Name: ___ANSWERS________ Date: _______________________ Period: ______________________ Chapter 21 Civil Rights Review Worksheet—ANSWERS OGT Section Page Person, Place, Date, Description Term refer to and study “Civil Rights Movement— Alphabet Soup” 4.1 166 Dred Scott vs. Dred Scott was a slave who sued Sanford (1857) unsuccessfully for his freedom in the famous lawsuit Dred Scott v. Sandford which bears his name—The court ruled 7 to 2 against Scott, stating that slaves were property, and the court could not deprive people of their property without due process of law according to the Fifth Amendment 8.3 287 Grandfather clause Provision that exempts certain people from a law on the basis of previously existing circumstances—especially a clause formerly in some Southern states’ constitutions that exempted whites from the strict voting requirements used to keep African Americans from the polls 8.3 287 Jim Crow Laws Laws enacted by Southern state and local governments to separate white and black people in public and private facilities; named after a popular old minstrel song that ended in the words “Jump, Jim Crow” 8.3 287 Poll Tax An annual tax that had to be paid before qualifying to vote—African Americans and poor white citizens were often too poor to pay the poll tax; to reinstate white voters who could not pay the poll tax, several Southern states added the grandfather clause which allowed citizens to still vote if their grandfathers were able to vote 8.3 287 & 290 Plessy v Ferguson Affirmed the legality of racial segregation (“separate but equal”); In 1890, the State of Louisiana had passed a law that required separate accommodations for Blac ks and Whites on railroads. Homer Plessy, who was one-eighth African, had taken a seat in the whites only railway car, he was asked to vacate it and sit instead in the "blac ks only" car. Plessy refused and was immediately arrested. In 1896, the Supreme Court ruled by a 7-1 decision in this case that the separation of races in public accommodations was legal and did not violate the Fourteenth Amendment as long as the accommodations were equal; decision established the doctrine of “separate but equal” which allowed states to maintain segregated facilities. 19.1 637 What were some of the actions taken by President Truman as a result of the Committee on Civil Rights? Based on the committee’s findings, Truman urged Confess to pass an anti-lynching law and an anti-poll-tax measure to end discrimination in federal agencies and the military. He issued executive orders banning racial discrimination in the military and in federal hiring. He also took steps to end employment discriminati on by companies holding government contracts. 21.1 99 Thirteenth Amendment 21.1 99 Fourteenth Amendment XIV (the Fourteenth Amendment) of the United States Constitution recognized former slaves as citizens. abolished slavery. The amendment states: Amendment (1868) Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. 21.1 100 Fifteenth Amendment Amendment XV (the Fifteenth Amendment) of the United States Constitution grants voting rights regardless of (1867) race. The amendment states: Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. Section 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. 21.1 102 Twenty-fourth Amendment XXIV (the Twenty-fourth Amendment) of the United States Constitution Amendment (1964) prohibits both Congress and the states from putting restrictions (poll tax, literacy test, etc.) on the right to vote in federal elections. The amendment states: Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote in any primary or other election for President or V ice President, for electors for P resident or Vice President, or for Senator or Representative in Congress, shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any State by reason of failure to pay poll tax or other tax. Section 2.The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. 21.1 700 Literacy test A test that judged the reading of voters to — N/A determine if they could vote or not; African Americans were often given more difficult questions than white, or given a test in a foreign language in the end though it was white officials that graded it and they could pass or fail applicants as they wished 21.1 700— racism N/A Racial prejudice or discrimination 21.1 702 Brown v. Board of In Topeka, Kansas, Linda Brown’s parents sued the school Education (1954) board for not allowing their daughter to attend a better all-white school miles closer to their home and than the segregated elementary school she was assigned to (Linda Brown—7 years-old—had to walk a mile through a dangerous train switching yard to get to a bus to ta ke her to her school rather than attending a school several bloc ks from her home); on 17 May 1954 the Warren Court handed down a unanimous 9-0 decision which stated, in no uncertain terms, that "separate educational facilities are inherently unequal." This ruling eliminated the doctrine of "separate but equal”. Some border states integrated their schools, but the South remained segregated. The governor of Virginia threatened to close the state ’s public schools and send white children to private schools. A group of Southern members of Congress signed a “Southern Manifesto,” which called the court’s ruling “a clear abuse of judicial power” and pledged use of “all lawful means to bring about a reversal of this 21.1 702 Discuss three results of the Brown v. decision.” The decision gave legal support of the Board of Education African American struggle for civil rights. decision. 21.1 702 How did events during World War II lay the groundwork for African Americans to fight for civil rights in the 1950s? African Americans had experienced better job opportunities; many veterans who had fought racist Germans wanted to resist racist Americans; civil rights groups had staged some successful protests 21.1 702 Thurgood Marshall Leading civil rights attorney In total, Marshall won twenty-nine out of the thirty-two cases he argued before the Supreme Court (including Brown v Board of Education); On June 13, 1967, President Johnson appointed Marshall to the Supreme Court saying that this was "the right thing to do, the right time to do it, the right man and the right place." He was the first African-American to hold the position. 21.1 703 “Little Rock Nine” The nine African American students who attempted to enroll at Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas 21.1 703 Brown II In response to the Brown v Board of Education decision, many whites resisted desegregation and in many places the Ku Klux Klan reappeared; in response, the Supreme Court handed down a second ruling ( known as Brow n II) that ordered school desegregation be implemented “with all deliberate speed” 21.1 703 Little Rock Crisis Wednesday, Sept. 4, 1957, Nine black students (“The Little Rock Nine”) seeking to enter Little Rock Central High School were stopped by Governor Orval Faubus, the National Guard, and angry white segregationists. These actions forced President Eisenhower to intervene. He federalized the Arkansas National Guard and sent in 1,000 paratroopers to protect the students and to allow them to enter. Students attended for that year then Faubus shut down Central High rather than let integration continue. 21.1 703 Southern Manifesto A document signed by a group of 101 — N/A southern members of Congress which called the Cour t’s ruling of Brown v Board of Education “a clear abuse of judicial power” and pledged use of “all lawful means to bring about a reversal of this decision” Why weren’t schools in all regions desegregated immediately after the Brown II decision? Some Southern whites and state officials resisted integration, and neither the president nor Congress forced them to act quic kly 21.1 703 Explain the pr imary effect of the bus boycott in Montgomery, Alabama, on the bus company and the community. African American passengers who regulary used the buses for transportation boycotted them. Because a majority of the regular bus riders were African Americans, the bus company lost much of its business. The boycott eventually forced the bus company to desegragete buses. 21.1 704 2 21.1 704 Federalized Put under the jurisdiction of the federal — N/A government—during the Civil Rights Movement, the president often federalized state National Guardsmen until federal troops could arrive 21.1 704 Montgomery Bus A boycott of public transportation in Boycott Montgomery, Alabama in response to Rosa Parks being arrested; the boycott was organized by the MIA and led by Martin Luther King, Jr.; many African Americans chose to walk for miles rather than ta ke the bus—in many cases people organized car pools; donations were taken up to purchase “boycott taxies” to pic k up and dr ive walkers; the boycott lasted for 381 days until the Supreme Court outlawed bus segregation 21.1 704 What effect do you think television coverage of the Little Roc k incident had on the nation? Television allowed the people to see the white separatists’ cruel treatm ent of the African American students—this helped them relate and cause sympathy for the cause and anger towards the segregation list 21.1 704 What was the Montgomery Improvement Association The MIA was a group of local civil rights leaders wor king for fair conditions for minorities in Montgomery and around the nation.