GREENCYCLE Introducing circular economy system to Alpine Space to achieve low-carbon targets ASP 452 - Priority 2 Low Carbon Alpine Space

WPT2: Setting up strategic framework for circular economy Report on the analysis of the baseline situation Working document for the development of individual strategies

Deliverables: D.T2.1.1 Definition of current weak points and needs for circular economy D.T2.1.2 Identification of waste material flows D.T2.1.3 Identification of critical type of waste/energy/loops not properly addressed

Program priority: SO2.1 - Establish transnationally integrated low carbon policy instruments Work package: T2 – Setting up strategic framework for circular economy Activity: A.T2.1 Collecting and analysis of local data as baseline for local circular economy strategies Deliverables: D.T2.1.1 Definition of current weak points and needs for circular economy D.T2.1.2 Identification of waste material flows D.T2.1.3 Identification of critical type of waste/energy/loops not properly addressed

On behalf of the City of Freiburg by ICLEI Freiburg Authors: Anne-Kathrin Brand (MSc Environmental Science – biomaterials and bioenergy, email: [email protected]) and Liard Kranen (ICLEI, email: [email protected])

October 2017, revised by City of Freiburg December 2017 September 2019, chapter 5.8 for new partner Vorau added

1 Contents

1 Contents 2 1.1 Figures and Tables 4 1.2 Abbreviations 6

2 Introduction 7 2.1 Background 7 2.2 Scope and process 7

3 Methodology 8 3.1 General approach 8 3.2 Project methodology 9

4 Terminology 11

5 Analysis of the questionnaires 12 5.1 Introduction to the analysis 12 5.1.1 Current status 13 5.1.2 Waste 13 5.1.3 Construction and demolition 13 5.1.4 Mobility 13 5.1.5 Energy 14 5.2 Freiburg 15 5.2.1 Current status 15 5.2.1.1 Figure 2 “CE-stars”, weak points and needs, Freiburg 16 5.2.2 Waste 17 5.2.2.1 Figure 3 Waste Management, Freiburg 19 5.2.2.2 Figure 4 Waste streams, Freiburg 21 5.2.3 Construction and demolition 22 5.2.3.1 Figure 5 Construction and demolition context, Freiburg 24 5.2.4 Mobility 25 5.2.4.1 Figure 6 Mobility Concepts, Freiburg 27 5.2.5 Energy 28 5.2.5.1 Figure 7 Energy concepts, Freiburg 29 5.2.6 Summary 30 5.3 Götzis 32 5.3.1 Current status 32 5.3.1.1 Figure 8 “CE-Stars”, weak points and needs, Götzis 33 5.3.2 Waste 34 5.3.2.1 Figure 9 Waste management, Götzis 35 5.3.2.2 Figure 10 Waste Streams, Götzis 36

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5.4 Maribor 37 5.4.1 Current status 37 5.4.1.1 Figure 11 “CE stars”, weak points and needs, Maribor 39 5.4.2 Waste 40 5.4.2.1 Figure 12 Waste management, Maribor 41 5.4.2.2 Figure 13 Waste Streams, Maribor 42 5.4.3 Construction and demolition 43 5.4.3.1 Figure 14 Construction and demolition, Maribor 44 5.4.4 Mobility 45 5.4.4.1 Figure 15 Mobility concepts, Maribor 46 5.4.5 Energy 47 5.4.5.1 Figure 16 Energy concepts, Maribor 50 5.4.6 Summary 51 5.5 Pays Viennois 52 5.5.1 Current status 52 5.5.1.1 Figure 17 “CE stars”, weak points and needs, Pays Viennois 53 5.5.2 Waste 54 5.5.2.1 Figure 18 Waste management, Pays Viennois 56 5.5.2.2 Figure 19 Waste streams, Pays Viennois 57 5.5.3 Construction and demolition 58 5.5.3.1 Figure 20 Construction and demolition, Pays Viennois 59 5.5.4 Mobility 60 5.5.4.1 Figure 21 Mobility concepts, Pays Viennois 61 5.5.5 Energy 62 5.5.5.1 Figure 22 Energy concepts, Pays Viennois 64 5.5.6 Summary 65 5.6 Trento 66 5.6.1 Current status 66 5.6.1.1 Figure 23 “CE stars”, weak points and needs,Trento 67 5.6.2 Waste 68 5.6.2.1 Figure 24 Waste management, Trento 70 5.6.2.2 Figure 25 Waste streams, Trento 71 5.6.3 Construction and demolition 73 5.6.3.1 Figure 26 Construction and demolition context, Trento 75 5.6.4 Mobility 76 5.6.4.1 Figure 27 Mobility concepts, Trento 78 5.6.5 Energy 79 5.6.5.1 Figure 28 Energy concepts, Trento 82 5.6.6 Summary 83 5.7 Vaduz 84 5.7.1 Current status 84 5.7.1.1 Figure 29 “CE stars”, weak points and needs, Vaduz 85 5.8 Vorau 86 5.8.1 Current status 86 5.8.1.1 Figure 30 “CE-stars”, weak points and needs, Vorau 88 5.8.2 Waste 89

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5.8.2.1 Figure 31 Waste Management, Vorau 90 5.8.2.2 Figure 32 Waste streams, Vorau 92 5.8.3 Construction and demolition 93 5.8.3.1 Figure 33 Construction and demolition, Vorau 95 5.8.4 Mobility 96 5.8.4.1 Figure 34 Mobility Concepts, Vorau 97 5.8.5 Energy 98 5.8.5.1 Figure 35 Energy concepts, Vorau 99 5.8.6 Summary 100

6 Cross-comparison 101 6.1 All cities cross-comparison tables 101 6.2 Synergies between the project partners 111

7 Conclusion 112 7.1 Next steps: local circular economy strategies 113

8 References 115

9 Appendix 116 9.1 Questionnaire Forms 116 9.1.1 Questionnaire_Current status CE 116 9.1.2 Questionnaire_Construction 121 9.1.3 Questionnaire_Energy 127 9.1.4 Questionnaire_Mobility 133 9.1.5 Questionnaire_Waste 138 9.2 Analysis 1-3 154

1.1 Figures and Tables

Table 1 Basic terminology and explanation of terms ...... 11

Figure 1 Focus area from a city perspective, "Circular Economy Partnership, Urban Agenda for the EU.” ...... 12

Figure 2 CE-stars, weak points and needs, Freiburg ...... 16

Figure 3 Waste Management, Freiburg ...... 19

Figure 4 Waste streams, Freiburg ...... 21

Figure 5 Construction and demolition context, Freiburg ...... 24

Figure 6 Mobility Concepts, Freiburg ...... 27

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Figure 7 Energy concepts, Freiburg ...... 29

Figure 8 CE-Stars, weak points and needs, Götzis ...... 33

Figure 9 Waste management, Götzis...... 35

Figure 10 Waste Streams, Götzis ...... 36

Figure 11 CE stars, weak points and needs, Maribor ...... 39

Figure 12 Waste management, Maribor ...... 41

Figure 13 Waste Streams, Maribor ...... 42

Figure 14 Construction and demolition, Maribor ...... 44

Figure 15 Mobility concepts, Maribor ...... 46

Figure 16 Energy concepts, Maribor...... 50

Figure 17 CE stars, weak points and needs, Pays Viennois ...... 53

Figure 18 Waste management, Pays Viennois ...... 56

Figure 19 Waste streams, Pays Viennois ...... 57

Figure 20 Construction and demolition, Pays Viennois ...... 59

Figure 21 Mobility concepts, Pays Viennois ...... 61

Figure 22 Energy concepts, Pays Viennois ...... 64

Figure 23 CE stars, weak points and needs,Trento ...... 67

Figure 24 Waste management, Trento ...... 70

Figure 25 Waste streams, Trento ...... 71

Figure 26 Construction and demolition context, Trento ...... 75

Figure 27 Mobility concepts, Trento...... 78

Figure 28 Energy concepts, Trento ...... 82

Figure 29 CE stars, weak points and needs, Vaduz ...... 85

Figure 30 “CE-stars”, weak points and needs, Vorau ...... 88

Figure 31 Waste Management, Vorau...... 90

Figure 32 Waste streams, Vorau ...... 92

Figure 33 Construction and demolition context, Vorau ...... 95

Figure 34 Mobility Concepts, Vorau ...... 97

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Figure 35 Energy concepts, Vorau ...... 99

Table 2 Cross-comparison of general aspects ...... 101

Table 3 Cross-comparison of the waste sector ...... 102

Table 4 Cross-comparison of the construction and demolition sector ...... 105

Table 5 Cross-comparison of the mobility sector ...... 106

Table 6 Cross-comparison of the energy sector ...... 108

Table 7 Cross comparison of challenges and needs ...... 109

1.2 Abbreviations

BREEAM Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method CE Circular economy CHP Combined heat and power EE Energy Efficiency EPR Extended Producer Responsibility PV Photovoltaic RES Renewable Energy Sources LEED Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design LEED-NC Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design – New Constructions LWP Light weight packaging SUMP Sustainable Urban Mobility Management MaaS Mobility-as-a-Service RP Rich Picture SSM Soft Systems Methodology SMEs Small and medium enterprises PCC Paper, Cardboard, Carton GPP Green Public Procurement SPP Sustainable Public Procurement LCM Life Cycle Management

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2 Introduction

2.1 Background

There is an increasingly urgent need for better coordination of flows of materials and information if we want to advance the transition from a linear to a circular economy (CE). For this, we need to implement a system that integrates all relevant sectors of urban management (e.g. energy, waste, mobility, construction & demolition) into a CE system. As we are all aware, an ever growing economy and rapid urbanisation put immense pressure on natural resources. Since we rely on these primary natural materials instead of recyclables, we need to commit using them in a sustainable manner. In particular, cities as biggest producers of emissions and biggest consumers of energy and materials play a crucial role with respect to climate change and CE strategies. In the Greencycle project they play a pioneering role by developing CE implementation strategies with the involvement of key target groups (utilities, SMEs, citizens, research organisations), which need to be actively involved in the process.

Increasing resource depletion shows that we cannot continue with our current patterns of production and usage of raw materials. Circular economy deployment will save energy, water, recover critical raw materials, reduce transport, boost eco-innovation, create green jobs and benefit to low income citizens. A crucial step is to increase the level of both high value recycling and our understanding of materials flows. In Work Package (WPT) 2 of the Greencycle project “Setting up strategic framework for circular economy” with the output of “Circular economy strategies” (O.T2.1) we aim to influence the level of high value recycling of materials and to optimise the material and energy flows in the Alpine Space. Also, we hope that the local circular economy strategies establish better cross-sectoral cooperation and governance in regards to the low-carbon objectives. The local outcomes will then aid to better identify needs/ implementing measures for WPT3 “Development of implementation toolbox for circular economy” as well as to set a strategic basis for WPT4 “Establishment of transnational circular economy marketplace”. After this, the second objective of WP2 is kick-starting a CE strategic movement in the Alpine Region (EUSALP) area, including, preparing and signing a circular economy manifesto (A.T2.3) in 2019. This will further increase the level of commitment to CE practices in the Alpine Space. In this way, the Greencycle project can potentially also increase policy coordination for the CE and related policies, in order to address and advance these topics in the EU Urban Agenda in a stronger and more holistic way. The Greencycle project can thus truly contribute to greenhouse gas emission reduction and lead to a more resource efficient, greener and competitive Europe.

2.2 Scope and process

While the Greencycle project contributes to the European level, the primary focus lays on the municipal perspective. During a local stakeholder meeting in Freiburg regarding the CE, the sectors with potential for improvement and high impact were decided upon. In that way we could within the scope and capacities of the Greencycle project focus on sectors with high impact: energy, mobility, construction & demolition and waste.

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With regard to Activity “A.T2.2 Preparation of (6) circular economy strategies on city level”, the first step was to get a clear understanding of the current status in each city and for each sector in activity “A.T2.1 Collecting and analysis of local data as baseline for local circular economy strategies”. Therefore, one questionnaire for each sector and a general “current status” questionnaire have been developed. Contributing to deliverable “D.T2.1.1 Definition of current weak points and needs for circular economy” the “current status” questionnaire was developed to assess the baseline situation in each city. Furthermore, as part of the tasks contributing to deliverable “D.T2.1.2 Identification of waste material flows” and “D.T2.1.3 Identification of critical type of waste/energy/loops not properly addressed” for each municipality the energy, mobility, construction & demolition and waste sector were analysed. For each municipality, identification of potential waste materials (quantity and quality, mapping of the waste flows) and the waste/material flows from each Greencycle partner municipality were analysed with respect to the availability of that information. Also, for each sector (energy, mobility, construction & demolition and waste sector) the circular economy loops were analysed. After the collection of all these information this allowed to find individual conclusions for each municipality. For example weak points, challenges, best practices and potential improvement points have been identified in the analysis. A cross-comparison between the Greencycle partner municipalities in order to find potential synergies and to understand their needs better is one of the outputs of the analysis as well.

3 Methodology

3.1 General approach

Circular economy represents a new way of how we extract and use the resources given by our planet. The pursuit of sustainable economy contradicts the present linear economy and consequently entails a paradigm shift. While some people consider the current linear economy problematic, others simply don’t or even profit from the current situation. In real-world problematic situations, different perspectives (norms, values, interests, opinions) clash and people act purposefully (un- and consciously). Interaction between human activities is extremely complex and depends on many different factors as well as their mutual interdependencies.

The ability to understand how parts influence one another within a whole, and the relationship of the whole to the parts, is crucial. Elements need to be considered in relation to their environmental and social contexts. While a machine is also a system, it is clearly narrowly bounded and assumed to be deterministic. Systems thinking usually refers to the overwhelming majority of real-world systems: these are non-linear, feedback- rich, and interdependent. In such systems, imprecise starting conditions combined with feedback lead to often surprising consequences, and to outcomes that are frequently not proportional to the input. Such systems cannot be managed in the conventional, “linear” sense, requiring instead more flexibility and more frequent adaptation to changing circumstances. (cf. Ellen MacArthur Foundation)

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The Soft Systems Methodology (SSM) is an approach that meets the requirements of real-world problematic situations. Instead of considering the world as a set of systems that can be engineered, complexity and confusion is observed and the exploration of it is organised in a learning system. The systematic process of inquiry structures thinking, questioning, learning and taking action. Intellectual devices are used to facilitate the exploration and the process of questioning the problematic situation. Moreover, continuous communication and learning cycles / feedback loops are used in order to meet the requirements of a steadily changing problematic situations, since acting to improve a situation will lead to new characteristic of the situation. Using the SSM, a conscious critical reflection on both, the actions taken to improve and the process of thinking about the problematic situation is provided. As it is based on perspectives, desirable and feasible transformations can be initiated. (cf. Checkland and Poulter 2010)

3.2 Project methodology

Although we are approaching CE transition from the municipal perspective, there is still a multitude of aspects from the local to the global level because we purchase raw materials, goods and services from all over the world. In order to get started, the systems’ boundaries have been narrowed down to the following sectors: energy, mobility, construction & demolition and waste. With the purpose to get an overview of the current problematic situation in the partner cities (Step 1: finding out), one questionnaire for each sector and a general “current status” questionnaire have been developed and used as the basis for the analysis. The key structures and aspects have been summarised and illustrated in so called Rich Pictures (RPs) based on the answers given by each municipality. As a result, the different levels of implementation became visible. Furthermore, weak points, challenges, best practices and potential starting points have been identified, which allowed a cross-comparison between the partner cities in order to find potential synergies.

Next, each municipality should get familiar with the SSM and use the RPs as a source to question their individual problematic situation as well as how potential synergies could be implemented. Additionally, each stakeholder analysis should be complemented by the aspects described in the attachment the “Analysis 1-3” (Checkland and Poulter 2010) and connected to the RPs. The templates attached could aid to this analyses as “Analysis 1-3” is never finished and need to be updated on a regular basis.

In the framework of workshops, the teams should decide upon the most relevant systems of purposeful activity and name the corresponding perspectives. For this purpose, the teams need to put the weak points, challenges, etc. into more concrete terms. This will be done by discussing the RP’s given in this document and drawing new RP’s for relevant subsystems. For instance, a subsystem to be drawn for the waste sector could deal with food waste, or for the C&D sector green façade engineering could be a conceivable subsystem. Attention should be paid to the fact, that a purposeful activity model (e.g. food supply) can have many different perspectives (customer, farmer, retailer, etc.) one has to be aware of (Analysis 1-3). It should always be clear, on what level and through which lens you are approaching the problematic situation.

Once this is done, the purposeful activity models can be built in order to structure the action to improve the problematic situation. Activity models can structure any level of relevant action. For instance a municipality could identify the non-existent organic waste management as a problematic situation they want to improve.

