org Suggested citation: Muteshi J, Sass J. Female Genital Mutilation in Africa: An Analysis of Current Abandonment Approaches. Nairobi: PATH; 2005. Copyright © 2006, Program for Appropriate Technology in Health (PATH). All rights reserved. The material in this document may be freely used for education or noncommercial purposes, provided the material is accompanied by an acknowledgement line. Table of contents Acronyms ............................................................................................................................ 3 Executive summary ............................................................................................................ 4 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 6 2 FGM prevalence.......................................................................................................... 7 FGM prevalence by residence ..................................................................................... 8 FGM prevalence by ethnicity ...................................................................................... 9 FGM prevalence by education..................................................................................... 9 FGM prevalence by religion.......................................................................................10 -
State of Play of EU-Mauritania Relations
DIRECTORATE-GENERAL FOR EXTERNAL POLICIES POLICY DEPARTMENT IN-DEPTH ANALYSIS State of play of EU-Mauritania relations ABSTRACT Mauritania, an important ally of the EU in the fight against terrorism in the Sahel, faces several inter-related development challenges: ensuring an efficient use of the revenue derived from natural resources, economic diversification and improved governance. The severity of these development challenges is increased by difficult political relations between the three main ethnic groups in the country, the dominant group being the Arab-Berber Bidhan. They constitute less than one-third of the country’s population, but dominate economically and politically. The Haratin, the largest group in the country, is made up of descendants of black Africans enslaved by the Bidhan (freed or still enslaved). The third group in the country is the West Africans or Black Mauritanians. Mauritania’s post- independence history is marked by repeated attempts by this group to assert its non-Arab identity and claim for a more equitable share of political and economic power. The tension that these divisions create is a problem in itself, but they can also be appropriated by violent Islamist insurgencies in the region. The urgency of this challenge is further complicated by the likelihood of increased climate change effects that the country is currently not adequately prepared for. This study therefore discusses the main political, economic and development challenges that contemporary Mauritania is faced with, illustrating how these challenges can only be properly grasped with consideration to their historical evolution. Based on this, the study investigates the current basis for EU-Mauritania relations and suggests a select number of policy areas for consideration, as this relationship continues to evolve around issues of mutual concern such as security and development. -
Part III Shari'a, Family Law, and Activism
Badran.211-232:Layout 1 12/6/10 3:44 PM Page 211 Part III Shari‘a, Family Law, and Activism Badran.211-232:Layout 1 12/6/10 3:44 PM Page 212 Badran.211-232:Layout 1 12/6/10 3:44 PM Page 213 Chapter 9 Women and Men Put Islamic Law to Their Own Use: Monogamy versus Secret Marriage in Mauritania Corinne Fortier In recent years, several Muslim countries have instituted significant leg- islative reforms, especially with respect to marriage and divorce. In Mauri- tania, the government introduced the first personal status code in 2001. This code recognizes women’s right to monogamy. But this code has not brought about a sociojuridical revolution, because these rights have long been rec- ognized and enforced in the Moorish society of Mauritania.1 They are ju- ridically and religiously legitimized in the classic Maliki legal texts that govern Moorish juridical practice. The right to monogamy is found in the classical texts of Islamic law (shari‘a), which form the legal basis of this society. Moorish women did not wait for the introduction of a personal status code that guaranteed their right to monogamy. The situation of Moorish women in this regard is different from that of Moroccan women, who in 2004 gained the right to monogamy through the reform of the family code, the Mudawana, which permits a woman to add a clause to her marriage con- tract giving her the right to divorce if her husband takes another wife. Un- 213 Badran.211-232:Layout 1 12/6/10 3:44 PM Page 214 214 CORINNE FORTIER like women elsewhere in Africa and the Middle East, Moorish women in Mauritania have traditionally contracted monogamous marriages. -
Legal Discrimination 1
Legal Discrimination 1 Legal Discrimination in Morocco and the United States Kathryn Snyder, Allie Lake, Taylor Pierson, Tyler Munn, Ahdiam Berhe, Davaria Harris, Nizar Krari, Omar Kharriche, Ayoub Lansi Department of Public Health, Indiana University PBHL-S 635: Biosocial Approach to Global Health Dr. Turman April 27, 2020 Legal Discrimination 2 Abstract Legal discrimination is defined as “where people have created and enforce laws to uphold [...] discrimination” (Krieger, 2014, p. 648). Legal discrimination has direct effects on the health of women and girls in Morocco and the United States. Two cases of legal discrimination and their connection to adverse health outcomes for women and girls will be explored for each country. In Morocco, these are the discriminatory inheritance law and the widespread lack of enforcement and awareness of laws advancing women’s rights. In the United States, the issues identified here are access to reproductive healthcare and paid maternity leave. Evidence based interventions and actions for each government to take to advance the status of women will be discussed. In Morocco, it is recommended that the discriminatory inheritance law be repealed. Additionally, it is recommended that Morocco provide gender equality protocols for its judicial system and implement widespread access to legal aid through use of community-based paralegals. Lastly, it is recommended that Morocco adopt a definitive and comprehensive definition of domestic violence and revise their current legislation criminalizing gender-based violence to designate roles and responsibilities for upholding the law to specific institutions. In the United States, it is recommended that the government pass a law providing paid maternity leave for all workers.