Chapter 21 Civil Rights Review Worksheet—ANSWERS

Name: ___ANSWERS______Date: ______Period: ______

OGT Section Page Person, Place, Date, Description Term refer to and study “Civil Rights Movement— Alphabet Soup”

4.1 166 Dred Scott vs. Dred Scott was a slave who sued Sanford (1857) unsuccessfully for his freedom in the famous

lawsuit Dred Scott v. Sandford which bears his name—The court ruled 7 to 2 against Scott, stating that slaves were property, and the court could not deprive people of their property without due process of law according to the Fifth Amendment 8.3 287 Grandfather clause Provision that exempts certain people from a law on the basis of previously existing

circumstances—especially a clause formerly in some Southern states’ constitutions that exempted whites from the strict voting requirements used to keep African Americans from the polls 8.3 287 Jim Crow Laws Laws enacted by Southern state and local governments to separate white and black

people in public and private facilities; named after a popular old minstrel song that ended in the words “Jump, Jim Crow” 8.3 287 Poll Tax An annual tax that had to be paid before qualifying to vote—African Americans and poor white citizens were often too poor to

pay the poll tax; to reinstate white voters who could not pay the poll tax, several Southern states added the grandfather clause which allowed citizens to still vote if their grandfathers were able to vote 8.3 287 & 290 Plessy v Ferguson Affirmed the legality of racial segregation (“separate but equal”); In 1890, the State of Louisiana had passed a law that required separate accommodations for Blac ks and Whites on railroads. Homer Plessy, who was one-eighth African, had taken a seat in the whites only railway car, he was asked to vacate it and sit instead in the "blac ks only" car. Plessy refused and was immediately arrested. In 1896, the Supreme Court ruled by a 7-1 decision in this case that the separation of races in public accommodations was legal and did not violate the Fourteenth Amendment as long as the accommodations were equal; decision established the doctrine of “separate but equal” which allowed states to maintain segregated facilities. 19.1 637 What were some of the actions taken by President Truman as a result of the Committee on Civil Rights? Based on the committee’s findings, Truman urged Confess to pass an anti-lynching law and an anti-poll-tax measure to end discrimination in federal agencies and the military. He issued executive orders banning racial discrimination in the military and in federal hiring. He also took steps to end employment discriminati on by companies holding government contracts. 21.1 99 Thirteenth Amendment 21.1 99 Fourteenth Amendment XIV (the Fourteenth Amendment) of the United States Constitution recognized former slaves as citizens. abolished slavery. The amendment states: Amendment (1868)  Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. 21.1 100 Fifteenth Amendment Amendment XV (the Fifteenth Amendment) of the United States Constitution grants voting rights regardless of (1867)

race. The amendment states:  Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

 Section 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. 21.1 102 Twenty-fourth Amendment XXIV (the Twenty-fourth Amendment) of the United States Constitution Amendment (1964) prohibits both Congress and the states from putting restrictions (poll tax, literacy test, etc.) on the right to vote in federal elections. The amendment states:  Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote in any primary or other election for President or V ice President, for electors for P resident or Vice President, or for Senator or Representative in Congress, shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any State by reason of failure to pay poll tax or other tax.

 Section 2.The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. 21.1 700 Literacy test A test that judged the reading of voters to — N/A determine if they could vote or not; African Americans were often given more difficult questions than white, or given a test in a foreign language in the end though it was white officials that graded it and they could pass or fail applicants as they wished 21.1 700— racism N/A Racial prejudice or discrimination 21.1 702 Brown v. Board of In Topeka, Kansas, Linda Brown’s parents sued the school Education (1954)

board for not allowing their daughter to attend a better all-white school miles closer to their home and than the segregated elementary school she was assigned to (Linda Brown—7 years-old—had to walk a mile through a dangerous train switching yard to get to a bus to ta ke her to her school rather than attending a school several bloc ks from her home); on

17 May 1954 the Warren Court handed down a unanimous 9-0 decision which stated, in no uncertain terms, that "separate educational facilities are inherently unequal." This ruling eliminated the doctrine of "separate but equal”. Some border states integrated their schools, but the South remained segregated. The governor of Virginia threatened to close the state ’s public schools and send white children to private schools. A group of Southern members of Congress signed a “Southern Manifesto,” which called the court’s ruling “a clear abuse of judicial power” and pledged use of “all lawful means to bring about a reversal of this 21.1 702 Discuss three results of the Brown v. decision.” The decision gave legal support of the Board of Education African American struggle for civil rights. decision. 21.1 702 How did events during World War II lay the groundwork for African Americans to fight for civil rights in the 1950s? African Americans had experienced better job opportunities; many veterans who had fought racist Germans wanted to resist racist Americans; civil rights groups had staged some successful protests 21.1 702 Thurgood Marshall Leading civil rights attorney In total, Marshall won twenty-nine out of the thirty-two

cases he argued before the Supreme Court (including Brown v Board of Education); On June 13, 1967, President Johnson appointed Marshall to the Supreme Court saying that this was "the right thing to do, the right time to do it, the right man and the right place." He was the first African-American to hold the position. 21.1 703 “Little Rock Nine” The nine African American students who attempted to enroll at Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas 21.1 703 Brown II In response to the Brown v Board of Education decision, many whites resisted desegregation and in many places the Ku