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Before purchasing collection vehicles or even building a biogas plant other activities come first. Data (available quantities, distances, potential energy production, potential use of biogas, etc.) should be gathered, the legal background needs to be known and many other questions must be answered (e.g. funding, expertise, which type of fermenter, etc.). An activity model at this level contains activities that can be further broken down to more detailed activities which build a model on another level. For instance, the collection of relevant data includes the definition of relevance (which data is needed), the assignment of the task, instructions to the person that actually collects the data, etc

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4 Terminology

It is important to set a common understanding of terms in the context of the CE. On the one hand because we are already within the transition process in a phase where CE research and practises clash traditional understanding and action. On the other hand, the terms are being used in different contexts (colloquial or professional language, actors who want to get rid of a material and those who could use it, technical or economical, production processes, waste management, research, industry, etc.). Concepts like recycling, reuse, cascading or further utilisation exist for many centuries. The same applies for special terms like end product, by-product, recycling materials, secondary resources, residues, co-product, etc. However, CE ideally entails everything requiring a holistic approach with a common language (Brand, 2017). For this reason, we included a working list of terms and definitions (table 1). The list below is a draft proposal that requires further discussion with the relevant stakeholders. In the analysis, we copied the wording used in the questionnaires in order to prevent misinterpretations. Each project partner is asked to check the analysis given in this document particularly with regards to the terminology.

Table 1 Basic terminology and explanation of terms

Bioenergy Energy derived by biological resources. This includes organic material from non-fossil origin such as organic waste, sewage, crop plants, wood, etc. By-products Coproducts, that are not considered wastes. Car sharing in-/formal car rental Carpooling in-/formal sharing a ride, give sb. a lift or take free seats Cascading Cascading use of biomass takes place when bio-based materials that have been processed into a final product are being reused at least once more materially or energetically. Cascading requires remanufacturing; product recycling is not considered as cascading. Coproducts Products that result simultaneously from the same production process due to natural laws or technical reasons. Industrial ecology Industrial ecology is the study of material and energy flows through industrial systems. Intermediate Products that require further processing to become a final product. products Product or final Intended result of a production process. product Recovery Dissolution of the product and material recovery (material recycling). Basic operations: destructive decomposition, disintegration, sorting, homogenisation, removing impurities, return into production as secondary materials Recycling Every operation that prepares or processes waste for the original or another purpose. Not included: energetic utilisation, use as combustible or use for backfilling. Renewable energy Energy from a resource, that is not depleted when used (wind, solar, etc.). Residues Undesired coproducts. They do not contribute to the corporate goals. Reuse The structure is not destroyed (product recycling). Basic operations include: identification, functional testing, decomposition, repair, cleaning. Secondary Resources that are generated by processing wastes and residues. resources Up-/Downcycling Recycling processes resulting in increasing or decreasing quality.

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5 Analysis of the questionnaires

5.1 Introduction to the analysis

Figure 1 Focus area from a city perspective, "Circular Economy Partnership, Urban Agenda for the EU.”

The participating municipalities find themselves in a variety of contextual situations. This leads to the necessity of collecting the relevant information of each of them via first the current status of the CE followed by analysing the different sectors relevant for the local circular economy strategies. In preparation of the questionnaires we tried to align the deliverables of the Greencycle project to the work which is currently being done on the European level.

Therefore, we aligned to the four thematic focus areas of the work from the European Circular Economy Stakeholder Platform and the Circular Economy Partnership (coordinated by the DG meeting on Urban Matters (DGUM)): Urban resource management, Circular business enablers and drivers, Circular consumption and Governance. We hope that the five Greencycle municipalities can become “lighthouse project examples” and serve as case studies for the transformation into a circular economy in Europe.

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5.1.1 Current status

The questionnaire “current status” (D.T2.1.1) analyses the status of development and implementation of different low-carbon policies (e.g. environmental & circular economy strategies) and tries to determine current weak points or opportunities for improvement in the different municipalities. This is important, to be better suited to concretely define the needs of each municipality.

5.1.2 Waste

The waste questionnaire (D.T2.1.2/D.T2.1.3) and analysis aims to better understand how the waste sector is organised, the different waste material flows and the critical type of waste in the different municipalities. Based on the answers, potentials for improvement in the waste sector are identified. The waste sector is the driving force behind the circular economy as it is in this sector that the many new initiatives in regards to “closing the loop” of material and product lifecycles through greater recycling and re-use take place. The European Commission legislative proposal on waste sets clear targets for reduction of waste such as a common 2030 EU targets for recycling of 65% of municipal waste, 75% of packaging waste and a binding landfill target to reduce landfill to a maximum of 10% of all municipal waste.

5.1.3 Construction and demolition

The construction and demolition (C&D) (D.T2.1.2/D.T2.1.3) questionnaire and analysis look into how circular the construction and demolition industry is in the different municipalities. To get a holistic picture in regard to buildings and infrastructure life- and usage cycles over many years. As it focuses on a broad period in time governance and organisation were also taken into consideration. The design process, innovations and business models besides the more general elements such as e.g. energy saving measures, reducing or separating waste streams on the construction site and the reduction of transport movements are taken into account of this part of the analyses as well. The most specific waste streams are intentional left out of the C&D questionnaire as it was noted from the preceding questionnaires, that this kind of information is usually not available from the Greencycle partner municipal departments we reached out to regarding the questionnaires. Based on volume, construction and demolition waste is the largest waste stream in the EU. The Waste Framework Directive 2008/98/EC establishes a target of 70 % of construction and demolition waste to be recovered by 2020. However, until now the potential for reuse and recycling of this waste stream is far from being fully exploited.

5.1.4 Mobility

The mobility (D.T2.1.2/D.T2.1.3) questionnaire and analysis focussed on rethinking distances in the functional area of the municipality and transport innovations such as clean fuel and multimodal transport regarding the shift towards a low-carbon circular-economy. Transport represents almost a quarter of Europe's greenhouse

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gas emissions and is the main cause of air pollution in cities. As low-emission mobility is an essential component of this broader shift to the low-carbon, circular economy needed for Europe to stay competitive and be able to cater to the mobility needs of people and goods this sector was also addressed for the Greencycle analysis. Improved use of scarce resources is for both sustainable mobility and the circular economy an important element, to be able to optimise the mobility system in a holistic manner. The questionnaire looked into the ways the Greencycle municipalities strive to develop a resource efficient transport system that respects the environment. Analysing both technical solutions and behavioural change issues in the transport sector itself where there is the choice for more environmentally friendly solutions.

5.1.5 Energy

The energy questionnaire (D.T2.1.2/D.T2.1.3) analysed the circular economy principle of only using renewable sources for its energy use. As most people live in urban areas, the municipal developments play an important role regarding energy use and greenhouse gas reductions. The focus for this analysis was on the current status of energy services in the different municipalities, and themes such as private and public sector initiatives and governance structure. The analysis aimed to understand how energy can serve municipalities in the vision of closing the consumption loop until there is no more waste but resources instead. By increasing the efficiency of energy loops our resource dependence is decreased and simultaneously the system resilience (e.g. to climate change and oil shocks) is increased. For this analysis “Energy” is a separate sector although, energy loops have interlinkages with every other sector and through these interdependences and connections energy is relevant to all of them.

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5.2 Freiburg

5.2.1 Current status

Freiburg is known as the “green city” of Germany because it has a strong history of sustainable measures in transportation, energy, waste management, and land conservation. The municipality of Freiburg did not set any zero-emission targets for their public procurement, but wants to reduce GHG-emissions by 50% by 2030 (compared to 1992) and become completely carbon-neutral by 2050. In 2007, the municipal council agreed on a Climate Protection Concept. The updating of the concept started in August 2017 and is expected to be finished by the end of 2018.

Besides the regional implementation of legal regulations for waste management on the national and state level the municipality of Freiburg carries out several measures in connection with CE. The procurement rules of Freiburg provide that at least one environmental criterion has to be taken into account as a basic requirement. Especially for construction, civil engineering, cleaning work and forestry materials environmental criteria are compulsory. Since 2017, the internal municipal postal traffic is carried out by bicycles. At the end of 2017, the vehicle fleet will be to 75% of EV using eco-power. Additionally, the municipality uses 100% recycling paper and is multiple laureate of the contest “Papieratlas”. Local products are preferred in municipal canteens and schools and public commissions have to meet special norms (ILO No. 182, 105, 100, 111 and 138).

However, no general CE-approach across systems exists. The amount of disposed materials is being reduced by separation and recycling processes in the waste and construction sectors, which is also subject to critical monitoring of land use. In the transport sector, the municipality is actively supporting car sharing by providing special parking places and reducing the regular parking space available. Furthermore, organic waste is being processed in a biogas plant for heat and power generation and the residuals are returned to the natural cycle as fertiliser for the agricultural production. In addition to that, the city aims to avoid garbage by introducing reusable coffee mugs (“Freiburg Cup”), developed and implemented by the ASF and local businesses. Organic waste recycling and the “Freiburg Cup” are considered best practices for CE.

The role of the municipality regarding the transition to a CE includes operational implementation of waste policy targets (regulatory measures, appropriate organisation and public information), setting up a strategic framework for CE, providing public data, networking with relevant actors and promoting citizen participation in CE activities.

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5.2.1.1 Figure 2 “CE-stars”, weak points and needs, Freiburg

Figure 2 CE-stars, weak points and needs, Freiburg

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Most important actors in developing and implementing CE on the national level are the States Parliament and the German Parliament and on the regional level, the Freiburg Regional Council. Municipal actors include the Environmental Administration, the municipal bureau for waste management (Eigenbetrieb Abfallwirtschaft, EAF), waste consulting and the public-private waste management company “Abfallwirtschaft und Stadtreinigung Freiburg (ASF)”. The municipal council is the most important decision maker on the local level. Scientific expertise can be found at the Chair of Societal Transition and Circular Economy of the Albert- Ludwigs-University. Other important actors include energy companies like Badenova, cross-sectoral actors like Klimapartner Oberrhein e.V., the trade association 100% Renewables and Cradle to Cradle Freiburg. Eventually, craft companies are organised in the Chamber of Crafts which is an important actor of the C&D sector.

As potential benefits of a central CE-approach, the municipality lists the correlation with political targets of the municipal council (saving resources and protecting the environment) and a more efficient cooperation between involved partners. A CE-approach would raise more awareness amongst relevant actors and help reducing CO2-emissions. Other benefits would be less pollution, extended product life and the reduction of landfill volumes.

The municipality names the following challenges: lack of merchantability of recycled materials, lack of intervention power on product design for efficient recovery and dismantling, plastic life cycle, communication and education.

Based on that, the major potentials for realising CE are more ambitious regulations and targets for the material use of plastic waste and influencing the product design of electrical appliances.

In order to implement CE, the municipality needs more staff, especially to enforce waste separation in the commercial sector and other existing regulations more stringently as well as to create the structures needed for CE (CE-contact person!). The waste should be collected based on the type of material instead of the currently practiced origin-based waste collection. Here, appropriate legislation on the national level is crucial. This also applies to stricter regulations for the construction sector. In general, it lacks financial resources and an un-bureaucratic distribution of funding.

5.2.2 Waste

In Germany, every private business is responsible for its waste management, which is stipulated and restricted by different legal requirements. On the part of the municipality, there is no potential influence on that.

The waste collection of residential waste is based on a removal and delivery system. Usually, the door-to-door waste collection is a partial service, which means that it is collected from the kerb side but it is also possible to order the collection at the container position (additional charge). Households and commercial enterprises are obliged to surrender the residual waste to the local authority (Andienungspflicht). The residual waste, organic waste and paper/ cardboard/ carton (PCC) are collected in individual containers, whereas lightweight packaging material (LWP) is collected in yellow bags. The EAF is responsible for the organisation and

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monitoring of waste collection, with the exception of LWVP. LWVP is organised by the “Duale System” but the municipality may specify the type of the collection container (yellow bag) and the collection frequency. The same applies to the collection of waste glass, but for waste glass there is no door-to-door collection, instead stationary drop-off containers (collection points) are used. Twice a year, green waste is collected close to private households. There are three recycling centres, one landfill and nine stationary collecting points for green waste where private households may deliver their green waste for free throughout the whole year. Commercial green waste may be delivered for a fee. Additionally, there are many bottle banks and containers for scrap metal, textiles, shoes and electronic waste.

The separate collection of wood, metal and electric appliances (bulky waste) takes place with prior notification by the private household. Every household is allowed to have a certain amount of bulky waste collected (included in the yearly waste charges). It is also possible to bring the bulky waste to the recycling centres or the landfill. Additional amounts may be disposed for a fee. Harmful substances may be delivered to the recycling centres, too. In addition to that, a mobile hazardous waste vehicle is placed twice a year at predefined locations in the different neighbourhoods. There is no information provided with regard to clients with special type of waste.

Some stores voluntarily take back old clothes, cutlery and pans and give a discount in return. The packaging law includes a take-back obligation for businesses producing goods with glass and LWP. Additionally, there is the obligation to take back electronic appliances for which the municipality also acts as collection point. The municipality also transports old bicycles to a company that uses the components to produce new bicycles.

The “Abfallwirtschaft und Stadtreinigung Freiburg GmbH” (ASF) collects the following waste types on behalf of the municipality: residential residual waste, green waste, bulky waste, harmful substances, organic waste and PPK. LWP and waste glass are collected by ASF on behalf of the “Duales System”. The ASF also gathers data about the amount and types of waste collected. The EAF needs the data for the verification of the collected waste fractions. The data is also used by the Statistisches Landesamt Baden-Württemberg in order to publish the annual waste balance factsheet.

The waste treatment is based on national legislation and follows the waste hierarchy. The responsibility of waste treatment, data collection as well as the costs and financing are in compliance with the national legislation.

Different waste types are treated differently, depending on their origin and composition. After sorting and pre- treatment, organic waste is fed into a biogas plant in order to produce fertiliser and power. The waste types LWP, PPK and waste glass are delivered to special sorting plants. Residual waste is incinerated with energetic recovery. Green waste is chopped and sorted, resulting in 3 fractions that are either used for composting, or plant coal production and/or energetic recovery.

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5.2.2.1 Figure 3 Waste Management, Freiburg

Figure 3 Waste Management, Freiburg

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Freiburg has established a total ban on disposable tableware at any event on public ground. Instead mobile dishwashing units are deployed. The plastic cups used at soccer matches (for security reasons) are refundable and reusable. A regional company developed the product design and operates cleansing system.

The whole waste management system covers the urban area of Freiburg and is fee-financed. The waste fee depends on the number of persons in a household, the collection interval and the container size. It includes costs for using the recycling centres and the collection of all waste types, except LWVP and waste glass, which are financed by the “Duales System”. The costs for businesses differ from those for private households.

The fee system rewards waste separation resulting in smaller amounts of residual waste. Additionally, the municipality is engaged in pedagogical waste consulting and supports schools regarding waste prevention. The “Freiburger Tafel” accepts food donations and thereby reduces food waste. There are also repair initiatives and upcycling of old bicycles. Due to legal requirements, there is no potential influence on or responsibility for such initiatives on the part of the municipality. However, the ASF provides the citizens of Freiburg with an online give-away-market and operates a Commodity Exchange where items in good condition are on sale.

The municipality does not mention any future plans, strategies, target, challenges or barriers in terms of waste collection, treatment and recycling. The only challenge mentioned relates to green waste treatment, more specifically the ecologically and energetically efficient recovery of green waste, which is separated into 3 fractions for different treatment plants.

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5.2.2.2 Figure 4 Waste streams, Freiburg

Figure 4 Waste streams, Freiburg

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5.2.3 Construction and demolition

The general approach is to develop security of disposal for ten years. The municipality has no jurisdiction over private C&D waste. With regards to sustainable construction, the municipality focuses on energy savings.

C&D waste is directly transported to recycling centres and subsequently treated in accordance with national and Land guidelines. These requirements are very stringent and the resulting costs are high. In Germany, the following procedure has to be respected. Prior to the disposal, waste types and quantities according to the European list of wastes (AVV) must be declared by the builder. The builder commissions a container service and indicates the AVV-number. Upon collection of hazardous waste, the transport company must carry disposal documents and a consignment note. Other than that, the requirements of keeping record must be met (waste producer, transport company, disposal company and treatment plant). The waste is transported (in some cases up to 270 km) to the treatment plant, which must confirm the delivery.

The recycling targets for municipal C&D waste address both, a technical function and natural soil function. The municipality plans to institutionally bundle soil-related topics (“Soil manager”) for the central development of solution concepts. The department of facility management attended training about the use of secondary materials in construction but no implementation took place so far. The municipality uses cost-effective masonry and drywall construction or carpet roles instead of flexible construction such as system partition walls, cavity floors and double-deck floors or carpet tiles. As a consequence every reconstruction causes a lot of demolition. The integration of a potential secondary use of buildings or building parts (e.g. Olympic stadium) is not practiced.

The energy standards of Freiburg are higher than the requirements set on the national level (ENEV). Moreover, the municipality has high standards regarding environmental protection using legal requirements such as rainwater treatment with complex filter systems that ensure the prevention of groundwater pollution. New buildings are obliged to meet the municipal energy house standard, which exceeds the legal minimum requirements. The same applies for the renovation of municipal buildings. New municipal buildings are constructed as passive building. Another example for measures going further than the environmental energy performance directive is the requirements addressing the design of green spaces. Nevertheless, a life cycle approach is missing. There are also no life cycle responsibility policies such as EPR in Freiburg, but comparable concepts are being developed on the Land level. A minimum percentage for the reuse of materials in construction projects is not given and limiting transport movements to construction sites is no point of attention. The focus is on pollutant reduction, for instance, the reuse of polluted materials shall be reduced to a minimum. Decisions are generally made based on economic aspects. Funding is available for the fulfilment of energy standards.

