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GRADE 5: LIFE SKILLS GRAAD 5: LEWENSVAARDIGHEDE
(The contents of this textbook may not be copied or printed in whole or in part, nor may any form of access be granted to any other person other than the registered student. Once you cease being a student or complete this course, this book will be disabled. Thank You) (Die inhoud van hierdie handboek mag nie gekopieer of gedruk word in sy geheel of gedeeltelik nie, en geen vorm van toegang mag toegestaan word aan enige ander persoon as die geregistreerde student nie. Sodra jy ophou om 'n student te wees of ophou om die kurses te voltooi, sal hierdie boek afgeskakel word. Dankie)
Table of Contents Inhoudsopgawe
INTRODUCTION INLEIDING
CHAPTER 1: ORGANISE YOURSELF HOOFSTUK 1: ORGANISEER JOUSELF • Unit 1.1: Personal success • Eenheid 1.1: Persoonlike sukses
• Unit 1.2: Feedback • Eenheid 1.2: Terugvoer
• Unit 1.3: Developing a personal study plan • Eenheid 1.3: Ontwikkel 'n persoonlike studie plan
• Unit 1.4: Gymnastics • Eenheid 1.4: Gimnastiek
CHAPTER 2: RELATIONSHIPS HOOFSTUK 2: VERHOUDINGS • Unit 2.1: Stereotypes and bias
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• Eenheid 2.1: Stereotipes en vooroordeel
• Unit 2.2: Discrimination • Eenheid 2.2: Diskriminasie
• Unit 2.3: Feelings • Eenheid 2.3: Gevoelens
• Unit 2.4: Friends • Eenheid 2.4: Vriende
CHAPTER 3: KEEPING HEALTHY HOOFSTUK 3: OM GESOND TE BLY • Unit 3.1: Getting sick • Eenheid 3.1: Siek word
• Unit 3.2: Spreading diseases • Eenheid 3.2: Die verspreiding van siektes
• Unit 3.3: Your heart • Eenheid 3.3: Jou hart
• Unit 3.4: Diseases • Eenheid 3.4: Siektes
• Unit 3.5: Bad food • Eenheid 3.5: Slegte kos
• Unit 3.6: Body changes • Eenheid 3.6: Liggaam veranderings
• Unit 3.7: All about drugs • Eenheid 3.7: Alles oor dwelms
CHAPTER 4: KEEPING SAFE HOOFSTUK 4: BLY VEILIG • Unit 4.1: Bullies • Eenheid 4.1: Boelies
• Unit 4.2: Abuse • Eenheid 4.2: Misbruik
• Unit 4.3: Peer pressure and crime
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• Eenheid 4.3: Groepsdruk en misdaad
• Unit 4.4: Children’s rights and responsibilities • Eenheid 4.4: Kinders se regte en verantwoordelikhede
• Unit 4.5: Water safety • Eenheid 4.5: Water veiligheid
CHAPTER 5: SAME AND DIFFERENT HOOFSTUK 5: DIESELFDE EN VERSKILLEND • Unit 5.1: Women and men in culture • Eenheid 5.1: Vroue en mans in die kultuur
• Unit 5.2: Keeping society going • Eenheid 5.2: Hou die samelewing aan die gang
• Unit 5.3: Women and men in politics • Eenheid 5.3: Vroue en mans in die politiek
• Unit 5.4: Religions in South Africa • Eenheid 5.4: Godsdienste in Suid-Afrika
INTRODUCTION
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INLEIDING
Wanneer gaan jy leer om jou skoen vas te maak? Ek is “cool”. So ek het nie die tyd nie.
It is very important to learn basic, core-life skills. Dit is baie belangrik om die basiese, kern-lewensvaardighede te leer.
Life skills are nothing more than the tools used to develop character and evolve into the highest potential of oneself. Lewensvaardighed is niks meer as die instrumente wat gebruik word om karakter te ontwikkel en om te ontwikkel in die hoogste potensiaal vir jouself.
Life skills consist of things as: Lewensvaardighede bestaan uit dinge soos: - self-concept, self-esteem self-konsep, self-esteem - confidence vertroue
Without self-awareness, it is difficult for people to navigate through life. Sonder self-bewustheid, is dit moeilik vir mense om deur die lewe te navigeer.
Life skills enable people to become more aware of their own abilities. Lewensvaardighede stel mense in staat om meer bewus te word van hul eie vermoëns.
Knowing your competency creates a sense of utility, which leads to passions, hobbies, interests and lifestyle. Deur jou bevoegdheid te ken skep 'n gevoel van nut, wat lei tot passies, stokperdjies, belangstellings en lewenstyl.
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There are nine pivotal-life skills, which are: Daar is nege deurslaggewende-lewensvaardighede, en dit is: - to know you, love yourself ken jouself, wees lief vir jouself - be true to yourself wees getrou aan jouself - a value system 'n waarde stelsel - perspective perspektief - an open mind 'n oop gemoed - a sense of humor 'n sin vir humor - resilience veerkragtigheid - acceptance aanvaarding
CHAPTER 1: ORGANISE YOURSELF HOOFSTUK 1: ORGANISEER JOUSELF • Unit 1.1: Personal success Eenheid 1.1: Persoonlike sukses
What is success? Wat is sukses? The best way to learn anything is to feel positive about you. If you feel good about yourself, you will also feel confident that you will be able to solve problems for yourself and help those around you. Die beste manier om iets te leer, is wees positief oor wat jy voel. As jy goed voel oor jouself, sal jy ook vol vertroue voel sodat jy in staat sal wees om probleme op te los vir jouself en om die mense rondom jou te help.
We live in a world in which being successful is everything. Ons leef in 'n wêreld waar om suksesvol te wees alles is.
Success is measured by: Sukses word gemeet aan: - power krag - popularity gewildheid Warning! This information is protected by copyright laws and may not be copied or re-produced. Report violations c/o www.cyberschoolsa.com.
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- control beheer - achievement prestasie - winning wen
A Little Story ‘n Klein storie The businessperson was at the pier of a small coastal Mexican village when a small boat with just one angler docked. Inside the small boat were several large yellow fin tuna. The businessperson complimented the Mexican on the quality of his fish and asked how long it took to catch them. The Mexican replied only a little while. Die sakeman was by die pier van 'n klein Mexikaanse kus dorpie toe 'n klein boot met net een hengelaar angker gooi. Binne-in die bootjie was verskeie groot geel fin tuna. Die sakeman het die Mexikaner gekomplimenteer op die gehalte van sy vis en gevra hoe lank dit geneem het om hulle te vang. Die Mexikaner het geantwoord net 'n kort rukkie.
The businessperson then asked why he did not stay out longer and catch more fish. The Mexican said he had enough to support his family's immediate needs. The businessperson then asked, but what do you do with the rest of your time? The Mexican angler said, "I sleep late, fish a little, play with my children, take a siesta with my wife, Maria, stroll into the village each evening where I sip wine and play guitar with my amigos; I have a full and busy life, senior." Die sakeman vra toe waarom hy nie langer uit gebly het enmeer vis gevang het nie. Die Mexikaner het gesê hy het genoeg om sy gesin se onmiddellike behoeftes te ondersteun. Die sakeman vra toe, maar wat doen jy met die res van jou tyd? Die Mexikaanse hengelaar het gesê: 'Ek slaap laat, vis 'n bietjie, speel met my kinders, neem 'n middagslapie saam met my vrou, Maria, loop in die dorp elke aand waar ek wyn drink en speel kitaar saam met my vriende, ek het 'n vol en besige lewe, senior. '
The businessperson scoffed, "I am a Harvard MBA and I could help you. You should spend more time fishing and with the proceeds buy a bigger boat. Die sakeman skimp toe, 'Ek is 'n Harvard MBA en ek kan jou help. Jy moet meer tyd spandeer aan visvang en met die opbrengs 'n groter boot koop.
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With the proceeds from the bigger boat, you could buy several boats; eventually you would have a fleet of fishing boats. Instead of selling your catch to a middleman, you would sell directly to the processor and eventually open your own cannery. You would control the product, processing and distribution. You would need to leave this small coastal fishing village and move to Mexico City, then LA and eventually New York City where you would run your expanding enterprise." Met die opbrengs van die groter boot, kan jy 'n paar bote koop, uiteindelik sal jy 'n vloot van vissersbote hê. In plaas daarvan om n jou vangs aan 'n middelman te verkoop, sal jy direk verkoop aan die verwerker en op die einde kan jy jou eie inmaakfabriek begin. Jy sal die produk, verwerking en verspreiding beheer. Jy sal nodig hê om hierdie klein kus visvang dorp te verlaat en te verhuis na Mexico Stad, dan LA en uiteindelik New York Stad, waar jy jou groeiende onderneming sal bestuur. '
The Mexican angler asked, "But senior, how long will this all take?" To which the businessperson replied, "15-20 years." "But what then, senior?" The businessperson laughed and said, "That's the best part! When the time is right, you would announce an IPO, sell your company stock to the public, and become very rich. You would make millions." "Millions, senior? Then what?" The businessperson said, "Then you would retire. Move to a small coastal fishing village where you would sleep late, fish a little, play with your kids, take a siesta with your wife, stroll to the village in the evenings where you could sip wine and play your guitar with your amigos." Die Mexikaanse hengelaar het gevra, 'Maar senior, hoe lank sal dit alles neem?' Waarop die sakeman antwoord, '15-20 jaar. ' 'Maar wat dan, senior?' Die sakeman het gelag en gesê: 'Dit is die beste deel! Wanneer die tyd reg is, sal jy 'n beurs aankondig, jou besigheid voorraad verkoop aan die publiek, en baie ryk word. Jy sal miljoene maak. ' 'Miljoene, senior? Wat dan? ' Die sakeman het gesê: 'Dan kan jy aftree. Verhuis na 'n klein kus vissersdorpie waar jy kan laat slaap, 'n bietjie visvang, met jou kinders speel,,'n middagslapie saam jou vrou neem, in die aande om die dorp loop waar jy wyn kan drink en kitaar saam jou vriende speel.
The angler, still smiling, looked up and said, "Isn't that what I'm doing right now?" Die hengelaar, nog steeds met 'n glimlag, het opgekyk en gesê: 'Is dit nie wat ek nou doen nie?'
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Having more and being more is success. The businessperson measured success by the accumulation of wealth and by living a plush life. He held a Harvard MBA, millions of dollars, and status as a powerful businessperson. "The person with the most toys wins" is a fitting motto. Met meer en meer synde is sukses. Die sakeman het sukses gemeet deur die versameling van rykdom en deur 'n glansryke lewe te leef. Hy het 'n Harvard MBA, miljoene dollars, en status as 'n kragtige sakeman gehad. 'Die persoon met die meeste speelgoed wen 'is 'n gepaste leuse.
The businessperson encouraged the angler to accumulate "toys," too. "Buy a bigger boat," then "buy several boats," and eventually buy a "fleet of fishing boats." The businessperson claimed all this would lead to power and status when "you would sell directly to the processor and eventually open your own cannery." As his own boss, the businessperson ventured the Mexican would amass "control" and more wealth through an "expanding enterprise." Die sakeman het die hengelaar aangemoedig om die 'speelgoed,' te vermenigvuldig. 'Koop 'n groter boot, 'daarna' koop 'n paar bote, 'en uiteindelik 'n vloot van vissersbote te koop.' Die sakeman beweer alles sou lei tot krag en status 'jy sou direk verkoop aan die verwerker en uiteindelik jou eie inmaakfabriek oop maak. ' Soos sy eie baas, het die sakeman gespekuleer dat die Mexikaner sou 'beheer' en meer rykdom stig deur 'n 'uitbreiding van die onderneming.'
Patiently the angler listened and then asked an intelligent question, "How long will this all take?" To which the businessperson replied, "15-20 years." Die hengelaar het geduldig geluister en toe'n intelligente vraag gevra: 'Hoe lank sal hierdie alles neem?' Waarop die sakeman geantwoord het, '15-20 jaar. ' There is danger in waiting to live the life that you really want to live. Like the businessperson, we can easily spend forty years climbing to the top of the financial ladder only to find it is leaning against the wrong wall. We did not address life issues about faith, contribution, success, suffering, or love. Dit is gevaarlik om te wag vir die lewe wat jy regtig wil leef. Soos die sakeman, kan ons maklik veertig jaar spandeer om te klim na die bo punt van die finansiële leer net om te vind dit teen die verkeerde muur leun. Ons het nie die lewe kwessies oor geloof, bydrae, sukses, lyding, of liefde bespreek nie.
Ralph Waldo Emerson defined success in a simple life well lived as: Ralph Waldo Emerson definieer sukses in 'n eenvoudige lewe goed geleef as: "To laugh often and much; to win the respect of intelligent people and affection of children; to learn the appreciation of honest critics and endure the betrayal of false friends; to appreciate beauty; to find the best in others; to leave the world a little bit better, whether by a healthy child, a garden patch, or a redeemed social condition; to know even one life has breathed easier because you have lived. This is to have succeeded." “Om dikwels en baie te lag; die respek van intelligente mense te wen en liefde van kinders; om die waardering van eerlike kritici te leer en die verraad van
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valse vriende te verduur; om skoonheid te waardeer; om die beste te vind in ander; om die wêreld 'n bietjie beter te los, hetsy deur 'n gesonde kind, 'n tuin kol, of 'n sosiale verlos toestand; om te weet selfs een lewe het makliker asem gehaal omdat jy geleef het. Dit is om sukses te behaal. “
I think the Mexican angler would have agreed with Emerson. Ek dink die Mexikaanse hengelaar sou saamstem met Emerson.
Possessions and wealth are not enough. While comforting, wealth cannot fulfil. Benjamin Franklin was of the opinion, "Money never made a man happy yet, nor will it. The more a man has, the more he wants. Instead of filling a vacuum, it makes one." Wealth may shortly help us to escape emptiness; it cannot cure it. Success is to do well at something. Besittings en rykdom is nie genoeg nie. Terwyl troos, rykdom kan nie vervul. Benjamin Franklin was van mening, 'Geld sovêr nog nooit 'n man gelukkig gemaak het nie, en dit sal ook nie. Hoe meer 'n mens het, hoe meer wil hy hê. In plaas van 'n vakuum te vul, maak dit een. ' Rykdom kan binnekort help om leegheid te ontsnap, maar dit kan dit nie genees nie. Sukses is om goed te doen in iets.
Look at these children talking about their successes. Kyk na hierdie kinders wat oor hulle suksesse praat.
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This all is when you feel good about yourself. Dit alles is wanneer jy goed voel oor jouself.
What is self-esteem? Wat is selfbeeld? Self-esteem is the opinion you have of yourself. Self-esteem is a state of mind. It is the way you feel and think about yourself and others and it is measured by the way you act. Self-esteem is an internal belief system and how you experience life externally. Selfbeeld is die mening wat jy van jouself het. Selfbeeld is 'n toestand van die gees. Dit is die manier waarop jy voel en dink oor jouself en ander, en dit word gemeet aan die manier waarop jy optree. Selfbeeld is 'n interne geloof sisteem en hoe jy die lewe ekstern ervaar.
It is based on your attitude to the following: Dit is gebaseer op jou houding teenoor die volgende: - Your value as a person Jou waarde as 'n persoon - Your achievements Jou prestasies - How you think others see you Hoe jy dink ander jou sien - Your purpose in life Jou doel in die lewe - Your place in the world Jou plek in die wêreld - Your potential for success Jou potensiaal vir sukses - Your strengths and weaknesses Jou sterk-en swakpunte - Your social status and how you relate to others Jou sosiale status en hoe jy ander mense behandel - Your independence or ability to stand on your two feet Jou onafhanklikheid of vermoë om op jou twee voete te staan
What is Low Self-Esteem? Wat is 'n lae selfbeeld? Low self-esteem results from you having a poor self-image caused by your attitude. Example: If you do not value your achievements, you will feel like you have no purpose in life. Lae selfbeeld word deur jouself veroorsaak as jy 'n swak selfbeeld van jouself het veroorsaak deur jou houding. Byvoorbeeld, as jy nie jou prestasies waardeer nie, sal jy voel asof jy geen doel in die lewe het nie.
What is High Self-Esteem? Wat is hoë selfagting/selfbeeld?
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If you have a high self-esteem, you will be confident, happy and sure of yourself. You would be highly motivated and have the right attitude to succeed. Self-esteem is therefore crucial to you and is a cornerstone of a positive attitude. As jy 'n hoë selfbeeld het, sal jy vertrou hê, gelukkig en seker van jouself wees. Jy sal hoogs gemotiveerd wees en die regte houding hê om te slaag. Selfbeeld is dus noodsaaklik vir jou en is 'n hoeksteen van 'n positiewe houding.
What forms your Self-Esteem? Wat maak/vorm jou selfbeeld? - Childhood experiences; criticism by parents, teachers and peers; your environment; media; cultural backgrounds; or society in general; Kleuter ervarings; kritiek deur ouers, onderwysers en maats; jou omgewing; media, kulturele agtergronde; of die samelewing in die algemeen; - Put-downs (negative statements) Sit-downs (negatiewe stellings) - What you think you look like physically. Wat jy dink jy lyk soos fisies. - How your personality comes across. Hoe om jou persoonlikheid oor gedra word. - What kind of person you think you are. Watter tipe persoon jy dink jy is. - What you think others think of you. Wat jy dink ander van jou dink. - How much you like yourself or you think others like you. Hoeveel jy van jouself hou of dink dat ander van jou hou. - If you have poor self-image, your self-esteem will be poor. As jy 'n swak selfbeeld het, sal jou selfbeeld swak wees.
Video no 1: Determine Your Personal Values: Know Who You Are Video nr 1: Bepaal Jou Persoonlike Waardes: Weet Wie Jy Is
Activity 1: Personal success Aktiwiteit 1: Persoonlike sukses
Look at the pictures below and answer the following question. Kyk na die prente hieronder en beantwoord die volgende vraag.
1. Do you think the below statements about each child helps them to succeed? Dink jy die onderstaande stellings oor elke kind help hulle om suksesvol te wees?
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Activity 2: Personal success Aktiwiteit 2: Persoonlike sukses
Please answer the following questions about yourself. Beantwoord asseblief die volgende vrae oor jouself.
1. What do you like and don’t like about yourself? Waarvan hou jy en hou jy nie van nie oor jouself? 2. What are you good at and not so good at? Waarmee is jy goed mee en nie so goed mee nie?
Activity 3: Self Esteem Aktiwiteit 3: Selfbeeld
Please answer the following questions about self-esteem. Beantwoord asseblief die volgende vrae oor selfbeeld.
1. What is self-esteem? Wat is selfbeeld? 2. What forms your self-esteem? Wat vorm jou selfbeeld?
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CHAPTER 1: ORGANISE YOURSELF HOOFSTUK 1: ORGANISEER JOUSELF • Unit 1.2: Feedback Eenheid 1.2: Terugvoering
It is important to know when you are doing well and when you need to do better. This is why feedback from teachers, family and friends is useful. Dit is belangrik om te weet wanneer jy goed doen en wanneer dit nodig is om beter te doen. Dit is waarom die terugvoering van onderwysers, familie en vriende nuttig is.
How do you feel about feedback about your schoolwork? Hoe voel jy oor die terugvoering rakende jou skoolwerk?
Some children feel very nervous and others feel fine about it. They think about how they can use the feedback to make their work better. Sommige kinders voel baie senuweeagtig, en ander voel fyn daaroor. Hulle dink oor hoe hulle die terugvoering kan gebruik om hul werk beter te maak.
How you as person feel about feedback depends on how you feel about yourself. It also depends on how your teacher speaks to you. Hoe jy as persoon voel oor terugvoering hang af van hoe jy oor jouself voel. Dit hang ook af van hoe jou onderwyser met jou praat.
Activity 4: Feedback Aktiwiteit 4: Terugvoering
Look at the two pictures below and answer the questions. Kyk na die twee prente hieronder en beantwoord die vrae.
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Picture A : Why are you so stupid? You are a lazy, useless boy! Figuur A: Hoekom is jy so dom? Jy is ‘n lui nuttelose seun!
1. How do you think the boy feels in picture A? Hoe dink jy voel die seun in figuur A? 2. How do you think the teacher feels in picture A? Hoe dink jy voel die onderwyser in figuur A? 3. Does it help the boy if the teacher shouts like that? Help dit die seun as die onderwyser soos dit skreeu?
Picture B: That’s a very good question. Who can help us answer it? Figuur B: Dit is ‘n baie goeie vraag. Wie kan ons help om dit te beantwoord?
4. How do you think the class feels in picture B? Hoe dink jy voel di klas in figuur B? 5. Which class would you prefer out of class A and B? Watter klas sal jy verkies uit klas A en B?
• Developing a personal study plan • Die ontwikkeling van ‘n persoonlike studie plan In order to work well you need 4 things: Ten einde goed te werk het jy 4 dinge nodig: 1. Place Plek 2. Notes Notas 3. Time Tyd 4. Ways of studying Maniere om te studeer
1. Place / Plek You need a special place where you can study. Jy benodig ‘n spesiale plek waar jy kan studeer. Warning! This information is protected by copyright laws and may not be copied or re-produced. Report violations c/o www.cyberschoolsa.com.
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2. Notes / Notas You need good notes to study from. Jy het goeie notas nodig om van af te studeer
Write down only the main points and concentrate on listening to what your teacher is saying. Go home and check your notes after class. Skryf slegs die belangrikste punte neer en konsentreer deut te luister na wat jou onderwyser sê. Gaan huis toe en maak seker van jou notas na die klas.
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- Then you can also read part of your textbook and try to understand what you are reading. Then read the same part again to find the main ideas and other important supporting ideas. Now you can write notes about what you have read in your own words. Dan kan jy ook ‘n deel van jou handboek lees en probeer om te verstaan wat jy lees. Lees dan dieselfde deel weer om die belangrikste idees en ander belangrike ondersteunende idees te vind. Nou kan jy notas in jou eie woorde skryf oor wat jy gelees het.
- Write down the main idea in the middle of your mind map and then organise the other ideas around it. Like a mind map. Skryf die hoofgedagte in die middel van jou breinkaart en dan organiseer die ander idees rondom dit. Soos 'n breinkaart.
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3. Time/ Tyd You need enough time to study. Jy het genoeg tyd nodig om te studeer.
You need to organise your time if you want to do all your schoolwork, finish your chores at home and still have time for fun with your friends. Jy moet jou tyd organiseer as jy al jou skoolwerk wil doen, klaar te maakmet jou take by die huis en nogsteeds tyd vir pret saam met jou vriende wil hê.
4. Ways of studying / Maniere om te studeer You need your own ways of studying that only work for yourself. Jy moet jou eie manier van studeer vind, wat net werk vir jouself.