Klux Klan reappeared; in response, the Supreme Court handed down a second ruling ( known as Brow n II) that ordered school desegregation be implemented “with all deliberate speed” 21.1 703 Little Rock Crisis Wednesday, Sept. 4, 1957, Nine black students (“The Little Rock Nine”) seeking to enter Little Rock Central High School were stopped by Governor Orval Faubus, the National Guard, and angry white segregationists. These actions forced

President Eisenhower to intervene. He federalized the Arkansas National Guard and sent in 1,000 paratroopers to protect the students and to allow them to enter. Students attended for that year then Faubus shut down Central High rather than let integration continue. 21.1 703 Southern Manifesto A document signed by a group of 101 —

N/A southern members of Congress which called the Cour t’s ruling of Brown v Board of Education “a clear abuse of judicial power” and pledged use of “all lawful means to bring about a reversal of this decision” Why weren’t schools in all regions desegregated immediately after the Brown II decision? Some Southern whites and state officials resisted integration, and neither the president nor Congress forced them to act quic kly 21.1 703 Explain the pr imary effect of the bus boycott in Montgomery, Alabama, on the bus company and the community. African American passengers who regulary used the buses for transportation boycotted them. Because a majority of the regular bus riders were African Americans, the bus company lost much of its business. The boycott eventually forced the bus company to desegragete buses. 21.1 704 2 21.1 704 Federalized Put under the jurisdiction of the federal —

N/A government—during the Civil Rights Movement, the president often federalized state National Guardsmen until federal troops could arrive 21.1 704 Montgomery Bus A boycott of public transportation in Boycott Montgomery, Alabama in response to Rosa

Parks being arrested; the boycott was organized by the MIA and led by Martin Luther King, Jr.; many African Americans chose to walk for miles rather than ta ke the bus—in many cases people organized car pools; donations were

taken up to purchase “boycott taxies” to pic k up and dr ive walkers; the boycott lasted for 381 days until the Supreme Court outlawed bus segregation 21.1 704 What effect do you think television coverage of the Little Roc k incident had on the nation? Television allowed the people to see the white separatists’ cruel treatm ent of the African American students—this helped them relate and cause sympathy for the cause and anger towards the segregation list 21.1 704 What was the Montgomery Improvement Association The MIA was a group of local civil rights leaders wor king for fair conditions for minorities in Montgomery and around the nation. It was formed to organize the Montgomery Bus Boycott. 21.1 705 Civil disobedience Refusal to obey an unjust law 21.1 705 How did many African Americans react to the death of Martin L uther King Jr.? Many African Americans were outraged. Within hours of this death, African American neighborhoods across the country exploded in violence. A week of rioting left 46 dead and thousands injured. 21.1 705 Non-violent Protest Protests where demonstrators did not used any kind of force or violence no matter what

was said or done to them; became a staple of the early Civil Rights Movement under the leadership of Martin Luther King, Jr.; K ing got the idea from Mohandas Gandhi who used the technique to help India overthrow British rule 21.1 705 Rosa Parks Protested segregation through everyday acts all her life; through planning with NAACP, she refused to give up her seat to white passenger and ignited the Civil Rights

Movement. He was a seamstress and an NAACP officer. Jo Ann Robinson and NAA CP leader E.D. Nixon helped Parks plan the boycott; O n December 1, 1955 she was arrested for refusing to give up he r seat which had become part of “white only” section after the front of the bus had been filled; For 381 days, African Americans refused to ride the buses in Montgomery; Finally, in 1956, the Supreme Court outlawed bus segregation 21.1 705—N/A What did the experiences of Martin L uther King Jr. in Chicago show? King’s experiences showed that signif icant obstacles to full equality remained and that the fight against racial discrimination in the North did not draw support from white Americans in the way that demonstrations against southern segregation had done a few years earlier. 21.1 706 Emmett Till Case In August 1955, went to visit relatives near Money, Mississippi. There he was murdered by a group called the “uptown Ku

Klux Klan”. Emmett Till, a fourteen year old boy from Chicago visiting relatives in Money, was killed by a group called the “uptown Ku K lux Klan” for allegedly whistling at a white woman in a store, His mother chose to have the casket open at his funeral,

showing the beating that had been inflicted on her son by his tw o white abductors before he was shot. Thousands were exposed to this site when a picture of

his corpse appeared in a magazine. The murder and subsequent acquittal galvanized opinion in the Nor th in the same way that the long campaign to free the "Scottsboro Boys" had in the 1930s. This case shoc ked both whites and blac ks for the cruelty of the killing. It prompted blac ks to become more involved with protests. 21.1 706 Martin Luther King, Martin Luther King, Jr. was the instrumental Jr. leader of the civil rights movement; he believed in non-violence and civil disobedience; he was head of the Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA) and then the Southern Christian