Municipal buildings are sometimes constructed according to the sustainability requirements of the German Sustainability Building Council (DGNB) system but so far, they are not certified. Construction according to DGNB increases the costs by approximately 10% depending on the certification level. However, we consider certification reasonable, especially with regards to ensuring proper monitoring of the work processes and

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materials used. The private construction sector implements more and more the principles of DGNB. Furthermore, increasing use of wooden construction is a positive development as well.

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5.2.3.1 Figure 5 Construction and demolition context, Freiburg

Figure 5 Construction and demolition context, Freiburg

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There are commodity banks for raw C&D materials, but they are not regionally limited. Lease, repurchase and take-back agreements are partly embedded in the DGNB. The municipality does not actively promote architects in order to implement design processes based on an overview of materials available for reuse. Particular mention is to be made for the situation of architects because they are often overstrained with their tasks and exceedingly few architects are able to plan and build according to the DGNB. Consequently special consulting businesses must be commissioned.

Construction companies mostly do not know the exact origin of waste at construction sites. They always try to give the waste back to the suppliers but it doesn’t always come off. The costs for the waste management of mixed construction waste (mineral and non-mineral materials) are much higher than the costs for rubble. For this reason, these waste fractions are separated at most construction sites since 1990. In advance of the actual demolition, materials that are not rubble are removed as much as possible. Specialised companies process the rubble and sell it to a great extent as a recycling product. Materials such as concrete, tiles and bricks are treated in a crusher plant producing recycling concrete or materials for road construction. Special treatment plant process asphalt into asphalt granulates which can be reused for road construction.

The main challenges for C&D waste management include the security of disposal, building capacity for waste management and minimising the pollution caused by C&D waste, along with the detection and classification of pollutants. The situation of the procurement opportunities of regional primary resources is good. Moreover, purchasing secondary materials is not advantageous from an economic perspective due to the geographical proximity to the river Rhein that facilitates the cost-effective purchase of other primary resources. Therefore, there is low motivation to choose secondary resources.

5.2.4 Mobility

In order to achieve the emission reduction targets, the municipality of Freiburg takes action by improving the environmental friendly infrastructure (public transport, cycle tracks). Additionally, motorised individual traffic is restricted, and pedestrian zones are implemented as well are parking fees set. Since 1999 the citizens’ traffic pattern changed significantly, resulting in higher shares of bicycles and pedestrians. The number of cars in the city decreased by 11% in 2016 compared to 1999. To what extent the SUMP from 2008 (Verkehrsentwicklungsplan) contributed to this development is unknown. The municipality states to take special measurements addressing tourism in the context of sustainability, but no examples or details are mentioned.

The Agency of Urban Planning (Stadtplanungsamt) is responsible for the mandatory environmental assessment in the framework of the urban development planning. The environmental assessment provides an integrated approach to include possible effect of a project on flora, fauna, soil, water, air, climate and their causal network as well as analysing the landscape and the biological diversity. Besides public procurement (75% of vehicle fleet EV’s by the end of 2017), there is no municipal plan or strategy implemented with regards to EVs and other alternative fuels. However, energy companies started to build charging infrastructure for EVs. Similarly, the municipal administration is not involved in measures to avoid unnecessary traffic movements and empty return journeys. Logistic hubs on the outskirt of the city, where more sustainable vehicles replace

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conventional vehicles, do not exist at the moment. The City Council set up a local law that regulates the allocation of shops (Märkte- und Zentrenkonzept). The objective here is to become a city with short distances by keeping the shops in the settlement areas.

The public transport operator of Freiburg (Freiburger Verkehrs AG) recently established a new mobility platform called FREI.MOBIL (https://www.freimobil.com). FREI.MOBIL combines information about the different modes of traffic (taxi, bicycles, tram, bus, car-sharing, etc.) in order to facilitate mobility without car ownership.

There are several initiatives addressing the reduction of “food miles” and creating local added value. Firstly, the municipality is associate partner of Freiburg wholesale market ltd. The main products are fruits, vegetables and flowers and the suppliers are largely local businesses. Restaurants, catering businesses and merchants of market stalls are the main customers. In contrast, the logistic structures of supermarket chains dominate because independent grocery shops have been largely disappeared. Therefore, the wholesale market is an important base for closing the loops regionally and reducing “food miles”. Secondly, contractors at municipal schools and nurseries are requested to give reasonable preference to locally grown and organic products. The same applies for canteens run directly by the city administration. Eventually, the provision of public space is also supporting urban gardening thus contributing to the reduction of “food miles”. However, their significance is currently limited to education and the use of public space because the quantities of food produced by urban farming do not contribute to food supply in a relevant way.

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5.2.4.1 Figure 6 Mobility Concepts, Freiburg

Figure 6 Mobility Concepts, Freiburg

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5.2.5 Energy

In Freiburg, there are numerous ongoing and planned measures and projects dealing with energy savings, efficiency and RES. The municipal council will introduce a success monitoring report on climate protection in September 2017. The report shall provide an overview of all activities undertaken or planned and will be available in the context of the GREENCYCLE-project.

In Freiburg, there are substantial investments in the energetic upgrading of municipal buildings and the purchase of low-emission cars. New buildings are obliged to meet the municipal energy house standard, which exceeds the legal minimum requirements. The same applies for the renovation of municipal buildings. New municipal buildings are constructed as passive building. Other policy instruments include regulations in the land use plan, urban development contracts and purchase agreements. The municipality is also member of several networks such as ICLEI, Klimabündnis, Covenant of Mayors, Klimapartner Oberrhein, Trion Climate, Trinationaler Atomschutzverband.

Every second year, a CO2-balance is published. The renewable electric energy is mainly based on photovoltaic (33 Mio MWh), followed by biomass CHP (22 Mio MWh), wind power (10.5 Mio MWh) and a small share of hydropower (1.5 Mio MWh).

The municipality holds shares in the regional energy supplier. Representatives of the city of Freiburg and the municipal council are member of the supervisory board. A network for district heating under construction will be fed with industrial excess heat. Existing district heating networks from different suppliers are fed with natural gas, biogas, landfill gas or wood pellets. There are several energy cooperatives that are particularly engaged in RES. Due to that a lot of citizens are indirect owners of many solar, water and wind installations.

In order to stimulate behavioural change free energy consulting is offered to citizens, image campaigns are carried out and there are activities with the retail sector. A study about the consumption of regional food products has been published and many measures addressing regionally based diet have been brought on their way with local actors.

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5.2.5.1 Figure 7 Energy concepts, Freiburg

Figure 7 Energy concepts, Freiburg

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5.2.6 Summary

Freiburg is known as the “green city” of Germany because it has a strong history of sustainable measures in mobility, energy, waste management, and land conservation. However, no general CE-approach across systems exists. A new approach is to institutionally bundle soil-related topics (“Soil manager”) for the central development of solution concepts. For the implementation of CE, more staff and a CE expert/contact person are needed.

Freiburg has established a total ban on disposable tableware at any event on public ground. Instead mobile dishwashing units are deployed. The plastic cups used at soccer matches (for security reasons) are refundable and reusable. A regional company developed the product design and operates cleansing system. Furthermore, the ASF and private businesses developed the “Freiburg Cup” in order to integrate modern lifestyle (coffee-to- go) and sustainable development.

The municipality is a central actor in waste management. While the organic waste management and subsequent biogas production is considered a best practice, challenges are especially identified regarding the ecologically and energetically efficient recovery of green waste, which is separated into 3 fractions for different treatment plants. Despite the “producer pays principle”, plastic recycling is also one of the major challenges.

In Germany, a special documentation procedure has to be respected in the C&D waste management. The costs for the waste management of mixed construction waste (mineral and non-mineral materials) are much higher than the costs for rubble. The situation of the procurement opportunities for primary resources is good. Therefore, there is low motivation to choose secondary resources. As a result, the municipality focuses on energy savings. The department of facility management attended training about the use of secondary materials in construction but no implementation took place so far. New buildings are obliged to meet the municipal energy house standard, which exceeds the legal minimum requirements. The same applies for the renovation of municipal buildings. New municipal buildings are constructed as passive building. Particular mention is to be made for the situation of architects because they are often overstrained with their tasks and exceedingly few architects are able to plan and build according to the DGNB. Consequently special consulting businesses must be commissioned.

The municipality developed an environmental friendly infrastructure by improving the cycling track network, public transportation, and pedestrian zones as well as directly and indirectly promoting car sharing. There is no municipal plan or strategy for EV implemented. However, energy companies started to build charging infrastructure for EVs. Freiburg is associate partner of Freiburg wholesale market ltd. that suppliers are largely local businesses. Secondly, contractors at municipal schools and nurseries are requested to give reasonable preference to locally grown and organic products. The same applies for canteens run directly by the city administration. Eventually, the provision of public space is also supporting urban gardening thus contributing to the reduction

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of “food miles”. However, their significance is currently limited to education and the use of public space because the quantities of food produced by urban farming do not contribute to food supply in a relevant way.

In Freiburg, there are substantial investments in the energetic upgrading of municipal buildings and the purchase of low-emission cars. New buildings are obliged to meet the municipal energy house standard, which exceeds the legal minimum requirements. The same applies for the renovation of municipal buildings. New municipal buildings are constructed as passive building. Other policy instruments include regulations in the land use plan, urban development contracts and purchase agreements.

In general, merchantability of secondary resources and CE product designs are major challenges. Although public awareness is quite advanced, the municipality needs to invest more in communication and education.

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5.3 Götzis

5.3.1 Current status

In Götzis, federal and national standards are implemented and waste (existing substances, packaging and problematic materials) is collected separately. Creditive charging as a national legal requirement as well as pick-up systems, waste prevention and the separation of organic waste, plastic and paper are existing considered best practices of CE.

The coordination of CE is carried out nationwide through the Environmental Association as a contractual partner for the necessary services (collection, utilisation, treatment & disposal). Relevant legislators are the federation and the country, the environmental association as well as the municipalities and regions. Further actors involved in the implementation of the CE can be found in the private sector. The role of the municipality includes awareness raising, public relations, waste prevention initiatives, reuse and more efficient recycling.

By implementing CE, the “Reuse rail” could be completed and the “busbar” could be optimised with regards to waste separation at the waste collection centre “amKumma”. Following these initiatives, the waste management service could be improved while maintaining the current fees.

The municipality of Götzis identified public relations and the provision of services as challenges in the implementation of CE. The minimum legal requirements are met, but there is potential for improvement.

The major potential for realising CE in Götzis is the development of regional and professional infrastructure for the in-depth recording of waste, existing substances and valuable materials. Measures to be taken include an intensification of public relations work, improving the waste collection centre at Kumma, representing an example (e.g. green public procurement) and supporting reuse initiatives.

In order to achieve this, Götzis needs strategic support in the discussion of municipal versus private waste management and an allocation of clear hierarchies. On the national and global level the discussion of a liberalisation of the waste management should stop, because it is a classical task of the community's supply.

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5.3.1.1 Figure 8 “CE-Stars”, weak points and needs, Götzis

Figure 8 CE-Stars, weak points and needs, Götzis

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5.3.2 Waste

The waste management system encompasses the geographical area of the state Vorarlberg. The collection is a combination of pick-up-systems and bring-systems. Residual waste, paper, LWP and organic waste are collected from the kerb side, while the other waste types, such as waste glass, cans, waste wood, electric appliances, textiles and other substances, have to be delivered to collection points or the building yard. Private service providers collect the residential waste 1-2 times per month on behalf of the environmental association. Private businesses are responsible for the waste they generate. Consequently, there is no general organisation for the waste management of private businesses. The municipalities themselves manage their collection centres, while the collection of textiles belongs to Caritas. The country and federation are the responsible authorities for waste collection. No clients with special types of waste are mentioned in the questionnaire.

A basic waste fee and additional charges for additional weight and volumes finance the collection of residential waste. The waste fee covers costs for the waste collection and treatment.

Service providers gather data about waste quantities and fractions they collect, treat or recycle. The data is transmitted to the municipalities or environmental association. The latter is the nationwide data clearance point and forwards the data to the EDM (Electronic Data Register of the Confederation) annually. The data is used for activity and performance allocation.

State of Vorarlberg on behalf of the federal government is the responsible authority for waste treatment. The environmental association commissions private companies within the scope of invitations to tender. There is one thermal treatment plant for residual waste. Problematic substances are also treated thermally, but in a separate plant. Biological waste is fermented. Waste paper is recycled in the pulp and paper industry and waste glass is melted and processed into glass packaging. Metal is shredded and reused in the steel industry. Pollutants have to be removed from electric appliances before their valuable components can be extracted. LWP is recovered both energetically and materially, each with a share of 50%. Revenues are generated through the sale of non-recyclable material, collected waste or valuable materials and depend on the world market prices.

There are no clear targets set with regards to the whole waste management system and waste prevention. The amKumma region lacks a modern, centralised collection infrastructure with easy access to citizens and a wide range of services, which have be adaptive over time. Future plans include the implementation of central collection centres and the extension of the collection for reuse. With regard to waste treatment, future strategies address the reduction of volumes by waste separation and prevention. For this purpose, public relations will be improved and recycling centres installed. For more recycling, the separate collection via existing material collection centres is envisioned. In regard to waste prevention and to create a better consumer inclusion and motivation public relations will be improved to raise awareness as well as ideas such as repair guides, reusable products and reuse in general will be put to practise.

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5.3.2.1 Figure 9 Waste management, Götzis

Figure 9 Waste management, Götzis

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5.3.2.2 Figure 10 Waste Streams, Götzis

Figure 10 Waste Streams, Götzis

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5.4 Maribor

5.4.1 Current status

The municipality of Maribor was the main driver for CE planning and implementation and eventually decided upon a CE-strategy in 2015. The strategy is currently being implemented. For that purpose, the municipality established a new institute for CE in cooperation with private businesses called “Wcycle Maribor” in order to facilitate the implementation of projects. Wcycle is currently the main driver in planning but the municipality is still actively participating in the transition. Currently, the municipality’s role is concentrating on creating the necessary conditions for the growth of a new CE-industry. Other important actors are governments and local authorities, as they influence legislation/regulations, financial measures, procurement power and partnerships between different actors.

The CE-strategy is based on finding synergies by the inter- and intra-sectoral cooperation and exchange of information between companies that provide public services (utilities) in order to reduce the overall waste generation and to increase the recycling rate. In order to facilitate that, an innovative IT support tool for all relevant actors in the different sectors will be developed.

The fully automatic sorting plant under construction, built by the publicly owned utility company for the management of municipal solid waste, is considered as a CE best practice. The planning put the sorting plant into the wider system. The plant could combine positive social, ecological and economic impacts.

As the municipality has already been proactive in the transition, now it’s up to private companies to implement CE activities. However, the representatives of the municipality could establish a productive dialogue with the state government in terms of regulatory changes that will enable the implementation of CE in all areas. Building synergies between different sectors, companies and processes by carefully coordinating waste/material streams while taking into account environmental aspects and potential subsequent recycling processes is seen as a major potential for realising CE in Maribor. At the same time, other measures addressing many different areas (food production, land use, water supply/use, mobility, brownfields remediation etc.) should be implemented.

The municipality is aware of the following challenges: regulatory barriers and (missing) legislation on state level with regards to the collection and treatment of homogeneous waste streams result in mixed waste types and as a consequence the costs for recycling are higher. Additionally, some legislation hinders the use of recycled materials in production processes. Furthermore, public awareness is perceived as crucial and should be actively improved.

The main barriers exist on state level and are slowing down or in some sectors completely stopping the progress. Furthermore, there are many other local interests supporting the existing linear economy – the

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Municipality of Maribor is the only municipality in Slovenia implementing (and even thinking of) a CE model. Therefore, legislation needs to be adjusted and reporting criteria in the construction and demolition sector need to be established. Furthermore, GPP should be implemented everywhere and financial support should be ensured.

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5.4.1.1 Figure 11 “CE stars”, weak points and needs, Maribor

Figure 11 CE stars, weak points and needs, Maribor

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5.4.2 Waste

The waste collection system of Maribor combines door-to-door collection, collection points (eco-islands) and collection centres. Additionally, there are several collection actions for special waste streams such as bottle stoppers or mobile phones. The collection of so called “communal waste” (residential waste types) is conducted by Snaga, a public service company, that does the collection in an area of 8 municipalities. Residual, organic and bulky (call-system) waste, as well as packaging (only in some municipalities) are collected from the kerb side. Harmful substances are collected in the neighbourhoods once or twice a year and can as well be brought to collection centres. The collection centres accept 20 non-hazardous and 14 hazardous waste types, including residential waste types such as waste paper, packaging waste, glass waste and electronic waste. Additionally, there are several collection points (“eco-islands”) for waste glass, packaging, and paper/paper packaging. Residential waste from the commercial/ industrial sector is also collected by Snaga, but the collection of production waste is subject to the free market. This applies to the construction sector, too. The authority for the collection and treatment of residential waste types lies with the municipalities and for production waste, the authority lies with the national government.

