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IDAOO-0000-G210 Women in Mauritania

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IDAOO-0000-G210 Women in Mauritania CLASSIFICATION (695) BIBLIOGRAPiC DATASE1'N-AAJ-464DATA SHEF 1.CONTROL NUMBIER IDAOO-0000-G2102. SUBJECT 3. TITLE .4ND SUBTITLE (240) Women in Mauritania: the effects of drought dnd migration on their economnic status and implications for development programs 4. PERSONAL AU Il-ORS (100) Smale, M. S. 5. CORPORATE AUTHORS (101) USDA/OICD 6. ,OCUMENI DATE (I10) NUMBER OF PAGES (120) 8. ARC NUMBER (170) 1980 192p. I MR362.83. $635 9. REFERENCE ORGANIZATION (130) USDA/OICD 10. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES (500) 11. ABSTRACT (950) 12. D.SCRIPTORS (920) 13. PROJECT NUMBER (150) Women in development Mauritania Women 930030000 Economic condi tions Migrations Droughts Labor productivity Rural women 14. CONTRACT NO.(144) 15. CONTRACT MA/A/MAU-3oo- t-80 16. TYPE OF DOCUMENT (160) AID 590-7 (10-79) WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT Women in Mauritania The Effects of Drought and Migration on their Economic Status and Implications for Development Programs October 1980 Distributed by Office cf Women in Development Agency for International Development International Development Cooperation Agency Washington, D.C. 20523 WOMEN IN MAURITANIA: THE EFFECTS OF DROUGIL AND MIGRATION ON THEIR ECONOMIC STATUS AND IMPIA'ILONS FOR DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS PREPARED FOR: Office of Women in Development Agency for International Development, and USAID/Mauritania Under PASA AG/MAU-300-1-80 BY: Melinda Smale Office of International Cooperation and Development U. S. Department of Agriculture 31 October 1980 The views and interpretations in this publication are those of the author and should not be attributed to the Agency for International Development or to any individual acting in its behalf. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank those who gave me their time and close cooperation before departing to Mauritania, and to whom I owe the background material so difficult to find but so helpful to my own understanding: Arvonne Fraser, Paula Goddard and the staff at the Women in Development Office of the Agency for International Development; Emmy Simmons, Elsa Chancy, Martha Lewis and Carol Yulinski, whose experience was invaluable to mc; Patricia McClure of New Transccntury Foundation; Pat Wetmore of USDA/OICD's Reports and Technical Inquiries Section; and, of course, my fellow workers at USDA/OICD Africa Programs for their consistent support - Kay Roosa, Jim Black, Theresa Przbylek, Ron Jones, Peter Koffsky, and especially Nancy Oakley. I would like also to thank t1 ,ose who gave me such generous support in Mauritania: Mission Director Johr Hoskins and his staff, and especially John Grayzel and his family who were not only a source of intellectual guidance but of moral support; Allan Reed and his family, Linda Neuhauser and Mona Fil.y; the RAMS project per­ sonnel; the Peace Corps staff and volunteers who provided me with many an insight and welcome at their villages; typists Magda Williams and Elizabeth (who produced the first draft of this document), and Mine. Kane and Rakia Kane who assembled the researcher reports for us; and Tekbei. Above all, I would like to thank those who worked so hard not only as translators but as cultural interpreters without whom none of our information-gathering would have been possible: Demba and his family, Ahmed Salem and his family, Dieo and her family, Mariem, Awa, Ba Khlidou and his family, Abou Kane. Finally, I thank Julia Allen and Ross Hoff for holding down my own tent during this seasonal migration. MELINDA S. SMALE PAGE LIST OF TABLES/VISUAL AIDS ---------------------------------------------- v FOREWORD ---------------------------------------------------------------- vi INTRODUCTION TO MAURITANIAN SOCIAL STRUCTURE ----------------------------- vii METHODOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS ------------------------------------------- xiii SUMMARY ----------------------------------------------------------------- xvii SECTION I. PROTOTYPES: WOMEN'S ACTIVITIES IN THE HOUSEHOLD PRODUCTION UNIT BY ETHNIC GROUP --------------------------------------- 1 A. The Productive Activities of Women within the Sedentarized Toucouleur and Semi-sedentarized Peulh Production Systems ---------------------- 1 A.l.a Toucouleur Social Structure and Organization of Productio ----------------------------------------------- 1 A.l.b Uncasted Occupations: Cropping, Gathering and Herding Activities ---------------------------------------------- 5 A.I.b(l) Cropping Activities ----------------------------- 5 A.l.b(2) Gathering Activities ---------------------------- 9 A.l.b(3) Herding Activities ----------------------------- 10 A.1.c Casted Occupations -------------------------------------- 12 A.l.c(1) Fishing ---------------------------------------- 