CHAPTER 1: ORGANISE YOURSELF HOOFSTUK 1: ORGANISEER JOUSELF • Unit 1.3: Developing a personal study plan Eenheid 1.3: Ontwikkel 'n persoonlike studie plan
When you study, you can: Terwyl jy studeer, kan jy: - make notes, notas maak,
- mind maps, breinkaarte,
- discuss the work with other learners die werk met ander leerders bespreek
- make up tests for yourself and others. ontwerp toetse vir jouself en ander.
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It is very important to be actively involved when you study as that helps you to remember better. You need to try each way to see what works best for you. Dit is baie belangrik om aktief betrokke te wees wanneer jy studeer want dit help jou om beter te onthou. Jy moet probeer om al die moontlik maniere te prober om uit te vind werk die beste vir jou werk.
My studie plek, Skryf van notas, My persoonlike studie plan, Maak tyd om te studeer, Maniere van studeer
CHAPTER 1: ORGANISE YOURSELF HOOFSTUK 1: ORGANISEER JOUSELF • Unit 1.4: Gymnastics Eenheid 1.4: Gimnastiek
When you do gymnastics, you need to control your balance and coordinate your movements. You also need to learn how to move flowingly from one movement to the next. Let us look at some exercises. Work as a class to do these warming-up exercises. As jy gimnastiek doen, moet jy jou balans beheer en jou bewegings koördineer. Jy moet ook leer hoe om egalig te beweeg van een beweging na die volgende beweging. Kom ons kyk na 'n paar oefeninge. Werk saam as 'n klas om die opwarmingsoefeninge te doen.
1. Warm up you neck muscles by leaning your head to one side and then to the other side. Try to touch your shoulder with your head. Hold each stretch for the count of 20. Warm jou nek spiere op deur met jou kop na die een kant te leun en dan na die ander kant. Probeer om jou skouer te raak met jou kop. Hou elke strek vir 20 tellings.
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2. Warm up your arms by swinging them forward and backwards. Stretch you arms as far forward and backwards as you can. Warm jou arms op deur hulle vorentoe en agtertoe te swaai. Rek jou arms so vêr vorentoe en agtertoe as wat jy kan.
3. Warm up your legs by running on the spot with your knees raised high up in front of you. Hold your arms out in front of you and try to thouch your arms with your knees. Warm jou bene op deur op die plek te hardloop deur jou knieë so hoog as moontlik voor jou op te lig. Hou jou arms uit gestrek voor jou en probeer om jou arms met jou knieë te raak.
Activity 5: A place to study Aktiwiteit 5: 'n Plek om te studeer Write a paragraph about the place where you study and do your homework. Skryf 'n paragraaf oor die plek waar jy studeer en jou huiswerk doen.
a. Write about its advantages and disadvantages and how you can improve the situation. Skryf oor die voor-en nadele en hoe jy die situasie kan verbeter.
Activity 6: Taking notes Aktiwiteit 6: Die neem van notas Listen to the news on the television or radio and take notes about one of the news stories. Luister na die nuus op die televisie of radio en maak notas oor een van die nuus stories. Warning! This information is protected by copyright laws and may not be copied or re-produced. Report violations c/o www.cyberschoolsa.com.
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Activity 7: Making time to study Aktiwiteit 7: Maak tyd om te studeer a. Make your own daily diary for the following week and write down the events for each day. Maak jou eie daaglikse dagboek vir die volgende week en skryf die gebeure vir elke dag. b. Work out where you will be able to fit in studying time each day. Werk uit waar jy in staat sal wees om studie tyd in te pas by die bestudering van tyd elke dag.
Activity 8: Ways of study Aktiwiteit 8: Maniere om te studeer
a. Make a poster about your personal study plan. Maak 'n plakkaat oor jou persoonlike studie plan.
Activity 9: Gymnastics Aktiwiteit 9: Gimnastiek
Work on your own to practice different ways of moving across the floor. Werk op jou eie om verskillende maniere te oefen van bewegings oor die vloer.
1. Move across the floor or grass outside in the following pattern: six running steps, then six skipping steps. Beweeg op die vloer of gras buite in die volgende patroon: ses hardloop treë, dan ses huppel stappe.
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2. Move across the floor or grass outside in the following pattern: roll forwards once and then walk forwards on one knee and two hands. Beweeg op die vloer of gras buite in die volgende patroon: rol voorentoe een keer en loop dan voorentoe op een knieg en twee hande.
3. Jump straight up with your arms above your head. Then roll forwards and end by balancing on one foot and one knee with your arms stretched out at your sides. Spring reguit boontoe met jou arms bo jou kop. Rol dan voorentoe en eindig dan deur te balanseer op een voet en een knieg met jou arms uitgestrek langs jou sye.
4. Balance on both feet while bending from the waist with your arms stretched out. Then walk with straight legs and your arms stretched out at your sides. End by jumping with your knees bent and your arms stretched above your head. Balanseer op beide voete terwyl jy voorentoe buig van die middellyf ag met jou arms uitgestrek. Loop dan met reguit bene en arms uitgestrek langs jou sye. Eindig deur te spring met jou knieë gebuig en jou arms bo jou kop.
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5. Balance on your bottom, then balance on one leg. Then jump on one leg with your other leg bent. End by skipping while swinging your arms backwards and forwards. Balanseer op jou bodem / boude,en balanseer dan op een been. Spring dan op een been met jou ander been gebuig. Eindig deur te huppel terwyl jy jou arms vorentoe en agtertoe swaai.
CHAPTER 2: RELATIONSHIPS HOOFSTUK 2: VERHOUDINGS • Unit 2.1: Stereotypes and bias Eenheid 2.1: Stereotipes en vooroordeel
The difference between bias and stereotype is that a bias is a personal preference, like or dislike, especially when the tendency interferes with the ability to be impartial, unprejudiced, or objective. On the other hand, a stereotype is a preconceived idea that attributes certain characteristics (in general) to all the members of class or set. Die verskil tussen vooroordeel en stereotipe is dat 'n vooroordeel is 'n persoonlike voorkeur, hou van of nie, veral wanneer die neiging inmeng met die vermoë om onpartydig, onbevooroordeeld, of objektief te wees. Aan die ander kant, 'n stereotipe is 'n vooropgestelde idee wat sekere karakteristieke eienskappe toereken (in die algemeen) aan al die lede van die klas of stel.
If you think that all Asians are smart, or white men cannot dance, that is a stereotype. However, if you hire an Asian for a job that also has an equally qualified black applicant because you think blacks are not as smart as Asians are, you are biased. As jy dink dat alle Asiërs slim is, of dat wit mans nie kan dans nie, dit is 'n stereotipe. Maar, as jy 'n Asiër huur vir 'n werk wat ook 'n ewe gekwalifiseerde swart aansoeker het, omdat jy dink swartes is nie so slim soos Asiërs nie, is jy bevooroordeeld.
In other words. Sometimes we think that all people of a certain group do and think certain things or behave the same way. This is called a stereotype and we become biased against people if it is a negative stereotype. This means that we think badly of them. Met ander woorde. Soms dink ons dat al die mense van 'n sekere groep sekere dinge doen en dink of optree op dieselfde manier. Dit word 'n stereotipe genoem en ons word bevooroordeeld teen mense as dit 'n negatiewe stereotype is. Dit beteken da tons sleg dink van hulle.
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Some more examples of negative stereotypes are: people who play kwaito music are criminals; girls are not good at maths and science; unemployed people are lazy. Nog voorbeelde van negatiewe stereotipes is: mense wat kwaito musiek speel is misdadigers; meisies is nie goed in wiskunde en wetenskap nie; werklose mense is lui.
Hierdie mense steel ons besigheid. Ek hou nie van hulle nie.
Ons is net soos jy. Ons wil maar net ook ‘n bestaan maak. Moenie met haar speel nie! Hierdie kinders is onbeskof en vuil.
Video no 2: Stereotypes / Educational Video Video nr 2: Stereotipe / Opvoedkundige Video
Activity 10: Stereotypes and bias Aktiwiteit 10: Stereotipe en vooroordeel
Look at the pictures above and answer the questions. Kyk na die prente hierbo en beantwoord die vrae.
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1. What stereotyping is happening in the pictures? Watse stereotipering gebeur in die prente? 2. How do you think the people feel? Hoe dink jy voel die mense? 3. What problems are there in the pictures? Watse problem is daar in die prente? 4. How could those problems be fixed? Hoe kan hierdie problem opgelos word? 5. Role-play the scene in the pictures to show how the people could be kinder to each other. Rol-speel die toneel in die prente om te wys hoe die mense vriendeliker met mekaar kan wees.
CHAPTER 2: RELATIONSHIPS HOOFSTUK 2: VERHOUDINGS • Unit 2.2: Discrimination Eenheid 2.2: Diskriminasie
People are not always treated fairly by their societies. Under apartheid in South Africa, black people were not allowed to vote and could only live and work in certain areas. Mense word nie altyd regverdig deur hul samelewings behandel nie. Onder apartheid in Suid- Afrika, is swart mense nie toegelaat om te stem nie en kon net woon en werk in sekere gebiede.
Since the democratic elections in 1994, all South Africans have the same rights. All South Africans, no matter what their race, age, religion or sex, must be treated equally and fairly. Sedert die demokratiese verkiesing in 1994, het alle Suid-Afrikaners dieselfde regte. Alle Suid- Afrikaners, maak nie saak wat hul ras, ouderdom, godsdiens of geslag is nie, moet gelyk en regverdig behandel word.
Daar was 'n verskriklike oorlog in my land en baie mense is dood. My vader en my broers is almal doodgemaak. My ma en ek het weggehardloop. Dit was baie gevaarlik. Ons het baie kilometres gestap na 'n Rooi Kruis-vlugtelingkamp en daar gebly vir maande. Ons het nie veel kos daar gehad nie en ek kon nie skool toe gaan nie.
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Toe het ons na Suid-Afrika gekom. Ek is bly dat ek veilig is, maar dit maak my ook baie ongelukkig. Die kinders by die skool spot my en maak my dikwelsseer. Hulle sê ons is hier om hul “partnes'jobs” te steel.
My ma is baie bang, want die mense op die taxi's sê dat ons is vuil buitelanders en dat ons moet huis toe gaan. Ek sou graag wou huis toe gaan, maar die oorlog is aan die gang en dit is nie veilig nie. Dit is baie moeilik vir ons om hulp te kry, gesondheidsorg te kry en genoeg geld te vind.
The word refugee mean: someone who has to run away from their own country because of war or some other disaster. Die woord vlugteling beteken: iemand wat moet weg hardloop van hul eie land as gevolg van oorlog of 'n ander ramp.
- Discrimination against the disabled Diskriminasie teen gestremdes
How would you feel if you could not walk properly or had something wrong with you brain? Hoe sou jy voel as jy nie behoorlik kon loop nie of as daar iets fout was met jou brein?
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What about if you were in a wheelchair? Wat van as jy in ‘n rolstoel was?
What about if you couldn’t see or hear? People with disabilities are often discriminated against. What van as jy nie kan sien of hoor nie? Mense met gestremdhede word gereeld gediskrimineer.
- Helping the disabled Help die gestremdes
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Blind people can learn to read Braille. It is a series of raised dots that represent numbers and letters that blind people “read” with their fingers. Blinde mense kan leer om Braille te lees. Dit is 'n reeks van kolletjies wat getalle en briewe verteenwoordig wat blinde mense “lees” met hul vingers.
Deaf people can learn sign language so that they can “talk” with their hands. Dowe mense kan gebaretaal leer, sodat hulle met hul hande kan “praat”.
Video no 3: Discrimination against disabled people animation Video nr 3: Diskriminasie teen gestremde mense animasie
Video no 4: Killa talks about disabled people Video nr 4: Killa praat oor gestremde mense
Activity 11: Discrimination Aktiwiteit 11: Diskriminasie
Please answer the following questions. Beantwoord asseblief die volgende vrae.
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1. What is the meaning of the word refugee? Wat is die betekins van die word vlugteling? 2. How can we deal with discrimination against refugees? Hoe kan ons diskriminasie teen vlugtelinge hanteer? 3. Imagine how your life would change if you could not work, hear or see. Write a letter describing your life as a disabled person: how you get up and dressed, how you get to school, how you do your work and how you play with your friends. Stel jouself voor hoe jou lewe sou verander as jy nie kon werk, hoor of sien nie. Skryf ‘n brief om jou lewe te beskryf as ‘n gestremde persoon: hoe jy opstaan en aantrek, hoe jy by die skool kom, hoe jy jou werk doen en hoe jy met jou vriende speel. 4. Make a list of how you think you can help a disabled person. Maak ‘n lys van hoe jy dink jy ‘n gestremde persoon kan help.
CHAPTER 2: RELATIONSHIPS HOOFSTUK 2: VERHOUDINGS • Unit 2.3: Feelings Eenheid 2.3: Gevoelens
Our feelings are a natural response to our thoughts and intentions. We do not really choose our feelings directly. Our feelings are a feedback mechanism. They indicate whether we are moving into alignment with our true desires (positive feelings) or out of alignment (negative feelings). Ons gevoelens is 'n natuurlike reaksie op ons gedagtes en bedoelings. Ons kies nie regtig ons gevoelens direk nie. Ons gevoelens is 'n terugvoer meganisme. Hulle dui aani of ons in lyn met ons ware begeertes beweeg (positiewe gevoelens) of uit lyn uit (negatiewe gevoelens).
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Simply put… we feel good when we are moving towards what we want, and we feel bad when we are moving away from what we want. In addition, that movement is more about thought and intention than it is about action. Eenvoudig gestel ... ons voel goed wanneer ons beweeg na wat ons wil hê, en ons voel sleg wanneer ons weg beweeg vandit wat ons wil hê. Daarbenewens, daai beweging is meer oor denke en bedoeling as wat dit is oor die aksie.
Our feelings are very important, and we need to express them whether they are good or bad. Ons gevoelens is baie belangrik, en ons moet hulle uit druk of dit nou goed of sleg is.
What are feelings and emotions? Wat is gevoelens en emosies? Nobody can help having feelings - they are part of everyone. We feel different things all day long as different things happen to us. Niemand kan help om gevoelens te hê nie - hulle is deel van almal. Ons voel verskillende dinge die hele dag lank soos verskillende dinge met ons gebeur.
Sometimes we feel sa d - eg. When someone we love goes away. Somtyds voel ons hartseer – bv. Wanneer iemand wat ons lief het weg gaan.
Some people get very sad and nothing makes them feel better. This is an illness called depression. Depressed people sometimes want to kill themselves. Some do kill themselves. If you feel depressed or know someone who you think is depressed, talk to someone you trust, especially if someone says they are thinking of killing themselves. Sommige mense word baie hartseer en niks maak hulle beter voel nie. Dit is 'n siekte genoem depressie. Depressiewe mense wil soms hulself dood maak. Sommige pleeg selfmoord. As jy depressief voel of iemand ken wat jy dink depressief is, praat met iemand wat jy vertrou, veral as iemand sê hulle dink daaraan om selfmoord te pleeg.
Sometimes we feel happy - eg. When we are having fun playing. Soms voel ons gelukkig - bv. Wanneer ons pret het terwyl ons speel.
Sometimes we feel scared , angry, guilty, lonely or any of a huge range of human emotions. Soms voel ons bang , kwaad, skuldig en alleen of enige van 'n groot verskeidenheid van menslike emosies.
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It is very normal to get angry. However, we need to find ways to show our anger without hurting other people. Dit is baie normal om kwaad te word. Ons moet egter maniere soek om ons woede te wys sonder om ander mense seer te maak.
It is important not to be ashamed of having feelings. Everyone has them - good and bad. What counts is what we do about our feelings - we can all learn to show our feelings in ways that are helpful to us and to others, not ways that are hurtful. Dit is belangrik om nie skaam te wees omdat jy gevoelens het nie. Elkeen het hulle - goed en sleg. Wat belangrik is, is wat ons doen oor ons gevoelens - ons almal kan leer om ons gevoelens te wys op maniere wat nuttig is vir ons en ander, maar nie op maniere wat seermaak nie.
Looking at emotions Kyk na emosies
When we are feeling a strong emotion, it is because chemicals are released into our brains. These can make us feel happy, sad, angry etc. Wanneer ons 'n sterk emosie voel, is dit omdat chemikalieë in ons brein vrygestel word. Hierdie kan ons gelukkig, hartseer, kwaad ens. laat voel.
When you watch TV or movies, you can usually work out what the character is feeling by looking at the face. Are you good at 'reading' faces? As jy TV of flieks kyk, kan jy gewoonlik uit werk wat die karakter voel deur te kyk na die gesig. Is jy goed om gesigte te 'lees'?
If you feel positive and are a friendly and happy person, then you will attract other positive people. As jy positief voel en 'n vriendelike en gelukkige persoon is, dan sal jy ander positiewe mense lok.
If you feel negative, feel sad, angry and want to hurt people, then you will find that you attract other people who are sad and angry (or you may find yourself alone a lot). As jy negatief voel, hartseer voel, kwaad en wil mense seer maak, dan sal jy vind dat jy ander mense lok wat hartseer en kwaad is (of jy kan jouself baie keer alleen vind).
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What makes you feel the way you do? Wat maak jou voel die manier wat jy doen?
The changes that happen in your body are caused by: Die veranderings wat in jou liggaam gebeur word veroorsaak deur:
what has happened before in your life - e.g. maybe you felt sad
that someone would not let you play his/her game and so you feel too sad to ask anyone else to let you play. wat het voorheen gebeur in jou lewe – bv. miskien het jy hartseer gevoel want iemand wou nie hê dat jy met sy/haar spelletjie speel nie en so voeljy te hartseer om iemand anders te vra om jou te laat speel.
how you feel about yourself - do you usually feel good or bad
about yourself? hoe jy oor jouself voel – voel jy gewoonlik goed of sleg oor jouself?
what you do about handling strong emotions - have you learned
ways to be the boss of your emotions? wat jy doen oor die hantering van sterk emosies - het jy maniere geleer om die baas van jou emosies te wees?
do you know how to help yourself feel better?
weet jy hoe om jouself beter te laat voel?
Feelings / Gevoelens
Feelings go up and feelings go down Gevoelens gaan op en gevoelens gaan af There are feelings inside us all spinning around. Daar is gevoelens binne ons wat net in die ronte draai. Sometimes they're good and sometimes they're bad
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Somtyds is hulle goed en somtyds is hulle sleg But feelings are something that everyone has. Maar gevoelens is iets wat almal het. Being shut out and feeling unsafe are feelings that Deur uitgesluit te wees en onveilig te voel is gevoelens wat I think that Ek dink wat Everyone Almal Hates. Haat.
By Natalie / Deur Natalie
If you are not feeling safe or are feeling scared then you need to get help. Talk to your trusted adults, look at our topic on keeping yourself safe, or ring the Kids Helpline on 1800 55 1800 if you or others in your family are being hurt. You have the right to feel safe at all times. As jy nie veilig voel nie of bang voel, dan moet jy hulp kry. Praat met jou getroue volwassenes, kyk na ons onderwerp om jouself veilig te hou, of bel die Kinder-helplyn by 1800 55 1800 as jy of ander mense in jou familie seer gemaak word. Jy het die reg om veilig te voel ten alle tye.
Video no 5: Feelings and emotions Video nr 5: Gevoelens en emosies
Video no 6: How are you? - Feelings and Emotions English Lesson Video nr 6: Hoe gaan dit met jou? – Gevoelens en Emosies Engelse Les
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Activity 12: Feelings Aktiwiteit 12: Gevoelens
1. Here are some faces and a list of words to describe feelings. Hier is ‘n paar gesigte en ‘n lys van woorde om gevoelens te beskryf.
Which words do you think go with each face? Watter woorde dink jy pas by elke gesig? happy / gelukkig angry / kwaad puzzled / verward miserable / ongelukkig nervous / senuweeagtig greedy / gulsig lazy / lui thoughtful / bedagsaam innocent / onskuldig worried / bekommerd bored / verveeld sick / siek
2. Look at the list of words that describe feelings. Kyk na die lys met woorde wat gevoelens beskryf.
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a. Which words describe negative feelings? ( feeling bad) Watter woorde beskryf negatiewe gevoelens? ( sleg voel )
b. Which words describe positive feelings? ( feeling good) Watter woorde beskryf positiewe gevoelens? ( goed voel )
c. Which sort of feelings do you like best - positive or negative? Watter soort gevoelens hou jy die meeste van - positief of negatief?
CHAPTER 2: RELATIONSHIPS HOOFSTUK 2: VERHOUDINGS • Unit 2.4: Friends Eenheid 2.4: Vriende
Everyone needs friends. Friends are important in good times and in bad. We all need someone to laugh, play, share, and cry with. We all need someone to trust and someone who will try to understand us. Almal het vriende nodig. Vriende is belangrik in die goeie tye en in slegte tye. Ons almal het iemand nodig om saam ons te lag, speel, te deel, en te huil. Ons het almal iemand nodig om te vertrou en iemand wat sal probeer om ons te verstaan.
There is a saying: A friend in need is a friend indeed. Daar is 'n gesegde: 'n Vriend in nood is inderdaad 'n vriend.
Death is a normal part of life, but it can be frightening. We all feel very sad when someone we love dies, whether they die from an illness, in an accident or from natural causes. There is no right or wrong way to deal with death. Some people cry a lot and others do not cry at all. However, it is important to talk about your feelings. In times of trouble, everybody needs a friend. Die dood is 'n normale deel van die lewe, maar dit kan skrikwekkend wees. Ons almal voel baie hartseer wanneer iemand wat ons liefhet sterf, of hulle sterf aan 'n siekte, in 'n ongeluk of weens natuurlike oorsake. Daar is geen regte of verkeerde manier om die dood te hanteer nie. Sommige mense huil baie en ander huil glad nie. Dit is egter belangrik om te praat oor jou gevoelens. In tye van nood, het almal 'n vriend nodig.
People feel different things when someone they love dies. Some people feel sad. If the person who died had a long illness, they may feel glad the person’s suffering is over. Mense voel verskillende dinge wanneer iemand wat hulle liefhet sterf. Party mense voel hartseer. As die persoon wat gesterf het 'n lang siekbed gehad het, kan hulle dalk bly voel die persoon se lyding is verby.
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Some may be in shock and may not believe the person is dead. Others who act brave may not be able to let their real feelings show. Some people feel angry and others blame themselves for the death. Sommige mag dalk in skok wees en kan nie glo dat die persoon dood is nie. Ander wat dapper optree sal dalk nie in staat wees om hul ware gevoelens te wys nie. Sommige mense voel kwaad en ander blameer hulself vir die dood.