The whole collection system is based on the “polluter pays-principle” (controlled by the municipalities) with a predefined methodology for cost calculation. Snaga weighs all collected and forwarded waste fractions, gathers the data and transmits is to the state statistics system.

Today, there is no further waste treatment in Maribor and therefore no local data on waste treatment available. The recycling of waste is subject to the free market and, as far as known, there are no subsidies for recycling activities. Waste is collected separately in order to faci some cases, the collected waste fractions need further separation. The automated sorting plant under construction is supposed to reduce non-recyclable waste and waste for energetic recovery while simultaneously increasing waste quantities for material recycling.

There are many companies, that are already engaged in waste prevention and soon, the public service will also collect functioning bulky material for reuse. For instance, there are take-back services for electric appliances like refrigerators and washing machines. In order to motivate and inform consumer, Snaga is engaged in the field of education. There are also several repair and reuse activities in Maribor.

The overall objective of the CE-strategy is to minimize the distances between waste producers and recyclers, implement synergies between different sectors, to improve the separate collection as well as the construction of an automated sorting plant. Last but not least, all stakeholders need to be linked to each other and CE. Challenges are seen regarding CE in general (not talking but taking action, integration into daily life) and more specifically overcoming existing dependence on others regarding waste treatment and recycling.

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5.4.2.1 Figure 12 Waste management, Maribor

Figure 12 Waste management, Maribor

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5.4.2.2 Figure 13 Waste Streams, Maribor

Figure 13 Waste Streams, Maribor

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5.4.3 Construction and demolition

There is no public organisation involved in the C&D waste management system. National recycling targets shall be transferred into the local level. There is no regulation or standardisation for secondary materials but incentives for companies to redesign products and their parts to make them disassemble and use again on the national level (regulations and GPP).

A SNAGA-project aims at creating online marketplaces and commodity banks for raw C&D materials which could be reused. There are also indirect incentives for prefab constructions.

Citizens are allowed to bring 1m3 of C&D waste to the collection centre. Only asphalt is being reused by private companies, the remaining waste ends up in landfills.

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5.4.3.1 Figure 14 Construction and demolition, Maribor Figure 14 Construction and demolition, Maribor

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5.4.4 Mobility

In 2013, the integrated transport strategy (SUMP) was prepared and adopted by the municipality of Maribor. This strategy includes the improvement of the cycling and pedestrian networks as well as the supply of public transport, reducing the dependency of citizens on a car and increasing the share of environmental friendly vehicles in the city.

In order to achieve the objectives, the municipality introduced a pilot environmental zone in 2013 with a speed limit of 30km/h, reduced parking spaces, improved supply of public transport and one-way streets. Since the implementation of the SUMP in 2015, the share of bicycles in the city increase from 5% to 10%. In order to promote alternative fuels, a filling station for CNG vehicles has been installed. Soon, a lot of charging stations for EV will be installed in the city.

There is a project implementing amphibian underpasses to bigger infrastructure projects for the sake of reducing pressure on natural habitats.

Maribor tries to handle the tourist influx in a sustainable way by different means. There is a bicycle rental at the train station, car sharing (Avant2go), Mobility Centre Maribor (repair of old bicycles), park and ride is planned, new busses, special parking spaces for EV and CNG-vehicles.

There are no specific measures taken to avoid unnecessary traffic movements and empty-return journeys. However, the delivery of goods into the city is only allowed until 9 a.m. afterwards goods can be delivered to special delivery points (parking spaces).There is a project addressing logistic hubs and further delivery through the pedestrian zone with EV. In addition to that, the public company SNAGA collects the waste in pedestrian zones with EV and CNG-vehicles.

There are no GPP zero emission targets set by the municipality. GPP prescribes the criteria for the purchase of products (emissions, noise, fuel consumption, etc.) such as new busses. However, local products are not taken into account. Biogas to electricity measures do not exist.

In order to reduce food miles there are no special initiatives, but there are city gardens. Additionally, local food production cooperatives produce, sell and distribute locally produced seasonal foods.

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5.4.4.1 Figure 15 Mobility concepts, Maribor

Figure 15 Mobility concepts, Maribor

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5.4.5 Energy

In the framework of the “Development Strategy Maribor 2030” the main targets set are:

 Reduction of GHG emissions by at least 30% compared to 2009  Increase of the share of RES in the final consumption by 20% compared to 2009  Increase in energy efficiency by 20% compared to 2009

The “Action Plan for Sustainable Energy Use” foresees the reduction of CO -emissions and the energy use each by 25% compared to 2010 and to achieve at least 20% of RES in the end-use energy for heating. For the Action Plan, a list with the current energy use in the municipality was prepared. Based on that, the Energy Agency for Podravje prepared a basic emission register for 2010 (energy consumption and emissions by sector) which was later updated with data from 2015. Maribor is member of the Covenant of Mayors. The long-term goals of the municipality (2030) surpass these targets aiming at a reduction of CO2-emissions and energy consumption by 40% compared to 2010 and achieving 40% RES in the final energy consumption. In the local energy concept (SEAP) the municipality formulated more general goals (e.g. supporting the development of locally produced energy).

In 2017, the City Council adopted amendments of the Local Energy Concept (LEK). The action plan of the LEK includes 36 actions (including objectives, defined activities, potential energy savings and CO2-emissions) allocated in 7 strategic areas of operation. Furthermore, responsible partners, finance and a timetable for the implementation are mentioned. The following list provides a review of the actions planned by fields:

Section 1: SUSTAINABLE OPERATION OF THE CITY MEASURE 1: Establishment of a cross-sectoral municipal working group MEASURE 2: Urban planning in the direction of energy efficiency MEASURE 3: Establishment of a municipal energy climate fund to co-finance EUE projects And RES in households MEASURE 4: Green public procurement Section 2: PLANNING OF THE CITY ENERGY INFRASTRUCTURE MEASURE 5: Preparation of legal bases for the priority use of energy products for heating MEASURE 6: Increasing the energy efficiency of the district heating system and the gas network MEASURE 7: Enlargement of the gas network and the district heating system MEASURE 8: Energy and Energy Cadastre MEASURE 9: Introduction of RES into the existing energy infrastructure MEASURE 10: Establishment of medium-sized RES systems and production of heat and cold MEASURE 11: Preparation of RES demonstration / pilot projects MEASURE 12: Use of Wind Energy MEASURE 13: Concern for modern infrastructure in the field of electricity generation and transmission Section 3: EFFICIENT USE AND USE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES IN BUILDINGS MEASURE 14: Energy management of public buildings - the public sector as an example

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MEASURE 15: Implementation of investment and organizational measures to reduce energy consumption in public buildings MEASURE 16: Energy renovation of non-profit multi-apartment buildings owned by JMSS (municipality) MEASURE 17: Sanitation of interior lighting in MOM-owned buildings MEASURE 18: Preparation of a plan for the energy recovery of large boilers for heating oil in public buildings MEASURE 19: Use of local energy sources in public buildings MEASURE 20: Implementation of educational events for public institutions MEASURE 21: Promotion of systems for solar energy utilization through solar collectors MEASURE 22: Promoting the installation of heat pumps Section 4: GREEN ECONOMY IN THE CITY MEASURE 23: Implementation of active consulting to the companies MEASURE 24: Collection and analysis of data on major industrial boilers in the city MEASURE 25: Establishment of a portal for networking of local / regional enterprises MEASURE 26: Micro remote systems on RES MEASURE 27: Use of excess heat Section 5: SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT SOLUTIONS MEASURE 28: Introduction of energy-efficient vehicles and alternative sources into public service fleets MEASURE 29: Implementation of energy efficient vehicles and alternative sources in urban public passenger transport traffic MEASURE 30: Creation of mobility plans MEASURE 31: Rationalisation of goods delivery for companies in the city center MEASURE 32: Promoting sustainable mobility in the public and private sectors Section 6: MODERN PUBLIC LIGHTENING MEASURE 33: Energy rehabilitation of public lighting MEASURE 34: Setting up self-contained street lights Section 7: CONSCIOUSLY AND ACTIVE CITIZENS MEASURE 35: Implementation of informative, educational and advisory activities for citizens on the topic of ERO and RES National standards provide strict requirements for energy efficiency, RES etc. for new buildings and renovations. In terms of RES the Slovenian energy law foresees the utilization of RES or CHP in district heating systems.

MEASURE 36: Establishing a portal for the promotion of EEU and RES

The most policy instruments that are being used by the municipality are the energy law, the environmental law, the building law and the public private partnership law.

The municipality publishes every year a report on the energy balance of the city compiled by the Energy Agency. Besides, Maribor owns “Energetika Maribor” that runs the local district heating systems. The public company openly publishes annual reports that include energy balances for district heating systems.

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Photovoltaic, natural gas and hydro power plants supply the city with electricity, the latter bearing the biggest share. The energy source for heating is natural gas. The district heating system based on natural gas covers about 10% of the heat demand. Most heat is generated by CHP, the remaining needs are covered by gas fired hot water boilers.

The municipality of Maribor also tries to implement sustainable public procurement (SPP). More than ten municipal buildings have been renovated energetically or constructed considering RES and energy efficiency. CNG cars as well as 14 CNG and electric busses were procured.

Most actions from the industry are individual investments into RES like photovoltaics and biomass heating.

The major challenge is to reduce CO2-emissions by 25% by 2020. It has been estimated that a reduction of about 10% can be achieved with good governance. A barrier to a higher share of RES in Maribor is the lack of financial resources.

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5.4.5.1 Figure 16 Energy concepts, Maribor

Figure 16 Energy concepts, Maribor

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5.4.6 Summary

Maribor currently tries to implement SPP. By developing a CE-strategy and implementing a special CE-institute (WCYCLE), the municipality of Maribor has been pushing CE economy conceptually to a new level. On the other hand, there are many other local interests supporting the existing linear economy – the Municipality of Maribor is the only municipality in Slovenia implementing (and even thinking of) a CE model.

The separate collection is based on the “polluter-pays principle”. In order to improve the separation, an automated sorting plant is currently being constructed. Furthermore, in future functional bulky materials will be collected separately. The waste management of Maribor is limited to collection and sorting because there is no further waste treatment in Maribor. Since the recycling of waste is subject to the free market, incentives have to be created in order to promote local waste recycling.

There is no public institution involved in C&D waste management system. However, a SNAGA-project aims at creating online marketplaces and commodity banks for raw C&D materials which could be reused

Since the implementation of the SUMP in 2015, the share of bicycles in the city increase from 5% to 10%. In order to promote alternative fuels, a filling station for CNG vehicles has been installed. Soon, a lot of charging stations for EV will be installed in the city. Additionally, is a project addressing logistic hubs and further delivery through the pedestrian zone with EVs.

In regards to the energy sector, there is already an action plan for the Local Energy Concept. These should be used for further developing that CE-strategy.

The main barriers are on state level legislation, which are slowing down or in some sectors completely stopping the progress. An intense dialogue with state government in terms of regulatory changes that will enable the implementation of CE in all areas is needed. The major challenges are public awareness and reducing CO2-emissions by 25% by 2020. It has been estimated that a reduction of about 10% can be achieved with good governance. Financial resources are missing, but crucial for a higher share of RES.

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5.5 Pays Viennois

5.5.1 Current status

ViennAgglo (Agglomeration Community of Pays Viennois) is a municipal association that’s administrative headquarter is based in Vienne (department of Isère). Consequently, a regional approach including 18 municipalities is needed for the development of CE. Actors involved in planning and implementing CE are especially ViennAgglo but also external service providers and private companies. ViennAgglo could be the authority and implementing actor regarding sanitation and waste management. With regards to carpooling, ViennAgglo already acts as a facilitator and with regards to public transportation as authority.

In Pays Viennois, there are activities for waste reduction and treatment as well as collaboration with external service providers for recycling and recovery. Further activities include the modernisation of the sewage plant with an investment of 17 Mio €, sustainable public procurement and public support for carpooling. Initiatives to stimulate circular food production and consumption are not implemented so far in Pays Viennois.

In the wider region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, that entails Pays Viennois, the CE-project called “CIRCULARIS” started in 2015 (http://circularis.fr/). CIRCULARIS aims at implementing recycling, reuse, repair and waste reduction activities as well as industrial ecology, eco-design and service economy.

In order to create value from waste a partnership between TRI Rhône-Alpes (TRIRA) and the CNR (National Company of the Rhône, RES electricity generation company) has been established in order to enhance CNR's IT equipment and enabling low-income families to acquire low-priced equipment. TRIRA is engaged in the collection, solidary trade, maintenance, troubleshooting and repair of electric appliances, IT support and trainings. Furthermore, TRIRA provides a platform called FABLAB R2D2, a collaborative space for the recovery and reuse of electronic appliances. In order to close the digital gap, TRIRA offers a travelling informatics workshop (A.M.I des Villages).

The following challenges have been identified in Pays Viennois: behaviour of the inhabitants regarding public transportation (car sharing), as well as waste collection and treatment, lack of collaboration with local businesses (industrial and territorial ecology).

For realising CE in the city and achieving the regions’ objectives for reducing GHG-emission, the major potential lies in improving Sustainable Public Procurement and waste upgrading as well as mobilising private companies and farmers to develop industrial and territorial ecology. To achieve this, financial barriers should be eliminated and awareness should be raised among companies. ViennAgglo wants to establish new opportunities for building recycling and increase material reuse options.

For this purpose, capacity building for the implementation of CE actions and in some areas the legal responsibility to act is needed. On the national and global level, more knowledge about CE and best practices to study the topic is crucial. On the level of implementation, more funding is needed.

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5.5.1.1 Figure 17 “CE stars”, weak points and needs, Pays Viennois

Figure 17 CE stars, weak points and needs, Pays Viennois

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5.5.2 Waste

“Le service environment de ViennAgglo” is responsible for the residential waste in the region encompassing 18 municipalities. The responsibility for commercial/industrial waste and C&D waste lies in the hands of private businesses. The waste collection is organised by the municipalities or outsourced. The collection of residential waste is conducted by ViennAgglo and an external service provider, while the collection of commercial waste is conducted by ViennAgglo and the companies themselves.

The waste is collected either from the kerb side (bins/containers, door-to-door) or from voluntary waste drop- off containers. Door-to-door collection includes the following waste types: residual waste (ViennAgglo and service providers), plastic waste, waste paper, packaging/journals (entrusted to service provider) and waste glass (only big waste producers such as restaurants). Drop-off containers (collection points) are installed for the following waste types: plastic, paper, packaging/journals, glass, batteries and cartridges and textiles. Organic waste is composted either at collecting centres or individually, but ViennAgglo is also promoting collective composting, which is already done by some structures like schools, nurseries, housing estates and others.

There are no clients with special type of waste mentioned. But it is remarkable, that about 18% of the waste in yellow bins and 20% in voluntary drop-off containers is non-recyclable material.

ViennAgglo operates four collection centres (one entrusted to a service provider), where many different waste types are accepted and separated. In addition to the waste types already mentioned above (except residual waste), private households (access card) and businesses can bring tyres, rubble, bulky waste, waste wood, lamps, electronic waste scrap metal, old furniture, used oil and domestic hazardous waste. The gratuitous use is limited based on waste quantities and the prices are staggered. Only 1% of the waste at the collecting centres is disposed and 34% recovered energetically. Material recycling accounts for approximately 65% of the waste at collecting centres.

In total, 40% of the collected waste is recovered energetically, 45% material recovery and 15% are disposed. More than 97% of the residual waste is incinerated with energetic recovery, the rest is disposed in landfills.

The waste collection and treatment is financed in particular by taxes, but also by secondary material sales, financial support, penalties and repayments). ViennAgglo collects data about waste quantities and costs, which is used for weighing the quantity.

Currently, the following materials are especially extracted for recycling: textiles, furniture and electrical appliances. There is a study in progress about heat recovery in urban zones and a biogas project for green and fermentable waste is planned.

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With regards to waste prevention, ViennAgglo plans to engage more in public awareness, promote individual composting, “stop pub”, “double caddy”, “Recyclery”, “EMMAUS” (collects reusable objects) and TRIRA. Future plans for waste collection include improvement of the glass recycling and a master plan for eco-islands development. Challenges include increasing glass and plastic waste recycling, waste reduction (food waste) and in general to conform to laws on organic waste. Other challenges identified are the development of CE with local enterprises (ADEIR), the development of the use of recycled materials by ViennAgglo and reuse in general.

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5.5.2.1 Figure 18 Waste management, Pays Viennois

Figure 18 Waste management, Pays Viennois

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5.5.2.2 Figure 19 Waste streams, Pays Viennois Figure 19 Waste streams, Pays Viennois

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5.5.3 Construction and demolition

In Pay Viennois, private businesses are responsible for their waste management and as a consequence, there is no C&D collection system. ViennAgglo has no jurisdiction over waste from C&D, but as a project manager for public construction, they are interested in how the C&D waste can be reduced. The main challenges of C&D waste management in Pays Viennois are mobilising and helping companies to create value from waste as well as creating necessary conditions for the reuse of materials.