Leadership Conference (SCLC); was born in Atlanta, Georgia to the Rev. Martin Luther King, Sr. and A lberta Williams King. (King was born Michael but in 1934 his father—Rev. Michael King, Sr. —returned home from Europe where he had toured the site where Martin Luther had begun the Protestant Reformation and upon returning home he changed his name as well as his sons.) He graduated from Morehouse College in 1948 at age nineteen and earned his Ph.D. in Theology from Boston University in 1955. King married Coretta Scott on June 18, 1953 and they had four children. While at Crozer Theological Seminary, King first became acquainted with the ideas of Mohandas Gandhi, which influenced him greatly in his future years. In 1953, King became the pastor of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama. He was selected to lead the 1955 Montgomery Bus Boycott. He was then instrumental in the founding of the

Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). King led the SCL C in a number of triumphs over racial injustices and became a symbol of the Civil Rights Movement. His is probably most remembered for his famous “I have a

Dream” speech which came at the conclusion the Civil Rights March on

Washington which he had spearheaded. King was assassinated on April 4, 1968 in Memphis, Tennessee while he stood on his hotel balcony. James Earl Ray was arrested and convicted of the crime. In 1986, a U.S. national holiday was established in honor of Martin L uther King Jr., which is called Martin Luther King Day. It is observed on the third Monday of January each year, around the time of King's birthday. On January 18, 1993, for the first time, Martin Luther King Day was officially observed in all 50 U.S. states. In addition, many U.S. cities have officially renamed one of their streets to honor K ing. Since his death, Coretta Scott King has followed her husband's footsteps and is active in matters of social justice and civil rights. The same year Martin Luther King was assassinated, Mrs. King established the King Center in A tlanta, Georgia, dedicated to preserving his legacy and the work of championing nonviolent conflict resolution and tolerance worldwide. 21.1 706 Sit-ins Form of protest where protesters would sit

3 down at segregated lunch counters and

refuse to leave until they were served ; the first sit-ins were organized by CO RE to protest segregation in the North in the 1940s; the tactic became popular and effective in the 1960s when film crews would cover such protests and the world got to see the ugly face of racism as whites would beat, jeer at, and pour food over students who refused to strike bac k 21.1 706 What was the Christian Leadership Conference, and what did it seek to achieve? The Christian Leadership Conference was an alliance of church-based African American organizations dedicated to ending discrimination through nonviolent resistance in protests 21.1 706 Why did Martin Luther King Jr. move his family into a Chicago slum apartment in 1966? King hoped to draw attention to the housing problems African Americans faced in the urban North. 21.1 723—N/A What accomplishments of the civil rights movement were achieved through nonviolent means? Why, despite these Accomplishments achieved through nonviolent means included the desegregation of schools and public facilities, such as buses and lunch counters, the abolition of literacy tests and poll taxes that had prevented African Americans in the South from voting, and the passage of laws that expanded housing, e mployment, and educational opportunities for African Americans. The nonviolent approach required accomplishments, did some African Americans come to reject nonviolence? (Think About: accomplishments in education, voting, patience and personal sacrifice. Some African Americans were unwilling to continue to wait, or sacrifice more than they already had, for right they deserved. Some African Americans felt that nonviolence was not an effective means of ending de facto segregation, which had led to the concentration of urban African Americans in slums with little hope of improving their economic and social status. and use of public facilities; w hat was required of nonviolent protesters; difference between de facto and de jure segregation) 21.2 704 What strategies made the Montgomery Bus Boycott a success? African Americans used nonviolence and economic strategies such as the bus boycott to war down opposition and inspirational, charismatic leadership to keep the community from losing heart 21.2 705 Civil Rights Act of The first civil rights law since 1957 Reconstruction  Established federal Commission on Civil Rights  Established a Civil Rights Division in the Justice Department to enforce civil rights laws  Enlarged federal power to protect voting rights 21.2 710 Freedom Riders James Farmer, director of CORE, called for a movement (the Freedom Riders) to test racial discrimination in bus stations and terminal she sent 400 US marshals to protest the riders on their trip and (freedom riders led to) banned segregation in all interstate travel facilities, including waiting rooms, restrooms, and lunch counters. 21.2 710 Freedom Summer Freedom Summer—CORE, SNCC project to register blacks to vote in MS; Volunteers beaten, killed; businesses, homes, churches

burned; In June of 1964, three civil rights wor kers disappeared in Neshoba County, Mississippi—It was later learned that Klansmen and local police had murdered the men, two of whom were white (investigation is por trayed in the movie Mississippi Burning. 21.2 711 James Meredith With help of Kennedy and federal marshals, he integrated University of Mississippi, later