Activity 13: Friends Aktiwiteit 13: Vriende
Please answer the following questions Beantwoord asseblief die volgende vrae
1. Use a dictionary to find out what the following words mean. Write a definition for each one in your own words. Gebruik die woorde boek om uit te vind wat die volgende woorde se betekenis is. Skryf ‘n definisie vir elke woord in jou eie woorde.
a. Trust Vertroue b. Support Ondersteuning c. Loyalty Lojaliteit d. Compassion Deernis e. Empathy Empatie f. Love Liefde g. Care Sorg h. Accept Aanvaar i. Tolerance Verdraagsaamheid
2. What can you do to comfort a friend who has lost a loved one? Would you do different things to comfort a person you hardly know? Wat kan jy doen om ‘n vriend te troos wat ‘n geliefde verloor het? Sal jy anders optree om ‘n persoon te troos wat jy skaars ken?
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CHAPTER 3: KEEPING HEALTHY HOOFSTUK 3: OM GESOND TE BLY • Unit 3.1: Getting sick Eenheid 3.1: Siek word
Your body is like a machine. If you are clean and healthy, it will work well. However, if something goes wrong with a part of it, your “machine” will not run smoothly. When germs or bacteria infect your body, we say you have a disease or illness. Jou liggaam is soos 'n masjien. As jy skoon en gesond is, sal dit goed werk. Maar, as iets verkeerd gaan met 'n deel van dit, sal jou 'masjien' nie vlot verloop nie. Wanneer kieme of bakterieë jou liggaam besmet, sê ons jy het 'n kwaal of siekte.
You catch some illnesses from other people who have that germ. We say these illnesses are infectious. Colds and flu are infectious because you can catch them from someone else. Jy kry 'n paar siektes van ander mense wat die kiem het. Ons sê hierdie siektes is aansteeklik. Verkoue en griep is aansteeklik omdat jy dit kan kry van iemand anders af.
You cannot catch other illnesses from another person. They are non-infectious. Asthma is non- infectious because you cannot get it from someone else. Jy kan nie ander siektes van 'n ander persoon af kry nie. Hulle is nie-aansteeklik. Asma is nie- aansteeklike omdat jy dit nie van iemand anders af kan kry nie.
There are numerous ailments that can afflict the human body, ranging from carsickness to colds to cancer. In the olden days, the people believed that we get sick from imbalances of the four basic substances within the human body, which they identified as blood, phlegm, black bile and yellow bile. Daar is talle kwale wat die menslike liggaam kan bedwing, wat wissel van kar siekte “carsickness” na verkoue en na kanker. In die ou dae het die mense geglo dat ons siek word deur die wanbalanse van die vier basiese stowwe in die menslike liggaam, wat hulle geïdentifiseer het as die bloed, slym, swart gal en geel gal.
Today, we know that there are two major kinds of diseases: infectious and non-infectious. Vandag weet ons dat daar twee groot soorte siektes is: aansteeklike en nie-aansteeklike siektes.
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Infectious diseases Aansteeklike siektes
Infectious diseases are caused by infections called bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites. These infections can enter the body through the air we breathe, the food we eat and drinks we drink or through openings in the skin, such as cuts. As an example, think of a person who has a cold. That person may cough into his or her hand and then touch a doorknob, thus placing the cold virus on that doorknob. Aansteeklike siektes word veroorsaak deur infeksies genoem bakterieë, virusse, swamme en parasiete. Hierdie infeksies kan die liggaam binne dring deur middel van die lug wat ons inasem, die kos wat ons eet en drinkgoed wat ons drink of deur openinge in die vel, soos snye. As 'n voorbeeld, dink aan 'n persoon wat 'n verkoue het. Daardie persoon hoes in sy of haar hand en dan raak hulle aan 'n deurknop, en so word die verkoue virus oorgedra op daardie deurknop.
The virus may die on the doorknob, but it is also possible that the next person to touch the doorknob will pick it up. If that person then touches food with the unwashed hand and consumes the food, the virus is now inside the body. Die virus kan sterf op die deurknop, maar dit is ook moontlik dat die volgende persoon wat die deurknop raak, dit dit kan kry. As daardie persoon dan aan kos raak met die ongewaste hand en die kos verorber, is die virus nou binne-in die liggaam.
Not every infection that enters the body results in illness -- our bodies come equipped with immune systems to fight off foreign agents. However, infections have the ability to adapt and evolve much more quickly than the immune system can, which means that infections sometimes have the upper hand when it comes to fooling the body's defenses. One way that infections evade the immune system is by hiding within the body's healthy cells. Additionally, some people have weakened immune systems that make it harder for them to resist the effects of an invading infection. Nie elke infeksie wat in die liggaam kom lei tot siekte nie - ons liggame kom toegerus met immuunstelsels om buitelandse agente te beveg. Maar infeksies het die vermoë om aan te pas en baie vinniger te ontwikkel as wat die immuunstelsel kan, wat beteken dat infeksies soms die oorhand het wanneer dit daarby kom om die liggaam se verdediging te flous. Een manier hoe infeksies die immuunstelsel ontduik is deur weg te kruip in die liggaam se gesonde selle. Daarbenewens, het sommige mense se immuunstelsels verswak wat dit moeiliker vir hulle maak om die gevolge van 'n indringende infeksie te weerstaan.
Non-infectious diseases Nie-aansteeklike siektes
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Non-infectious diseases are not caused by infections and cannot be spread person-to-person. These diseases are more likely to be caused by a confluence of factors including the environment, a person's lifestyle choices and genetics. For example, skin cancer is usually the result of people spending too much time in the sun without protection from the sun's UV rays, which is considered an environmental factor. A condition like the one heart disease may be caused by a sedentary lifestyle and a poor diet, or it may be caused by a family history of the disease. Though we may not be able to change our genetic code, there are plenty of things that humans can do to prevent noninfectious diseases. Most notably, we can choose to eat healthfully and exercise. We can also reduce our exposure to avoidable risk factors such as cigarette smoke. Nie-aansteeklike siektes word nie veroorsaak deur infeksies nie en kan nie versprei word van persoon-tot-persoon nie. Hierdie siektes is meer geneig om veroorsaak te word deur 'n sameloop van faktore, insluitend die omgewing, 'n persoon se leefstyl keuses en genetika. Byvoorbeeld, vel kanker is gewoonlik die gevolg van mense wat te veel tyd in die son sonder beskerming teen die son se UV-strale spandeer, wat beskou word as 'n omgewing faktor. 'n Toestand soos die een hartsiekte kan veroorsaak word deur 'n sittende leefstyl en 'n swak dieet, of dit kan veroorsaak word deur 'n familie geskiedenis van die siekte. Alhoewel ons nie in staat kan wees om ons genetiese kode te verander nie, is daar baie van die dinge wat die mens kan doen om nie-aansteeklike siektes te voorkom. Ons kan verral kies om gesonder te eet en om meer oefeninge te doen. Ons kan ook ons blootstelling verminder deur voorkombare risiko faktore soos sigaretrook te vermy.
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Video no 7: Cold vs. Flu - How to tell if you have a cold, flu, swine flu etc. Video nr 7: Verkoue vs griep – Hoe om te weet as jy verkloue, griep, varkgriep het ens.
Activity 14: Getting sick Aktiwiteit 14: Siek word
Please answer the following questions. Beantwoord asseblief die volgende vrae.
1. Write down the names of all the diseases or illnesses you have had. Skryf die name van al die kwale of siektes wat jy al gehad het neer.
2. Answer these three questions for each disease. Beantwoord die volgende drie vrae vir elke siekte
a. How did you catch it? Hoe het jy aangesteek? b. What were the symptoms? What was die simptome? c. How was it treated? Hoe is dit behandel?
CHAPTER 3: KEEPING HEALTHY HOOFSTUK 3: OM GESOND TE BLY • Unit 3.2: Spreading diseases Eenheid 3.2: Die verspreiding van siektes
HOW DISEASES SPREAD / HOE SIEKTES VERSPREI Germs, such as viruses, bacteria, and parasites, cause infectious diseases. Contagious or communicable diseases are those that can be spread from one person to another. Infectious diseases that commonly occur among children are often communicable or contagious and may spread very easily from person to person.
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Kieme, soos virusse, bakterieë en parasiete veroorsaak aansteeklike siektes. Aansteeklike of oordraagbare siektes, is dié siektes wat van een persoon na 'n ander verssprei. Aansteeklike siektes wat algemeen voorkom onder kinders is dikwels oordraagbaar of aansteeklik en kan baie maklik versprei van persoon tot persoon.
Infants and toddlers are highly susceptible to contagious diseases. They have not yet been exposed to many of the most common germs. Babas en kleuters is hoogs vatbaar vir aansteeklike siektes. Hulle is nog nie blootgestel aan baie van die mees algemene kieme nie.
Therefore, they have not yet built up resistance or immunity to them. In addition, young children have many habits that promote the spread of germs. For example, they often put their fingers and other objects in their mouths. In this way, germs enter and leave the body and can then infect the child or are passed on to others. Daarom het hulle nog nie weerstand of immuniteit daar teen opgebou nie. Daarbenewens jong kinders het baie gewoontes wat die verspreiding van kieme bevorder. Byvoorbeeld, hulle dikwels het hul vingers en ander voorwerpe in hul monde. Op hierdie manier,verlaat en betree kieme die liggaam en kan dan die kind besmet of oorgedra word aan ander.
In order for germs to be spread from one person to another, three things must happen. Ten einde vir kieme om van een persoon na 'n ander oorgedra te word, moet drie dinge gebeur. 1. Germs must be present in the environment, either through a person carrying the germ or through infectious body fluids, such as discharge from the eye, nose, mouth, or digestive (gastrointestinal) tract; in the air; or on a surface. Kieme moet teenwoordig wees in die omgewing, hetsy deur 'n persoon wat die kiem dra of deur aansteeklike liggaamsvloeistowwe, soos ontslag uit die oog, neus, mond, of spysverteringstelsel (maag) kanaal, in die lug, of op 'n oppervlak. 2. A person who is not immune to the germ must meet or be exposed to the germs. 'n Persoon wat nie immuun is teen die kiem nie moet in aanraking kom of blootgestel word die kieme. 3. The contact or exposure must be in a way that leads to infection. Die kontak of blootstelling moet op 'n manier wees wat lei tot infeksie.
Some infectious diseases pass from one person to another very easily. Others are hard to pass on. It is important to know and understand how illnesses are passed on so that we can protect ourselves and stay healthy. Sommige aansteeklike siektes versprei van een persoon na 'n ander baie maklik. Ander is moeilik om oor te dra. Dit is belangrik om te weet en te verstaan hoe siektes oorgedra word sodat ons onsself kan beskerm en gesond kan bly.
Infectious diseases are spread from person to person or from place to place in many different ways. Aansteeklike siektes versprei van persoon tot persoon of van plek tot plek in baie verskillende maniere.
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• Some infection diseases are spread from one person to another when they touch each other. Sommige aansteeklike siektes word versprei van een persoon na ‘n ander wanneer hulle aan mekaar raak.
• Some germs and bacteria move from place to place through the air. Sommige kieme en bakterieë beweeg van plek tot plek deur die lug.
• Infectious diseases can be spread through rotten food and dirty water. Aansteeklike siektes kan deur middle van vrot kos en vuil water versprei word.
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• Some germs are carried in human waste. This waste can get into the rivers and into our water supply. Sommige kieme word in menslike afval gedra. Die afval kan ons riviere en in ons water toevoer beland.
• Living things like mice and cockroaches can carry germs and bacteria from place to place. Lewende dinge soos muise en kakkerlakke kan kieme en bakterieë van plek tot plek dra.
• Insects like fleas and mosquitoes carry diseases from one person to another because they feed on human blood. Insekte soos vlooie en muskiete dra siektes van een persoon na ‘n ander, want hulle voed op menslike bloed.
• Flies spread germs and bacteria as they fly from one food source to another. Vlieë versprei kieme en bakterieë as hulle vlieg van een bron van voedsel na die ander.
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Video no 8: Spread of Disease Video nr 8: Verspreiding van siekte
Activity 15: Spreading diseases Aktiwiteit 15: Verspreiding van siektes
Answer the following questions. Beantwoord die volgende vrae.
1. Make four mind maps, one about each of these different ways of spreading diseases. Maak vier breinkaarte, een oor elkeen van hierdie verskillende maniere van die verspeiding van siektes.
a. by touching deur aan te raak b. through the air deur die lug c. through food or water deur kos en water d. by insects and small animals deur insekte en klein diere
2. On each mind map fill in the names of diseases that you know are spread in that way. Op elke breinkaart vul in die name van siektes wat jy ken wat op die manier versprei word.
3. Write a sentence about each to describe what you can do to prevent germs being spread in this way. Skryf 'n sin oor elk om te beskryf wat jy kan doen om te voorkom dat kieme versprei op hierdie manier.
CHAPTER 3: KEEPING HEALTHY HOOFSTUK 3: OM GESOND TE BLY • Unit 3.3: Your heart Eenheid 3.3: Jou hart
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Everyone knows that the heart is a vital organ. We cannot live without our heart. However, when you get right down to it, the heart is just a pump. A complex and important one, yes, but still just a pump. Almal weet dat die hart 'n belangrike orgaan is. Ons kan nie leef sonder ons hart nie. Maar wanneer jy reguit praat, is die hart net 'n pomp. 'n Komplekse en belangrike een, ja, maar nog steeds net 'n pomp.
As with all other pumps it can become clogged, break down and need repair. This is why it is critical that we know how the heart works. With a little knowledge about your heart and what is good or bad for it, you can significantly reduce your risk for heart disease. Soos met al die ander pompe kan dit verstop raak,breek en moet dan herstel word. Dit is waarom dit van kritieke belang is dat ons weet hoe die hart werk. Met 'n bietjie kennis oor jou hart en wat goed of sleg is vir hom, kan jy die risiko aansienlik verminder vir hartsiektes.
Heart disease is the leading cause of death. Almost 2,000 people die of heart disease each day. That is one death every 44 seconds. Hartsiekte is die voorste oorsaak van dood. Byna 2000 mense sterf van hartsiekte elke dag. Dit is een dood elke 44 sekondes.
The good news is that the death rate from heart disease has been steadily decreasing. Unfortunately, heart disease still causes sudden death and many people die before even reaching the hospital. Die goeie nuus is dat die sterftesyfer van hartsiekte het geleidelik afneem. Ongelukkig, veroorsaak hartsiektes steeds skielike dood en baie mense sterf, selfs voor die bereiking van die hospitaal.
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The heart holds a special place in our collective psyche as well. Of course, the heart is synonymous with love. It has many other associations, too. Here are just a few examples: Die hart hou 'n spesiale plek in ons kollektiewe psige ook. Natuurlik is die hart sinoniem met liefde. Dit het baie ander verenigings, ook. Hier is net 'n paar voorbeelde:
• have a heart - be merciful hê ‘n hart – wees genadig • change of heart - change your mind verandering van hart – jou gedagtes verander • to know something by heart - memorize something deur iets uit die hart te ken – onthou iets • broken heart - to lose love gebroke hart – liefde te verloor • heartfelt - deeply felt innige – diep gevoel • have your heart in the right place - to be kind jou hart op die regte plek te hê – vriendelik te wees • cry your heart out - to grieve huil jou hart uit – om te treur • heavy heart – sadness swaar hart - hartseer • have your heart set on - to want something badly jou hart op iets sit – om iets baie graag te hê
Your heart works night and day pumping blood around your body. Blood carries oxygen and food to all the different parts of your body. It also takes away the things your body does not need. Blood is the main thing that protects your body from disease. Jou hart werk dag en nag om bloed rondom jou liggaam te pomp. Bloed dra suurstof en voedsel na al die verskillende dele van jou liggaam. Dit neem ook weg die dinge weg wat jou liggaam nie nodig het nie. Bloed is die belangrikste ding wat jou liggaam beskerming van siekte.
A drop of blood is made up of millions of different kinds of cells. Red blood cells carry oxygen to all the parts of the body and white blood cells attack anything that attacks the body. They swallow bacteria or they attack germs and viruses with chemicals called antibodies. 'n Druppel bloed bestaan uit miljoene verskillende soorte selle. Rooibloedselle dra suurstof na al die dele van die liggaam en wit bloed selle val enigiets aan wat die liggaam aanval. Hulle sluk bakterieë of hulle val kieme en virusse met chemikalieë genoem teenliggaampies aan. Warning! This information is protected by copyright laws and may not be copied or re-produced. Report violations c/o www.cyberschoolsa.com.
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Video no 9: How Does Your Heart Work? Video nr 9: Hoe Werk Jou Hart?
Activity 16: Your heart Aktiwiteit 16: Jou hart
Please answer the following questions by answering true or false. Should you choose false please give an explanation as to why you choose false. Beantwoord asseblief die volgende vrae deur te antwoord waar of vals. Indien jy vals kies gee asseblief 'n verduideliking van waarom jy vals kies.
1. Your heart only works in daytime. Jou hart werk net in die dag.
2. Blood carries oxygen and food to all the different parts of your body. Bloed dra suurstof en voedsel na al die verskillende dele van jou liggaam.
3. You heart is the main thing that protects your body from diseases. Jy hart is die belangrikste ding wat jou liggaam beskerm teen siektes.
4. A drop of blood is made up of only one kind of cell. 'n Druppel bloed bestaan uit net een soort sel.
5. Red blood cells attack anything that attacks the body. Rooibloedselle val enigiets aan wat die liggaam aanval.
6. White blood cells carry oxygen to all the parts of the body. Witbloedselle dra suurstof na al die dele van die liggaam. Warning! This information is protected by copyright laws and may not be copied or re-produced. Report violations c/o www.cyberschoolsa.com.
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CHAPTER 3: KEEPING HEALTHY HOOFSTUK 3: OM GESOND TE BLY • Unit 3.4: Diseases Eenheid 3.4: Siektes
Aids / Vigs
The first recognised cases of Aids occurred in America in the summer of 1981, and soon afterwards in Africa. In the beginning, doctors did not know what caused this disease, and it was only in 1983 that scientists discovered that a virus - now known as HIV-1 causes Aids. Die eerste erkende gevalle van vigs het in Amerika in die somer van 1981plaasgevind, en kort daarna in Afrika. In die begin, het die dokters nie weet wat hierdie siekte veroorsaak nie, en dit was eers in 1983 dat wetenskaplikes ontdek het dat 'n virus - nou bekend as MIV-1 vigs veroorsaak.
There are two viruses associated with Aids, namely HIV-1 and HIV-2. Daar is twee virusse wat verband hou met vigs, naamlik MIV-1 en MIV-2.
HIV-1 is associated with infection in most parts of Africa, America, Europe and the rest of the world, while HIV-2 occurs mostly in West Africa. There are many subtypes of HIV-1 (for example subtype C that is most prominent in South Africa). MIV-1 is wat verband hou met infeksie in die meeste dele van Afrika, Amerika, Europa en die res van die wêreld, terwyl MIV-2 meestal in Wes-Afrika voorkom. Daar is baie subtipes van MIV- 1 (byvoorbeeld subtipe C wat die mees prominente in Suid-Afrika is).
There are many theories about the origin of Aids, but the truth is that nobody really knows where Aids came from. The most widely accepted theory is that HIV crossed the species barrier from primates to humans at some time during the twentieth century. Daar is baie teorieë oor die oorsprong van vigs, maar die waarheid is dat niemand werklik weet waar vigs vandaan kom nie. Die mees algemeen aanvaarde teorie is dat MIV die spesies versperring gekruis het van primate na mense op 'n sekere tyd gedurende die twintigste eeu.
HIV is related to a virus called SIV (simian immunodeficiency virus) which is found in primates such as chimpanzees, Macaque and African green monkeys. The virus probably crossed from primates to humans when contaminated animal blood entered cuts on the hands of humans who were butchering SIV-infected animals for food. MIV is verwant aan 'n virus genoem SIV (simian immunodeficiency virus) wat gevind word in die primate soos sjimpansees, Macaque en Afrika-groen ape. Die virus het waarskynlik gekruis van
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primate na mense toe, toe besmette dier bloed mense se hande binne gedring het deur snye op hul hande terwyl die mense SIV-besmette diere geslag het vir kos.
While the initial spread of HIV was probably limited to isolated communities who had little contact with the outside world, various factors such as migration, improved transportation networks, socio-economic instability, multiple sexual partners, intravenous drug use and an exchange of blood products, ultimately caused the virus to spread all over the world. Terwyl die aanvanklike verspreiding van MIV waarskynlik beperk is tot geïsoleerde gemeenskappe wat min kontak met die buitewêreld gehad het, het verskeie faktore soos migrasie, verbeterde vervoer netwerke, sosio-ekonomiese onstabiliteit, seksmaats, binneaarse dwelmgebruik en 'n uitruil van bloed produkte, uiteindelik veroorsaak dat die virus versprei oor die hele wêreld.
(From: http://www.health.am/aids/more/where_does_aids_come_from/#ixzz2SmJY64yF) (Van: http://www.health.am/aids/more/where_does_aids_come_from/#ixzz2SmJY64yF)
HIV can only be spread through contact with infected blood, such as sharing needles, mother to child during childbirth, transfusions and open cuts, and unprotected sex. It cannot be spread through ordinary touching, the air or by using things that an infected person has used. MIV kan net deur kontak met besmette bloed versprei word, soos die deel van naalde, moeder na kind tydens geboorte, bloedoortappings en oop snye, en onbeskermde seks. Dit kan nie deur gewone aanraking, die lug of deur gebruik te maak van die dinge wat 'n besmette persoon gebruik versprei word nie. (From: Shuter & Shooter) (Van:Shuter & Shooter)
Cholera Cholera is an infection in the small intestine (tube that food passes through from your stomach) caused by the bacteria Vibrio cholerae . The main symptoms are watery diarrhoea and vomiting. Transmission occurs primarily by drinking water or eating food that has been contaminated by the waste product of an infected person, including one with no apparent symptoms. The severity of the diarrhoea and vomiting can lead to rapid dehydration and electrolyte imbalance, and death in some cases. Cholera is 'n infeksie in die dunderm (buis wat kos deur stuur van jou maag ag) wat veroorsaak word deur die bakterieë Vibrio cholerae . Die belangrikste simptome is waterige diarree en braking. Oordrag geskied hoofsaaklik deur drinkwater of kos te eet wat besmet is deur die afval produk van 'n besmette persoon, insluitende een met geen duidelike simptome nie. Die erns van die diarree en braking kan lei tot 'n vinnige dehidrasie en elektrolietwanbalans, en die dood in sommige gevalle.
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The primary treatment is oral rehydration therapy, typically with oral rehydration solution, to replace water and electrolytes. If this is not tolerated or does not provide improvement fast enough, intravenous fluids can also be used. Antibacterial drugs are beneficial in those with severe disease to shorten its duration and severity. Worldwide, it affects 3–5 million people and causes 100,000–130,000 deaths a year as of 2010. Die primêre behandeling is mondelinge rehidrasie-terapie, tipies met orale rehidrasie-oplossing, wat water en elektroliete vervang. As dit nie geduld word nie of voorsien nie vining genoeg verbetering nie, kan binneaarse vloeistowwe ook gebruik word. Antibakteriese middels is voordelig vir dié met ernstige siekte om die duur en erns te verkort. Wêreldwyd, raak dit 3-5 miljoen mense en veroorsaak 100,000-130,000 sterftes per jaar vanaf 2010.