Information on construction waste refers to the whole Isere department. The following numbers are from 2011. In total, 89% of construction waste is inert material, 9% is other non-hazardous waste and 2% is hazardous waste. 99.4% of public works waste is inert material, 70% of which is unpolluted soil and loose material. Direct reuse of inert waste accounts for 27%. The remaining inert waste is either reused at other construction sites, temporally stored or transported to the landfill. 50% of the public works companies bought recycled inert materials in 2011. This represents 1.2 million tons of recycled concrete and mixed materials. With regards to other non-hazardous waste and hazardous waste 65% and 95,5% respectively are not treated in the region. The remaining amounts are recycled and composted (6% of non-hazardous waste), used in cement plants (14% of non-hazardous waste) or transported to the corresponding landfill (15% of non- hazardous waste and 4.5% of hazardous waste). Regarding the construction industry, 77% of the companies declare to sort all their waste without specifying the level of sorting, some waste can be grouped. Most of them use a service provider for the waste collection or manage their waste themselves. Collective building site containers are being used less and less.

The main obstacles to recycling and reuse of construction waste are: Firstly, the owners and master builders tend to prefer "noble" materials to secondary materials. Secondly, the nature of these materials is not necessarily suitable.

The department plan set the target of 71% valorisation rate by 2020 and 75% by 2026. It is up to the contractor’s own initiative to achieve them. There is no indicator in place going further than the environmental energy performance EU directive for buildings. Information on the use of certifications like BREEAM is not available. Currently, there are no policies such as Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) in use, but some public services are starting to talk about it.

In 2015, the department of Isère agreed on a plan to change the C&D waste management system. The architects have been sensitised with regards to design processes based on locally available recycling materials. ViennAgglo will be actively involved in that. There are no incentives for companies to redesign their products in order to make them easier to dismantle and reuse.

There are several online marketplaces and commodity banks of raw C&D materials that could be reused (cf. http://www.dechets-chantier.ffbatiment.fr/, http://www.boursomat.fr/les-dechets-de-chantier.php, https://soldating.fr/)

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5.5.3.1 Figure 20 Construction and demolition, Pays Viennois

Figure 20 Construction and demolition, Pays Viennois

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5.5.4 Mobility

ViennAgglo developed an Urban Travel Plan with the following targets:

 Improvement of the public transport network  Decrease motorised individual traffic  Increase the share of bicycles  Improvement of the safety and comfort of pedestrian pathways

In order to push the low carbon transport system, ViennAgglo uses the following policy instruments to move towards achieving the goals set above:

 Free parking for zero-emission cars  Development of car sharing  Cycling in companies  Carpooling

Additionally, the public administration purchases electric and gas vehicles and public charging infrastructure is being planned. The bio-methane that will be produced by the sewage plant (which is currently being upgraded for that purpose) is supposed to be used for mobility. ViennAgglo plans to purchase two busses and two garbage trucks that are powered by biogas. Currently, there are no initiatives or plans made for hydrogen- powered vehicles.

ViennAgglo is involved in the elaboration of “SCOT” (Territorial Coherence Scheme, concept for the development of sustainable, collaborative projects) and in “Trames Vertes et Bleue” (implementation of green and blue corridors). Many tourists to Vienne come by boat and are transported by tourist mini-train in the city.

The climate plan intended a logistic hub addressing “the last mile”, but it has not been implemented. In regards to private travel, a smartphone app providing accurate information about public transport is available. All major retailers of home appliances offer take-back services to their customers, which are financed by the eco-contributions when new equipment is purchased.

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5.5.4.1 Figure 21 Mobility concepts, Pays Viennois

Figure 21 Mobility concepts, Pays Viennois

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5.5.5 Energy

ViennAgglo sets two objectives with regard to the energy system:

 Territorial Climate Action Plan (PCET) 2020: reducing energy consumption and GHG-emissions as well as increasing the share of local RES, each by 20%  Territoire à Énergie Positive (TEPOS) 2050: reducing the energy consumption of the territory by 50% and producing as much as consumed.

In order to achieve the targets set, ViennAgglo is developing a transformation plan (TEPOS) that will be completed in 2018. ViennAgglo implements various projects addressing the energy demand in businesses, among residents etc. as well as RES projects. Additionally, the municipality of Vienne participates in the European Energy Award (Quality management and certification system). OREGES, a regional agency, annually provides a report about energy and GHG-emissions for each sector.

Besides powering busses and garbage trucks, the biogas that will be produced by the sewage plant is supposed to be fed into a CHP-plant and into the gas grid. Most electricity is currently based on hydropower, followed by waste incineration and photovoltaic. Only a small share is produced by wind driven engines. There is no electricity generated from biomass. Thermal energy is produced by waste incineration and wood, while the latter delivers the most energy. Solar thermal systems are also used for heating, but they play a minor role. Biogas for heating is not present in the region.

In view of energy consumption by sector (2014), the most important consumers are road traffic (41%), industry (27%) and the residential sector (21%). From 2009 to 2014 the energy consumption of road traffic decreased by 1%, industrial consumption increased by 15% and the residential sector reduced its energy consumption by 10%. 77% of residential energy consumption accounts for central heating and hot water, the remaining shares. The road traffic can be broken down into freight traffic (56%) and passenger traffic (44%). Detailed information on hot spots of industrial energy consumption is not available.

A feasibility study is presently being conducted in order to identify the potential synergies for creating heat networks based on excess heat, geothermal energy and bioenergy. The study will be finished in October 2017. ViennAgglo has no energy competence, but partnerships with energy operators in order to facilitate the energy transition of the territory. In the framework of public procurement, ViennAgglo enforces the purchase of RES. A global audit was carried out, focussing on the potential for PV on public buildings. Additionally, more and more electric vehicles are replacing old vehicles. Furthermore, there are two initiative addressing roof areas for PV underway. ViennAglo wants companies to provide their rooftops for the installation of PV-panels by a PV-operator. After 20 years, the PV panels shall be given to the company for free. In addition to that, all the rooftops of the social lessor Advivo shall also be equipped with PV panels and a PV power plant project is currently being developed. Smart and de-centralized energy solutions are not practiced in Pays Viennois.

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For five years, ViennAgglo co-organises an energy contest (defi famille a energie positive) rewarding families who reduce their energy consumption by at least 8% following changes in their behaviour. The local development council employs a volunteer working on behavioural changes with a focus on energy.

Barriers on the way to a higher share of RES are related to social acceptance, maintenance of infrastructure, energy prices and investment costs. ViennAgglo also raises concerns with regards to working habits of technicians.

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5.5.5.1 Figure 22 Energy concepts, Pays Viennois

Figure 22 Energy concepts, Pays Viennois

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5.5.6 Summary

In Pays Viennois and the wider region, there are already some ambitious activities with regards to CE. The CE- project CIRCULARIS aims at implementing recycling, reuse, repair and waste reduction activities as well as industrial ecology, eco-design and service economy. The CE-strategy of Pays Viennois should be developed in line with the wider region of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes. TRIRA seems to reflect the CE idea in connection to electric appliances at its best. This could be an interesting example to be established in the partner cities, too.

Since ViennAgglo applies not only GPP but SPP, it would be interesting to know how exactly they are integrating the three sustainability pillars, especially social aspects. Although the local development council employs a volunteer working on behavioural changes with a focus on energy public awareness and acceptance for many CE-aspects (e.g. waste collection and treatment, public transport) seems to be one of the first challenges that needs to be taken. In addition to that, financial constraints appear to be quite omnipresent in the context of CE.

In the waste sector, especially glass and plastic recycling need to be improved. Additionally, the creation of a sustainable food cycle in accordance with existing legislation, regional recycling and reuse as well as CE business development represent major challenges.

There is a department plan to change the C&D waste management system, but more information is needed in order to integrate the contents into the CE-strategy of ViennAgglo. Regional architects have been sensitised with regards to design processes based on locally available recycling materials.

ViennAgglo is involved in the elaboration of SCOT and in “Trames Vertes et Bleue”. The bio-methane that will be produced by the sewage plant (which is currently being upgraded for that purpose) is supposed to be used for mobility. ViennAgglo plans to purchase two busses and two garbage trucks that are powered by biogas.

The development of the energy transformation plan should be integrated into GREENCYCLE in order to ensure an integrated, holistic approach. As 41% of total energy consumption and 40% of GHG-emissions can be traced back to road traffic, significant influence can be achieve through interventions in the mobility sector. The second biggest producer of GHG-emissions is waste treatment with a share of 21%. Most GHG-emissions of the residential sector as well as its energy consumption are caused by central heating and hot water generation. The industrial sector is the only one in the region that increased its energy consumption (+ 15%). As the industrial sector accounts for 15% share in GHG-emissions, there might be also potential for significant improvement.

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5.6 Trento

5.6.1 Current status

The municipality of Trento is actively engaged in CE by fulfilling Green Public Procurement (GPP), improving separate collection of waste and providing information as well as educating children in collaboration with schools. Furthermore, Trento supports the organisation of the “Re-use Days” and has agreements with the private sector addressing the reduction of packaging materials, food waste and other sustainability measures.

In 2010 a Trentino Organized Distribution Program called "Ecoacquisti Trentino" was signed by the Big Organized Distribution, the Province and Trento. The stores that get the "Ecoacquisti" brand activate actions primarily aimed at reducing waste, and secondly to promote local food production. Two years later the Province and the municipality of Trento signed a Program Agreement with the trade associations of the Trentino region, called "Ecoristorazione Trentino". The restaurants that get the logo "Ecoristorazione" activate actions aimed at reducing their environmental impacts by reducing waste and water and energy consumption, as well as customer awareness actions.

Nevertheless, there is no leading institution developing CE. The main policymaker in the region Trentino is Provincia Autonoma di Trento – Assessorato Infrastrutture ed ambiente. The 176 municipalities are coordinated through the Consozio of Comuni Trentini but the main cities of the region (Trento and Rovereto) play a special role in the implementation of CE. The Autonomous Province of Trento and its municipalities have a special in-house company (Informatica Trentino, InfoT) providing information and communication technologies (ICT). Therefore data and information are structured in a standardised uniform way and made available to the public via the online platform “Dati.Trentino.it”. Trentino Sviluppo is the regional development agency, dealing with the development of businesses in innovative areas.

Some private companies are active in the context of CE by providing support (expertise) to other businesses and networking. In the region there are also different research institutions with a focus on renewable energy sources (RES). The main research institution is” Fondazione Edmund Mach”.

In 2016, the Province of Trento provided approximately 164 Mio € in order to stimulate energy savings and sustain building-related business activities as well as more than 20 Mio € for sustainable transport. The potential benefits of CE considered by the municipality are new business opportunities for small and medium –sized enterprises (SME’s), the added value to the region through using local resources and local activities.

The municipality of Trento is acting as a coordinator and driver for CE. In the future, Trento could provide training for CE-experts and other public authorities as well as provide information to and coordinate public and private companies. InfoT could play an important role by acting as a transversal agent that supports and enables the connection of administrative processes (data exchange, communication, etc.)

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5.6.1.1 Figure 23 “CE stars”, weak points and needs,Trento

Figure 23 CE stars, weak points and needs,Trento

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In order to realise the regional CE, the municipalities should continue with existing practices like the GPP, investments in education and pursuing the development of sustainable energy sources as well as sharing uniformly structured data and other ICT support. Furthermore, promoting collaboration and establishing a network between the Public Authorities, citizens, businesses and SME’s is crucial in order to define a shared CE-strategy. The municipality could gather and evaluate information about CE best practices and use this for future activities. An analysis about material and waste flows as well as available resources should be conducted in order to address weak points and identify potentials. Aiming at developing a joint strategy, one of the first steps on the municipal level should be to share information on CE with all relevant sectors. Furthermore, internal experts should be trained in order to pursue the objectives over the long term.

The following challenges of CE have been identified by the municipality and InfoT: Legislation on EU and national level as well as its implementation, lack of intervention power on private economic processes, limited/no support for CE-enabling businesses, SME’s are very local oriented, fragmented and not organised in networks.

On the national and EU level, legislation regarding product design, use of recycled materials and other measures to support CE are needed as well as more financial incentives such as promoting services instead of goods, research, funds etc. A clear business case and real demonstration pilot project could boost the development.

5.6.2 Waste

In Trento, the collection of residential waste is managed by the municipality, in cooperation with the private service provider Dolomiti Ambiente (DA), who conducts the collection and transport of the corresponding waste fractions. The waste collection combines door-to-door and recycling centres. The waste fractions, that are collected separately are residual waste, bulky waste (call-system), organic waste, green waste, waste from street cleaning, exhausted oil, textiles, scrap metal, light weight packaging (LWP), waste paper, waste glass, hazardous waste, chemicals and asbestos. Based on the producer-pays-principle, some commercial/industrial companies have to apply a life-cycle-management to their products (tyres, oil, etc). For this purpose, they can be part of a product-specific consortium, which takes the responsibility of collecting these goods at the end of their product life or contract any other authorised service provider. The collection of waste from construction and other waste sectors is conducted by private businesses. Special collection and treatment centres for waste from construction/demolition exist in Trento. The waste collection covers the municipal area of Trento.

DA and authorized private operators transport the waste either to separation facilities or directly to treatment plants. The waste is treated following a list of well-defined procedures and standards. Metal and glass are melted for recycling, food waste is used to produce biogas and fertiliser, waste paper is pre-treated and fed into the pulping process and waste from construction is used for material recycling in the construction sector. Other substances such as material from street cleaning and exhausted oil are also recycled. Wood residuals from wood processing are used to produce pellets for private household heating. Clients with special types of waste are hospital, chemical industry, research institutions and other private companies.

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The municipality and the Province of Trento provide guidelines, control and authorisation of private service providers. The Italian Ministry of Environment is responsible for the general guideline and data collection.

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5.6.2.1 Figure 24 Waste management, Trento

Figure 24 Waste management, Trento

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5.6.2.2 Figure 25 Waste streams, Trento

Figure 25 Waste streams, Trento

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Public fees, based on the household size, the surface covered and the annual amount of non-recyclable waste, finance the management of residential waste. The life cycle management of special goods are financed via the corresponding consortium or through individual contracts with authorised service providers. Depending on the market, DA either pays treatment plants for their service or the treatment plant pays DA for delivering a secondary resource like waste paper and glass. Consequently, private recycling companies have to buy the treated waste they are interested in and they have to manage themselves the costs of the recycling process.

DA gathers data about waste quantities, fractions, and destination (CER-code) and transmits it to the municipality, which in turn immediately publishes the data on their official website. The data is used to manage the streets cleaning service, recycling centres and call-system for bulky waste. Private businesses use a “load and download registry” that includes information about all the waste transported. This data is send to the Chamber of Commerce, which stores, provides and controls data analysis. The treatment facilities collect data about quantities and qualities they receive, amount of production waste from treatment process as well as amounts and destination of material sales. This data is forwarded to DA (in case of Trento) and to the consortium of each fraction. All data described are sent to the national register “Waste Catasto”, responsible for elaborating and providing accurate information on the separate collection and management at national level. Some private recycling companies also provide data to the customers.

There are already several activities with regards to waste prevention, some addressing big producers aiming to reduce packaging and food waste (EcoAcquisti, EcoRistorazione) and others addressing citizens promoting reuse and reusable products (Giornate del Riuso). The administration of Trento applies GPP and the minimum environmental standards (CAM) for purchasing goods. The Environmental Department organises every year the “Premio Paolo Caracristi” (the prize for which is financed by DA) addressed to the local institutions that implement activities for waste prevention, waste management or sustainable behaviour. Furthermore, Trento supports the organisation of several initiatives, such as “Re-use Days” where citizens can freely exchange their goods in order to extend their lifecycle.

The following targets with regards to CE are set:

 Improvement of the public transport network  65% for waste separate collection by the end of year 2012.  The plan was developed in 2006 (D.lgs.152/2006) and modified in 2008 (Decreto Ministero dell'Ambiente e della tutela del territorio e del mare del 22 ottobre 2008).  Recycling of at least 55% of materials included in packaging waste by 2008  The recycling or recovery of at least 50% of produced waste  The recycling of at least 70% of waste from construction sector by 2020.

Future plans and strategies address waste prevention (reuse) and reduction (separation), the collection system (especially increasing the door-to-door collection), improvement of the polluter-pays-concept as well as empowering citizens. There is no existing strategy with regards to waste treatment. The waste treatment is well established and therefore it is hardy possible for local authorities to intervene into material flows, law, regulations.

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Challenges identified by the municipality include education and information of local citizens and businesses, closing material loops regionally and to improve the quality of separate collection (in particular regarding light packaging). A barrier is that public authorities cannot interfere with private activities, and cannot directly support single private companies.