shot In September 1962, a federal court ordered the University of Mississippi to accept James Meredith, a twenty -eight-year-old Air Force Veteran, much to the consternation of segregationists; G overnor Ross Barnett said he would never allow the school to be integrated; After days of violence and rioting by whites, Meredith, President Kennedy ordered federal marshals to escort James Meredith to the University; In 1966 Meredith began a 220-mile "March Against Fear" from Memphis, Tennessee, to Jac kson, Mississippi —he hoped to demonstrate a positive change in the racial climate, but he was shot soon after he commenced the march; Civil rights leaders rallied to the cause and came to continue the march from the point at which Meredith fell. 21.2 711 What did the freedom riders hope to achieve? They hoped to call attention to the South’s refusal to abandon segregation so as to pressure the federal government to enforce the Supreme Court’s desegregation rulings 21.2 712 Violence in Birmingham Birmingham , Alabama was a city known for its strict enforcement of total segregation in public life; Martin Luther King Jr. and the SCLC went to Birmingham to desegregate it but after days of protesting, Martin Luther King arrested, writes “Letter from Birmingham Jail”; More than a thousand African- American children took to the streets in protest, police com missioner Eugene “Bull” Connor ’s men arrested 959 of them and a day later attacked them with fire hoses, dogs, and clubs—TV cameras captured all of it, and millions of viewers heard the children screaming; Continued protests, economic boycott, bad press end segregation 21.2 713 Ernest Withers An African American photographer who was an important part of the Civil Rights Movement; he believed that if the struggle for equality could be shown to people then things would change 21.2 714—N/A Birmingham Church Bombing (16th Street Baptist Church Bombing) Occurred only two weeks after King’s historic speech; On Sunday, September 15, 1963, Ku Klux Klan members Bobby Frank Cherry and Robert Edward Chambliss (a.k.a. Dynamite Bob) planted 19 stic ks of dynamite in the basement of the Church. At about 10:25 AM, they exploded. Four young girls — Addie Mae Collins, Carole Robertson, Cynthia Wesley and Denise McNair — were killed in the blast, while 22 more were injured; Outrage at the bombing and the grief that followed helped ensure the passage of the landmark Civil Rights Act of 1964; Chambliss was initially acquitted of the murder charges, but years later it was found that the FBI had accumulated evidence against the bombers that had not been revealed to the prosecutors, by order of FBI director J. Edgar Hoover—But in 1977 Chambliss was convicted for the murders and sentenced to several terms of life imprisonment. He died in prison in 1985; After reopening the case several times, in 2000 the FBI assisted the state author ities in bringing charges against Cherry and Thomas Blanton—they were convicted by state court juries and sentenced to life in prison Proposed by President Kennedy on June 19, 1963. It was the most significant piece of legislation to date, and it has had a lasting effect in the elimination of discrimination and segregation. President Johnson signed the bill into a law in July 2, 1964. 21.2 714 Civil Rights Act of 1964  Banned most discrimination in employment and in public accommodations.  Enlarged federal power to protect voting rights and speed up school desegregation. 4  Established Equal Employment Opportunity Commission to insure fair treatment in employment. 21.2 714—N/A Explain why Malcolm X was not a supporter of the March on Washington. Malcolm X criticized K ing’s decision to allow this as he believed that Kennedy was attempting to ta ke over and orchestrate the march. Malcolm X was to nic k-name the march "The Farce on Washington". 21.2 714 Integrating June 11, 1963, two students escorted by federal marshals attempted to enroll for class at the University of Alabama (an all-white university); they were barred from doing so when Alabama University of Alabama Governor George Wallace made his infamous "Stand in the Schoolhouse Door” in an attempt to prevent racial integration of

Alabama schools—Wallace said, “I say, Segregation now! Segregation tomorrow! Segregation forever”; After trying to get Wallace to back down voluntarily,

Kennedy federalized the Alabama National Guard and ordered the troops to make sure African Americans were allowed to

enter. Wallace backed down and the University of Alabama was integrated 21.2 714 March on The march was initiated by A. Philip Randolph. Planning for the event was complicated by differences among the Washington

“big six”; members but eventually agreed upon. Known in the press as "the big six”; T he 1963 March on Washington was initially opposed by Kennedy as he believed that any march during his presidency would indicate that the leaders of the civil rights campaign were critical of his stance on civil rights. Kennedy also felt

that the march could antagonize. Kennedy eventually endorsed the march when it was agreed that the federal

government could have an input into it. Malcolm X criticized King’s decision to allow this as he believed that Kennedy was attempting to ta ke over and orchestrate the march. Malcolm X was to nick-name the march "The Farce on Washington". Historians now view the march as a great success for both King and the federal gove rnment as it went well in all aspects - peaceful, informative, well or ganized etc. The rumors that federal representatives would cut off the PA system if the speeche s

became too rabble-raising have not been proved. A ugust 28, 1963, more than 250,000 demonstrators—including 45,000 whites— marched to the nation’s capital to demand for equality. They assembled at the Lincoln Memorial and listened to spea kers demand the immediate passage of the civil rights bill. The march ended with Dr. King’s “I have a dream”

