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The Rise of Islamic Resurgence in Somalia See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/256191703 The Rise of Islamic Resurgence in Somalia Chapter · January 2013 DOI: 10.13140/2.1.4025.1843 CITATIONS READS 0 665 1 author: Valeria Saggiomo Università degli Studi di Napoli L'Orientale 11 PUBLICATIONS 9 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: decentralized cooperation and local governance in Senegal and Burkina Faso (2014) View project All content following this page was uploaded by Valeria Saggiomo on 08 March 2017. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. NOVA COLLECTANEA AFRICANA COLLANA DEL CENTRO DI STUDI AFRICANI IN SARDEGNA 2 Editor in Chief Bianca Maria Carcangiu Università degli Studi di Cagliari Editorial Board Catherine Coquer-Vidrovitch Université Paris Diderot — Paris 7, France Federico Cresti Università degli Studi di Catania, Italy Joan Haig University of Edinburgh, UK Habib Kazdaghli Université de Tunis-Manouba, Tunisia Nicola Melis Università di Cagliari, Italy Jean-Louis Triaud CEMAf — Université de Provence, France For information and contributions: http: // www.csas.it/ | [email protected] http: //affrica.org/ | [email protected] Work published with the contribution of: Provincia di Cagliari — Provincia de Casteddu, Ufficio di Presidenza Politics and Minorities in Africa Edited by Marisa Fois Alessandro Pes Contributors Gado Alzouma, Richard Goodridge, Henry Gyang Mang Mohamed Haji Ingiriis, Akin Iwilade, Giuseppe Maimone Alessia Melcangi, Sabelo J. Ndlovu--Gatsheni, Iwebunor Okwechime Yoon Jung Park, Mauro Piras, Valeria Saggiomo Elisabetta Spano, Bianca Maria Carcangiu Copyright © MMXIII ARACNE editrice S.r.l. www.aracneeditrice.it [email protected] via Raffaele Garofalo, 133/A–B 00173 Roma (06) 93781065 isbn 978–88–548–5700–1 No part of this book may be reproduced by print, photoprint, microfilm, microfiche, or any other means, without publisher’s authorization. 1st edition: January 2013 Contents 9 Foreword Bianca Maria Carcangiu 11 Introduction Marisa Fois, Alessandro Pes I. Identities 25 Vanguards of the Empire: The “fascistization” of the Italian colony in French Morocco between the two wars Mauro Piras 47 Identité politique et démocratie: les trois dimensions de l’ethnonationalisme touareg au Niger et au Mali Gado Alzouma 5 6 Contents 71 Redefining Somaliness through the Bantu-Jareer Community: The Absent Somalis in the Somali Socio-political Landscape Mohamed Haji Ingiriis 101 “Chinese South Africans Now Black!”. Race and Belonging in the “New” South Africa Yoon Jung Park II. Elections 129 Minorities, Plebiscites and Caliphate in British Northern Cameroons 1959-1961 Richard A. Goodridge 153 Slavery, Politics and Elections in post-colonial Mauritania: The Haratines, marginalization and inclusion Giuseppe Maimone 175 Between assimilation and exclusion: The case of Minorities in Botswana Elisabetta Spano 197 Politics of Social Movements in Minority Contexts: Oil, Elections, Resistance and Representation in the Niger Del- ta Region of Nigeria Akin Iwilade and Iwebunor Okwechime 6 Contents Contents 7 71 Redefining Somaliness through the Bantu-Jareer Community: III. Religion The Absent Somalis in the Somali Socio-political Landscape Mohamed Haji Ingiriis 221 The political participation of Copts in Egypt: From the Nasser 101 “Chinese South Africans Now Black!”. Race and Belonging in years to the sectarian strife of the nineties the “New” South Africa Alessia Melcangi Yoon Jung Park 245 The rise of Islamic Resurgence in Somalia Valeria Saggiomo II. Elections IV. Boundaries and Territories 129 Minorities, Plebiscites and Caliphate in British Northern 273 Minorities as a Political Majority: Power and Reciprocity Cameroons 1959-1961 Within and outside the Small Geographic Boundaries of a Richard A. Goodridge North-Central Nigerian State Henry Gyang Mang 153 Slavery, Politics and Elections in post-colonial Mauritania: The Haratines, marginalization and inclusion 295 Being a Minority in Zimbabwe: Giuseppe Maimone A Case Study of the Matebeleland Question Sabelo J. Ndlovu-Gatsheni 175 Between assimilation and exclusion: The case of Minorities in Botswana Elisabetta Spano 319 Authors 197 Politics of Social Movements in Minority Contexts: Oil, Elections, Resistance and Representation in the Niger Del- ta Region of Nigeria Akin Iwilade and Iwebunor Okwechime Foreword The Nova Collectanea Africana by the Centro di Studi Africani in Sardegna – CSAS continues to grow with Politics and Minorities, the second installment in the publishing activities of the CSAS after its debut, Cities and Minorities, edited by Filippo Petrucci and Isabella Soi. The success of the latter, attested by the many praises received, has strengthened the determination of the Centre