5.6.3 Construction and demolition

The waste management in the C&D sector is subject to the legislation and regulation on the Provincial level. The legislation includes, that at least 30 % recycled material has to be used in publicly procured constructions (buildings, infrastructure, etc.). The use of secondary materials is subject to national and provincial legislation and is restricted by “well defined standards with respect to quality” (technical & environmental standards, CE- label). The limited power of the municipality is seen as the main challenge facing sustainable C&D waste management.

Indicators going further than the environmental energy directive can be found in the building regulation at municipal and provincial level. In addition to energy efficiency, the following aspects are included: Water efficiency, Reuse of rain water, Use of natural and longlasting materials, Provision of an ecological spot for household waste collection and Provision of parking spots for bicycles.

The municipality of Trento has taken up new construction concepts like using biodegradable and bio-based materials, demand driven and flexible construction as well as prefab constructions. Other innovative concepts like Cradle-to-Cradle, waste-free buildings, zero waste construction (close the loop/ long term thinking) or reuse without material quality loss are not realised currently.

The BREEAM-certification (Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method) has been introduced to Italy recently. Therefore, its implementation is not widespread yet. In contrast, LEED- certification (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) for new and existing buildings is more widespread and used. There are also some other certifications, like ARCA, which focuses on wooden buildings, or ITACA. Currently, Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) exists only for some goods such as packaging, glass, oil or paper.

With regards to the C&D sector no plans, strategies or targets exist to change the waste management system. There is also no active promotion of smart architectural design procedures that are based on regionally available secondary materials. Incentives for companies to redesign their products or product components in order to make them easier to dismantle/reuse are not yet available.

C&D businesses have to organise the waste transport themselves. Information on whether contractors set waste reduction goals themselves or lease/take-back agreements to shift the responsibility to the producers is not available. For the waste management requirements, minimum definitive waste and debris diversion criteria are specified. There are also regulations on earth movements (earths and rocks from excavation). Construction projects involving protected areas require an analysis that involves potential impacts on soil,

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water, flora, fauna and habitats in order to account for the potential negative impacts and, if needed, evaluate alternatives. One example of this process represents the new kindergarten, built inside a public park that was designed to have the least possible impact on the surroundings and on the environment.

C&D waste is often used for the maintenance and construction of infrastructure (especially cycle tracks and pavements) or levelling of construction areas. The extent of high quality reuse is unknown. At the moment, there is no marketplace for reuse and recycling materials, but there is a map of sustainable products (LEED certified) for construction that includes information on product characteristics and the companies which produce and sell them. Recovered materials from C&D are used locally where possible or containerised. Other waste is transported to the landfill, which is legally forbidden for recyclable materials. There is no information available on special materials extracted for reuse or upcycling, and neither on the knowledge of construction companies about the origin of the waste at the construction site.

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5.6.3.1 Figure 26 Construction and demolition context, Trento

Figure 26 Construction and demolition context, Trento

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5.6.4 Mobility

The City Council of Trento approved the Urban Mobility Plan in 2010. Amongst others, the overall objective is to reduce air pollution and noise emissions while simultaneously improving the environmental conditions and the quality of life within the city. Information on the extent of which the citizens’ traffic pattern changed is not available. Vehicles that are not in line with the given standards defined in the annual ordinance “traffic limitations for the exceeding/risk of exceeding of air pollution indicators” (such as the international categories N1, N2 and N3) are not allowed to transit or stop in the city of Trento. However, the municipal administration is not involved in measures to avoid unnecessary traffic movements and empty return journeys. Instead, parking spaces for busses in the city and for cars in the outskirts are established. During Christmas, the public bus service is extended to the camper areas in order to avoid intense traffic in the city centre. The municipality of Trento further authorized the installation of two electric charging stations on public space on a trial basis in order to promote the use of EV.

The Trentino Province finances the purchase of public (transport) vehicles. The minimum environmental criteria that have to be considered for the GPP are defined at national level. The fundamental idea is to produce the least possible impact on the environment, but there are no direct references to local products and the minimising of distances. In September 2017, the Provincial Plan on electric mobility will be approved, but there is no incentive for hydrogen cars. Bigger infrastructure projects and projects involving protected areas require an environmental analysis that involves potential impacts on soil, water, flora, fauna and habitats in order to account for the potential negative impacts and, if needed, evaluate alternatives. Tourist mobility is also debated at the provincial level as well as railway transport, the latter together with the national company for railroads and trains (RFI).

Alongside established policies for electric cars, such as the exemption from paying the stamp for five years and then the 75% reduction for the next, the Trentino Province is developing a sort of covenant with retailers. The contribution will be proportional: total electric car 5,000 euros, less for hybrids. In addition to vehicles, there will be financial aid for e-bikes and scooters, which will be around 500 euros.

Trento is the main city within the Province and consequently there is a continuous large influx and efflux of people. For this reason, public transport is studied in order to improve the connectivity between the different cities in the Province. The results of an analysis from 2007 highlight the economic constraints of logistic hubs in the outskirts. However, new opportunities arose ever since. Therefore, a study on the economic feasibility of sustainable solutions for “the last mile deliveries” will be repeated soon. The municipality is not aware of potentially existing “take-back” services of delivery companies or closed-loop collaboration addressing eco- design concepts. However, there are several measurements with regard to digital technologies and Mobility as a Service (MaaS) that are listed below:

 Parking guidance system  Panel with changeable messages  Traffic sampling sensors

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 Smart card for travelling with all locally available public transport means  Smartphone App “Viaggia Trento” for planning trips in line with public mobility policies (timetables, vacant parking spaces, available bicycles, etc.)

Furthermore, the municipality of Trento annually organises a public auction to sell abandoned bicycles. In anticipation of the bio-methane power plant processing food waste, which will be built next year, the share of public busses powered by bio-methane will be increased. By promoting local food cycles in the framework of EcoAquisiti, an agreement with the private sector, the municipality also addresses the reduction of food miles.

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5.6.4.1 Figure 27 Mobility concepts, Trento

Figure 27 Mobility concepts, Trento

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5.6.5 Energy

In order to achieve the GHG-emission reduction goals set by the EU, the Autonomous Province of Trento adopted the Provincial Environmental Energy Plan (PEAP) in 2013. The objective set for the period 2013-2020 includes 35.5% RES by 2020, 50% reduction of emission caused by gaseous fuels by 2020 and 90% by 2050. In 2014, the municipality of Trento also subscribed to the Covenant of Mayors (as well as other 50 municipalities in the Province and 6000 EU-cities), with the targets to reduce CO2-emissions, increase the share of RES and increase energy efficiency, in each case by 20% by 2020. For this purpose, the municipality commissioned a study analysing the energetic consumption and identifying intervening sectors. More than 3000 Italian companies ratified the Covenant of Mayors by approving a specific resolution in the City Council (Covenant of Covenants).

The PEAP mentioned above, will enable a set of financed actions/guidelines up to 2020:

 For the construction sector, the plan proposes actions for energy efficiency and provides for incentives and the creation of rotation funds with public and private resources for the energy upgrading of buildings or urban areas. Furthermore, the progressive introduction of more restrictive values on the consumption of new buildings, the promotion of energy audits in the tertiary sector and industry as well as rigorous control of building certifications are planned.  In the field of renewable energies, actions are planned for the construction of biomass heating systems, enhancing the local wood supply chain and the simplification and optimisation of the authorisation process for renewable energy production plants.  With regard to energy grids, the plan aims to expand the natural gas distribution network and reduce losses during the transport and distribution of electricity.  For the transport sector, the plan identifies the guidelines for the development of railway sections, car sharing and low impact vehicles.

The municipal strategy includes the following initiatives, each of which is controlled by the most qualified office.

 Renewal of public illumination  Renovation of public buildings  Education for public employees and students  Incentives to renovate private buildings and build new eco-friendly buildings  Green Public Procurement

The energy efficiency and RES requirements for new buildings and bigger renovations are subject to national and provincial legislation. According to that, new constructions have to cover at least 50% of heating by using RES. Additionally photovoltaic panels have to be installed in order to fulfil a minimum of electric power. Moreover, a national law divides the territory in six areas and defines for each one the period when heating can be powered. The maximum heating temperature inside domestic buildings and offices is 20°C.

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In 2015, the municipality of Trento elaborated an energy report. The report includes estimated CO2 emissions for different sectors (public buildings, private buildings, transportation, etc.) but the data provided are general. The Province also elaborates a more detailed report on energy every 4 years (last one in 2016). The report includes the production of electricity, the production of thermal energy, the production of RES, the consumption of energy, CO2 emissions and trends of all these data in the last 10 years (2004-2014). The Province of Trento already surpassed the goals set by the National Action Plan on RES. http://www.appa.provincia.tn.it/rapporto_ambiente_2016/rapamb_2016_pressioni/pagina33.html

The Provincial energy mix in 2014 was as follows. Most of the electricity generated was based on hydropower. Combined heat and power was produced using biomass and waste. PV and wind power were used to a lesser extent. For heating, natural gas, oil, heat pumps, electric direct heating, biomass, solar thermal energy and geothermal energy were used.

The Province of Trento has its own certification authority called Odatech. Odatech is an independent and totally autonomously operating unit of the Habitech - Trentino Technical Destrict. Additionally, the Province adopted the LEED-NC certification system (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design).

Since 2012, a new Trigeneration plant based on natural gas supplies the Le Albere District with electricity, thermal and cooling energy while reducing the fuel demand by 30%. The local energy utility is mainly managed by Dolomiti Energia Holding, but the municipality and the Province (and other municipalities and stakeholders) hold shares of the company. There are also some other energy companies offering their service to the citizens.

District heating is not used in Trento, but in Rovereto, the second largest town in the Province. The district heating network exceeds 26 km in double piping and serves 170 residential and industrial buildings, both public and private. With the service to residential buildings, it contributed to the heating of about 1.6 million cubic meters, equivalent to nearly 5,700 average apartments.

A glasswork production facility already investigated the possibility of using their excess heat in the surrounding buildings and facilities. Due to the high costs of the distribution system and the limited life-cycle of the furnace, the idea was rejected.

Currently, there are no initiatives with regards to energy efficiency and RES on the part of the industry sector. However, some consulting companies advice on sustainable construction, energy efficient houses and how to save energy. There are no examples of product-as-a-service initiatives related to energy and neither are there any citizen energy cooperatives. Some groups of citizens buy solar and photovoltaic panels together, but their use is individual. Dolomiti Energia is a joint venture with local cooperatives to ensure ethical compliance. http://www.etikaenergia.it/ The private research institute “Fondazione Bruno Kessler” has a division involved in photovoltaic and hydrogen technologies and provides advice to municipalities and industries to lower GHG-emissions.

Information on smart energy solutions presently applied in Trento is not available. According to InfoT, smart grids as well as bio-methane for public transport are examined experimentally.

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http://www.set.tn.it/content/smart-grids, https://www.ufficiostampa.provincia.tn.it/Comunicati/Dal-rifiuto- umido-al-biometano-per-gli-autobus-cittadini-un-economia-circolare-a-beneficio-dell-ambiente

Food waste is fed into a biogas plant that produces biogas used for process heating and fertiliser, which is sold to local farmers. Next year, the biogas plant will be upgraded for bio-methane production using excess biogas. The bio-methane will then be used to power public busses. In order to raise awareness and address consumer behaviour, the Province of Trento supports the Italian day of energy reduction. The municipality of Trento provides education in primary and middle schools. The main subjects are waste, recycling, energy efficiency and sustainable mobility.

One of the biggest barriers on the way to a higher share of RES is the initial investment. Another barrier might be connected to the uncertainty with regards to employment, because nowadays, families have to move more often and therefore the willingness to invest is much lower. According to InfoT, cultural issues and a lack of knowledge in general as well as missing incentives (not only financial) are barriers to a higher share of RES in Trento.

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5.6.5.1 Figure 28 Energy concepts, Trento

Figure 28 Energy concepts, Trento

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5.6.6 Summary

In the Trentino region, the municipality of Trento plays a special role with regards to CE development as Trento is proactively promoting CE-related sustainability measures. The autonomous Province of Trento plays also an important role, not only because of the financial support for sustainable mobility, construction and energy consumption, but also with regards to legislation and regulation. Especially remarkable is the standardised and transparent data management in the region as well as the level of cooperation with the private sector.

Despite the individual role of Trento, the municipality is embedded in the regional CE-development. Consequently, there is high potential to develop the local strategy based on the regional community network.

For all sectors considered in this query, there are some CE-related measures taken. The major focus is put on the energy sector, which is also reflected by the fact, that Trento already surpassed goals set by National Action Plan on RES. The mobility sector seems to be well addressed, too, although car-sharing or carpooling are not yet implemented or planned. The C&D sector seems to be the least developed sector with regards to CE. The municipality of Trento applies GPP, adopted some innovative concepts for construction and also uses available certification systems. Nevertheless, there is still a lot of potential for C&D-related CE activities despite the municipality’s limited power in the C&D sector. With regard to the waste sector, existing plans and measures deal with waste prevention and collection. However, there is no plan to change or improve the waste treatment system because it is well established and hardly possible for local authorities to intervene into material flows, law, regulations. What this practically means and if there are still possibilities to intervene somehow should be further elaborated.

The interdependencies between different sectors are especially visible looking at mobility and energy, construction and energy or waste and construction but also the organic material flows. Organic waste is collected separately and fed into a biogas plant. The fermentation residues are being returned into the agricultural production in the region. The biogas is currently used for process heating but next year it will be upgraded into bio-methane to run public transport vehicles. As a result, this example of CE connects the different sectors food, agricultural, waste, transport and energy.

In Trento and the Trentino region, there are already good conditions for CE to build on. Nevertheless, there are still several barriers and challenges the public authorities need to overcome and master. Besides legislative issues on the national and international level, the following challenges in the context of private businesses exist:

 Reuse of rain water  Lack of intervention power on private economic processes  Limited/no support for CE-enabling businesses,  SME’s are very local oriented, fragmented and not organised in networks.

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In general, closing material loops regionally seems to be a major challenge of the transition. The quality of separate collection needs to be improved, especially regarding LWP. It requires more engagement in education and the provision of information to both, citizens and businesses. As CE calls for a paradigm shift that involves all human beings, existing cultural constraints must be overcome as one of the first measures. Therefore, financial and other kinds of incentives are needed.

5.7 Vaduz

5.7.1 Current status

The municipality of Vaduz is actively implementing CE in the waste sector, where CE is economically and ecologically reasonable from their point of view (municipal waste, construction, organic). The separate collection of waste and the supervision of collection centres by competent employees can be seen as CE best practices. The municipality creates the legal foundation, conducts monitoring and provides innovative trends for CE.

Actors involved in planning and implementing CE are municipals, the government, the industry and waste facilities.

The potential benefits of CE on the municipal level are savings in money, resources and energy as well as waste prevention and the independency from imported resources.

The municipality of Vaduz identified challenges especially in the construction sector where they face bad reputation and absence of product sales for recycled construction materials. Additionally, there is no incentive for eco-design (durability, recyclability, etc.).

The major potential for realising CE is to optimise the existing recycling system and to create a better sales market for recycled materials. Additionally, harmful substances should be removed from any material cycle if possible. Therefore, necessary measures for implementing CE are creating a sales market for recycled construction materials and cooperation with other countries in the field of eco-design.

In order to achieve this, Vaduz needs a legal basis and become more active with regards to creating cooperation. The latter also applies to the global level just as the focus on eco-design and the education of future engineers.

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5.7.1.1 Figure 29 “CE stars”, weak points and needs, Vaduz

Figure 29 CE stars, weak points and needs, Vaduz

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5.8 Vorau

Added in August 2019 5.8.1 Current status

As an EU member, Austria set itself the long-term goal of the 2050 strategy. Its politics act in accordance with environmental policies beyond the 20-20-20 targets. These adhere to a reduction by 80-95% of GHG emissions (compared to 1990 levels), the increased use of renewable resources at 20% and enhanced energy efficiency at 20%. Although few goals have been already achieved (share of renewable resources), experts still see an enormous potential in optimizing the sustainable management of product life cycles and therefor resources. “Cradle-to-cradle” – transforming the linear economy to a circular economy. Various municipalities, like the Vorau region, established numerous approaches to decrease the environmental external effects and create an improved system to achieve the climate/environmental targets (2020 and 2050).

2010, the municipality Vorau established with an impulse of the “Klima- und Energie-Modellregionen” (KEM) the region “EnergieIMpuls Vorau” which aims for an ambitious implementation of energy and resource efficient strategies and measures, especially in the energy and building sector. The KEM professed a sustainable management of local available resources, energy efficiency and mobility. Within the framework of this program the region Vorau focus on several topics: car sharing projects, awareness raising for dwellers of this region, promoting education and information, increasing of share of renewable resources by 20% (photovoltaic, biomass), adaption of buildings to climate change, introduction of energy efficiency measures (to agriculturists, enterprises) resulting in reducing energy input, ban of single-plastic use, establishment of e- mobility, etc..

With these mentioned impulses the Vorau region follows various actions regarding to circular economy, regarding waste, energy and mobility.