Cholera bacteria can be passed Cholera can be passed on if you use on if you don’t wash your hands dirty water for drinking and preparing after going to the toilet and before food. preparing or eating food.
Cholera bakterieë kan oorgedra word Cholera kan oorgedra wors as jy vuil as jy nie jou hande was nadat jy by water gebruik om te drink en vuil water die toilet was nie en voordat jy voedsel vir die voorbereiding van voedsel. Voorberei of die voedsel eet.
Flies can carry the cholera bacteria Bad sewage and drainage mean that from humam waste to uncovered the cholera bacteria grow and move food. from place to place in the water supply.
Vlieë kan cholera bakterie dra van Slegte dreinering en riolering beteken dat menslike afval tot by ontbloote cholera bakterie groei en beweeg van voedsel. plek tot plek in die water toevoer.
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Signs and symptoms Tekens en simptome
A person with severe dehydration due to cholera - notes the sunken eyes and decreased skin turgor, which produces wrinkled hands and skin. 'n Persoon met 'n ernstige ontwatering weens cholera - neem kennis van die gesinkte oë en die afgeneemde vel turgor, wat geplooide hande en vel produseer.
The primary symptoms of cholera are profuse, painless diarrhoea and vomiting of clear fluid. Die primêre simptome van cholera is oorvloedige, pynlose diarree en braking van helder vloeistof.
These symptoms usually start suddenly, one to five days after ingestion of the bacteria. The diarrhoea is frequently described as "rice water" in nature and may have a fishy odour. An untreated person with cholera may produce 10 to 20 litres of diarrhoea a day with fatal results. For every symptomatic person, 3 to 100 people get the infection but remain asymptomatic. Hierdie simptome begin gewoonlik skielik, een tot vyf dae na die inname van die bakterieë. Die diarree word dikwels beskryf as 'rys water' in die natuur en kan 'n smerige/viserige reuk hê. 'n Onbehandelde persoon met cholera kan 10 tot 20 liter van diarree 'n dag produseer met noodlottige gevolge. Vir elke simptomaties persoon, 3 tot 100 mense kry die infeksie, maar bly asimptomaties.
Cholera has been nicknamed the "blue death" due to a patient's skin turning a bluish-gray hue from extreme loss of fluids. Cholera kry die bynaam “blou dood” te danke aan 'n pasiënt se vel kleur wat verander na 'n blou-grys kleur van uiterste verlies van vloeistowwe.
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Typical "rice water" diarrhoea/ Tipiese “rys water” diarree
If the severe diarrhoea is not treated with intravenous rehydration, it can result in life-threatening dehydration and electrolyte imbalances. The typical symptoms of dehydration include low blood pressure, poor skin turgor (wrinkled hands), sunken eyes, and a rapid pulse. As die ernstige diarree nie behandel word met binneaarse rehidrasie nie, kan dit lei tot lewensbedreigende ontwatering en elektrolietwanbalanse. Die tipiese simptome van dehidrasie sluit lae bloeddruk, swak vel turgor (verrimpelde hande), gesinkte oë, en 'n vinnige pols in.
Cause / Oorsaak Main article: Vibrio cholerae / Hoofartikel: Vibrio cholerae
Vibrio cholerae , the bacterium that causes cholera Vibrio cholerae, die bakterie wat cholera veroorsaak
Transmission is primarily by the contamination of food and water caused by poor sanitation (the removal of sewage and rubbish). This bacterium can, however, live naturally in any environment.
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Oordrag is hoofsaaklik deur die besoedeling van kos en water wat veroorsaak word deur swak sanitasie (die verwydering van riool en rommel). Hierdie bakterie kan egter natuurlik leef in enige omgewing. (From: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholera) (Van: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholera)
People with cholera need to get water or fluid back into their bodies by drinking safe water, diluted fruit juice or soup. If they are too sick and still throwing up all the time, they may have to be fed by injecting a special salt and water solution into their veins. Mense met cholera moet water of vloeistof terug in hul liggame kry deur die drink van veilige water, verdunde vrugtesap of sop. As hulle te siek is en nog steeds die hele tyd opgooi, kan hulle deur die spuit van 'n spesiale sout en water oplossing in hul are gevoer word.
Do’s and Don’ts about cholera Moets en moenies oor cholera • Check that meals from a street vendor are properly cooked in front of you. Maak seker dat maaltye van 'n straatverkoper behoorlik gekook word voor jou. • Avoid raw meat and seafood. Vermy rou vleis en seekos. • Eat food that is well cooked and still hot – cooked food that has been kept for a while at room temperature can be a major source of infection. Eet kos wat goed gaar is en nog steeds warm is - gekookte kos wat vir 'n rukkie aangehou is in kamertemperatuur kan 'n groot bron van infeksie wees. • Only drink river water that has been boiled or disinfected with a disinfectant like chlorine or bleach. Drink slegs rivier water wat gekook of ontsmet is met 'n ontsmettingsmiddel soos chloor of bleikmiddel. • Wash raw fruit and vegetables in clean water or peel them. Was rou vrugte en groente in skoon water of skil dit. • Make sure cooked food and raw food are kept separate so that the raw food cannot contaminate the cooked food. Maak seker dat gekookte kos en rou kos apart gehou word sodat die rou kos nie die gekookte kos kan besoedel nie. • Avoid ice unless you know where the water came from. Vermy ys, tensy jy weet waar die water vandaan kom
Video no 10: Aids - Everything you need to know Video nr 10: Vigs - Alles wat jy moet weet
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Video no 11: The Story of Cholera Video nr 11: Die verhaal van Cholera
Activity 17: Diseases Aktiwiteit 17: Siektes
Please answer the following questions. Beantwoord asseblief die volgende vrae.
1. What will happen to a human body that has no white blood cells? Wat sal gebeur met 'n menslike liggaam wat geen wit bloed selle het nie? 2. What would you do if one of your friends fell and cut their knee? Wat sou jy doen as een van jou vriende val en hulle knieg oop sny? 3. Write three different ways that the cholera bacteria can be spread. Skryf drie verskillende maniere neer waarop die cholera bakterie versprei kan word.
Read the do’s and don’ts above again and answers the questions. Lees die moets en moenies hierbo weer en beantwoord die vrae.
1. What is the reason for each rule? Wat is die rede vir elke reël? 2. What would happen if you did the things under the do’s and don’ts? Wat sou gebeur as jy die dinge onder die moets en moenies doen?
CHAPTER 3: KEEPING HEALTHY HOOFSTUK 3: OM GESOND TE BLY • Unit 3.5: Bad food Eenheid 3.5: Slegte kos
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The good food that you need to grow and be healthy goes into your body through your mouth. But, things that can harm you can also go into your body that way. These things could be poisonous chemicals, objects like sharp pieces of metal or glass, or bacteria and other germs. Die goeie kos wat jy nodig het om te groei en gesond te wees gaan in jou liggaam deur jou mond. Maar, dinge wat jy kan benadeel kan ook in jou liggaam in gaan op dieselfde manier. Hierdie dinge kan giftige chemikalieë wees, voorwerpe soos skerp stukkies metaal of glas, of bakterieë en ander kieme.
Food poisoning is an illness caused by eating food that has been infected by harmful germs or bacteria. No one would eat food that looks and smells bad but some bacteria and germs smell and taste absolutely normal. Voedselvergiftiging is 'n siekte wat veroorsaak word deur kos wat deur skadelike kieme of bakterieë besmet word te eet. Niemand sal kos eet wat sleg lyk en ruik nie, maar 'n paar bakterieë en kieme ruik en proe absoluut normaal.
Voedselvergiftiging Oorsake en Simptome
Food poisoning is a common, usually mild, but sometimes deadly illness. Depending on the contaminant, fever and chills, bloody stools, dehydration, and nervous system damage may follow. These symptoms may affect one person or a group of people who ate the same thing (called an outbreak). Voedselvergiftiging is 'n algemene, gewoonlik sag, maar soms dodelike siekte. Afhangende van die kontaminant / besoedeling, koors en kouekoors, bloedige stoelgange, dehidrasie, en senuweestelsel kan skade volg. Hierdie simptome kan een persoon of 'n groep mense wat dieselfde ding geëet het (genoem 'n uitbreking) beïnvloed.
Food Poisoning Symptoms / Voedselvergiftiging Simptome Symptoms of food poisoning depend on the type of contaminant and the amount eaten. The symptoms can develop rapidly, within 30 minutes, or slowly, worsening over days to weeks. Simptome van voedselvergiftiging hang af van die tipe kontaminant / besoedeing en die hoeveelheid wat geëet is. Die simptome kan vining ontwikkel, binne 30 minute, of stadig, verslegtend oor dae en weke. Warning! This information is protected by copyright laws and may not be copied or re-produced. Report violations c/o www.cyberschoolsa.com.
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Most of the common contaminants cause: Meeste van die gemeenskaplike kontaminant / besoedeling veroorsaak:
• nausea naarheid • vomiting braking • diarrhoea diarree • abdominal cramping abdominale krampe • fever koors
Usually food poisoning is not serious, and the illness runs its course in 24-48 hours. Gewoonlik is voedselvergiftiging nie ernstig nie, en die siekte loop sy loop in 24-48 uur.
Viruses account for most food poisoning cases where a specific contaminant is found. Virusse is verantwoordelik vir die meeste voedselvergiftiging gevalle waar 'n spesifieke kontaminant / besoedeling gevind word.
Bacteria can cause food poisoning in two different ways. Some bacteria infect the intestines, causing inflammation and difficulty absorbing nutrients and water, leading to diarrhoea. Other bacteria produce chemicals in foods (known as toxins) that are poisonous to the human digestive system. When eaten, these chemicals can lead to nausea and vomiting, kidney failure, and even death. Bakterieë kan voedselvergiftiging veroorsaak op twee verskillende maniere. Sommige bakterieë besmet die ingewande, wat inflammasie veroorsaak en probleme veroorsaak om voedingstowwe en water te absorbeer, wat lei tot diarree. Ander bakterieë produseer chemikalieë in kos (bekend as gifstowwe) wat giftig is vir die menslike spysverteringstelsel. As jy dit geëet het, kan hierdie chemikalieë lei tot naarheid en braking, nierversaking en selfs die dood.
Parasites rarely cause food poisoning. When they do, they are usually swallowed in contaminated or untreated water and cause long-lasting but mild symptoms. Parasiete veroorsaak selde voedselvergiftiging. Wanneer hulle dit doen, word hulle gewoonlik ingesluk in besmette of onbehandelde water en veroorsaak langdurige, maar matige simptome.
Toxic agents are the least common cause of food poisoning. Illness is often an isolated episode caused by poor food preparation or selection (such as picking wild mushrooms). Gifstowwe is die minste algemene oorsaak van voedselvergiftiging. Siekte is dikwels 'n geïsoleerde episode wat veroorsaak word deur swak voorbereiding van voedsel of seleksie (soos die pluk van wilde sampioene).
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Food Poisoning Diagnosis / Voedselvergiftiging Diagnose If the person visits a doctor or a hospital emergency department because they think they may have food poisoning, a thorough examination will be performed, including measurements of blood pressure, pulse, breathing rate, and temperature. The doctor will perform a physical exam, which screens for outward signs and symptoms of the illness. They will assess how dehydrated the patient is and examine the abdominal area to make sure the illness is not serious. As die persoon 'n dokter besoek of 'n hospital se ongevalle-afdeling omdat hulle dink hulle voedselvergiftiging kan hê, sal 'n deeglike ondersoek uitgevoer word, insluitende die neem van bloeddruk, pols, asemhaling, en temperatuur. Die dokter sal 'n fisiese ondersoek doen, wat soek vir uiterlike tekens en simptome van die siekte. Hulle sal bepaal hoe erg ontwater die pasiënt is en die abdominale area ondersoek om seker te maak dat die siekte nie ernstig is nie.
• The doctor may need to do a rectal examination. Die dokter sal dalk nodig hê om 'n rektale ondersoek te doen. • A urine sample helps assess how dehydrated the patient is and may indicate possible kidney damage. 'n Urine monster help om te bepaal hoe ontwater die pasiënt is en kan dui op moontlike nierskade. • Blood tests may be performed to determine the seriousness of the illness. Bloedtoetse kan gedoen word om die erns van die siekte te bepaal.
Food Poisoning Treatment / Voedselvergiftiging Behandeling Food Poisoning Self-Care at Home / Voedselvergiftiging Self-Sorg by die Huis Short episodes of vomiting and small amounts of diarrhoea lasting less than 24 hours can usually be cared for at home. Kort episodes van braking en klein hoeveelhede van diarree wat minder as 24 uur duur kan gewoonlik versorg word by die huis.
• Do not eat solid food while nauseous or vomiting but drink plenty of fluids. Moet nie vaste kos eet, terwyl jy naar of braak nie, maar drink baie vloeistowwe. o Small, frequent sips of clear liquids (those you can see through) are the best way to stay hydrated. Klein, gereelde slukkies van helder vloeistowwe (die wat jy deur kan sien) is die beste manier om gehidreer te bly.
o Avoid alcoholic, kafeienecaffeinated, or sugary drinks. Over-the-counter rehydration products made for children such as Pedialyte and Rehydralyte are expensive but good to use if available. Vermy alkoholiese, kafeïene of soet drankies. Oor-die-toonbank-rehidrasie produkte gemaak vir kinders, soos Pedialyte en Rehydralyte is duur, maar goed om te gebruik, indien beskikbaar.
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o Sports drinks such as Gatorade and Powerade are fine for adults if they are diluted with water because at full strength they contain too much sugar, which can worsen diarrhoea. Sport drankies soos Gatorade en Powerade is goed vir volwassenes as hulle verdun word met water, want op volle sterkte bevat huille te veel suiker, wat diarree kan vererger bevat. o Home remedies to treat nausea or diarrhoea such as tea with lemon and ginger can be used for relief from symptoms. There are no proven herbal food poisoning cures. Consult a health care practitioner before taking any natural food poisoning remedies. Boererate om naarheid en diarree te behandel, soos tee met suurlemoen en gemmer kan gebruik word vir die verligting van simptome. Daar is nog geen kruie beproef om voedselvergiftiging te genees nie. Raadpleeg 'n gesondheidsorg praktisyn voordat jy enige natuurlike voedselvergiftiging middels gebruik.
• After successfully tolerating fluids, eating should begin slowly, when nausea and vomiting have stopped. Na suksesvolle vloeistowwe toleransie, moet jy weer stadig begin eet, wanneer naarheid en braking opgehou het. • Plain foods that are easy on the stomach should be started in small amounts. Initially consider eating rice, wheat, breads, potatoes, low-sugar cereals, lean meats, and chicken (not fried). Milk can be given safely, although some people may experience additional stomach upset due to lactose intolerance. Alledaagse voedsel wat maklik op die maag is moet in klein hoeveelhede begin word. Begin deur te oorweeg om eers rys, koring, brood, aartappels, lae-suiker graan, maer vleis, en hoender (nie gebraai) te eet. Melk kan veilig gegee word, maar sommige mense kan bykomende maag ontsteldheid ervaar as gevolg van laktose onverdraagsaamheid. • Most food poisonings do not require the use of over-the-counter medicines to stop diarrhoea, but they are generally safe if used as directed. It is not recommended that these medications be used to treat children. If there is a question or concern, always check with a doctor. Die meeste voedsel vergiftiging vereis nie die gebruik van oor-die-toonbank medisyne om diarree te stop nie, maar hulle is oor die algemeen veilig as dit gebruik word soos aangedui. Dit word nie aanbeveel dat hierdie medikasie gebruik word om kinders te behandel nie. As daar 'n vraag of problem is moet jy altyd by 'n dokter uitvind of raad vra.
Most foods that are packaged and sold in shops have a “best before” date stamped on them. This means that it is best and safest to eat the food before that date. After that date, the food might be bad and cause food poisoning. Die meeste voedsel wat verpak en verkoop word in die winkels het 'n 'beste voor' datum stempel op hulle. Dit beteken dat dit die beste en veiligste is om die kos te eet voor daardie datum. Na daardie datum, kan die kos sleg wees en voedselvergiftiging veroorsaak.
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Food hygiene / Voedsel higiëne
Good food hygiene is not just something for restaurants to worry about. Whether you are a budding chef or more at home with microwave meals and beans on toast, it is important to know how to prepare food safely and hygienically. Goeie voedsel higiëne is nie net iets vir restaurante om hulself oor te bekommer nie. Ongeaf of jy 'n ontluikende sjef is of meer by die huis is met mikrogolf etes en bone op roosterbrood, is dit belangrik om te weet hoe om kos veilig en higiënies voor te berei.
Food hygiene is all about being careful with the things you eat and drink. Everyone who is involved with food needs to be careful. That means the people and companies that grow it, package it, transport it, sell it, prepare it and eat it. Kos higiëne gaan alles oor om versigtig te wees met die dinge wat jy eet en drink. Almal wat betrokke is met kos moet versigtig wees. Dit beteken dis die mense en maatskappye wat dit groei, verpak, vervoer, verkoop, dit voor berei en dit eet..
Why is food hygiene important? Hoekom is voedsel higiëne belangrik? Every day people get ill from the food they eat. Micro-organisms including bacteria, viruses and moulds found in food can cause food poisoning, leading to a whole host of unpleasant symptoms, such as stomach pains, diarrhoea and vomiting. Elke dag mense word siek van die kos wat hulle eet. Mikro-organismes, insluitende bakterieë, virusse en swamme in voedsel kan voedselvergiftiging veroorsaak, wat lei tot 'n hele leër van die onaangename simptome soos maagpyn, diarree en braking.
Food poisoning can sometimes lead to gastroenteritis, which is inflammation of your stomach and bowel, or even more serious health problems, such as blood poisoning (septicaemia) and kidney failure. Voedselvergiftiging kan soms lei tot gastro-enteritis, wat ontsteking van jou maag en derm is, of selfs meer ernstige gesondheidsprobleme, soos bloedvergiftiging (septicaemia) en nierversaking. Warning! This information is protected by copyright laws and may not be copied or re-produced. Report violations c/o www.cyberschoolsa.com.
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Anyone can get food poisoning but some people, including babies, children and older people, are more likely to have serious symptoms. If you are pregnant, you need to be particularly careful not to get food poisoning. Enigeen kan voedselvergiftiging kry, maar sommige mense, insluitende babas, kinders en ouer mense, is meer geneig om ernstige simptome te hê. As jy swanger is, moet jy veral versigtig wees om nie voedselvergiftiging te kry nie.
If you just bear in mind a few simple points, it can help prevent a bout of food poisoning for you and your family. As jy net ‘n paar eenvoudige punte in gedagte hou, kan dit help verhoed dat jy en jou gesin voedselvergiftiging kry.
Cleaning / Skoonmaak One of the most important things you can do is to make sure that your hands are clean at all times – although it sounds simple enough, many of us are guilty of forgetting at some point. Een van die belangrikste dinge wat jy kan doen, is om seker te maak dat jou hande skoon is te alle tye - hoewel dit eenvoudig genoeg klink, is baie van ons skuldig daaraan om te vergeet met tye.
Cleaning your hands does not mean just passing your hands under the tap – give them a proper scrub with soap. In particular, remember to wash your hands: Die skoonmaak van jou hande beteken nie om dit net onder die kraan water te hou nie - gee hulle 'n behoorlike skrop met seep. In die besonder, onthou om jou hande te was: • after using the toilet nadat jy die toilet gebruik het
• before you handle any food voordat jy enige kos hanteer
• after you handle raw meat nadat jy rou vleis hanteer het
If possible, remove any rings, watches and bracelets before you handle food. This is because bacteria can hide under these and transfer to your food. As dit moontlik is, verwyder enige ringe, horlosies en armbande voordat jy kos hanteer. Dit is omdat bakterieë kan wegkruip onder dit en oorgedra kan word na jou kos.
Before you start to prepare any food, make sure that the area you are working in and the utensils you are using are clean. Clean worktops thoroughly and wash utensils with washing-up liquid and hot water, or use a dishwasher if you have one. Make sure you clean up any spilt food straight away. Voordat jy begin om enige kos voor te berei, maak seker dat die area waarop jy gaan werk en die gereedskap wat jy gaan gebruik skoon is. Maak werkoppervlaktes deeglik skoon en was eetgerei met afwasmiddel en warm water, of gebruik 'n skottelgoedwasser as jy een het. Maak seker dat jy dadelik skoon maak waar jy kos mors.
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Change all tea towels, dishcloths and other cleaning materials regularly as these can harbour bacteria, especially if they are damp. Verander al tee handdoeke, vadoeke en ander skoonmaakmiddels gereeld, want dit kan die hawe bakterieë, veral as hulle klam.
Storing / Berging van If you do not follow the storage guidelines that come with your food, you could let yourself in for real problems. If you store food in the wrong place or at the wrong temperature, it can lead to the growth of bacteria. Here are some simple tips to follow. As jy nie die stoor riglyne wat kom met jou kos te volg nie, kan jy jouself laat in vir werklike probleme. As jy kos in die verkeerde plek of by die verkeerde temperatuur stoor, kan dit lei tot die groei van bakterieë. Hier is 'n paar eenvoudige wenke te volg.
• Always check labels for guidance on where to store food. Kyk altyd na die etikette vir leiding oor waar om kos te stoor. • Make sure you keep your fridge between 0 and 5°C and your freezer at less than -18°C – this will prevent bacteria from multiplying. You can use a thermometer to regularly check these temperatures, or your fridge or freezer may have a thermometer built in. Maak seker dat jy jou yskas tussen 0 en 5 ° C hou en jou vrieskas teen minder as -18 ° C - dit sal verhoed dat bakterieë vermenigvuldig. Jy kan 'n termometer gebruik om gereeld hierdie temperature te kontroleer, of dalk het jou yskas of vrieskas 'n ingeboude thermometer. • Store fresh and frozen food in the fridge or freezer as soon as possible after you buy it. This is especially important in hot weather. Berg vars en gevriesde kos in die yskas of vrieskas so gou as moontlik nadat jy dit koop het. Dit is veral belangrik in warm weer. • Keep raw meat and seafood separate from other foods. Hou rou vleis en seekos afsonderlik van die ander kos. • Store raw meat in an airtight container at the bottom of the fridge to prevent juices or blood dripping onto other food. Berg rou vleis in 'n lugdigte houer aan die onderkant van die yskas om die drup van sappe of bloed na ander koste voorkom. • Defrost frozen foods in the fridge. Place them on a plate or in a container as they defrost, so they do not drip onto or contaminate other foods. Ontdooi bevrore voedsel in die yskas. Plaas dit op 'n bord of in 'n houer soos hulle ontdooi, sodat hulle nie drup of ander kos besoedel nie. • Do not store opened tins of food in the fridge – transfer the contents to a suitable airtight container instead. Moenie oopgemaak blikkies kos in die yskas stoor nie – gooi die inhoud liewers in 'n geskikte lugdigte houer. • If you are keeping cooked leftovers, allow them to cool to room temperature before you store them in the fridge. Make sure you use up any leftovers within two days. As jy gaar oorskiet kos wil hou, laat die kos toe om af te koel tot kamertemperatuur voordat jy dit stoor in die yskas. Maak seker dat jy binne twee dae enige oorskiet kos klaar gebruik.
