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On the Edge of Capitalism: African Local States, Chinese Family Firms, and the Transformation of Industrial Labor

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On the Edge of Capitalism: African Local States, Chinese Family Firms, and the Transformation of Industrial Labor On the Edge of Capitalism: African Local States, Chinese Family Firms, and the Transformation of Industrial Labor The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:39987929 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA On the Edge of Capitalism: African Local States, Chinese Family Firms, and the Transformation of Industrial Labor A dissertation presented By Liang Xu to The Department of History in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the subject of History Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts August 2017 © 2017 Liang Xu All rights reserved. Dissertation Advisor: Professor Caroline Elkins Liang Xu On the Edge of Capitalism: African Local States, Chinese Family Firms, and the Transformation of Industrial Labor ABSTRACT This research, a study of capitalism on the frontier, examines Chinese garment production and African women workers in South Africa from the waning years of apartheid to the present. It focuses on Newcastle, a former border town between white South Africa and the black KwaZulu homeland that had been economically important for its coal and steel production since the 1960s. However, the “Asian Strategy” adopted by the Newcastle Town Council in the early 1980s transformed the town into a prominent site of low-wage, labor-intensive, and female-oriented light manufacturing. The established scholarship, while providing useful explanations for the arrival of ethnic Chinese clothing factories and offering valid critiques of South Africa’s industrial policies, pays little attention either to Chinese business practices or their long-term impact on Zulu women workers’ lives. The most important finding of this research is that, in response to harsh business and socioeconomic conditions, both the ethnic Chinese industrialists and Zulu women workers creatively utilized and reshaped existing familial arrangements and communal ties. While Newcastle’s ethnic Chinese family businesses had been built upon the production partnerships of Chinese male mechanics and female supervisors who leveraged existing family business networks to maximize efficiencies and profits, Zulu women formed female-linked families and participated in informal women’s savings clubs to maintain stability as a workforce. This research shows that the production couple and the African female-linked family, albeit profoundly fractured, were essentially capitalist families that not only smoothed the way for iii intensified production, but also facilitated accumulation for both the Chinese entrepreneurs and Zulu workers. My project points to the ways in which capitalist production transplants, adapts, and refashions its material and cultural forms across the globe. Newcastle’s ethnic Chinese family enterprises constituted a distinct industrial diaspora in the history of Africa and represented one of the most flexible forms of manufacturing capitalism worldwide. When relocating to the last frontiers, they employed the most vulnerable workers on the global labor hierarchy. In examining Newcastle’s Chinese garment firms and Zulu women’s production and reproduction, my research shows the significance of gender, family, and kinship formation to contemporary capitalism’s regeneration outside its heartland. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................................ vii LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................................... xi INTRODUCTION: AFRICAN WOMEN, CHINESE DIASPORA, AND CAPITALIST PRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................... - 1 - African Factory Women .......................................................................................................... - 7 - Chinese Industrial Diaspora in Africa ................................................................................... - 19 - Edge of Capital ...................................................................................................................... - 28 - Sources and Methodology ..................................................................................................... - 35 - Structure ................................................................................................................................ - 37 - CHAPTER 1: PROMOTING NEWCASTLE .......................................................................... - 42 - A Model Apartheid Border Town (pre-1978 period) ............................................................ - 46 - The Model Town in Search of “Models” (1978-1982) ......................................................... - 52 - Newcastle Meets the Far East (1983-1987) .......................................................................... - 64 - An Industrial Giant and Clothing Mecca (1988-1992) ......................................................... - 73 - The Delusion of Development (1993-Present)...................................................................... - 83 - Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. - 88 - CHAPTER 2: AN INDUSTRIAL DIASPORA IN SOUTH AFRICA .................................... - 93 - Industrial Decentralization Debate Revisited ........................................................................ - 97 - An Explanation of Terminology ......................................................................................... - 104 - The Large Exporters ............................................................................................................ - 105 - The Taiwanese Knitting Firms ............................................................................................ - 111 - The Mainland Chinese CMT Firms .................................................................................... - 116 - Conclusion ........................................................................................................................... - 127 - CHAPTER 3: PRODUCTION COUPLES AND FLEXIBLE ACCUMULATION .............. - 130 - The Age of Flexible Accumulation ..................................................................................... - 133 - Utilitarian Familialism and Production-Couple Partnerships ............................................. - 137 - The Story of Lilly and Gary ................................................................................................ - 144 - Vertical and Horizontal Business Networks ....................................................................... - 152 - Productivity and the Minimum Wages................................................................................ - 155 - Cost-Saving Tactics and Business Diversification.............................................................. - 163 - v Conclusion ........................................................................................................................... - 168 - CHAPTER 4: “CHINESE EAT BLACKS” ........................................................................... - 171 - Long Walk to Labor: Zulu Women as Industrial Workforce .............................................. - 175 - Encountering the Zulu Female Body: Surveillance and Discipline .................................... - 185 - Weapons of the Weak: Tactics of Defiance ........................................................................ - 197 - The Moral Economy of Factory Mothers ............................................................................ - 206 - Conclusion ........................................................................................................................... - 210 - CHAPTER 5: “WHO WILL HELP US?” .............................................................................. - 213 - The Female-Linked Family ................................................................................................. - 217 - Stokvels and Women’s “Savings Mystique” ....................................................................... - 231 - Mama Mabhodini and Female Respectability ..................................................................... - 242 - Conclusion ........................................................................................................................... - 251 - CONCLUSION: FACTORY, FAMILY, AND THE MAKING OF AN INDUSTRIAL FRONTIER ............................................................................................................................. - 255 - Three Tales of the Chinese Factory..................................................................................... - 259 - “Fractured Family” in an Industrializing Age ..................................................................... - 262 - The Making of an Industrial Frontier .................................................................................. - 268 - BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................................... - 273 - vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This dissertation has
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