speech. This speech was one of the most important speeches in history. It gave hope to many blacks around the nation. 21.2 714 What effect do you think the March on Washington had on the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964? The March on Washington provided civil rights leaders with the chance to deliver their message to a national audience. After hearing moving and eloquent speeches such as the “I Have a Dream” speech by Martin Luther King Jr., members of Congress my have been more compelled to pass the Civil rights Act more quickly than they might have otherwise. 21.2 715 Andrew Goodman Was a Jewish-American civil rights activist — N/A who was murdered by gunshot in 1964 while trying to register voters as part of Freedom Summer. 21.2 715 Fannie Lou Hamer Was the daughter of a Mississippi sharecropper and became the voice of the SNCC organized Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP); she spoke at the 1964 Democratic National Convention and in a televised speech that shoc ked the convention and viewers nationwide—Hamer described how she was jailed for registering to vote in 1962: “The first [prisoner] began to beat [me], and I was beat by the first until he was exhausted. . . . The second [prisoner] began to beat. . . .I began to scream and one white man got up and began to beat me in my head and tell me to „hush.‟ . . .All of this on account we want to register, to become first-class citizens, and if the Freedom Democratic Party is not seate d now, I question America.” 21.2 715 James Chaney was a civil rights worker who was murdered — N/A by gunshot in 1964 while trying to register voters as part of Freedom Summer 21.2 715 Michael Schwerner Was a Jewish-American civil rights activist — N/A who was murdered by gunshot in 1964 while trying to register voters as part of Freedom Summer. 21.2 715 Why did Civil Rights groups organize Freedom Summer? They hoped to call attention to the lack of voting rights in segregationist strongholds and to promote passage of a federal voting rights act 21.2 716 “Bloody Sunday”— On March 7, 1965, about 600 protesters set The Selma Campaign out on a 50-mile protest march from Selma, Alabama to the state capital of Montgomery.

5 The marchers headed east out of Selma on U.S. H ighway 80 but only got as far as the Edmund Pettus Bridge six bloc ks away, where state and local lawmen attacked them with billy clubs and tear gas

and drove them back into Selma. King leads 600 protest marchers; TV shows police violently stop them. Second march, with federal protection, swells to 25,000 people 21.2 716 Describe the even in Selma, Alabama, that helped spur the passage of the Voting Rights Ac t of 1965. Police attacked activists protesting the violence used to prevent African Americans from registering to vote. Public outrage over the attacks help lead to the passage of the Voting Rights Act just five months later. 21.2 716 Voting Rights Act: 1965 In response to “Bloody Sunday”—President Johnson delivered a nationw ide speech to congress asking for the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965. E ventually it was approved.  Eliminated voter literacy tests  Enabled federal examiners to register voters 21.3 718 De facto segregation Segregation that exists by practice, custom; problem in North 21.3 718 De jure segregation Segregation required by law; problem in South 21.3 718—N/A Hough Riots Race Riots in Cleveland, Ohio; started on July 18 and lasted for 6 days after a white dinner owner refused to given an African American a glass of water—By the end of the riots, four people were killed. About 240 fires were reported during the riots. 21.3 718 What were some of the causes and effects of the urban riots of the mid-1960s? African American frustrations with continuing discrimination and the prevalence of white racism helped trigger the riots. The riots caused death and destruction and left white and blac k Americans more polarized than before. 21.3 719 Explain some of the most important factors that led to the development of a Black Power movement in the mid-1960s. (Think Accomplishments achieved through nonviolent mans included the desegregation of schools and public facilities, such as buses and lunch counters, the abolition of literacy tests and poll taxes that had prevented African Americans in the South from voting, and the passage of laws that expanded housing, em ployment, and educational opportun ities for African Americans. The nonviolent approach required About: de jure segregation versus de facto segregation, gains African Americans had made by the mid-1960s, and the treatment of patience and personal sacrifice. Some African Americans were unwilling to continue to wait, or sacrifice more than they already had, for rights they deserved. Some African Americans felt that nonviolence was not effective means of ending de facto segregation which had led to the concentration of urban African Americans in slums with little hope of improving their economic and social status. African Americans by law officers in Northern cities) 21.3 719 How did the message of Malcolm X differ from that of other civil r ights leaders in the early 1960s? Malcolm X advocated African American separatism and called for freedom to be brought about “by any means possible.” This philosophy differed greatly from other leaders, who strove to achieve racial integration through peaceful means. 21.3 719 Malcolm X Malcolm X (dropping what he called his “slave name”) was a minister and national spokesman for the Nation of Islam; but eventually broke ties with the Nation of

Islam because: he learned that Elijah Muhammad had broken his own rules by committing adultery and after pilgrimage to Mecca and learning that Islam really preached racial equality—he began to push for integration; A t a spea king engagement in the Ma nhattan's Audubon Ballroom on February 21, 1965 three gunmen rushed Malcolm onstage and shot him 15 times at close range—it was believed that he was killed by the Nation of Islam for speaking out against their views but this was never proven 21.3 719 Nation of Islam led by Elijah Muhammad and appealed to (Black Muslims) African Americans to embrace the Islamic

faith and preached black nationalism; Their philosophy advocated for African Americans to separate

themselves from whites and from their own self-governing communities blacks separate from whites—believed whites source of black problems; Their ideas were popularized by one of their leaders known as Malcolm X 21.3 720 Black Panthers Black Panther Party was the most famous of the militant Black Power groups; They used guns and violence to confront police and law, and to give more power to blacks;