12 A.l.c(2) Griote Occupations ------------------------------ 14 A.l.c(3) Artisan Occupations ----------------------------- 15 A.l.c(4) Servile Occupations ---------------------------- is A.2 Status Concept Deriving from Women's Role in Household Production ------------------------------------------------- 17 A.2.a Women's Complementary and Secondary Prodution ----------- 17 A.2.b Diversification of Risk and Women's Value Expressed as Labor Potential ----------------------------------------- 19 A.2.c Polygamy and Household Revenues -------------------------- 20 A.3 Effect of Production and Status Concept on Peulh/Toucouleur Women's Productive Potential ---------------------- ------------ 21 A.3.a Access to Field, Household and Marketplace Worlds ------- 21 A.3.b Access to Capital --------------------------------------- 21 A.3.b(l) Land Tenure Difficulties ------------------------ 23 A.3.b(2) Transferable Capital, Gold and Livestock -------- 24 A.3.c Access to Village Mutual Support Organizations ----------- 26 PAGE B. Elements of the Soninke and Wolof Production Systems ----------------- 28 B.1 Soninke Division f Labor and Responsibilities ------------------ 28 B.2 Comments Provided by Wolof Women Interviewed in Nouakchott 30 C. The Productive Activities of Women within the Bidan Nomad and Semi­ nomad Productive Systems -------------------------------------------- 32 C.l.a The Activities of Noblewomen in the Zawaya Camp ---------- 32 C.l.b Hassani Noblewomen's Activities ------------------------- 34 C.l.c Zenaga Women's Occupations ------------------------------- 35 C.l.d Forgeronnes and Griote Occupations ----------------------- 36 C.l.e Abid/Haratin Labor -------------------------------------- 36 C.2 Status Concept Deriving from Women's Role in Household Produc­ tion ----------------------------------------------------------- 38 C.2.a Dependence on Servile Labor ------------------------------ 38 C.2.b Separation of Bidan Men's and Women's Activities --------- 38 C.2.c Value as Exp'ressed in Leisure ---------------------------- 39 C.2.d Value in Bridewealth ------------------------------------ 40 C.3 Effects of Productive Role and Status Concept on Women's Produc­ tive Potential ------------------------------------------------- 41 C.3.a Relative Isolation and Confinement to Tent --------------- 41 C.3.b Access to Capital, Political Institutions and Skills ---- 42 SECTION II. EVOLVING PARADIGMS: PP.ESSURES AFFECTING MAURITANIA PRODUC- TIVE SYSTEMS ----------------------------------------------- 44 A. Pre-drought Pressures ----------------------------------------------- 44 A.1 Relocation of Trade Loci --------------------------------------- 44 A.2 Deteriorating Terms of Trade for Agricultural and Livestock Products ----------------------------------------------------- 45 A.3 Consequent Importance of Merchant and Migrant Activities -------- 46 A.3.a Credit Relationships ------------------------------------ 46 A.3.b Seasonal Migrations ------------------------------------- 48 A.3.b(l) Bidan/Haratin Migration ------------------------ 48 A.3.b(2) Peulh/Toucouleur Migration ---------------------- 50 A.3.b(3) Soninle Migration ------------------------------ 53 B. Drought Pressures --------------------------------------------------- 54 B.1 Nomad Dispossession and Loss of Productive Force ---------------- 54 B.2 Accelerated Migration, Changed Migration Paths, and Change in Composition of Migrant Population ------------------------------- 55 PAGE B.3 Sedentarization in the Interior and Orientation to the Road and Market Outlets -------------------------------------------------- 57 B.4 Aid Dependence in the Interior ---------------------------------- 59 C. Effects of Migration and Drought Pressures on Women's Economic Activ­ ities and Position in the Household ---------------------------------- 60 C.1 Rural Conditions ------------------------------------------------ 60 C.i.a Enforced Immobility of Bidan Women ----------------------- 60 C.l.a(l) Inertia and Lack of Resources ------------------- 60 C.l.a(2) Breakdown of Caste Division of Labor and Sporad­ ic Income-Earning Activities of the Bidan ------- 62 C.l.a(3) Non-profitability of Known Skills --------------- 63 C.l.a(4) Insecurity: The Pull of the Town --------------- 65 C.l.b Selective Mobility of Peulh, Toucouleur and Soninke Women ---------------------------------------------------- 68 C.l.b(1) Increased Productive Activity of Women and Change in Household and Caste Division of Labor 68 C.l.b(l)(a) Peulh Women's Changing Conditions 68 C.l.b(l)(b) Toucouleur Women's New Occupations 69 C.l.b(i)(c) Soninke Women's Changing Conditions 73 C.l.b(2) Frequency of Female Outmigration: The Appeal of the Town ---------------------------------------- 74 C.2 Urban Responses to Changing Conditions -------------------------- 79 C.2.a Peuhl, Toucouleur, Soninke and Wolof Urban Patterns 79 C.2.a(l) Breakdown of
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