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• Throw away any food that has passed its use-by date. Gooi enige kos wat oor die gebruik-datum gaan weg.
Preparing / Voorbereiding There are a few points to remember when it comes to preparing your food. Daar is 'n paar punte om te onthou wanneer dit kom by die voorbereiding van jou kos.
Do not handle food if you have stomach problems, such as diarrhoea or vomiting, or if you are sneezing or coughing regularly. Moenie voedsel hanteer, as jy maag problem het nie, soos diarree of braking, of as jy nies of gereeld hoes nie.
Check food labels before you decide what to use. Shop-bought foods may come with two dates: a use-by date and a best before date. Do not use any foods that have passed their use-by date, even if you think they look fine, as they may not be safe to eat. However, you can eat food after its best before date as this only refers to the quality of the food, rather than the safety of eating it. Gaan voedseletikette na voordat jy besluit wat om te gebruik. Winkel-gekoop voedsel kan met twee datums kom: 'n gebruik-voor datum en 'n beste voor datum. Moenie enige voedsel wat oor hulle gebruik-voor datum gegaan het gebruik nie, selfs as jy dink hulle lyk goed, want hulle mag dalk nie veilig wee om te eet nie. Maar jy kan kos na sy beste voor datum eet want die datum verwys slegs na die gehalte van die kos, eerder as om te verwys na die veiligheid om dit te eet.
The only exception is eggs, which contain a type of bacteria called Salmonella that may multiply after the best before date. Although you can eat eggs a day or two after their best before date (provided you cook them thoroughly), it is safer to throw eggs away once this date has passed. Die enigste uitsondering is die eiers, wat 'n tipe van bakterieë genoem Salmonella bevat wat kan vermenigvuldig na die beste voor datum verval. Alhoewel jy eiers 'n dag of twee ná hul beste voor datum (mits jy dit deeglik kook) kan eet, is dit veiliger om eiers weg te gooi sodra hierdie datum veval het.
Keep anything that should be refrigerated out of the fridge for as short a time as possible, especially if the temperature is high or the room is very warm. Hou enigiets wat koel gehou moet word uit die yskas vir so kort tyd as moontlik, veral as die temperatuur hoog is of die vetrek baie warm is.
Always use different chopping boards and utensils to prepare raw meat or fish. This is because they contain harmful bacteria that can spread to anything they touch, so it is important to keep these away from other foods. The bacteria are removed during cooking, but it is important not to let them be exposed to any food that you are not going to cook before eating. Gebruik altyd verskillende kapplanke en eetgerei om rou vleis of vis voor te berei. Dit is omdat hulle skadelike bakterieë bevat wat kan versprei na enigiets wat hulle raak, so dit is belangrik om hulle weg te hou van die ander kos. Die bakterieë word tydens kook verwyder, maar dit is belangrik om hulle nie toe laat om blootgestel te word aan enige kos wat jy nie van plan is om te kook voordat jy dit eet nie.
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You can buy colour-coded chopping boards (for example, red for raw meat and green for fruit and vegetables), which can help to prevent confusion. Jy kan gekleurde kapplanke koop (byvoorbeeld rooi vir rou vleis en groen vir groente en vrugte), wat kan help om verwarring te voorkom.
Cooking / Kook If you cook food at temperatures over 70°C, it will kill off any bacteria. If food is not cooked at a high enough temperature, bacteria can still survive. Here are some more tips for cooking food properly. As jy kos kook by temperature van meer as 70 ° C , sal dit enige bakterieë doodmaak. As voedsel is nie op 'n hoë genoeg temperatuur gaar gemaak word nie, kan bakterieë steeds oorleef. Hier is nog 'n paar wenke om kos behoorlik te kook.
• Follow the recipe or packet instructions for cooking time and temperature, and make sure you pre-heat your oven properly. Volg die resep of pakkie vir kook tyd en temperatuur instruksies, en maak seker dat jy jou oond behoorlik voor-verhit. • Food should be piping hot and you should be able to see steam coming out before you serve it. You can use a food thermometer to check that food is cooked to the right temperature. Voedsel moet baie warm wees en jy moet in staat wees om stoom te sien uit kom voor jy dit bedien. Jy kan 'n voedsel termometer gebruik om seker te maak dat die kos volgens die regte temperatuur gaar is. • Take special care that you cook meat all the way through. Unless you are cooking steak or lamb and beef joints rare, it should not be pink in the middle. Use a clean skewer to pierce the meat. If it has cooked properly, the juices will run clear. If you are cooking meat rare, make sure that it is properly sealed (browned) on the outside. Neem spesiale sorg dat jy vleis al die pad deur kook. Tensy jy steak of 'n lam en beesvleis gewrigte rouerig kook, moet dit nie pienk in die middle wees nie. Gebruik 'n skoon ryg om die vleis te steek. As dit behoorlik gaar is, sal die sappe helder wees. As jy vleis rou kook, maak seker dat dit behoorlik verseël (bruin) is aan die buitekant. • Always reheat pre-cooked food thoroughly and only reheat it once. Verhit altyd vooraf-gekookte kos deeglik en verhit net een keer. • When cooking food in the microwave, stir it well from time to time to ensure that it has evenly cooked all the way through. Wanneer kos in die mikrogolf gekook word, roer dit goed van tyd tot tyd om te verseker dat dit eweredig gaar is.
(Produced by Rachael Mayfield-Blake, Bupa Health Information Team, August 2012.) (Deur Rachael Mayfield-Blake, Bupa Health Information Team, August 2012.)
Video no 12: Food Safety Music - Microbes Medley - Animation Video nr 12: Voedselveiligheid Musiek – Microbes Medley - Animasie Warning! This information is protected by copyright laws and may not be copied or re-produced. Report violations c/o www.cyberschoolsa.com.
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Video no 13: Food Hygiene Course Demo - Esky E-Learning Video nr 13: Voedselhigiëne Kursus Demo – Esky E-Learning
Video no 14: Food Hygiene web video Video nr 14: Voedselhigiëne web video
Activity 18: Bad food Aktiwiteit 18: Slegte kos
Please answer the following question. Beantwoord asseblief die volgende vraag.
If you can see that food is bad, you are using your sense of sight. What other senses can you use to tell you if food is bad? As jy kan sien dat kos sleg of af is, gebruik jy jou sintuig van sig. Watter ander sintuie kan jy gebruik om jou te vertel as voedsel sleg of af is?
Write down the name of the sense and then describe how you use it to tell if something is bad. Skryf die naam van die sintuig neer en beskryf dan hoe jy dit gebruik om te vetel as iets sleg is.
(From: Shuter & Shooter)/ (Van: Shuter & Shooter)
Activity 19: Food hygiene Aktiwiteit 19: Voedselhigiëne
Look at this picture below of a dirty, unhygienic kitchen and answers the questions that follows. Kyk na hierdie prent van 'n vuil, onhigiënies kombuis en beantwoord die vrae wat volg.
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1. Write a list of the improvements that need to be made. Skryf 'n lys van die verbeterings wat gemaak moet word. 2. Draw what the kitchen would look like if you made all the improvements on your list. Write labels to explain what things you changed. Teken hoe die kombuis sal lyk as jy al die verbeteringe op jou lys gemaak het. Skryf byskrifte om te verduidelik watter goed jy verander het.
(From: Shuter & Shooter)/ (Van: Shuter& Shooter)
CHAPTER 3: KEEPING HEALTHY HOOFSTUK 3: OM GESOND TE BLY • Unit 3.6: Body changes Eenheid 3.6: Liggaam veranderings
Pasgebore 2 jaar 5 jaar 15 jaar Volwassene
As human beings grow and develop, their bodies change. Some things change fast and other things take a long time. Our bodies are very clever. Soos mens groei en ontwikkel, verander hul liggame. Sommige dinge verander vinnig en ander dinge neem 'n lang tyd. Ons liggame is baie slim.
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They know what to do without us telling them. All the different parts of our bodies know how to work together to keep us healthy. Hulle weet wat om te doen sonder dat ons hulle vertel. Al die verskillende dele van ons liggame weet hoe om saam te werk om ons gesond te hou.
Newborn babies / Pasgebore babas: Have short arms and legs and very big heads. Babies cannot do anything for themselves. They need to be fed and kept warm or they will not survive. Het kort arms en bene en ‘n baie groot kop. Babas kan niks vir hulself doen nie. Hulle moet gevoed word en warm gehou word anders sal hulle nie oorleef nie.
Toddlers / Kleuters: Have longer arms and legs. Their legs are strong enough so they can walk. Het lang arms en bene. Hulle bene is sterk genoeg sodat hulle kan loop.
Most five year olds can walk, talk, and feed themselves. Meeste 5 jaariges kan loop, praat, en hulself voer.
Between the ages of about ten and eighteen, human beings change from being children into adults. During this time, their bodies go through many changes. This stage is called puberty. Tussen die ouderdom van omtrent tien en agtien, verander mense van deur ‘n kind te wees na ‘n volwassene. Gedurende die tydperk, gaan hul liggame deur baie veranderings. Hierdie stadium word puberteit genoem.
Most twenty year olds are fully-grown. Meeste twintig jaariges is volgroeid.
From forty years old onwards, people start growing and looking old. Their hair turns grey and their skin wrinkles. Van feertig jaar opwarts, begin mense oud word en lyk ook oud. Hulle hare word grys en hulle velle kry plooie.
PUBERTY / PUBERTEIT What triggers puberty in boys? / Wat bring puberteit by seuns teweeg?
Boys/Seuns
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• The Hypothalamus in the brain produces genadotrophin-releasing hormone. Die hipotalamus in die brein produseer genadotrophin-vrystelling van hormone. • This stimulates the pituitary gland (also in the brain) to emit follicle stimulating hormone and luteinising hormone Dit stimuleer die pituïtêre klier (ook in die brein) follikel uit te stoot om die hormone en luteïniseringshormone te stimuleer. • When these arrive at the boy’s testes, they trigger the production of the sex hormone, testosterone Wanneer hierdie by die seun se testes aankom, aktiveer dit produksie van die geslagshormoon, testosteroon • Testosterone courses through the body, initiating puberty. Testosteroon wat deur die liggaam vloei, inisieer puberteit.
Facial development / Gesig ontwikkeling
• The bones of the forehead, jaw and nose grow rapidly in response to testosterone. Die bene van die voorkop, kakebeen en neus groei vinnig in reaksie op testosteroon. • This lengthens the face from a round to a more oval shape Dit verleng die gesig van 'n ronde na 'n meer ovaal vorm • Facial hair begins to grow Gesig hare begin om te groei
Voice Breaking / Stem Breek
Boys’ voice breaks during their teenage years. They drop in pitch by as much as an octave. Seuns se stemme breek tydens hul tiener jare. Hulle stemtoon frekwensie verlaag soveel soos 'n oktaaf. • This is triggered by testosterone. It causes the cartilage of the voice box to grow larger and the vocal cords to become longer. Dit word veroorsaak deur testosteroon. Dit veroorsaak dat die kraakbeen van die stem boks groter groei en die stembande word langer. • During this time, the voice box tilts. It can start to stick out as a prominent “Adam’s apple” on the neck. Gedurende hierdie tyd, kantel die stem boks. Dit kan begin uit te staan soos ‘n 'Adam se appel' op die nek. • When we speak, our vocal cords vibrate as the air is pushed out of our lungs. As boy’s vocal cords get longer, they vibrate more slowly, producing a lower pitched sound. Wanneer ons praat, vibreer ons stembande soos die lug uit gestoot word uit ons longe. Soos seuns se stembande langer word, vibreer hulle stadiger, die produseer 'n laer frekwensie klank. • As the face, jaw, lungs and chest grow; they provide more space for the voice to resonate in, deepening it even further. Soos die gesig, kakebeen, longe en bors groei, bied hulle meer ruimte vir die stem aan om te weerklink en verdiep dit selfs verder.
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Sweat / Sweet
Before puberty, we produce sweat to control our body temperature. During puberty, we begin to sweat in a new way. Voor puberteit, produseer ons sweet om ons liggaam temperatuur te beheer. Tydens puberteit, begin ons om te sweet in 'n nuwe manier.
• We start to produce a thick, fatty, greyish sweat in response to stress, emotion and sexual excitement. Ons begin om 'n dik, vetterige, grys sweet te produseer in reaksie op stres, emosie en seksuele opwinding. • As bacteria decompose the sweat, it starts to smell – this smell is known as body odour. Soos bakterieë die sweet ontbind, begin dit te stink - die reuk staan bekend as die liggaam reuk. • This sweat is only produced in the armpits, belly button, ears, groin and nipples. Hierdie sweet word slegs geproduseer in die armholtes (oksels), naeltjie, ore, lies en tepels. • The hair found in many of these areas provides a large surface area for the smell of rotting sweat to disperse from. Die hare wat in baie van hierdie gebiede gevind word bied 'n groot oppervlak vir die reuk van vrot sweet om te versprei.
Male Genitals, Pubic Hair and Erections Manlike geslagsorgane, Skaamhare en Ereksies
Genitals and pubic hair: Geslagsorgane en skaamhare:
• The first external sign of puberty in boys is when the testicles start to get bigger. Die eerste eksterne teken van puberteit by seuns is as die testikels begin groter word. • Pubic hair appears and the penis begins to enlarge. Skaamhare verskyn en die penis begin om te vergroot. • Over the next two to five years the testicles, scrotum and penis continue to grow. Pubic hair becomes coarse, dark and curly. Oor die volgende twee tot vyf jaar groei die testikels, skrotum en penis. Skaamhare word grof, donker en krullerig.
Erections: Ereksies:
• Boys get erections as soon as they start to mature sexually. Seuns kry ereksies so gou as wat hulle begin om seksueel volwasse te word. • Blood flows into the erectile tissue in the penis, making it hard. Bloed vloei in die erektiele weefsel in die penis in, en maak dit dan styf.
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PUBERTY / PUBERTEIT What triggers puberty in girls? / Wat bring puberteit by meisies teweeg?
Girls/ Meisies
• The hypothalamus in the brain produces gonadotropin-releasing hormone. Die hipotalamus in die brein veroorsaak gonadotropien-vrystelling van hormone. • This stimulates the pituitary gland (also in the brain) to emit follicle stimulating hormone and luteinising hormone. Dit stimuleer die pituïtêre klier (ook in die brein) en stuur Follikelstimuleringshormoon en Lutemiseringshormoon uit. • When these arrive at the ovaries, they trigger the release of the sex hormones, oestrogen and progesterone. Wanneer hierdie by die eierstokke aankom, aktiveer hulle die vrylating van die seks hormone, estrogeen en progesteroon. • In girls, oestrogen initiates puberty and progesterone prepares the body for possible pregnancy. Estrogeen inisieer puberteit by meisies en progesteroon berei die liggaam voor vir moontlike swangerskap.
Facial Development / Gesig Ontwikkeling
• During puberty, bones inside the face grow. Tydens puberteit, groeie bene in die gesig. • A girl’s face lengthens and changes shape from round to oval, but it does not change as dramatically as a boys. 'n Meisie se gesig verleng en verander van ‘n ronde tot oval vorm, maar dit verander nie so dramaties soos met seuns nie.
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Sweat / Sweet
Before puberty, we produce sweat to control our body temperature. During puberty, we begin to sweat in a new way. Voor puberteit, produseer ons sweet om ons liggaam tempertuur te beheer. Tydens peberteit, begin ons op ‘n nuwe manier sweet.
• We start to produce a thick, fatty, greyish sweat in response to stress, emotion and sexual excitement. Ons begin om 'n dik, vetterige, grys sweet te produseer in reaksie op stres, emosie en seksuele opwinding. • As bacteria decompose the sweat, it starts to smell – this smell is known as body odour. As bakterieë die sweet ontbind, begin dit te stink - dit ruik staan bekend as die liggaams reuk. • This sweat is only produced in the armpits, belly button, ears, groin and nipples. Hierdie sweet word slegs geproduseer in die armholtes (oksels), naeltjie, ore, lies en tepels. • The hair found in many of these areas provides a large surface area for the smell of rotting sweat to disperse from. Die hare wat in baie van hierdie gebiede gevind word bied 'n groot oppervlak vir die reuk van vrot sweet wat kan versprei.
Breast development / Bors ontwikkeling
The first external sign of puberty in girls, breast take up to four years to grow in a series of stages: Die eerste eksterne teken van puberteit in meisies, bors tot vier jaar om te groei in 'n reeks stadiums:
• Before puberty, only the tip of the nipple is raised. Voor puberteit, is net die punt van die tepel opgewek of opgeswel. • The nipple and breast start sticking out and the areola (dark skin surrounding the nipple) enlarges. Die tepel en bors begin om uit te steek en die areola (die donker vel rondom die tepel) vergroot. • The breast grows as fat gathers inside. Die bors groei soos vet versamel binnekant. • The areola darkens and milk ducts start forming inside the breast. Die areola word donkerder en melk kanale begin vorm binne-in die bors. • Both the areola and nipple swell, forming a mound on top of the breast. Beide die areola en tepel swel, en vorm 'n wal op die bokant van die bors. • The breast becomes rounded and the areola flattens. Die bors word ronder en die areola word platter.
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Pubic hair, Hips, Thighs and Periods Skaamhare, Heupe, Dye en Maandstonde
Pubic hair: Skaamhare: • Pubic hair usually starts to grow shortly after the breasts start to form. Skaamhare begin gewoonlik om te groei kort ná die borste begin te vorm. • It becomes coarse, dark and curly and forms an upside-down triangle shape. Dit word grof, donkerr en krullerig en vorm 'n onderstebo driehoek .
Hips and thighs: Heupe en dye: • The pelvic bones grow and the hips widen. Die bekken bene groei en die heupe verbreed. • Fat develops on the hips, thighs and buttocks, making the body more curvaceous. Vet ontwikkel op die heupe, dye en boude, om die liggaam meer rondings te gee.
Menstrual cycle: Menstruasie siklus: • Fluctuating hormone levels start a ‘menstrual cycle’ that controls a woman’s fertility. Wisselende hormoonvlakke begin met 'n 'menstruele siklus' wat 'n vrou se vrugbaarheid beheer. • The average length of this cycle is 28 days. Die gemiddelde lengte van die siklus is 28 dae. • A girl’s period (or menstruation) starts on Day One, when the thick uterus lining is released along with blood and mucus. 'n Meisie se maandstonde (of menstruasie) begin op Dag Een, wanneer die dik uteruswand saam met die bloed en slym vrygestel word. • After the period is over, the uterus lining thickens in preparation for pregnancy. Na die menstruasie tydperk verby is, verdik die uteruswand in voorbereiding vir swangerskap. • Around Day 14, the ovaries release an egg. Rondom Dag 14, laat die eierstokke 'n eiersel vry. • If the egg is not fertilised, the menstrual cycle will begin again with another period. Indien die eiersel nie bevrug word nie, sal die menstruele siklus weer begin met 'n ander maandstonde.
Video no 15: Puberty: Accepting Body Changes and Developing a Healthy Body Image Video nr 15: Puberteit: Aanvaar Liggaams Veranderings en Ontwikkel ‘n Gesonde Liggaams Beeld
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Activity 20: Body parts Aktiwiteit 20: Liggaams dele 1. Look at the pictures below of a boy and a girl. Read the names of the different body parts in the workbox below. Fill in the labels. Kyk na die prente hieronder van ‘n seun en a meisie. Lees die name van die verskillende liggaams dele in die werk table hieronder. Gebruik die name van die verskillende liggaams dele in die werk table hieronder om die prente te benoem.
Brain / Brein Stomach / Kidney / Nier Breast / Bors Vagina / Penis / Penis Maag Vagina
Lung / Long Intestines / Bladder / Liver / Lewer Voice box / Scrotum / Ingewande Blaas Stem boks Skrotum
(From: Shuter & Shooter)/ (Van: Shuter & Shooter) 2. Look at the pictures again. You know that you see with your eyes. What do the different body parts that you labelled do? Kyk weer na die prente. Jy weet dat jy met jou oë kyk. Watse funksie verig elk van die versillende dele van die liggaam wat jy gemerk het? 3. Which parts of your body are going to change as you grow older? Watter deel van jou liggaam gaan verander soos jy ouer word? 4. What will happen to these parts? Wat sal gebeur met hierdie dele? 5. Which changes are you looking forward to and why? Watter veranderinge sien jy uit na en hoekom? 6. Which changes are you not looking forward to and why? Watter veranderinge sien jy glad nie uit na nie en hoekom? Warning! This information is protected by copyright laws and may not be copied or re-produced. Report violations c/o www.cyberschoolsa.com.
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CHAPTER 3: KEEPING HEALTHY HOOFSTUK 3: OM GESOND TE BLY • Unit 3.7: All about drugs Eenheid 3.7: Alles oor dwelms
When your parents were young, people could buy cigarettes and smoke anywhere — even in hospitals! Ads for cigarettes were all over the place. Today we are more aware about how bad smoking is for our health. Smoking is restricted or banned in almost all public places and cigarette companies are no longer allowed to advertise on TV, radio, and in many magazines. Toe jou ouers jonk was, kon mense sigarette koop en enige plek rook – selfs in hospitale! Advertensies vir sigarette was orals te siene. Vandag is ons meer bewus oor hoe sleg rook vir ons gesondheid is. Rook is beperk of verbied in byna alle openbare plekke en sigaret maatskappye word nie meer toegelaat om te adverteer op TV, radio, en in baie tydskrifte nie.
Almost everyone knows that smoking causes cancer, emphysema, and heart disease; that it can shorten your life by 10 years or more; and that the habit can cost a smoker a lot of money a year. So why are people still lighting up? The answer, in a word, is addiction. Byna almal weet dat rook kanker, emfiseem, en hartsiekte veroorsaak, dat dit jou lewe kan verkort met 10 jaar of meer, en dat die gewoonte om 'n roker te wees 'n klomp geld 'n jaar kos. So hoekom steek mense nog steeds sigarette aan? Die antwoord, in 'n woord, is verslawing.
Once You Start, It's Hard to Stop / As jy eers begin, Is dit moeilik om te stop Smoking is a hard habit to break because tobacco contains nicotine, which is highly addictive. Like heroin or other addictive drugs, the body and mind quickly become so used to the nicotine in cigarettes that a person needs to have it just to feel normal. Rook is 'n harde gewoonte om te breek, omdat tabak nikotien bevat, wat hoogs verslawend is. Soos heroïen of ander verslawende middels, word die liggaam en gees baie vinnig gewoond aan die nikotien in sigarette wat 'n persoon nodig het om net normaal te voel.