They preached ideas of Mao Zedong and had violent confrontations with police; They provided social services to the ghettos and won popular support because of this. 21.3 720 What were some of the positive aspects of the Blac k Power movement? The Black Power Movement had many positive aspects, including an emphasis on racial pride and an interest in African culture and heritage. 21.3 720 What were the goals of the Blac k Panther Party? What were the methods they advocated in their attempt to achieve these goals? The Black Panther Party wanted “land, bread, housing, education, clothing, justice, and peace” as well as the freedom to determine their own destiny. The group be lieved that it should arm itself in order to defend the blac k community from “racist police oppression.” 21.3 721 Why was the public reaction to the Back Panthers mixed? Americans feared the Black Panther’s rhetoric and their involvement in violence; however, some poor African Americans benefited from their community programs 21.3 722 Civil Rights Act of  Prohibited discrimination in the sale or 1968 rental of most housing  Strengthened anti-lynching laws  Made it a crime to harm civil rights workers 21.3 722 Kerner Commission Commission found “white racism” as the

main cause of urban violence; The Kerner Commission was the popular name given to the National A dvisory Commission on Civil Disorders; The 11-member commission was created in July, 1967 by President Lyndon B. Johnson to investigate the causes of the 1967 race riots in the United States. The commission's report, usually called the "Kerner Report," was released on February 29, 1968. T he report named one main cause for urban violence: White Racism; the report sa id, “Our nation is moving toward two societies, on blac k, one white—separate but equal; the report called for the nation to create new jobs, construct new housing, and end de facto segregation in order to wipe out the destructive ghetto environment—the Johnson administration ignored many of the recommendations because of white opposition to such sweeping changes. 21.3 722 White Flight White flight is a term for the demographic trend of white people, generally but not always upper and middle class, moving away from increasingly and predominantly non-white areas, finding new homes in nearby suburbs; Prior to the Civil Rights Act of 1964, due to racist real-estate covenants and other discriminatory practices, non-white people were almost never afforded the same opportunities to move away from the cities, even when they may have been economically able to do so. 21.3 723 Affirmative Action Affirmative action programs involve making special efforts to hire or

6 enroll groups that have suffered

discrimination; many colleges and almost all companies that do business with the federal government adopted such programs. But in the late 1970s, some people began to

criticize affirmative action programs as “reverse discrimination” that set minority hiring or enrollment quotas and deprived whites of opportunities. 21.3 723 Compare what Marshall, as the head of the NAACP’s team — Thurgood Marshall, N/A Martin Luther King, of lawyers, argued many important civil Jr., and Malcolm X rights cases before the Supreme Court. In achieved for African Americans. (Think winning Brown, he gave all African- About: the American children the opportunity to importance of changing unjust laws, succeed and achieved an important first step effective protests and in the complete abolishment of segregation. demonstrations in the South, and African King, as the head of the SCLC, provided Americans’ attitude leadership. His love, courage, patience, toward themselves) optimism, and integrity made him an example to all Americans. He inspired those on the front lines of the moment to persevere and those outside the moment to sympathize with, and participate in the movement. Malcolm X helped African Americans to take pride in themselves and their race. The changes he underwent—from a criminal to a Nation of Islam preacher of black separatism and hatred of whites to a more tolerant Muslim civil rights organizer—made him a powerful role model for young African Americans. 21.3 723 Describe three factors African Americans wanted an end to discrimination, better jobs, better income, and better places to responsible for discontent live. — among African Americans N/A during the 1960s. 21.3 723 Explain some of the World War II created opportunities for — most important N/A factors that led to the African Americans that they were unwilling development of the to give up after the war ended. Many civil rights movement in 1950s and 1960s. African-American soldiers returned from 7 (Think About: World War II determined to fight for their economic gains made by African won freedom. The groundwork for a civil Americans during rights movement was laid by organizations World War II, participation of that, during the war, fought against Jim African Americans in Crow laws and voting restrictions. The the war, early efforts by civil rights NAACP adopted a successful strategy for organizations, early fight civil rights in the courts. The most success in the courts) important victory was the Supreme Court’s groundbreaking decision in Brown v. Board of Education, which finally declared separate schools for black unconstitutional. This important blow to de jure segregation helped strengthen the efforts of civil right organizations. 21.3 723 How did the civil The movement at first focused on — rights movement N/A evolve from the mid- segregation enforced by law and later turned 1950s to the late to fundamental economic and social 1960s? Discuss changes in the goals, inequalities. Early leader Thurgood tone, and leadership Marshall of the NAACP won several key of the movement during this period. Supreme Court cases including the landmark (Think About: de Brown v. Board of Education, which made jure versus de facto segregation, segregated schools unconstitutional. Martin contributions of Luther King, Jr., and Rosa Parks challenged major leaders, objectives and segregation on buses in the South using strategies of various boycotts. King and others founded the civil rights organizations) Southern Christian Leadership Conference, which stressed nonviolent tactics such as sit- ins to protest segregation in public facilities. The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee engaged in sit-ins but also used more confrontational tactics. Nonviolent protests eventually led to the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. By the late 1960s,