to continue the initia- tive and constantly try to enhance it, following on the footsteps of the aforementioned brave first editors. These innovative elements are a new Scientific Committee and a call for papers that has resulted in a wider array of contributions from foreign scholars – especially from African scholars devoted to this field of study. Indeed, they are the new interpreters of the History of the continent; they are the ones analyzing the past and the present from a point of view more in accordance with African identity. The countries analyzed in this volume suffer from political turmoil, ethnic and religious conflicts, deep fractures between modernizing and traditionalist élites – each and all of them elements that are not new at all in the history of independent Africa. The befitting division of the volume in four parts (Identities; Elec- tions; Religion; Boundaries and Territories) mirrors, on one hand, the incomplete nature of the process of independence experienced by the ex-colonies of the African continent, divided in big areas of cultural influence such as the English, the French and the Portuguese ones, still suffering from its fragmenting effects, worsened by arbitrary and “invented” borders – and, on the other hand, the aftermath of all the attempts to break ties with each country’s colonizer or the Western world as a whole. 9 10 Foreword The determination shown by African people, specially in the past ten years, after the creation of the African Union, bears witness to their will to free themselves from meddling by other States and to stand side by side with the other members of the international com- munity – examples such as those of Somalia, Niger, Mali and Nigeria, as well as all the other countries studied in this book, are proof of it. From the point of view of the CSAS, as scholars of African history and institutions, and in the words of our own bylaws, we hope that there will come a moment of complementary action and knowledge between government, educational and university institutions in order to gain a deeper awareness regarding the vast open issues that concern Africa. Bianca Maria Carcangiu November 2012 10 Foreword The determination shown by African people, specially in the past ten years, after the creation of the African Union, bears witness to their will to free themselves from meddling by other States and to Introduction stand side by side with the other members of the international com- Marisa Fois, Alessandro Pes munity – examples such as those of Somalia, Niger, Mali and Nigeria, as well as all the other countries studied in this book, are proof of it. From the point of view of the CSAS, as scholars of African history and institutions, and in the words of our own bylaws, we hope that there will come a moment of complementary action and knowledge between government, educational and university institutions in order to gain a deeper awareness regarding the vast open issues that concern Africa. The second issue of Nova Collectanea Africana focuses on the rela- tionship between politics and minorities in independent Africa. This volume analyses how the concept of minority is developed in African Bianca Maria Carcangiu politics1. November 2012 Defining a group as a minority or a majority can be a consequence of political decisions. Religion, ethnicity, gender, geography and lan- guage are often used to define a minority group. When it comes to language, a political language might be understood via the concept of minority literature, as expressed by Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari 1 About the relationship between politics and minorities in Africa, see for example, G. ANGIONI, N. MELIS (a cura di), Minoranze nel Mediterraneo: uno studio multidisciplinare, Cooperazione Mediterranea, ISPROM, n. 6/2008, O. BENGIO, G. BEN-DOR (eds), Minorities and The State in the Arab world, Lynne Rienner Pub, Boulder, Colorado 1998, G. CHALIAND, Minority peoples in the age of the nation-state, Pluto Press, London 1989, C. COQUERY- VIDROVITCH, « Histoire et historiographie du politique en Afrique. La nécessité d’une relec- ture critique (À propos de la démocratie) », in Politique Africaine, 46, 1992, pp. 31-41, M. FOIS, «Berberità e berberismo in Algeria. Un’identità ripensata», in L. SERRA, A. M. DI TOL- LA, M. GHAKI, A. HABOUSS (a cura di), Pluralità e dinamismo culturale nelle società berbere attuali. Quaderni di Studi Berberi e Libico-berberi, Il Torcoliere, Unior, Napoli 2011, pp. 317-333, I. KANE, Protecting the rights of minorities in Africa: A guide for human rights ac- tivists and civil society organizations, Minority Rights Group International, London 2008 www.minorityrights.org/7544/guides/protecting-the-rights-of-minorities-in-africa-a-guide-
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