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People start smoking for a variety of different reasons. Some think it looks cool. Others start because their family members or friends smoke. Mense begin rook vir 'n verskeidenheid van verskillende redes. Sommige dink dit lyk cool. Ander begin omdat hul familielede of vriende rook.
Statistics show that about 9 out of 10-tobacco user’s start before they are 18 years old. Most adults who started smoking in their teens never expected to become addicted. That is why people say it is just so much easier to not start smoking at all. Statistiek toon dat sowat 9 uit 10-tabak verbruikers begin voordat hulle 18 jaar oud is. Die meeste volwassenes wat in hul tienerjare begin rook het, het nooit verwag om verslaaf te raak nie. Dit is waarom mense sê dit is net soveel makliker om nie te begin rook nie.
How Smoking Affects Your Health / Hoe Rook Jou Gesondheid Beïnvloed There are no physical reasons to start smoking. The body does not need tobacco the way it needs food, water, sleep, and exercise. In addition, many of the chemicals in cigarettes, like nicotine and cyanide, are actually poisons that can kill in high enough doses. Daar is geen fisiese rede om te begin rook nie. Die liggaam het nie tabak nodig op dieselfde manier wat dit kos, water, slaap, en oefening nodig het nie. Daarbenewens het baie van die chemikalieë in sigarette, soos nikotien en sianied, eintlik gifstowwe wat kan doodmaak in hoog genoeg dosisse.
The body is smart. It goes on the defence when it is being poisoned. First-time smokers often feel pain or burning in the throat and lungs, and some people feel sick or even throw up the first few times they try tobacco. Die liggaam is slim. Dit gaan oor in verdediging wanneer hy vergiftig word. Eerste keer rokers voel dikwels pyn of brand in die keel en longe, en 'n sommige mense voel siek of gooi selfs op die eerste paar kere wat hulle tabak probeer.
gesonde longweefsel beskadigde longweefsel
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The consequences of this poisoning happen gradually. Over the long term, smoking leads people to develop health problems like heart disease, stroke, emphysema (breakdown of lung tissue), and many types of cancer — including lung, throat, stomach, and bladder cancer. Die gevolge van hierdie vergiftiging gebeur geleidelik. Oor die lang termyn, veroorsaak rook mense om gesondheidsprobleme soos hartsiektes, beroerte, emfiseem (afbreek van longweefsel), en baie soorte kanker te ontwikkel - insluitend long, keel, maag, en blaaskanker.
People who smoke also have an increased risk of infections like bronchitis and pneumonia. Mense wat rook, het ook 'n verhoogde risiko van infeksies soos brongitis en longontsteking.
These diseases limit a person's ability to be normally active, and they can be fatal. In the United States, smoking is responsible for about 1 out of 5 deaths. Hierdie siektes beperk 'n persoon se vermoë om normaalweg aktief te wees, en hulle kan noodlottig wees. In die Verenigde State van Amerika, is rook verantwoordelik vir sowat 1 uit 5 sterftes.
long met emfiseem
Smokers not only develop wrinkles and yellow teeth, they also lose bone density, which increases their risk of osteoporosis, a condition that causes older people to become bent over and their bones to break more easily. Smokers also tend to be less active than non-smokers are because smoking affects lungpower. Rokers ontwikkel nie net plooie en geel tande nie, hulle verloor ook beendigtheid, wat hul risiko van osteoporose verhoog, 'n toestand wat veroorsaak dat ouer mense gebuig loop en wat veroorsaak dat hul bene makliker breek. Rokers is ook geneig om minder aktief as nie-rokers te wees omdat rook die long krag beïnvloed.
Smoking can also cause fertility problems and can affect sexual health in both men and women. Rook kan ook vrugbaarheid probleme veroorsaak en kan ook seksuele gesondheid in beide mans en vroue beïnvloed.
Girls who are on the pill or other hormone-based methods of birth control (like the patch or the ring) increase their risk of serious health problems, such as heart attacks, if they smoke. Meisies wat op die pil of ander hormoon-gebaseerde metodes vir geboorte beheer is (soos die patch of die ring) verhoog hul risiko van ernstige gesondheidsprobleme, soos hartaanvalle, as hulle rook.
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The consequences of smoking may seem far off, but long-term health problems are not the only hazard of smoking. Nicotine and the other toxins in cigarettes, cigars, and pipes can affect a person's body quickly, which means that teen smokers experience many of these problems: Die gevolge van die rook kan vêr af lyk, maar langtermyn-gesondheid probleme is nie die enigste gevaar van rook nie. Nikotien en die ander gifstowwe in sigarette, sigare en pype kan 'n persoon se liggaam vinnig raak, wat beteken dat tiener rokers baie van hierdie problem ervaar:
• Bad skin. Because smoking can slow the flow of blood vessels, it can prevent oxygen and nutrients from getting to the skin —, which is why smokers often appear pale and unhealthy. Studies have also linked smoking to an increased risk of getting a type of skin rash called psoriasis. Slegte vel. Omdat rook die vloei van bloed vaartuie kan vertraag, kan dit verhoed dat suurstof en voedingstowwe by die vel uitkom - dit is die rede waarom rokers dikwels bleek en ongesond voorkom. Studies het ook rook gekoppel aan 'n verhoogde risiko om 'n tipe van die vel uitslag genoem psoriasis te kry.
• Bad breath. Cigarettes leave smokers with a condition called halitosis, or persistent bad breath. Slegte asem. Sigarette laat rokers met 'n toestand genaamd halitose, of aanhoudende slegte asem.
• Bad-smelling clothes and hair. The smell of stale smoke tends to linger — not just on people's clothing, but also on their hair, furniture, and cars. In addition, it is often hard to get the smell of smoke out. Slegte klere en hare reuk. Die reuk van ou rook is geneig om te hang - nie net op mense se klere nie, maar ook op hul hare, meubels, en motors. Daarom is dit dikwels moeilik om ontslae te raak van die reuk van rook.
• Reduced athletic performance. People who smoke usually cannot compete with non- smoking peers because the physical effects of smoking (like rapid heartbeat, decreased circulation, and shortness of breath) impair sports performance. Verlaagde atletiese prestasie. Mense wat rook kan gewoonlik nie met 'n nie-rook eweknieë mee ding nie, omdat die fisiese gevolge van die rook (soos vinnige hartklop, stadige sirkulasie, en kortasem) sportprestasie benadeel.
• Greater risk of injury and slower healing time. Smoking affects the body's ability to produce collagen, so common sports injuries, such as damage to tendons and ligaments will heal more slowly in smokers than non-smokers do. 'n Groter risiko van 'n besering en stadiger genesing tyd. Rook affekteer die liggaam se vermoë om kollageen te produseer, so algemeen sportbeserings, soos skade aan tendons en ligamente sal meer stadig genees by die rokers as by die nie-rokers.
• Increased risk of illness. Studies show that smokers get more colds, flu, bronchitis, and pneumonia than non-smokers do. In addition, people with certain health conditions, like asthma, become sicker if they smoke (and often if they are just around people who
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smoke). Because teens who smoke as a way to manage weight often light up instead of eating, their bodies also lack the nutrients they need to grow, develop, and fight off illness properly. Verhoogde risiko van siekte. Studies toon dat rokers meer verkoues, griep, brongitis, en longontsteking kry as nie-rokers. Daarom sal, mense met sekere gesondheid voorwaardes, soos asma, sieker word as hulle rook (en dikwels al is hulle net om mense wat rook). Omdat tieners wat rook as 'n manier om gewig te beheer eerder ‘n sigarette sal aansteek in plaas van eet, ontbreek hul liggame ook die voedingstowwe wat hulle nodig het om te groei, te ontwikkel, en siektes behoorlike te beveg.
(Reviewed by: Steven Dowshen, MD) / (Hersien deur: Steven Dowshen, MD) (Date reviewed: February 2013) / Datum hersien: February 2013)
A drug is anything that changes the way your body works. Many drugs are medical and they have important uses. Some of them kill bacteria that make you ill. Others make you feel less pain. Before these drugs are used, they are tested to see how they affect the body. 'n Dwelm is enige iets wat die manier waarop jou liggaam werk verander. Baie dwelms is medies en hulle het belangrike gebruike. Sommige van hulle maak bakterieë dood wat jou siek maak. Ander maak dat jy minder pyn voel. Voordat hierdie dwelms gebruik word, word dit getoets om te kyk waste invloed di tom die liggaam het.
Other drugs are not medical. Some, like alcohol, make the bodywork slower. They can make a person feel relaxed and peaceful for a while. Ander dwelms is nie medies nie. Sommige, soos alkohol, maak die liggaam (bakwerk) stadiger. Hulle kan 'n persoon ontspanne en rustig laat voel vir 'n rukkie.
Other drugs, like tobacco and caffeine, make the bodywork faster. Most of these drugs are addictive, which means that people get used to them and think that they cannot live without them. We say the drugs become a habit. Ander middels, soos tabak en kafeïen, maak die liggaam (bakwerk) vinniger. Die meeste van hierdie dwelms is verslawend, wat beteken dat mense gewoond raak aan hulle en dink dat hulle nie sonder dit kan leef nie. Ons sê die dwelms word 'n gewoonte.
Some drugs are legal. This means you are allowed to use them. Although they are unhealthy and very bad for you, tobacco (cigarettes) and alcohol are legal in South Africa. Sommige dwelms is wettig. Dit beteken dat jy toegelaat word om dit te gebruik. Hoewel hulle ongesond en baie sleg vir jou is, is tabak (sigarette) en alkohol wettig in Suid-Afrika.
Smoke is not just grey air. It is made up of lots of different things like nicotine, tar and carbon monoxide. Nicotine clogs your blood vessels, tar clogs your lungs and carbon monoxide makes it difficult for your blood to carry oxygen to all the parts of your body. It can also cause heart disease and bronchitis. Rook is nie net grys lug nie. Dit is saamgestel uit baie verskillende dinge soos nikotien, teer en koolstofmonoksied. Nikotien verstop jou bloed vaartuie, teer verstop jou longe en
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koolstofmonoksied maak dit moeilik vir jou bloed om suurstof aan al die dele van jou liggaam te stuur. Dit kan ook hartsiektes en brongitis veroorsaak.
Alcohol is also a poison. Your head will ache, your mouth will get dry, your breath will stink, your whole body will hurt and your eye will get red and sore. People who drink cannot tell how fast they are driving. Their senses work slowly and they cannot balance. Too much alcohol will damage your liver, your heart and your kidneys and it will kill your brain cells. Alkohol is ook giftig. Jou kop sal pyn, jou mond sal droog word, jou asem sal stink, jou hele liggaam sal seer wees en jou oë sal rooi en seer word. Mense wat drink kan nie sê hoe vinnig hulle ry nie. Hul sintuie werk stadig en hulle kan nie balanseer nie. Te veel alkohol sal jou lewer, jou hart en jou niere beskadig en dit sal jou brein selle dood maak.
Video no 16: Drugs and You Video nr 16: Dwelms en Jy
Video no 17: Drugs Are Bad Video no 17: Dwelm is Sleg
Activity 21: It is bad for you! Aktiwiteit 21: Dit is sleg vir jou!
Please answer the following question. Antwoord asseblief die volgende vrae.
Write a short paragraph about the effects of smoking and alcohol on each labelled body part in the picture below. Skryf ‘n kort paragraaf oor die effek van rook en alkohol op elke benoemde deel van die liggaam in die foto hieronder.
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eyes/oë, lungs / longe, liver/lewer, veins/are, brain/brein, mouth/mond, throat/keel, heart/hart, kidney/niere, feet/voete
(From: Shuter & Shooter) / (Van: Shuter & Shooter)
CHAPTER 4: KEEPING SAFE HOOFSTUK 4: BLY VEILIG • Unit 4.1: Bullies Eenheid 4.1: Boelies
All children have the right to be safe. But often children are hurt at school by bullies. A bully is someone who deliberately frightens and hurts people who are weaker than them. Alle kinders het die reg om veilig te wees. Maar dikwels word kinders by die skool seer gemaak deur boelies. 'n Boelie is iemand wat doelbewus mense wat swakker as hulle is bang maak en seer maak.
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Bullying is a big problem. It can make kids feel hurt, scared, sick, lonely, embarrassed and sad. Afknouery is 'n groot probleem. Dit kan kinders seer, bang, siek, eensaam, verleë en hartseer maak voel.
Bullies might hit, kick, or push to hurt people, or use words to call names, threaten, tease, or scare them. Boelies kan slaan, skop, of mense rond ruk om hulle seer te maak, of woorde gebruik om name te noem soos om hulle, te dreig, te terg, of om hulle bang te maak.
A bully might say mean things about someone, grab a kid's stuff, make fun of someone, or leave a kid out of the group on purpose. 'n Boelie kan lelike dinge oor iemand sê, 'n kind se goed gryp, iemand terg, of 'n kind met opset uit die groep los.
Some bullies threaten people or try to make them do things they don't want to do. Sommige boelies dreig mense of probeer om hulle te laat dinge wat hulle nie wil doen nie.
Bullying Is a Big Deal / Afknouery is ‘n groot probleem Bullying is a big problem that affects lots of kids. Three-quarters of all kids say they have been bullied or teased. Being bullied can make kids feel really bad. The stress of dealing with bullies can make kids feel sick. Afknouery is 'n groot probleem wat baie van die kinders raak. Drie-kwart van alle kinders sê hulle is geboelie of geterg. Om geboelie te word kan kinders regtig sleg laat voel. Die spanning van die hantering van boelies kan kinders maak siek voel.
Bullying can make kids not want to play outside or go to school. It's hard to keep your mind on schoolwork when you're worried about how you're going to deal with the bully near your locker. Afknouery kan maak dat kinders nie wil buite speel of skool toe gaan nie. Dit is moeilik om te konsentreer op jou skoolwerk wanneer jy bekommerd is oor hoe jy die boelie gaan hanteer naby die kleedkamer.
Bullying bothers everyone — and not just the kids who are getting picked on. Bullying can make school a place of fear and can lead to more violence and more stress for everyone. Boelies pla almal - en nie net die kinders wat opgepik word nie. Afknouery by die skool kan 'n plek van vrees word en kan lei tot meer geweld en meer stres vir almal.
Why Do Bullies Act That Way? / Hoekom Tree Boelies op Daai Manier Op? Some bullies are looking for attention. They might think bullying is a way to be popular or to get what they want. Most bullies are trying to make themselves feel more important. When they pick on someone else, it can make them feel big and powerful. Sommige boelies is op soek na aandag. Hulle mag dalk dink eur ‘n boelie te wees is 'n manier om populêr te wees of te kry wat hulle wil hê. Die meeste boelies probeer om hulself meer belangrik te laat voel. As hulle op iemand ander pik, kan dit hulle groot en sterk laat voel.
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Some bullies come from families where everyone is angry and shouting all the time. They may think that being angry, calling names, and pushing people around is a normal way to act. Some bullies are copying what they've seen someone else do. Some have been bullied themselves. Somige boelies kom uit families waar almal die hele tyd kwaad is en skree. Hulle mag dalk dink dat deur kwaad te wees, of mense name te noem en om mense rond te ruk dit normal is om so op te tree. Sommige boeloes kopieer wat hulle gesien het iemand ander doen. Sommige van hulle is ook al self geboelie.
Sometimes bullies know that what they are doing or saying hurts other people. But other bullies may not really know how hurtful their actions can be. Most bullies don't understand or care about the feelings of others. Soms weet boelies dat wat hulle doen of sê ander mense seer maak. Maar ander boelies mag dalk nie regtig weet hoe seer hulle optrede kan wees nie. Die meeste boelies verstaan nie of gee nie om oor ander se gevoelens nie.
Bullies often pick on someone they think they can have power over. They might pick on kids who get upset easily or who have trouble sticking up for themselves. Getting a big reaction out of someone can make bullies feel like they have the power they want. Sometimes bullies pick on someone who is smarter than they are or different from them in some way. Sometimes bullies just pick on a kid for no reason at all. Boelies pik gewoonlik op iemand wat hulle dink hulle mag oor het. Hulle mag dalk pik op kinders wat baie vinnige ontsteld raak of iemand wat dit moeilik vind om vir hulself op te kom. Deur ‘n groot reaksie uit iemand te kry kan boelies laat voel of hulle die krag/mag het wat hulle wil hê. Soms pik boelies op iemand wat slimmer as hulle is of iemand wat verskil of anders as hulle is op een of ander manier. Soms pik ‘n boelie net op ‘n kind vir geen rede nie.
Jenna told her mom that this one kid was picking on her for having red hair and freckles. She wanted to be like the other kids but she couldn’t change those things about herself. Finally Jenna made friends at her local swimming pool with a girl who wished she had red hair like Jenna’s. The two girls became great friends and she learned to ignore the mean girl's taunts at school. Jenna het haar ma vertel dat die een kind op haar gepik het omdat sy rooi hare en sproette het. Sy wou soos die ander kinders wees maar sy kon nie die goed oor haarself verander nie. Op die einde het Jenna vriende gemaak by haar plaaslike swembad met ‘n meisie wat gewens het sy kan rooi hare hê soos Jenna sin. Die twee meiesie het goeie vriende geword en sy het geleer hoe om die gemiddelde meisie se beledigings te ignorer by die skool.
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Bullying: How to Handle It / Afknouery: Hoe om dit te hanteer: Preventing a Run-In with a Bully / Voorkoming van ‘n ‘run-in’ met ‘n Boelie
Don't give the bully a chance. As much as you can, avoid the bully. You can't go into hiding or skip class, of course. But if you can take a different route and avoid him or her, do so. Moenie die boelie 'n kans gee nie. Soveel as wat jy kan, vermy die boelie. Jy kan nie gaan wegkruip of ‘n klas of kursus mis nie. Maar as jy 'n ander roete kan neem en hom of haar vermy, doen dit.
Stand tall and be brave. When you're scared of another person, you're probably not feeling you’re bravest. But sometimes just acting brave is enough to stop a bully. How does a brave person look and act? Stand tall and you'll send the message: "Don't mess with me." It's easier to feel brave when you feel good about yourself. Staan regop en wees dapper. As jy bang is vir 'n ander persoon, voel jy waarskynlik nie die dapperste nie. Maar soms net deur dapper genoeg op te tree is genoeg om 'n boelie te stop. Hoe kan 'n dapper persoon lyk en optree? Staan regop en jy sal die boodskap uit stuur 'Moenie met my mors nie. ' Dis makliker om dapper te voel wanneer jy goed voel oor jouself.
Feel good about you. Nobody's perfect, but what can you do to look and feel your best? Maybe you'd like to be more fit. If so, maybe you'll decide to get more exercise, watch less TV, and eat healthier snacks. Or maybe you feel you look best when you shower in the morning before school. If so, you could decide to get up a little earlier so you can be clean and refreshed for the school day. Voel goed oor jouself. Niemand is volmaak nie, maar wat kan jy doen om jou beste te lyk en te voel? Miskien wil graag meer fiks wees. As dit so is, miskien sal jy besluit om meer te oefen, en minder TV te gesonder versnapperings te eet. Of miskien dink jy, jy jy lyk die beste wanneer jy stort in die oggend voor skool. As dit so is, kan jy besluit om 'n bietjie vroeër op te staan sodat jy skoon en verfris kan wees vir die skooldag.
Get a buddy (and be a buddy). Two is better than one if you're trying to avoid being bullied. Make a plan to walk with a friend or two on the way to school or recess or lunch or wherever you think you might meet the bully. Offer to do the same if a friend is having bully trouble. Get involved if you see bullying going on in your school — tell an adult, stick up for the kid being bullied, and tell the bully to stop. Kry 'n vriend (en wees 'n vriend). Twee is beter as een as jy probeer om te verhoed dat jy geboelie word. Maak 'n plan om saam met 'n vriend of twee skool toe te loop of reses of middagete of waar jy dink jy kan die boelie kan raak roop. Bied dieselfde aan as 'n vriend ook boelie moeilikheid het. Raak betrokke as jy sien boelies gaan aan in jou skool - vertel 'n volwassene, kom op vir die kind wat geboelie word, en vertel die boelie om te stop.
If the Bully Says or Does Something to You / As die Boelie Iets Sê of Doen aan Jou
Ignore the bully. If you can, try your best to ignore the bully's threats. Pretend you don't hear them and walk away quickly to a place of safety. Bullies want a big reaction to their teasing and
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meanness. Acting as if you don't notice and don't care is like giving no reaction at all, and this just might stop a bully's behaviour. Ignoreer die boelie. As jy kan, probeer jou bes om die boelie se dreigemente om te ignoreer. Verbeel jou jy hoor hulle nie en loop haastig weg na 'n plek van veiligheid. Boelies wil 'n groot reaksie op hul terg en gemeenheid hê. Tree op asof jy niks sien nie en nie omgee nie, is soos om geen reaksie te toon nie, en dit mag dalk net 'n boelie se gedrag stop.
Stand up for yourself. Pretend to feel really brave and confident. Tell the bully "No! Stop it!" in a loud voice. Then walk away, or run if you have to. Kids also can stand up for each other by telling a bully to stop teasing or scaring someone else, and then walk away together. If a bully wants you to do something that you don't want to do — say "no!" and walk away. If you do what a bully says to do, they will likely keep bullying you. Bullies tend to bully kids who don't stick up for themselves. Staan op vir jouself. Gee voor om regtig dapper en vol vertroue te wees of te voel. Vertel die boelie 'Nee! Stop dit! ' in 'n harde stem. Loop dan weg, of hardloop as jy moet. Kinders kan ook op staan vir mekaar deur vir 'n boelie te sê om te stop om iemand anders te terg of bang te maak, en dan saam weg te loop. As 'n boelie wil hê jy moet iets doen wat jy nie wil doen nie - sê: 'nee!' en loop weg. As jy doen wat 'n boelie vir jou sê om te doen, sal hulle waarskynlik aanhou om jou te boelie. Boelies is geneig om kinders te boelie wat nie op staan vir hulself nie.
Don't bully back. Don't hit, kick, or push back to deal with someone bullying you or your friends. Fighting back just satisfies a bully and it's dangerous, too, because someone could get hurt. You're also likely to get in trouble. It's best to stay with others, stay safe, and get help from an adult. Moenie terug boelie nie. Moenie slaan, skop, of terug stoot om met iemand af te reken wat jou of jou vriende boelie nie.Deur terug te veg is bevredigend vir 'n boelie en dit is ook gevaarlik, want iemand kan seerkry. Jy is ook geneig om in die moeilikheid te kom. Dit is die beste om saam ander te bly, veilig te bly, en hulp te kry van 'n volwassene.