Regarding a legislative regulation of Austria’s politics towards an CE, there are actions and strategies implemented and included in the waste sector, the Federal Waste Management Plan (Bundesabfallwirtschaftsplan); deduced from the EU circular economy targets and plans. Legislation concerning the waste management happens in three levels – the federa-tion, province and municipalities. Regarding the municipality level an operational implementation of policy targets are its function (regulatory measures, public awareness raising, GPP- Green Public Procurement). These include a development of CE strategies, providing information and maintain and motivate citizen participation. PR-wise the municipality Vorau promotes for a more sustainable transport with car sharing and e-mobilty, a sustainable/green management of local enterprises, waste management as well as buildings and reusing initiatives working towards CE strategies. The waste management sector strives for the most advanced approach to implementing a CE model applying elaborated recycle systems. This is possible because of the legislative regulated waste collection system in the municipality.

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However, the municipality Vorau still sees major potential in the accomplishment of CE concerning the development and optimizing of regional mobility and infrastructure – also regarding the waste management – the public relations work and energy concept.

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5.8.1.1 Figure 30 “CE-stars”, weak points and needs, Vorau Figure 30 “CE- stars”, weak points and needs, Vorau

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5.8.2 Waste

According to the Federal Waste Management Plan 2017 Austria produces 59.76 million tonnes waste. This includes primary waste (57.10 million t) and secondary waste (2.66 million tonnes) resulting from treatment of primary waste, f.e. ashes from waste incineration. This amount, encompassed of municipal waste from households and similar establishments, consists of mixed municipal waste, bulky waste, hazardous waste, waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE), recoverables and organic/biogenic waste and green waste. The collection and management depends on local variable legislative regulations positioned in the Federal Waste Management Plan and Waste Management act. The municipal collection systems depend on the administrative size of the community.

In case of the municipality Vorau municipal waste is collected as a combination of bring- and pick-up- systems. Materials which can be used for further secondary material production (Altstoffe) such as glass waste, metal waste (cans), plastic waste, textiles, paper waste are accumulated and brought to a collection centre. Hazardous waste, WEEE and bulky waste are collected as well. Residual waste and organic waste (as far as the household is not able to compost it itself) is picked up once to twice a month operated by services organized by local authorities financed with regular fees payed by the dwellers. The collection centres and associations are the connector to recycling or disposal associations.

The collected municipal waste in the province Hartberg-Fürstenfeld – inclusive Vorau region – is transported to the proximate waste management centre, the waste management association Hartberg (Abfallwirtschaftsverband Hartberg AWV).The AWV separates and pretreats the received waste and/or distributes and sells the disposed, separated waste to specialised recycle enterprises -private-partnership. The different waste classes are purchased from the specialised associations, for example AGR (Austria Glas Recycle), ARA (Altstoff Recycling Austria) or Wien Energie (incineration residual waste).

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5.8.2.1 Figure 31 Waste Management, Vorau Figure 31 Waste Management, Vorau

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61 % of the accumulated municipal waste in the province Styria is used for material recy- cling/recovery as 37% is biochemical treated. Non recoverable parts of residual wastes as well as bulky waste are subjected to thermal treatment for energetic recovery (FCC Hal-benrain or ENAGES Niklasdorf). Biogenic wastes are mechanical-biological preprocessed for stabilisation (aerob processes) before composting (in Kaindorf – A.D. BioERDE und Kompost GmbH) or further processed to biogas with anaerobic treatments (Biokraft Hartberg).

The aim of treating and collecting critical wastes, as WEEE, is the reclamation of recyclable recoverables and the separation of components containing pollutants. Hence, critical wastes undergo specific processing in separate plants. In Austria, there are currently around 40 plants available for the initial treatment of WEEE. Vorau’s collected WEEE is transported to the FCC Austria Abfall Service AG in Kaindorf.

Regarding the waste management for enterprises (SMUs), they are obligated to compile a waste management concept if employing at least 20 persons. If more than 100 employees a waste manager (intern or extern employed) is obliged to supervise the waste management. For collection and/or transportation to waste recovery centres/associations the enterprises have to hire/employ a collection/transportation service – if not able to treat/pretreat the waste at the enterprise. Thus every enterprise is responsible for its waste management.

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5.8.2.2 Figure 32 Waste streams, Vorau Figure 32 Waste streams, Vorau

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5.8.3 Construction and demolition

According to the Federal Waste Management Plan 2011 (base year 2009), the amount of construction and demolition waste has increased by approximately 46 %, totaling roughly 10 million tons in 2015. This increase can be attributed to increased building activity and improved statistical recording. The Provincial Waste Management Plan Styria defined the composition of demolition and construction waste as they are distinguished in excavated materials (topsoil, sand, gravel, stones, rocks), mineral waste (building debris, road rubble, concrete debris, track ballast), organic/metallic waste (site waste, building/demolition waste wood, packing, metals), hazardous waste (asbestos and asbestos cement, contaminated soil, waste containing fluorochlorinated hydrocarbons or polychlorinated biphenyls or tar). For a fee the construction wastes are collected, treated, landfilled or if possible traded as secondary material. There are overall 10 stationary (ex-situ) and 18 mobile treatment plants (collected and treated on site – in-situ) available for the treatment of mineral construction waste in Styria. In theory, full operation of these plants would enable for recovery of approx. 2 million t of mineral construction waste per year. Recycled demolition and construction waste has a large spectrum of use and represents a useful alternative to traditional primary construction materials in many fields. As to the region Vorau the closest disposal site waste management centre Hartberg “Abfallwirtschaftszentrum Stadtwerke Hartberg”. Prerequisite for high-quality treatment of demolition and construction materials is separate collection at the construction site. The Austrian Association for Recycling of Demolition and Construction Waste (Öster-reichischer Baustoff-Recycling Verband, BRV) publishes guidelines for the recycling of demolition and construction waste to define quality standards. To some extent, these requirements were taken over into the Steiermärkische Bauproduktegesetz 2000 (Baustoffliste ÖE). Recycled demolition and construction waste is divided into the following categories: • recycled mineral demolition and construction waste from buildings • recycled sand • recycled tiles sand; recycled tile chips • recycled tile sand from buildings; recycled tile chips from buildings • recycled sand from buildings; recycled chips from buildings • recycled broken asphalt granulate • recycled broken concrete granulate • recycled broken mixed granulates from asphalt/concrete • recycled broken mixed granulates from concrete and/or asphalt and stone • recycled stone granulate The above-mentioned guidelines define fields of application and quality requirements for recycled demolition and construction waste in view of construction- and environment-relevant properties. The Province of Styria supports the internet platform "Recycling-Börse-Bau" (RBB, Recycling Network Construction), which is run by the recycling association. The RBB encourages recovery of mineral demolition and construction waste. It aims to bring together supply and demand for mineral recycled construction waste and excavated materials while at the same time not only trading these materials,

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but also providing information on who offers or needs which material on which site within which time. The target audience of the RBB are private and public clients as well as their agents (architects, civil engineers and consultants), property developers, construction companies, recycling or transport companies and landfill operators. In Styria, 18 mass landfills for construction and demolition waste and 32 landfills for exca-vated soil were available in 2008 for the disposal of non-recoverable demolition and con-struction waste and excavated materials. For the municipality Vorau, the nearest facili-ty/association for landfill for demolition and construction waste is Riegersberg, Stadtwerke Hartberg, Abfallwirtschaftsverband Hartberg; for excavated soil landfills is Greinbach, Wenigzell and St. Lorenzen am Wechsel. According to the Vision of the provincial waste management plan Styria the shares of recycled materials shall increase from 9% (in 2000) to 30% (in 2015). Moreover, the use of recycled construction materials with approved quality shall be well established on the market. At least 20% of construction wastes produced in Styria in 2008 was materially recovered.

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5.8.3.1 Figure 33 Construction and demolition, Vorau Figure 33 Construction and demolition context, Vorau

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5.8.4 Mobility

The Vorau region is a strong commuter region and has one of the highest motorization rates in Styria. There is no public transport outside of school hours and the closest train connection is 15 km away. In the mobility sector, the municipality Vorau sees high potential for improvement, since almost every adult resident owns a car. The biggest potential here is significantly reduce motorized fossil fueled powered mobility per capita. Since the measures mentioned above are already state-of-the- art in urban areas it can be taken as an example. In recent years Vorau highly promoted e-mobility. The number of electric cars as well as the number of charging stations has increased. It can also be expected that the mobility sector will increase substantially in e-vehicles (cars, bikes), which would allow a substitution of the fuel demand by regionally available electricity. The Impulszentrum Vorau operates public relations and awareness raising for sustainable mobility. They approach the traffic topic by sensitizing the effect of individual decision making. Regular awareness-raising activities and initiatives are an important prerequisite for the successful implementation of measures for pedestrians, cycling and sustainable transport. This aims for an increase in acceptance of changing the traffic patterns. Citizens, opinion leaders as well as community leaders and the administration are to be informed. In order to achieve these objectives step by step, publicity actions should be pursued:

• Event-oriented public relations • Public relations modules for the different target groups • Marketing initiatives for walking and cycling (f.e.: Purzel-Wurzel-Challenge) • policy for dormant traffic

Initiatives should be taken relating to information and knowledge management and mobility education (e.g. comprehensive mobility education instead of auto-oriented education). For example, the community newspaper should regular report about sustainable environmental mobility. Participation in the European Mobility Week and the car-free day as well as the climate campaign for car-free school trips will be accelerated (this will reduce the number of people traveling from the parents to the school). In addition, Vorau should be involved in the design of a micro-public transport concept. This concept was presented from the province Styria to relieve the individual motor car traffic in rural areas dependent on private cars. Further, regarding the biking topic the benefits and effects of cycling are emphasized. Because of the high motorized mobility in the Vorau region the energy supply in the fuel sector is dominated by fossil fuels (diesel and gasoline). The filling station network is operated by OMV AG and Lagerhaus Genol. An alternative e-filling station located at the Impulszentrum Vorau is expanded to four electricity charging stations due to an increased demand.

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5.8.4.1 Figure 34 Mobility Concepts, Vorau Figure 34 Mobility Concepts, Vorau

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5.8.5 Energy

Regarding the electricity sector the Vorau region is connected to the ruled area of Feistritzwerke Steweag GmbH (subsidiary of Energie Steiermark) – a hydropower powered plant network. The regional demand for electricity is mainly generated by small consumers and a few large consumers, such as the Marienkrankenhaus, the Vorau Volksschule and Hauptschule, the Vorau Abbey, the Impulszentrum Vorau and several business establishments. Since there are no industrial establishments in the region, the grid level of the power supply is located in the low voltage range. The regional electricity production is currently based mainly on the heating power plant Vorau (operator: Bio-Energie Köflach GmbH) and the wind power park on Masenberg. For the smaller power range, such as households, a low wind power use does not exist. Other renewable energy technologies, such as photovoltaic and hydropower, are currently of minor importance in the energy supply in the region Vorau. Since there is no industry in the region and the commercial share hardly needs any process energy due to the existing business identities, the heat sector is characterized mainly by a low temperature demand. The heat supply is characterized by a direct supply with the exception of two micro- networks, which are operated with biomass. This is because of the high share of single family households. Therefore biomass and heating oil combined with solar thermal can be identified as the primarily heat supply. Electricity demand is presented in terms of annual energy sums, load profiles and different sectors. In 2017 the annual electricity requirement of the region was approx. 14.6 GWh/a. Concerning this amount, the household and agricultural sector accounted for about 5.46 GWh/a and the commercial sector for about 9 GWh/a. The consumption of the Public Administration sector was approximately 0.13 GWh/a. The electricity demand of the region is largely covered by the wind farm and the heating power plant in Vorau. It can be said that the largest share (around 55%) is consumed by the business establish-ments, with the Marienkrankenhaus and the Vorau Abbey being included in this sector. The household and agriculture sector accounts for 44% of total electricity demand and public administration accounts for around 1%. Regarding the heat demand households and agriculture have the largest consumption (about 44.3 GWh/a). Also the commercial area draws for a significant low-temperature heat demand (about 19.7 GWh/a). The public sector has a significantly lower heat need (about 3.2 GWh/a) than the other two sectors. In total, the Vorau region therefore needs about 67.2 GW/a of end energy. If the additional demand for local heat supply on a secondary energy basis is added (concerns the use of wood chips), the heat requirement increases by approx. 23.5 GWh/a to 90.7 GWh/a. Therefore, the greatest need arises from households and agriculture, about 66%. The commercial sector needs about 29% and the heating demand in the public administration buildings accounts for about 5% of the total heating needs. Additional to the striving towards a self-sufficiency of the Vorau region the following energy innovation projects are joined and supported: E+Zentren (Energy plus and innovation network), Smart City Hartberg, Micro Trigeneration, Remrecres (Renewable Energy Monitoring / Renewable Energy Control / Renewable Energy Simulation).

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5.8.5.1 Figure 35 Energy concepts, Vorau

Figure 35 Energy concepts, Vorau

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5.8.6 Summary

As the EU paper according to the implementation of the CE Action Plan said: ”The circular economy is now an irreversible, global mega trend. Yet, much is still needed to scale up action at EU level and globally, fully close the loop…”. As already reported in this analysis, the region Vorau attempts to implement and contribute to the CE action plan strategies by optimizing its waste management, energy management and sustainable mobility supported by the local climate and energy region (“KEM”). With the existing legislative guidelines, Vorau and in general the province Styria, cultivates sustainable waste management (municipal and demolition waste) acting towards CE. The facilities (Abfallwirtschaftsverband Hartberg, Hartberger Saubermacher, Stadtwerke Hartberg, FCC Austria Abfall Servic AG) are available and enable to follow a precise collection and further utilization (thermal, recycling, mechanical biological, composting). However, experts still see potential for enhancement here. Further, the program “KEM” initiates action in the region and contributes to an active input and development of inchoate projects – in this case implementing strategies towards strengthen local networks, businesses and self-sufficiency. This concerns the waste, mobility and energy sector as well. Vorau especially propagates with public awareness raising and initiatives (“Purzel-Wurzel-Challenge” etc.) propagating its measures, after all the municipality still sees a major potential in public relations, enhancement in more efficient energy supply as well as mobility. A sustainable lifestyle depends/is affected on/by two aspects – the individual voluntary life choices and the public procurement and supply of services and products (Green Puplic Procurement). GPP may be a voluntary instrument but could shift purchasing decisions. It embodies an active engagement of citizens changing consumption patterns. The potential is expandable and dependent on federal authorities – there may be also a potential to start on local/provincial level – legal responsibility for businesses or industries? The Central Procurement Agency of the Province of Styria has emphasized environmental friendliness and sustainability for years. Regular feedback to the departments had a positive influence on their consumption patterns and led to a significant reduction in resource use. Other initiatives focusing on ecological aspects include e.g. office bikes and e-mobility, the monitoring and permanent reduction of fleet average CO2 emissions or the implementation of energy-saving competitions in the Styrian administration. The potential to optimize and apply SPP and GPP is still there, especially in the Vorau region. Additionally, with an enhanced data management and IT-support, the supply with infor-mation and internet platforms could be increased. Not only improved networking between suppliers and demanders would be possible, but also new services and jobs could be introduced to the market (second-hand, repair, services, mobility/car sharing etc. ). As some of the measures working towards a CE are still on a voluntary basis a more legal responsibility is needed. In summary the main barriers for implementing a CE are public relations, infrastructure, data and communication with local facilities (f.e. potential for local added value).

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6 Cross-comparison

6.1 All cities cross-comparison tables

Overview tables have been created in order to allow a cross-comparison between the project partners. The cross-comparison tables can be used for both, a comparison between the project partners looking for potential approaches and synergies as well as for a review of the answers given by one partner.

“X” indicates that the corresponding feature in the left column is valid or that it applies. Where additional information was provided it is added. Empty cells indicate no information was provided by the project partners in the questionnaires.