8 however, anger and frustration over the continuing high rate of poverty and unemployment for blacks gave rise to a new militancy among African Americans, especially in the North. Malcolm X of the Nation of Islam, Stokely Carmichael of SNCC, and the political party the Black Panthers urged blacks to defend themselves against white violence and called for “Black Power.” Clashes between blacks and white authorities led to riots in many large cities. King’s assassination in 1968 marked a turning point for the movement and a low point in race relations for the nation. 21.3 723 In what ways did The number of African American—owned — African Americans’ N/A economic situations businesses rose greatly. The income gap improve during the between white Americans and African 1970s? Americans narrowed. In addition, increased enrollment in colleges and universities ensured that more African Americans would gain better paying jobs. 21.3 723 Los Angeles riots Sparked on April 29, 1992 when a mostly white jury acquitted four police officers accused in the videotaped beating of black motorist Rodney King. Thousands of people in Los Angeles, mainly — (LA Riots or the young black and Latino males, joined in what has often been characterized as a race riot, involving N/A Rodney King riots) mass law-breaking, including looting, arson and murder. In all 50 to 60 people were killed during the riots. 21.3 723 What did the civil The civil rights movement brought about — rights movement N/A accomplish? Would important political gains. It eliminated de you describe the jure segregation: the Civil Rights Act of movement as a success? (Think 1964 ended segregation in public facilities, About: political the Voting Rights Act of 1965 made literacy gains, social and economic gains) tests and poll taxes illegal, and the Civil Rights Act of 1968 ended discrimination in housing. In addition, millions of African Americans were registered to vote, and more blacks were elected to political office. Social and economic gains were more 9 elusive. In the late 1960s, African Americans still faced housing and job discrimination, unequal schools because of white flight to the suburbs, and poverty rate much higher than whites. The movement, however, did lead to affirmative action programs designed to equalize education and job opportunities. Nonviolent protests led by Martin Luther King, Jr., as well as his personal integrity and philosophy, inspired many whites to sympathize with African Americans. The movement also brought many blacks and whites together to work toward common goals. Students who described the movement as a success may say that the legal and political advances represented a great leap forward, since no civil rights legislation had been passed since Reconstruction. Those who disagree may stress that much remains to be accomplished in realms of education, job opportunity, and income equality. 21.3 723 What effects did the It spurred women to demonstrate for equality — civil rights have on N/A many women? by both inspiring them to act and opening their eyes to their unequal treatment 21.3 723 What rights did He wanted African Americans as well as all — President Kennedy N/A want African other Americans to have the “right to be Americans to gain served in facilities which are open to the through civil rights legislation? public—hotels, restaurants, theaters, retail stores and similar establishments.” 21.3 723 What role did White racist violence against nonviolent — violence and N/A nonviolence play in protesters and demonstrators outraged many the struggle for civil Americans and hastened the political process rights? How did each help and hurt the of change. Some African Americans came 10 movement? to see nonviolent protest as an ineffective tool once a certain level of rights had been achieved. On the other hand, violence by African Americans in the form of urban riots hurt the movement by polarizing society. 21.3 723 What strides did By the end of the 1970s more than 4,500 — African Americans N/A make in politics in African Americans held elected office. The the 1970s? roster of elected black officials in 1978 included 16 members of the House of Representatives. 21.3 723 What were some of Gains made through nonviolent protests — the ways in which the N/A civil rights movement staged by groups such as the SCLC during changed between the early stages of the civil rights movement, 1960 and 1975? and then contrast the shift toward violence and more radical rhetoric. Students should point out how some African American leaders called for separation from white Americans, whereas earlier activists called for racial equality and integration. Achievements include gaining enforceable voting rights, desegregation of public places and schools, and better economic opportunities. Perhaps the most dramatic achievement of the movement was the large number of African Americans elected to public office. 21.3 723 Why did organizers Activists who attempted to register voters — have such a difficult N/A time registering continually faced from white racists. Many African American African Americans refused to register voters during the early stages of the because they were threatened with the loss of civil rights their jobs or physical harm if they did so. movement? 21.3 723 Why did young Because the leaders agreed to compromise — people in SNCC and N/A the MFDP feel with the Johnson administration that kept betrayed by some most MFDP delegates from the Democratic 11 civil rights leaders? convention 21.3 723 Why do you think so Busing made parents angry about having to — many people disliked N/A affirmative action and send their children outside of their own busing? neighborhoods to get schooling. Many people disliked affirmative action because they believed it was a form of reverse discrimination. 21.3 796 Busing Desegregation busing, also known as forced

busing, is the concept of achieving racial and/or economic integration in public schools by transporting schoolchildren to schools outside their area of residence; The Supreme Court, in Swann v. Charlotte- Mecklenburg Board of Education, upholds busing as a legitimate means for achieving integration of public schools; Busing led to further “White Flight” into the suburbs and other areas; Combined with changes in housing patterns, forced busing programs were gradually eliminated during the 1990s as the courts nationwide released districts from orders under old lawsuits. 23.1 98 Thirteenth Amendment XIII (the Thirteenth Amendment (1865) Amendment) of the United States Constitution abolished slavery. The amendment states:  Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.  Section 2. Congress shall have 12 power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. 23.1 704 What did the Civil It made it a federal crime to prevent Rights Act of 1957 do? qualified persons from voting. It also set up the federal Civil Rights Commission ot investigate violations of the law. 23.1 768 Bilingualism Ability to speak two languages; the LULAC — N/A pushed to have schools taught in Spanish as well as in English 23.1 768 César Estrada Chávez Founded the National Farm Workers Association (NFWA) that later became the United Farm Workers. In 1965, Chávez and the NFWA led a strike of California grape-