Don't show your feelings. Plan ahead. How can you stop yourself from getting angry or showing you're upset? Try distracting yourself (counting backwards from 100, spelling the word 'turtle' backwards, etc.) to keep your mind occupied until you are out of the situation and somewhere safe where you can show your feelings. Moenie jou gevoelens wys nie. Beplan vooruit. Hoe kan jy jouself keer om kwaad te word of te wys dat jy ontsteld is? Probeer om jou aandag aftetrek (tel terug van 100, die woord “skilpad’ agteruit te spel, ens) om jou gedagtes besig te hou totdat jy uit die situasie uit is en op 'n veilige plek is waar jy jou gevoelens kan wys.
Tell an adult. If you are being bullied, it's very important to tell an adult. Find someone you trust and go and tell them what is happening to you. Teachers, principals, parents, and lunchroom helpers at school can all help to stop bullying. Sometimes bullies stop as soon as a teacher finds out because they're afraid that they will be punished by parents. This is not tattling on someone who has done something small — bullying is wrong and it helps if everyone who gets bullied or sees someone being bullied speaks up.
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Vertel 'n volwassene. As jy geboelie word, is dit baie belangrik om 'n volwassene te vertel. Kry iemand wat jy vertrou en gaan en hulle vertel wat met jou gebeur. Onderwysers, skoolhoofde, ouers en ‘lunchroom helpers’ by die skool kan almal help om boelies te stop. Soms stop boelies gou as 'n onderwyser uit vind omdat hulle bang is dat hulle gestraf sal word deur die ouers. Dit is nie nuur aandra oor iemand wat iets klein gedoen het nie – afknouery / boelie is verkeerd en dit help as almal wat by die skool geboelie word of iemand sien geboelie word daaroor praat.
What Happens to Bullies? / Wat gebeur met Boelies? In the end, most bullies wind up in trouble. If they keep acting mean and hurtful, sooner or later they may have only a few friends left — usually other kids who are just like them. The power they wanted slips away fast. Other kids move on and leave bullies behind. Op die einde, beland die meeste boelies in die moeilikheid. As hulle aan hou om lellik en hardhandig op te tree, gaan hulle, vroeër of later net 'n paar vriende oor hê - gewoonlik ander kinders wat net soos hulle is. Die mag wat hulle wou hê verdwyn vinnig. Ander kinders beweeg aan en los boelies agter.
Luis lived in fear of Brian — every day he would give his lunch money to Brian but he still beat him up. He said that if Luis ever told anyone he would beat him up in front of all the other kids in his class. Luis even cried one day and another girl told everyone that he was a baby and had been crying. Luis was embarrassed and felt so bad about himself and about school. Finally, Brian got caught threatening Luis and they were both sent to the school counsellor. Brian got in a lot of trouble at home. Over time, Brian learned how to make friends and ask his parents for lunch money. Luis never wanted to be friends with Brian but he did learn to act strong and more confident around him. Luis het in vrees geleef vir Brian - elke dag sou hy sy middagete geld vir Brian gee maar hy het hom nog steeds geslaan. Hy het gesê dat indien Luis ooit vir iemand gaan vertel hy hom sal slaan voor al die ander kinders in sy klas. Luis het selfs een dag gehuil en 'n ander meisie het almal vertel dat hy 'n baba was en gehuil het. Luis was skaam en het het so sleg gevoel oor homself en oor skool. Uiteiindelik, is Brian gevang waar hy Luis dreig en hulle is albei gestuur na die skool se berader. Brian het in baie moeilikheid gekom by die huis. Met verloop van tyd het Brian geleer hoe om vriende te maak en sy ouers vir middagete geld gevra. Luis wou nooit vriende met Brian gewees het nie, maar hy het geleer om sterk te staan en meer selfvertroue oor himself te hê.
Some kids who bully blame others. But every kid has a choice about how to act. Some kids who bully realize that they don't get the respect they want by threatening others. They may have thought that bullying would make them popular, but they soon find out that other kids just think of them as trouble-making losers. Sommige kinders wat boelie blameer ander. Maar elke kind het 'n keuse oor hoe om op te tree. Sommige kinders wat boelie besef dat hulle nie die respek kry wat hulle wil hê deur ander te dreig nie. Hulle het dalk gedink dat deur te boelie hulle gewilder sou maak, maar hulle het gou uit gevind, dat die ander kinders dink net aan hulle, as die moeilikheid makers en verloorders.
The good news is that kids who are bullies can learn to change their behaviour. Teachers, counsellors, and parents can help. So can watching kids who treat others fairly and with Warning! This information is protected by copyright laws and may not be copied or re-produced. Report violations c/o www.cyberschoolsa.com.
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respect. Bullies can change if they learn to use their power in positive ways. In the end, whether bullies decide to change their ways is up to them. Some bullies turn into great kids. Some bullies never learn. Die goeie nuus is dat kinders wat boelies is kan leer om hul gedrag te verander. Onderwysers, beraders, en ouers kan help. Dit kan ook help deur na ander kinders te kyk wat ander regverdig en met respek behandel. Boelies kan verander as hulle leer om hul kragte te gebruik op 'n positiewe manier. Op die einde, hang dit van die boelies af om besluit of hul, hul gewoontes wil verander. Sommige boelies draai uit om goeie kinders te wees.Sommige boelies leer nooit nie.
But no one needs to put up with a bully's behaviour. If you or someone you know is bothered by a bully, talk to someone you trust. Everyone has the right to feel safe, and being bullied makes people feel unsafe. Tell someone about it and keep telling until something is done. Maar niemand hoef opgeskeep te sit met 'n boelie se gedrag nie. As jy of iemand wat jy ken deur ‘n boelie gepla word, praat met iemand wat jy vertrou. Elkeen het die reg om veilig te voel, en deur geboelie te word laat mense onveilig voel. Vertel iemand van dit en hou aan vertel totdat iets daaraan gedoen word.
Video no 18: Nobody Likes a Bully – How to Stop Bullying in Schools Video nr 18: Niemand hou vab 'n boelie nie - Hoe om Afknouery te Stop in Skole
Activity 22: Bullies Aktiwiteit 22: Boelies
Look at the picture below and answers the questions that follow. Kyk na die prentjie hieronder en beantwoord die vrae wat volg.
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I’m new here and im scared to go to school because the cool kinds bully me. Ek is nuut hier en ek is bang om skool toe te gaan omdat die koel kinders my boelie.
We laugh at her because she’s weird and she’s scared of us. Ons lag vir haar, want sy is vreemd en sy is bang vir ons.
I hate school. These kids always hurt me. Ek haat skool. Hierdie kinders maak my altyd seer.
He always has money for lunch. Why shouldn’t we take it form him? Hy het altyd geld vir middagete. Hoekom behoort ons dit nie by hom te vat nie?
1. How do the victims feel? Hoe voel die slagoffers? 2. How do the bullies feel? Hoe voel die boelies? 3. What can the victims do to stop this bullying? Wat kan die slagoffers doen om die boelies te stop? 4. What can other children do? Wat kan ander kinders doen? 5. What can the teacher or school do? Wat kan die onderwyser of skool doen? 6. What can the parents do? Wat kan die ouers doen? 7. How can you prevent bullying? Hoe kan jy boelies/afknouery verhoed?
(From: Shuter & Shooter) / (Van: Shuter & Shooter)
CHAPTER 4: KEEPING SAFE HOOFSTUK 4: BLY VEILIG • Unit 4.2: Abuse Eenheid 4.2: Misbruik
There is a lot of violence against women and children in South Africa. Girls and boys are victims of violence and of sexual crimes like rape. All children have a right to safety. You also have the right to make choices about your body and who touches it and who doesn’t. Daar is 'n klomp geweld teen vroue en kinders in Suid-Afrika. Meisies en seuns is die slagoffers van geweld en seksuele misdade soos verkragting. Alle kinders het die reg op veiligheid. Jy het ook die reg om keuses te maak oor jou liggaam en wie dit mag aanraak en wie nie.
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Grown-ups are usually there to help and encourage kids, right? They take care of kids, help them learn how to do things, show them the right way to behave, and encourage the good things that kids do. Most adults treat kids well. But some adults hurt kids rather than help them. Another word for hurting someone is "abuse." Grootmense is gewoonlik daar om te help en kinders aan te moedig, reg? Hulle sorg vir kinders, help hulle leer hoe om dinge te doen, wys hulle om die regte manier op te tree, en moedig die goeie dinge aan wat die kinders doen. Die meeste volwassenes behandel kinders goed. Maar sommige volwassenes maak kinders eerder seer as om hulle te help. 'n Ander woord om iemand seer te maak is "mishandel. "
Child abuse (say: ah-byoos ) can affect all kinds of kids, no matter where they live, how much money their families have, or who they live with. A kid can be abused by a parent, a stepparent, family member, a babysitter, teacher, coach, or a bigger kid. Kindermishandeling (sê: mis-handel) kan alle vorme van kinders beïnvloed, maak nie saak waar hulle woon, hoeveel geld hulle gesinne het, of saam met wie hulle leef niet. 'n Kind kan mishandle word deur 'n ouer, 'n stiefouer, familielid, 'n kinder oppeser, onderwyser, afrigter, of 'n groter kind.
Child abuse can happen anywhere — at home, school, childcare, or even in a church or other religious building. Kindermishandeling kan enige plek gebeur - by die huis, skool, kindersorg, of selfs in 'n kerk of ‘n ander godsdienstige gebou.
Tell Right Away / Vertel Dadelik A kid who is being seriously hurt or harmed should tell a trusted adult right away. This can be hard because the abuser (the person who is hurting or harming someone) might have frightened the boy or girl into staying quiet. No matter what the abuser says, abuse is always wrong — and a kid can ask for and get help in a few different ways. 'n Kind wat ernstig beseer of benadeel word moet dadelik 'n betroubare volwassene vertel. Dit kan moeilik wees omdat die mishandelaar/oortreder (die persoon wat iemand seer maak of benadeel) dalk die seun of meisie skrik gemaak het deur stilt e bly. Maak nie saak wat die mishandelaar /oortreder sê nie, mishandeling is altyd verkeerd - en 'n kind kan vra en of hulp kry in 'n paar verskillende maniere.
A kid who can't think of a trusted adult to tell, or is worried about upsetting a parent or making someone angry, can call a special telephone number called a helpline, such as 1-800-4-A- CHILD. This hotline is open 24 hours a day, every day of the year. Your call is private and the people who answer the phone are trained to help. They also have a website where you can get help: www.childhelp.org/pages/help-for-kids. 'n Kind wat nie kan dink aan 'n betroubare volwassene om te vertel nie, of bekommerd is om 'n ouer te ontstel of om iemand kwaad te maak, kan 'n spesiale telefoonnommer wat ons 'n hulplyn noem skakel, soos 1-800-4-A-CHILD. Hierdie blitslyn is oop 24 uur per dag, elke dag van die jaar. Jou oproep is private en die mense wat die telefoon beantwoord word opgelei om te help. Hulle het ook 'n webwerf waar jy kan hulp kry www.childhelp.org/pages/help-for-kids.
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If you know someone else who you think might be being abused, you can help by telling your parent or another adult. As jy weet van iemand anders wat jy dink dalk mishandel word, kan jou help deur jou ouers of 'n ander volwassene te vertel.
How Do You Know Something Is Abuse? / Hoe Weet Jy As Iets Mishandeling Is There are lots of forms of abuse — including hitting, constant screaming and yelling, or being touched sexually. A kid who is being abused can experience different types of abuse or one kind. It helps to understand the different types of abuse: physical, sexual, verbal or emotional, and neglect. Daar is baie vorms van mishandeling - insluitende slaan, konstante skree en bakleiery, of deur seksueel aangeraak te word. 'n Kind wat mishandel word, kan verskillende vorme van mishandeling of een soort ervaar. Dit help om die verskillende tipes van mishandeling te verstaan: fisiese, seksuele, mondelinge of emosionele, en verwaarlosing.
Physical abuse: Physical abuse is hitting hard with a hand or an object like a belt, especially hits that leave bruises or cuts. Shaking, pushing, choking, painful grabbing, and kicking also can be physical abuse. Fisiese mishandeling: Fisiese mishandeling is om hard te slaan met 'n hand of 'n voorwerp soos 'n gordel, veral houe kneusplekke of snye agter laat. Skud, stamp, verwurg, pynlike grype, en skop kan ook fisiese mishandeling wees.
Sexual abuse: Your body has private parts. These are the parts that are covered by your bathing suit or underwear: breasts, vagina, and bottom for girls, and penis and bottom for boys. If an adult or another kid touches a kid's private parts or tells a kid to touch his or hers, it is sexual abuse. When this happens, the person might tell the kid that this touching is a secret and that not to tell anyone. But a kid does not have to keep this secret. Tell a trusted adult, or more than one, until someone helps you. Seksuele mishandeling: Jou liggaam het private dele. Dit is die dele wat gedek word deur jou swem pak of onderklere: borste, vagina, en die boude vir die meisies, en penis en boude vir seuns. As 'n volwassene of 'n ander kind 'n kind se private dele aan raak of 'n kind vra om sy of haar aan te raak, is dit seksuele mishandeling. Wanneer dit gebeur, kan die persoon die kind vertel dat die vattery 'n geheim is en vir niemand moet vertel nie. Maar 'n kind hoef dit nie ‘n geheim te hou nie. Vertel 'n betroubare volwassene, of meer as een, totdat iemand jou help.
To explain sexual abuse, people talk about good touches and bad touches. We all know what a good touch feels like. A good touch might be a hug from your mom or dad, a snuggle with your grandma for a story, or a cuddle with your pet. But some touches feel bad or confusing. Your body is yours and you should be able to tell people when you don't like them to touch you. Even if you don't mind doing it or are curious, or want to make that person feel happy, sexual touching between adults and kids is not OK. Om seksuele misbruik te verduidelik, die mense praat oor goeie aanrakings en slegte aan- raakings. Ons weet almal hoe 'n goeie aanraking voel. 'n Goeie aanraking kan 'n drukkie van jou ma of pa wees, 'n inkruip met jou ouma vir 'n storie, of deur jou troeteldier te liefkoos. Maar sommige aanrakings voel sleg of verwarrend. Jou liggaam is joune en jy moet in staat wees om
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die mense te vertel wanneer jy nie wil hê hulle moet aan jou raak nie. Selfs al gee jy nie om, om dit te doen nie, of nuuskierig is, of daardie persoon gelukkig wil laat voel, is seksuele aanraking tussen volwassenes en kinders nie OK nie.
Verbal or emotional abuse: This kind of abuse can happen without touching. It can be verbal abuse if someone yells all the time, calls the kid mean names, or threatens to leave the kid or have him or her adopted. All kids deserve to have adults in their lives that love and support them as they grow up. It's common for parents get angry with their kids once in a while, but if there's yelling, punishing, and threatening too much of the time, a kid can start feeling really bad about himself or herself. It's really important to tell a trusted adult this is happening. Mondelinge / verbale of emosionele mishandeling: Hierdie soort van mishandeling kan gebeur sonder om te raak. Dit kan verbale mishandeling wees as iemand die hele tyd skree, kinders aklige name noem, of dreig om die kind verlaat of hom of haar te laat aanneem. Alle kinders verdien volwassenes in hul lewens wat hulle liefde en ondersteuning gee terwyl hulle grootword. Dit is algemeen vir ouers om kwaad te word vir hul kinders een of ander tyd, maar as daar skreeuery, strawery, dreigemente meeste van die tyd is, kan 'n kind regtig begin sleg voel oor hom-of haarself. Dit is regtig belangrik om 'n betroubare volwassene te vertel dat dit gebeur.
Physical neglect: Neglect happens when kids live in a home where the adults don't give them basic stuff that all kids need — like food, clean clothes, and a bed to sleep in. When parents or caretakers neglect kids, the kids may not get baths, sleep under warm blankets, or get check- ups or medicine when they need them. Fisiese verwaarlosing: Verwaarlosing gebeur wanneer kinders in 'n huis woon waar die volwassenes nie vir hulle die basiese dinge gee wat alle kinders nodig het nie - soos kos, skoon klere en 'n bed om in te slap nie. Wanneer ouers of versorgers kinders verwaarloos, kan die kinders nie bad nie, nie onder warm komberse slaap nie, of kry nie ondersoeke of medisyne wanneer hulle dit nodig het nie.
It can be hard for a kid to tell someone that he or she is not getting these important things. A parent or caregiver might have troubles such as losing a job, having family problems, or using alcohol or drugs. But no matter why it is happening, a kid needs to tell someone. Then, the kid can start getting the stuff he or she needs and the parent or caregiver can get help, too. Dit kan moeilik wees vir 'n kind om iemand te vertel dat hy of sy nie hierdie belangrike dinge kry nie. 'n Ouer of versorger kan dalk probleme hê soos die verlies van 'n werk, familie probleme te hê, of die misbruik van alkohol en dwelms. Maar maak nie saak waarom dit gebeur nie, 'n kind moet iemand vertel. Dan kan die kind begin om die dinge wat hy of sy nodig het te kry en die ouer of versorger kan ook gehelp word.
How to Tell Someone What Is Happening / Hoe om Iemand te Vertel Wat Gebeur You know it's important for kids to tell someone if they think they're being hurt, harmed, or abused. But how does a kid tell? Here are some ideas: Jy weet dit is noodsaaklik vir kinders om te vertel as hulle seer gemaak word, te na gekom word, of mishandle word. Maar hoe vertel ‘n kind so iets? Hier is ‘n bietjie idees:
• Talk to a trusted adult in person.
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Praat met 'n betroubare volwassene in persoon. • Talk to a trusted adult on the phone. Praat met 'n betroubare volwassene oor die telefoon. • Write a note, an email, or send a letter to the trusted adult. Skryf 'n nota, 'n e-pos, of stuur 'n brief aan die betroubare volwassene. • Tell someone at school, like a school counsellor, school nurse, teacher, or coach. Vertel iemand by die skool, soos 'n skool berader, skool-verpleegster, onderwyser, of afrigter. • Tell a friend's mom or dad, big brother, or big sister. Vertel 'n vriend se ma of pa, groot boetie, of groot suster. • Tell someone who answers the phone at a hotline service, such as 1-800-4-A-CHILD. Vertel iemand wat die telefoon beantwoord op 'n blitslyn diens, soos 1-800-4-A-CHILD.
The way a kid tells and whom a kid tells will be different depending on the situation. The most important thing is to tell someone — or even several people — until someone takes action to stop the abuse from happening. Kids, who let adults know that someone is hurting them, even if it's someone they love, might be helping other kids as well as themselves. Let the person know you need to talk about something in private. If you're not sure if it's abuse, you can tell the person that something happened and you want to check to see if it might be abuse. Die manier waarop 'n kind dit vertel en vir wie 'n kind dit vertel sal anders wees, afhangende van die situasie. Die belangrikste ding is om iemand te vertel - of selfs 'n paar mense - totdat iemand aksie neem deur te verhoed dat die mishandeling gebeur. Kinders, wat volwassenes laat weet dat iemand hulle seermaak, selfs al is dit iemand wat hulle lief het, kan ander kinders sowel as hulself help. Laat die persoon weet dat jy nodig het om privaat oor iets te praat. As jy nie seker is of dit mishandeling is nie, kan jy die persoon vertel dat iets gebeur het en dat jy net seker wil maak of dit wel mishandeling is.
It takes a lot of courage to talk about this kind of thing, and sometimes it takes a while to feel strong enough to talk about it. That's OK. Just know that, in the end, telling a safe person is the bravest thing a kid can do. It can feel really good when a kid takes steps to stay safe and happy and stop abuse from happening. Dit neem baie moed om te praat oor hierdie soort van ding, en soms neem dit 'n rukkie om sterk genoeg te voel om daaroor te praat. Dit is OK. Weet net dat, op die einde, deur vir iemand betroubaar dit te vertel die dapperste ding is wat 'n kind kan doen. Dit kan regtig goed voel wanneer 'n kind stappe neem om veilig en gelukkig te bly en om mishandeling te stop voor dit gebeur.
Video no 19: Child Abuse Video nr 19: Kindermishandeling
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Activity 23: Sexual violence Aktiwiteit 23: Seksuele geweld
Look at the pictures and writing below and answer the questions that follow. Kyk na die prente en geskryf hieronder en beantwoord die vrae wat volg.
I'm very afraid when I walk to school because there are some bad people and girls have been raped near here. Ek is baie bang wanner ek skool toe loop, want daar is 'n paar slegte mense en meisies is hier naby verkrag.
I’m scared to take public transport alone. A friend of mine was abducted a few months ago by a group of men. Ek is bang om openbare vervoer alleem te neem. 'n Vriend van my is 'n paar maande gelede ontvoer deur 'n groep mans.
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I’m afraid of my uncle. He says I must go with him because he pays my school fees but I don’t want to. Ek is bang vir my oom. Hy sê ek moet saam met hom gaan, want hy betaal skoolgelde, maar ek wil nie.
I don’t know what to do. He says I will only pass if I do what he tells me to. Ek weet nie wat om te doen nie. Hy sê ek sal net slaag indien ek doen wat hy vir my sê om te doen.
1. Why are the children in each picture afraid? Hoekom is die kinders in elke prent bang? 2. What can they do about the situations they are in? Wat kan hulle doen oor die situasies waarin hulle is? 3. Where can they get help or advice? Waar kan hulle hulp of advies kry? 4. How could you help these people? Hoe kan jy hierdie mense help? (From: Shuter & Shooter)/ (Van: Shuter & Shooter)
CHAPTER 4: KEEPING SAFE HOOFSTUK 4: BLY VEILIG • Unit 4.3: Peer pressure and crime Eenheid 4.3: Groepsdruk en misdaad
"Come on! ALL of us are cutting math. Who wants to go take that quiz? We're going to take a walk and get lunch instead. Let's go!" says the coolest kid in your class. Do you do what you know is right and go to math class, quiz and all? Or do you give in and go with them? 'Kom aan! Almal van ons gaan wiskunde bank. Wie wil daardie toets gaan doen? Ons gaan stap en liewers middagete in plaas van kry. Kom ons gaan! ' sê die koelste kind in jou klas. Moet jy doen wat jy weet reg is en na wiskunde klas toe gaan, toets en al? Of gee jy in en gaan saam met hulle?
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As you grow older, you'll be faced with some challenging decisions. Some don't have a clear right or wrong answer — like should you play soccer or field hockey? Other decisions involve serious moral questions, like whether to cut class, try cigarettes, or lie to your parents. As jy ouer is, sal jy gekonfronteer word om 'n paar uitdagende besluite te neem. Sommige het nie 'n duidelike reg of verkeerde antwoord nie - soos moet jy sokker speel of hokkie? Ander besluite behels ernstige morele vrae, soos of jy ‘n klas moet bank, sigarette moet probeer, of om vir jou ouers te jok.