Table 2 Cross-comparison of general aspects

Freiburg Götzis Maribor Pays Viennois Trento Vaduz

 2007: Climate  Development  SCOT  Provincial Protection strategy (territorial Environmental Concept, Maribor 2030 coherence Energy Plan update in  CE-strategy scheme) (PEAP) process  Department  Provincial plan  Plan to bundle plan to change on electric soil-related C&D waste mobility Concepts, plans topics management and strategies system  Territorial Climate Action Plan (PCET)  Territoire à Énergie Positive (TEPOS GPP GPP SPP GPP  only bicycles for municipal Public postal traffic Procurement  by the end of 2017: 75% EV  100% recycling paper

Public events X X

Education X X TRIRA

Provision of X X information

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Freiburg Götzis Maribor Pays Viennois Trento Vaduz

Public/Private X X X X partnership IT-support tool TRIRA: IT InfoT: for optimised support and standardised ICT material flows in training data process management University  CE  Forestry  Environment WCYCLE Research FABLAB RES al science  CE Institutes  Solar/ PV

CE-expert No

Coordination through national CE-institution No WCYCLE No No Environmental Association

CE-projects WCYCLE CIRCULARIS

Regional Business In cooperation development X development with ADEIR agency  innovative areas Private sector X X initiatives National Support for CE incentives to X X businesses redesign C&D products

Table 3 Cross-comparison of the waste sector

Freiburg Götzis Maribor Pays Viennois Trento Vaduz

ASF – SNAGA – public Dolomiti public/private Residential Private service service company Ambiente – company Door-2-door waste provider private company

Door-2-door Door-2-door Door-2-door Private business/ Private Private Private Private Private industrial waste

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Freiburg Götzis Maribor Pays Viennois Trento Vaduz

Packaging and No, but Glass LCM for some EPR currently  “Grüner products discussed Punkt” Wastewater  X energy Separate collection of X X X X X X residential waste types Supervised by Collection X Building yard X X X competent centres employees Collection points X X X X (drop-off container) Door-2-door

Residual waste Obligation to Door-2-door Door-2-door Door-2-door Door-2-door surrender to the local authority Biogas  process Door-to-door heating

Biogas  CHP, Planned: Fertiliser Food waste district heating Door-2-door Door-2-door Biogas  agriculture

Fertiliser Planned:  agriculture Biogas  CH4  public transport Collection points Collection centres Individual and Collection point Green waste collective 3 fractions for Building yard composting composting, plant coal and energy  Collection Profitable Waste glass Collection points points Collection points Door-2-door recycling  Building yard  Door-2-door Profitable Waste paper  Collection Door-2-door Collection points Door-2-door recycling centres  LWP  Journals and LWP Packaging  Door-2-door Collection points packaging Door-2-door  “yellow bin”  Door-2-door

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Freiburg Götzis Maribor Pays Viennois Trento Vaduz

 Collection points  Collection  Collection points Scrap metal points  Collection  Building yard centres Textiles, shoes, Caritas- Collection points Collection points etc. container  Collection  Collection Electric points Collection points Collection points appliances  Collection centres  Building yard centres  Door-2-door  Collection call-system Door-2-door call Collection Bulky waste centre  Collection system centres  Building yard centres Batteries and Collection points cartridges Hazardous 2/a in the 1-2/a in the Collection waste neighbour-hood neighbour-hood centres  Hospitals  Chemical Special waste industry  Research institutes  Some businesses voluntarily  Obligatory for electric Take-back Electric Electric appliances, services appliances appliances depending on product and shop size  Packaging law: glass + LWP Soon TRIRA Reuse collection  Old bicycles  functional  Electronic bulky material appliances  Food donations  Ban of Prevention disposable tableware at any event on public ground Processing Wood residues residuals  pellets

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Freiburg Götzis Maribor Pays Viennois Trento Vaduz

 household heating Map of sustainable X products Online give- away market/ X commodity exchange

Table 4 Cross-comparison of the construction and demolition sector

Freiburg Götzis Maribor Pays Viennois Trento Vaduz

 No municipal Private C&D influence

 Focus on energy savings  Use of ViennAgglo Minimum 30% Public procured secondary  project recycled constructions materials: manager material municipal staff recently trained  Special procedure by No public Special Waste No collection law institution collection management system  Collection involved centres centres Commodity SNAGA-project bank/ market X X X in process place Secondary materials often X not suitable Environmental X X indicators

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Freiburg Götzis Maribor Pays Viennois Trento Vaduz

Discussed on EPR Land level  Environmental protection standards BREEAM:  Energy recently Certification standards introduced and standards  Some

construction LEED: yes companies apply DGBN

 Bio-based/ biodegradab Innovative le materials construction No  Prefab concepts  Flexible & demand driven New projects based on potential X X environmental impact

Table 5 Cross-comparison of the mobility sector

Freiburg Götzis Maribor Pays Viennois Trento Vaduz

SUMP X X X X

Traffic X X X restrictions

Public transport X X

Pedestrian X X zones Cycling and Cycling in pedestrian X X companies network  Parking spaces Free parking for for busses Parking Parking fees zero-emission established in vehicles the city  on the

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Freiburg Götzis Maribor Pays Viennois Trento Vaduz

outskirt: for cars

 Municipal  Waste  Instalment of vehicle fleet collection charging 75% EV’s  Special parking infrastructure  Energy spaces planned EV companies  Instalment of  Public vehicles X started to charging build charging infrastructure infrastructure planned  Public vehicles

Hydro vehicles No No No

 Special parking spaces Purchase of Biogas/ CNG  One CNG-fuel busses and Starting next No vehicles station garbage trucks year installed planned  Public vehicles Originally Logistic hubs on envisioned but No Projects ongoing the outskirt not implemented Reduction of empty return No journeys Last mile No Study planned deliveries  Freiburg  Local food wholesale production market cooperatives  Preference for  City gardens local products in public Food miles schools/ canteens/ etc.  Public spaces provided for urban gardening  Car sharing  Car sharing  Car sharing  Parking  Smartphone  Bicycle rental  Carpooling guidance App  Park and ride  Smartphone system Digital is planned App  Panel with technology & changeable MaaS messages  Smart card  Smartphone

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Freiburg Götzis Maribor Pays Viennois Trento Vaduz

App  Traffic sampling sensors Covenant with Covenants/ dealers in partnerships process Environmental Amphibian X measures underpasses

Table 6 Cross-comparison of the energy sector

Freiburg Götzis Maribor Pays Viennois Trento Vaduz

Energy Plan X X X Province

Success monitoring report on Municipality Energy Report Every year X climate & Province protection in September 2017 Emission register Emission report Every other year X Last update 2015  ICLEI  Klimabündnis  Covenant of Covenant of Mayors Mayors  Klimapartner Covenant of Networking Oberrhein Mayors Covenant of  Trion Climate covenants  Trinationaler Atomschutzver band Free energy Public service consulting to for citizens  Based on industrial Study on excess heat – Heat networks X available excess as under heat in process construction  Existing district

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Freiburg Götzis Maribor Pays Viennois Trento Vaduz

heating networks  different suppliers (natural gas, biogas, landfill gas, wood pellets)

Table 7 Cross comparison of challenges and needs

Freiburg Götzis Maribor Pays Viennois Trento Vaduz

Challenges

Reputation of secondary X X materials  Lack of  To create merchantabilit value from Sales market for y waste secondary  Good  Secondary X materials availability of materials for primary C&D often not resources suitable Public Mobility and awareness & X waste acceptance management

Education X X

Information & X X communication

Public relations X

Provision of X services Product design Influence on  better private dismantling of Product design economic electric processes appliances Cross-sectoral X X networking Business X SMEs networks

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Freiburg Götzis Maribor Pays Viennois Trento Vaduz

Regional X X material loops High quality of separate X X collection Overcoming Glass + existing Recycling Plastic Plastic dependency on

others Waste Food reduction CE development Cooperation for with local X eco-design businesses development

Reduce CO2- To be conform Implementation emissions by with laws on 25% by 2020 organic waste  Collection No liberalisation EU/national Regulation and  Treatment Regulation and of waste X level legislation  Use of recycled legislation management materials

Needs

More staff X

Funding X X X X

Internal CE- X X expert Material flow X analysis Monitoring of materials and X products  C&D  Waste collection Improve based on type X legislation instead of origin

Legal responsibility private vs public Strategic waste support management

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Freiburg Götzis Maribor Pays Viennois Trento Vaduz

Support for X reuse initiatives  Collection centres need to be improved Waste  Modern, management centralised collection infrastructure

Reuse collection X

GPP X X

6.2 Synergies between the project partners

In the RP’s potential synergies between the project partner became visible but in the absence of details only indications can be made. Especially for Vaduz it was hardly possible to identify synergies because only general information from the current status questionnaire was available.

The public authorities of Freiburg, Trento, Maribor, Götzis and Pays Viennois are implementing Green Public Procurement on various levels. Due to their low level of implementation, especially Götzis and Maribor could benefit from the experience of Freiburg, Trento and Pays Viennois. Nevertheless, potential for improvement can be found for the procurement of all public authorities.

Götzis seems to create more value from waste than the other project partners, although only little information is provided. Providing information on material streams and how revenues are generated through recycling would be beneficial to all project partners as funding is an issue for all partners. In contrast, Götzis wants to improve its collection infrastructure and service.

With regards to reuse and collection for reuse as well as repair of electric appliances, Pays Viennois (TRIRA) could provide expertise to the project partners. Pays Viennois needs expertise to improve the recycling of green waste and food waste which can be found Freiburg and Trento. On the other hand, ViennAgglo promotes individual and collective composting which is an interesting (even more decentralised) alternative to regional biogas production. The main GHG-emissions in the region can be traced back to road traffic. Increasing the citizens’ independency on individual (fossil fuel) cars, public transport and car sharing/ carpooling is an interesting approach which can be especially supported by Freiburg.

Freiburg has a good waste collection infrastructure and a broad academic expertise in the field of CE. Additionally, the municipality of Freiburg implemented city specific measures (coffee mug, ban of disposable) and has a good cycling and public transport infrastructure. Freiburg lacks capacity for C&D waste management,

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which could be found in Trento. Furthermore, the sorting of green waste into three fractions represents a challenge. Therefore, the automated sorting plan in Maribor could be of interest.

A special best practice of the Trentino region is the standardised ICT system, which is a crucial element for the implementation of CE. InfoT could provide its expertise to the project partners in order to accelerate the central data management. Additionally, Life Cycle Management of special products as a legal requirement is an interesting approach for all project partners. One of the major challenges in Trento and the Trentino region is to create a SME’s network. A lot of experience in networking can be found in Freiburg.

Maribor is the only project partner that has already decided upon a CE-strategy and implemented a CE- institute (WCYCLE). Therefore, Maribor could provide conceptual support to the other project partners. Furthermore, the automated sorting plant under construction could also be interesting to improve the quality of waste separation everywhere. Maribor struggles with public awareness and acceptance. As the city’s transition to CE has only just begun, Maribor could especially benefit from local waste treatment experience (food waste  biogas).

All project partners could work together regarding the development of solutions addressing the lack of merchantability of secondary resources as well as promoting eco-friendly and repair-friendly product designs.

7 Conclusion

During the analysis it was possible to get an overview of the real-world situations in the participating cities and regions. However, the quality and quantity of information gathered with the questionnaires varied significantly not only between the project partners, but also depending on the sector. In many cases, the queried information was not available or the answers given lack explanation. Nevertheless, the assessment of the baseline situation for each project partner lead to the identification of concrete aspects contributing to the deliverables “D.T2.1.1 Definition of current weak points and needs for circular economy”, “D.T2.1.2 Identification of waste material flows” and “D.T2.1.3 Identification of critical type of waste/energy/loops not properly addressed”.

D.T2.1.1: Definition of current weak points and needs for circular economy

The public administrations’ scope of action is limited. Firstly, regulation and legislation on the broader level are hardly influenceable and sometimes even hinder the implementation of CE measures. The waste management of private businesses legally lies in their hands and as a consequence there is low potential to intervene. The same applies for the design of products. As a consequence, it is particularly important to find appropriate policy instruments to address these aspects.

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In general, the major scope of action regarding CE lies in the management of public spaces and public procurement. Furthermore, data management should be a central activity which is currently not properly addressed given that only Trento emphasized its data management. Based on the questionnaires it was not possible to assess the exact level of data management for each project partner. However, requested data was not provided in most cases and it turned out that there is a very low level of transparency. Certainly, information on material quantities and qualities are crucial for the development of closed loops and concrete measures.

It might be also reasonably assumed that there are existing activities relevant to CE which were not mentioned in the questionnaires. A reason for this could be that the reference person simply could not connect these activities to CE. This reinforces the need for an interdisciplinary CE-contact person in each public administration as one of the first measures to be taken.

D.T2.1.2: Identification of waste material flows

Assuming that the answers given by each project partner reflect their own knowledge about waste material flows, it can be concluded that the level of knowledge is quite low. None of the partners gave a transparent overview of waste material flows, not even for the quantities collected on behalf of the public administrations. While the collected residential waste types are named to a broad extent private business/ industrial waste streams are not specified. Further material flows of residential waste types after their collection as well as waste quantities and resulting recycling rates are only rarely mentioned, if any.

D.T2.1.3: Identification of critical type of waste/energy/loops not properly addressed

As the answers given do not provide enough information, going deeper into material flows is not possible at this point. However, the following conclusions can be made based on the available information:

 Reuse and repair of electric appliances bears high potential for extending product life cycle  Although LWP is recycled to a certain extent, plastic represents a major threat to ecosystems. Here, innovative approaches and more ambiguous measures should be taken  Closing organic material cycles regionally by introducing composting and biogas production is an established method and cost-effective. Therefore, this should be a basic standard in each municipality.  It would be interesting to know more about the wastewater treatment in the partner cities, because there is the potential to produce bio-methane  Industrial ecology is also an area that is currently not properly addressed.

7.1 Next steps: local circular economy strategies

Now that the analysis is ready the next step “A.T2.2 Preparation of circular economy strategies on city level” can be taken in which the deliverable “D.T2.2.2 Local strategies (documents) on the city/municipality level”

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built on this analysis will be created. In this report of the local analysis all of the key findings have been summarised and illustrated in Rich Pictures (RPs), a crucial element in the approach, Soft Systems Methodology (SSM), chosen, to solve the challenges the municipalities are working on in the Greencycle project. As a result, the different levels of implementation became visible graphically. The RPs are an important element as they will be the starting point for the discussions in the local stakeholders meetings where the circular economy strategies for the Greencycle municipalities will be developed further. These participative local workshops “D.T2.2.1 Participative workshops for preparation of strategies” in which via co- creation with local circular economy stakeholders in workshops will be used as well to address the needs of quadruple helix stakeholders and integrate them into the local strategies. The local strategies will integrate several urban fields (e.g. waste, energy, mobility) into a single cross-sectoral implementation policy establishing better cooperation and governance among city stakeholders to advance the local circular economy agenda. The strategies created will improve the planning for the “closure of the circular economy loop” by integrating the circular economy approach into existing environmental policies. Also, they are the baseline and will aid to better specify the different needs regarding the toolbox (WPT3) and provide the credibility for local circular economy measures over the next years.

Section 3.2 describes the different steps in using the SSM method to be taken next. For the local workshop the RP’s need to be discussed as a first step. The local public-private-people co-create workshops together with the RP's will form the stepping stone for the local circular economy strategies. Please print the RP's on A3 or even bigger format and start your local discussion from there. Of course it would be good if the participants receive a handout and get 10 minutes of time to read the outcomes. It would be even better if they would receive the analysis report already beforehand via email so that they are fully aware of the outcomes regarding their municipality. The RP’s form the base for drawing new RP’s for relevant subsystems locally in each municipality. As outlined in section 3 for example a subsystem can be drawn for the waste sector that deals with food waste. It is important to be aware of the many different worldviews or perspectives the stakeholders have. The local strategies will be focused on a 10 year’s period, well beyond project end. Together with the later on in the Greencycle project to be developed circular economy Manifesto this will contribute to the transferability of circular economy concept beyond the project partners. As local and regional public authority and service providers, SME's, citizens and NGO's will all be affected by these strategies, the Greencycle project can truly contribute towards a more resource efficient, low carbon, innovative and competitive Europe.

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8 References

Brand, Anne-Kathrin (2017): Chancen und Grenzen der Kaskadennutzung in Lignozellulose-Wertschöpfungsketten, Master thesis, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg. Checkland P. and Poulter J. (2010) Soft Systems Methodology. In: Reynolds M., Holwell S. (eds) Systems Approaches to Managing Change: A Practical Guide. Springer, London. Ellen MacArthur Foundation (2017): Circular Economy Overview, [online] https://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/circular-economy/overview/characteristics [01.09.2017] Ellen MacArthur Foundation (2017): Schools of Thought, [online] https://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/circular- economy/schools-of-thought/industrial-ecology [20.08.2017]

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9 Appendix

9.1 Questionnaire Forms

9.1.1 Questionnaire_Current status CE

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9.1.2 Questionnaire_Construction

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9.1.3 Questionnaire_Energy

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9.1.4 Questionnaire_Mobility

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9.1.5 Questionnaire_Waste

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9.2 Analysis 1-3

Analysis One

Who are the...

- Clients (cause the intervention to happen) - Practitioners (carries out intervention using SSM, can chose and name „owner“) - Owners (possible persons taken to own the issues addressed)

List of issue owner leads to ideas of relevant worldviews leading to ideas of relevant models

Clients Practitioners Owner

Analysis Two

Getting a sense of social texture

 Roles (formal and informal) are social positions which mark differences between members of a group or organization  Norms are expected behaviours associated with a role  Values are standards/criteria by which behaviour-in- role gets judged

 how to: every time you interact with the situation ask yourself afterwards whether that taught you anything about the roles, norms and values which are taken seriously here and characterize this particular group. Carry on doing this throughout the engagement, and put a date on every entry so that later on you can recover the progress of your learning, and reflect upon it.

Roles Norms Values

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Analysis Three

 Find out about disposition of power in a situation and the processes for containing it

 Occupying a role embodies power  Other common commodities of power are for example: personal charisma; membership of various committees in organizations; having regular access to powerful roleholders; in knowledge-based settings, having intellectual authority and reputation; having authority to prepare the minutes of meetings; access to information or ability to prevent others from having access to certain information

 how to: analogous to Analysis Two

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