pickers to demand higher wages. In addition to the strike, they encouraged all Americans to boycott table grapes as a show of support. The strike lasted five years and attracted national attention. When the U.S. Senate Subcommittee looked into the situation, Robert Kennedy gave Chávez his total support. In the early 1970s, the UFW organized strikes and boycotts to get higher wages from grape and lettuce growers. During the 1980s, Chávez led a boycott to protest the use of toxic pesticides on grapes. He again fasted to draw public attention. These strikes and boycotts generally ended with the signing of bargaining agreements. 23.1 768 What problems did Prejudice, job and housing discrimination, different groups of Latino immigrants high unemployment, and poverty share? 23.1 770 Dolores Huerta The co-founder and First Vice President Emeritus of the United Farm Workers of America, AFL-CIO(UFW). As an advocate

for farm worker rights Dolores has been arrested twenty-two times for non-violent peaceful union activities. Even though Dolores has invested a great deal of time, sweat and tears and has been a big part of the United Farm Workers movement, she still does not receive the recognition she deserves for her hard work and dedication. To this day at her elder age she is working hard for the rights of farm workers 23.1 770 What impact did the It hurt the grower’s revenue as well as their grape boycott have? public image and forced them to negotiate with the UFWOC; it thus enabled the union to win better wages and working conditions 23.1 771 Declaration of Indian Was a bill of rights for Native Americans Purpose they was written in 1961 by more than 400 representatives of 67 Native American nations who met in Chicago 23.1 771 Indian Civil Rights An act passed by Congress in 1968 which 13 Act guaranteed Native American reservation dwellers some of the rights provided to other citizens under the Bill of Rights 23.1 771 Why did Native Some viewed white culture as shallow and — Americans resist N/A assimilation? meaningless 23.1 772 Russell Means Is one of contemporary America's best- known and prolific activists for the rights of American Indians. He argues that, "Indian people are dying of sympathy. What we want is respect." Means has also pursued careers in politics, acting, and music; he joined the American Indian Movement and quickly became one of its most prominent leaders. He was appointed the group's first national director in 1970. Later that year, Means was one of the leaders of AIM's takeover of Mount Rushmore. In 1972, he participated in AIM's takeover of the Bureau of Indian Affairs office in Washington, DC, and in 1973 he led AIM's occupation of Wounded Knee, which became the group's most celebrated action. 23.2 771 What tactics did AIM AIM used confrontational and sometimes use in its attempts to gain reforms? violent tactics, such as occupying the Bureau of Indian Affairs and taking hostages during a protest at Wounded Knee 23.2 776 Betty Frieden Woman feminist who wrote The Feminine Mystique and helped form NOW; she galvanized the movement 23.2 776 Feminists Women activist 23.2 776 Sexism Treating people different because of their gender 23.2 776 The Feminine Book written by Betty Friedan that rejected Mystique the notion that the destiny of women was 14 only to be wives and mothers; book was a bestseller and helped galvanize women across country 23.2 778 Gloria Steinem Is a Jewish American feminist and journalist and a spokeswoman for women's rights. She is the founder and original publisher of Ms. magazine. In 1971 Steinem founded the National Women's Political Caucus and the Women's Action Alliance. In 1972 she founded the feminist magazine Ms. and wrote for the magazine until it was sold in 1987. In 1974 Steinem founded the Coalition of Labor Union Women. 23.2 778 National Women’s was formed in 1971 with a goal of increasing Political Caucus the number of women involved in politics, including running for office and serving as delegates to national conventions. Gives money and support to all pro-choice female candidates 23.2 778 What prompted Their dissatisfaction with the EEOC and the women to establish NOW? need for a more organized effort to combat sexism 23.2 779 Explain the primary As a result of a viogurs campaign by STOP reason whey the Equal Rights ERA and other groups, the Eual Rights Amendment was not Amendment failed to obtain the votes ratified. needed for ratification. 23.2 779 Phyllis Schlafly She founded STOP ERA to fight ERA believing it would force women to give up

their traditional roles as wives and mothers, and that they would lose certain legal protections in the family and in the workplace 23.2 779 What concerns Fear of change and the perceived drastic motivated those who opposed the ERA? effects the amendment might have had on traditional family life 23.3 722 Shirley Chisholm In 1968, she became the first African- American woman in the United States House of Representatives 15 25.3 843 Civil Rights Act of  The Civil Rights Act of 1991 is a — 1991 N/A United States statute that was passed in response to a series of United States Supreme Court decisions limiting the rights of employees who had sued their employers for discrimination. The 1991 Act combined elements from two different civil rights acts of the past: the Civil Rights Act of 1866 and the Civil Rights Act of 1964.