Making decisions on your own is hard enough, but when other people get involved and try to pressure you one way or another it can be even harder. People who are your age, like your classmates, are called peers. When they try to influence how you act, to get you to do something, it's called peer pressure . It's something everyone has to deal with — even adults. Let's talk about how to handle it. Om besluite te neem op jou eie is moeilik genoeg, maar wanneer ander mense betrokke raak en probeer om jou te dwing op een of ander manier kan dit nog moeiliker wees. Mense wat jou ouderdom is, soos jou klasmaats, word jou groep genoem. Wanneer hulle jou probeer beinvloed oor hoe jy optree, jou te kry om iets te doen, word dit groepsdruk genoem. Dit is iets waarmee almal moet deelt - selfs volwassenes. Kom ons praat oor hoe om dit te hanteer.
Defining Peer Pressure / Definiëring Groepsdruk Peers influence your life, even if you don't realize it, just by spending time with you. You learn from them, and they learn from you. It's only human nature to listen to and learn from other people in your age group. Eweknieë beïnvloed jou lewe, selfs as jy dit nie besef nie, net deur tyd saam met jou te spandeer. Jy leer van hulle, en hulle leer van jou. Dit is net die menslike natuur om te luister en te leer van ander mense in jou ouderdomsgroep.
Peers can have a positive influence on each other. Maybe another student in your science class taught you an easy way to remember the planets in the solar system or someone on the soccer team taught you a cool trick with the ball. You might admire a friend who is always good in sport and try to be more like him or her. Maybe you got others excited about your new favourite book, and now everyone's reading it. These are examples of how peers positively influence each other every day. Eweknieë kan 'n positiewe invloed op mekaar hê. Miskien het 'n ander student in jou wetenskap klas jou 'n maklike manier geleer om die planete in die sonnestelsel te onthou of iemand in die sokkerspan het jou 'n koel toerkie met die bal geleer. Jy kan 'n vriend wat altyd goed is in sport bewonder en probeer om meer soos hy of sy te wees. Miskien jy het ander opgewonde gemaak oor jou nuwe gunsteling boek, en nou lees almal dit. Dit is voorbeelde van hoe eweknieë mekaar positief elke dag beïnvloed.
Sometimes peers influence each other in negative ways. For example, a few kids in school might try to get you to cut class with them, your soccer friend might try to convince you to be mean to another player and never pass her the ball, or a kid in the neighbourhood might want you to shoplift with him.
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Soms beïnvloed eweknieë mekaar op negatiewe maniere. Byvoorbeeld, 'n paar kinders in die skool mag dalk probeer om jou te kry klas bank saam met hulle, jou mede sokker speler mag jou dalk probeer oortuig om lellike te wees met 'n ander speler deur nie die bal na haar kant toe te gooi nie, of 'n kind van die omgewing mag dalk wil hê dat jy winkeldiefstal saam met hom moet doen.
Why Do People Give in to Peer Pressure? / Hoekom gee mense onder groepsdruk? Some kids give in to peer pressure because they want to be liked, to fit in, or because they worry that other kids might make fun of them if they don't go along with the group. Others go along because they are curious to try something new that others are doing. The idea that "everyone's doing it" can influence some kids to leave their better judgment, or their common sense, behind. Sommige kinders gee in aan groepsdruk, want hulle wil van gehou word, in te pas, of omdat hulle bekommerd is dat die ander kinders pret kan maak van hulle as hulle nie saam met die groep gaan nie. Ander gaan saam, want hulle is nuuskierig om iets nuuts wat ander doen te probeer. Die idee dat “alma landers dit doen” kan sommige kinders beïnvloed om hul beter oordeel, of hul gesonde verstand, agter te laat.
Walking Away From Peer Pressure / Loop weg van Groepsdruk It is tough to be the only one who says "no" to peer pressure, but you can do it. Paying attention to your own feelings and beliefs about what is right and wrong can help you know the right thing to do. Inner strength and self-confidence can help you stand firm, walk away, and resist doing something when you know better. Dit is moeilik om te die enigste een te wees wat “nee” sê vir groepsdruk, maar jy kan dit doen. Om aandag te gee aan jou eie gevoelens en oortuigings oor wat reg en verkeerd is kan jou help om te weet wat reg is en om die regte ding te doen. Innerlike krag en selfvertroue kan jou help om vas te staan, weg te loop, en om iets te weerstaan wanneer jy van beter weet.
It can really help to have at least one other peer, or friend, who is willing to say "no," too. This takes a lot of the power out of peer pressure and makes it much easier to resist. It's great to have friends with values similar to yours who will back you up when you don't want to do something. Dit kan regtig help om ten minste een ander maat, of 'n vriend te hê, wat bereid is om “nee” te sê. Dit neem baie van die krag uit groepsdruk uit en maak dit baie makliker om te weerstaan. Dit is lekker om vriende met soortgelyke waardes soos joune te hê, wie jou sal bystaan wanneer jy nie iets wil doen nie.
You've probably had a parent or teacher advice you to "choose your friends wisely." Peer pressure is a big reason why they say this. If you choose friends who don't use drugs, cut class, smoke cigarettes, or lie to their parents, then you probably won't do these things either, even if other kids do. Try to help a friend who's having trouble resisting peer pressure. It can be powerful for one kid to join another by simply saying, "I'm with you — let's go." Jy het waarskynlik 'n ouer of onderwyser wat jou advise gee hoe om “jou vrinede wys/reg te kies” Groepsdruk is 'n groot rede hoekom hulle dit sê. As jy vriende kies wat nie dwelms gebruik, klas bank, sigarette rook, of vir hul ouers jok nies, dan sal jy waarskynlik nie hierdie
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dinge doen nie, selfs as ander kinders dit doen. Probeer om 'n vriend te help wat sukkel om groepsdruk te weerstaan. Dit kan baie beteken (kragtig wees) vir een kind as'n ander kind by hom/haar aansluit deur eenvoudig te sê, “Ek is saam met jou – kom ons gaan.”
Even if you're faced with peer pressure while you're alone, there are still things you can do. You can simply stay away from peers who pressure you to do stuff you know is wrong. You can tell them "no" and walk away. Better yet, find other friends and classmates to pal around with. Selfs as jy gekonfronteer word met groepsdruk terwyl jy alleen is, is daar steeds dinge wat jy kan doen. Jy kan net weg bly van eweknieë wat jy druk om dinge te doen wat jy weet verkeerd is. Jy kan vir hulle “nee” sê en weg loop. Beter nog, vind ander vriende en klasmaats om mee vriende te wees.
If you continue to face peer pressure and you're finding it difficult to handle, talk to someone you trust. Don't feel guilty if you've made a mistake or two. Talking to a parent, teacher, or school counsellor can help you feel much better and prepare you for the next time you face peer pressure. As jy aanhou om groepsdruk in die gesig te staar en jy vind dit moeilik om te hanteer, praat met iemand wat jy vertrou. Moenie skuldig voel as jy 'n fout of twee gemaak het nie. Deur met 'n ouer, onderwyser of skool berader te gesels kan jou help om beter te voel en om voor berei te wees vir die volgende keer wat jy groepsdruk in die gesig staar.
Powerful, Positive Peer Pressure / Kragtige, positiewe Groepsdruk Peer pressure is not always a bad thing. For example, positive peer pressure can be used to pressure bullies into acting better toward other kids. If enough kids get together, peers can pressure each other into doing what's right! Groepsdruk is nie altyd 'n slegte ding nie. Byvoorbeeld, positiewe groepsdruk kan gebruik word om boelies te druk beter teenoor ander kinders op te tree. Indien daar genoeg kinders bymekaar is, kan eweknieë mekaar druk om te doen wat reg is!
Video no 20: Kids Incorporated - Peer Pressure Video nr 20: Kids Incorporated - Groepsdruk
Activity 24: Peer pressure Aktiwiteit 24: Groepsdruk
Look at these pictures about why young people get involved in crime and answer the questions. Kyk na hierdie prente oor die rede waarom jong mense betrokke raak in misdaad en beantwoord die vrae.
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We'll give you money to be our lookouts on a job. Ons sal vir jou geld gee om vir ons uit te kyk terwyl ons besig is met 'n werk.
No thanks. I need to go home. Okay boet. I'm in. When and where? Nee dankie. Ek moet huis toe gaan. Okay boet. Ek is in wanneer en waar?
Why are you such a chicken? I'm not chicken. I just don't want to get into trouble. Hoekom is jy 'n hoender? Ek is nie ‘n hoender nie. Ek wil net nie in die moeilikheid kom nie.
1. Write the story of what is happening in the pictures. Skryf die storie van wat gebeur in die prente.
2. Draw the ending for the story. Teken die einde vir die storie.
(From: Shuter & Shooter) / (Van: Shuter & Shooter)
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CHAPTER 4: KEEPING SAFE HOOFSTUK 4: BLY VEILIG • Unit 4.4: Children’s rights and responsibilities Eenheid 4.4: Kinders se regte en verantwoordelikhede
It is important that every South African – regardless of age – is seen to be a special person who has the right to live in peace and security. Children have the right to a sound education and space in which to develop their own unique personality and talents. Rights and privileges, however, cannot simply be “demanded”. They can only be claimed if one is willing to accept the responsibilities that are associated with them. One cannot claim one’s right if one does not fulfil one’s duties. Dit is belangrik dat elke Suid-Afrikaner - ongeag van ouderdom – gesien word as 'n spesiale persoon wat die reg op vrede en veiligheid het om te lewe. Kinders het die reg op 'n goeie opvoeding en ruimte om hul eie unieke persoonlikheid en talente te ontwikkel. Regte en voorregte, kan nie net eenvoudig “geëis” word nie. Hulle kan slegs geëis word indien jy bereid is om die verantwoordelikhede wat met hulle geassosieer word te aanvaar. 'n Mens kan nie jou reg eis as 'n mens nie jou pligte nakom nie.
Learners’ rights / Leerders se regte: 1. To be educated and to develop both spiritually and physically. Om opgevoed te word en beide geestelik en fisies te ontwikkel. 2. To be cared for and guided by adults. Om versorg en gelei te word deur volwassenes. 3. To be treated fairly and with respect. Om regverdig en met respek behandel te word. 4. To have access to information. Om toegang tot inligting te hê.
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5. To have the opportunity to make a contribution in the community. Om die geleentheid te hê om 'n bydrae in die gemeenskap te lewer. 6. To be within a secure environment in which learning is guaranteed. Om binne 'n veilige omgewing te wees waar geleerdheid gewaarborg is. 7. To develop at one’s own pace. Om te ontwikkel op 'n mens se eie tempo. 8. To aim at the highest possible standards. Om te streef na die hoogste moontlike standaarde. 9. To be treated as an individual. Om as 'n individu behandel te word. 10. To be taught by trained educators. Om geleer te word deur opgeleide opvoeders. 11. To be taught and to be allowed to speak, in one’s preferred language. Om geleer te word en toegelaat te word om te praat, in 'n mens se taal van voorkeur. 12. To be allowed to realise one’s culture and religious convictions. Om toegelaat te word om jou kultuur en geloofsoortuigings te verwesenlik.
Learners’ responsibilities / Leerders se verantwoordelikhede: 1. To listen, to learn and to be willing to be educated. Om te luister, te leer en bereid te wees om opgevoed te word. 2. To respect and support adults. Om volwassenes te respekteer en te ondersteun. 3. To treat others with respect and to be prepared to protect their rights. Om ander met respek te behandel en bereid te wees om hul regte te beskerm. 4. To allow others to communicate, and to assist them in doing so. Om ander toe te laat om te kommunikeer, en om hulle te help om dit te doen. 5. To be taught together with others and to assist them in the learning process. Om saam met ander onderrig te ontvang en om hulle te help in die leerproses. 6. To cooperate with others and to ensure a secure environment. Om saam met ander te werk en 'n veilige omgewing te verseker. 7. To recognise, allow and respect differences in others. Om verskille in ander te herken, toe te laat en te respekteer. 8. To seek access to information, and to be hard-working. Toegang tot inligting te soek, en om hard te werk nie. 9. To respect others as individuals. Ander as individue te respekteer. 10. To be willing to be educated, to cooperate and to listen attentively. Om bereid te wees om opgevoed te word, saam te werk en om aandagtig te luister. 11. To learn to accept the different languages of others. Leer om die verskillende tale van ander te aanvaar. 12. To be prepared to accept, respect and help protect the culture and religious convictions of others. Bereid wees om te aanvaar, te respek en te help om die kultuur en godsdienstige oortuigings van ander te beskerm.
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Video no 21: Rights and Responsibilities of Children Video nr 21: Regte en Verantwoordelikhede van Kinders
Activity 25: Children’s rights and responsibilities Akitiwiteit 25: Kinders se regte en verantwoordelikhede
Look at the pictures A, B, C and D below and answer the questions. Kyk na die prente A, B, C en D hieronder en beantwoord die vrae.
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1. Which children’s rights are not being met in each of the pictures? Watter kinder regte word nie nagekom in elk van die prente nie? 2. What problems do children in your community have to deal with? What can you do to help? Watse probleme moet kinders in jou gemeenskap hanteer? Wat kan jy doen om te help? 3. Do you know what to do if your rights are being abused? Weet jy wat om te doen as jou regte misbruik word?
(From: Shuter & Shooter) / (Van: Shuter & Shooter)
CHAPTER 4: KEEPING SAFE HOOFSTUK 4: BLY VEILIG • Unit 4.5: Water safety Eenheid 4.5: Water veiligheid
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It is such fun to play in water, but it’s not safe to play in or near water if you are on your own. If you get into difficulty you need someone nearby to help you or you could end up drowning. Drowning can happen very fast, it just takes a few minutes. Dit is baie pret om speel in die water te speel, maar dit is nie veilig om in of naby water te speel as jy op jou eie is nie. As jy in die moeilikheid kom het jy iemand wat naby is nodig om jou te help ander jy kan jy op eindig om te verdrink. Verdrinking kan baie vinnig gebeur, dit neem net 'n paar minute.
Pools, lakes, ponds, and beaches mean summer fun and cool relief from hot weather. But water also can be dangerous for kids if you don't take the proper precautions. Nearly 1,000 kids die each year by drowning. And most drowning does occur in home swimming pools. It is the second leading cause of accidental death for people between the ages of 5 and 24. Poele, mere, damme, en strande beteken somer pret en koel verligting van warm weer. Maar water kan ook gevaarlik wees vir kinders as jy nie die regte voorsorgmaatreëls neem nie. Byna 1000 kinders sterf elke jaar deur verdrinking. En die meeste verdrinkings vind plaas in huis swembaddens. Dit is die tweede grootste oorsaak van toevallige dood vir mense tussen die ouderdomme van 5 en 24.
Water safety signals / Water veiligheid seine When you need help in water there are certain signals that you can make so people on the beach, river bank or side of the dam or lake will know what is wrong. As jy hulp nodig het in die water is daar sekere seine wat jy kan maak, sodat mense op die strand, 'n rivier of kant van die dam of meer sal weet wat verkeerd is.
Below are three common signals. Hier is drie algemene seine.
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• Signal 1: Wave one arm from side to side above your head. This means HELP! Sein 1: Waai een arm van kant tot kant bo jou kop. Dit beteken HELP! • Signal 2: Hold both your arms straight above your head. This means SHARK! Sein 2: Hou albei jou arms reguit bo jou kop. Dit beteken SHARK! • Signal 3: Wave and cross both your arms above your head. This also means HELP! Sein 3: Waai en kruis beide jou arms bo jou kop. Dit beteken ook HELP!
Water safety signs and flags / Water veiligheid tekens en vlae When you go to the beach you may see signs telling you whether swimming is allowed or not. On some beaches you may also see flags warnings you about sharks in the water or telling you that lifeguards are on duty. Wanneer jy na die strand toe gaan kan jy tekens sien wat jou vertel of swem toegelaat word of nie. Op sommige strande kan jy ook vlae sien wat jou waarsku oor haaie in die water of jou vertel dat lewensredders aan diens is.
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Video no 22: WaterSafety.mpg Video nr 22: Water Veiligheid.mpg
Activity 26: Water safety signs and flags Aktiwiteit 26: Water veiligheid seine en vlae
Match each sign and flag to the correct description. Verbind elke teken en vlag aan die linker kant aan die korrekte beskrywing aan die regter kant.
1. Which sign(s) and or flag(s) mean it is safe to swim at the beach? Watter teken (s) en of vlag/vlae beteken dit is veilig om op die strand te swem? 2. Which sign(s) and or flag(s) mean it is not safe to swim at that beach? Watter teken (s) en of vlag/vlae beteken dit is nie veilig om in die strand te swem nie? 3. Can you think of some reasons why a beach would be unsafe for swimming? Kan jy aan 'n paar redes dink waarom 'n strand onveilig kan wees vir swem?
(From: Shuter & Shooter) / (Van: Shutter & Shooter)
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CHAPTER 5: SAME AND DIFFERENT HOOFSTUK 5: DIESELFDE EN VERSKILLEND • Unit 5.1: Women and men in culture Eenheid 5.1: Vroue en mans in die kultuur
About 45 million people live in South Africa. South Africa has many languages, cultures and beliefs. Some people are like you but many are different. Sowat 45 miljoen mense woon in Suid-Afrika. Suid-Afrika het baie tale, kulture en oortuigings. Sommige mense is soos jy, maar baie is verskillend.
Music, dance, acting and the Artist are important parts of all South African cultures. Both men and women are singers, dancers, actors and musicians. They are also writers, poets and artists. Musiek, dans, toneelspel en die kunstenaar is belangrike dele van alle Suid-Afrikaanse kulture. Beide mans en vroue is sangers, dansers, akteurs en musikante. Hulle is ook skrywers, digters en kunstenaars.
Marc Lottering
Marc Lottering is a stand-up comedian from Cape Town, South Africa. Marc Lottering is 'n “stand-up” komediant van Kaapstad, Suid-Afrika.
In 2001 he won the Vita Award for Best Actor in a Comedy, and he has also multiple Fleur du Cap awards. In 2001 het hy die Vita-toekenning vir beste akteur in 'n komedie gewen, en hy het ook verskeie Fleur du Cap-toekennings.
Mandoza
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Mandoza was born in the Zola South section of Soweto, where he shared a house with his mother, his grandparents and two sisters. He never knew his father, his mother claiming that he was murdered the same year Mandoza was born. Mandoza is gebore in die Zola Suid-afdeling van Soweto, waar hy 'n huis deel saam met sy ma, sy grootouers en twee susters. Hy het nooit sy pa geken nie, sy ma beweer dat sy pa in dieselfde jaar vermoor is toe Mandoza gebore is.
When he was sixteen years old he was charged with stealing a car and received a one-and-a- half year sentence, which he served in Diepkloof prison. Toe hy sestien jaar oud was is hy aangekla van diefstal vir die steel van 'n motor en het een-en- 'n-half jaar tronkstraf ontvang, wat hy in Diepkloof gevangenis uit gedien het.
When he was released from prison, Mandoza formed the group Chiskop along with three childhood friends, S’bu, Siphiwe and Siszwe. Toe hy uit die tronk vrygelaat is, het Mandoza die groep Chiskop gevorm, saam met drie kinderjare vriende, S'bu, Siphiwe en Siszwe.
His talents were discovered by Arthur Mafokate also known as the King of Kwaito.He was first played on air by DJ Sipho Mbatha A.K.A. Sgqemeza of Durban Youth Radio now joined ukhozifm. Sy talente is ontdek deur Arthur Mafokate ook bekend as die Koning van Kwaito.Hy is die eerste keer op die lug gespeel deur DJ Sipho Mbatha A.K.A Sgqemeza van Durban Youth Radio nou by ukhozifm.
Mandoza strives to give an inspirational message to Kwaito. Mandoza uses his music as a way to encourage young South Africans to achieve their goals. His song Uzoyithola Kanjani means "how are you going to get it, if you don't get up and go for it." He credits much of his success to his mentor, Glenn Morris, who helped him during his drug addled early years. Mandoza streef om 'n inspirerende boodskap te gee aan kwaito. Mandoza gebruik sy musiek as 'n manier om jong Suid-Afrikaners aan te moedig om hul doelwitte te bereik. Sy liedjie Uzoyithola Kanjani beteken 'hoe gaan jy dit te kry, as jy nie opstaan en vir dit gaan nie. ' Hy skryf baie van sy sukses toe aan sy mentor, Glenn Morris, wat hom tydens sy dwelm bedorven vroeë jare gehelp het.
Nadine Gordimer
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Nadine Gordimer (born 20 November 1923) is a South African writer, political activist and recipient of the 1991 Nobel Prize in Literature. She was recognized as a woman "who through her magnificent epic writing has – in the words of Alfred Nobel – been of very great benefit to humanity". Nadine Gordimer (gebore 20 November 1923) is 'n Suid-Afrikaanse skrywer, politieke aktivis en ontvanger van die 1991 Nobelprys vir Letterkunde. In die woorde van Alfred Nobel – is sy erken as 'n vrou wat deur haar pragtige epiese skryfwerk 'n baie groot voordeel vir die mensdom was.
Gordimer's writing has long dealt with moral and racial issues, particularly apartheid in South Africa. Under that regime, works such as July's People were banned. She was active in the anti- apartheid movement, joining the African National Congress during the days when the organization was banned. She has recently been active in HIV/AIDS causes. Gordimer se skryfwerk het met morele en rasse-aangeleenthede gedeel, veral apartheid in Suid-Afrika. Onder die regime, is werke soos July's People verban. Sy was aktief in die anti- apartheidsbeweging, en aangestuil by die African National Congress in die dae toe die organisasie verban was. Sy het onlangs aktief geraak in MIV/VIGS.
Video no 23: Mandoza Nkalakatha Video nr 23: Mandoza Nkalakatha
Activity 27: Women and men in culture Aktiwiteit 27: Vroue en mans in die kultuur
1. Choose a South African artist and find out more about that person. Kies 'n Suid-Afrikaanse kunstenaar en vind meer oor daardie persoon uit. 2. Collect pictures and information and make a poster about how that person contributes to South Africa’s cultural life. Versamel prente en inligting en maak 'n plakkaat oor hoe daardie persoon by dra tot Suid-Afrika se kulturele lewe.
CHAPTER 5: SAME AND DIFFERENT HOOFSTUK 5: DIESELFDE EN VERSKILLEND • Unit 5.2: Keeping society going Eenheid 5.2: Hou die samelewing aan die gang
On the news we hear about famous people. We hardly ever hear about the many ordinary people who keep our country working such as the police, taxi drivers, soldiers, street cleaners,
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people who look after babies, construction workers, people who look after the sick and factory workers. Op die nuus hoor ons van beroemde mense. Ons hoor skaars ooit van die baie gewone mense wat ons land aanhou werk soos die polisie, taxibestuurders, soldate, straat skoonmakers, mense wat na babas kyk, konstruksie werkers, mense wat na die siekes kyk en die fabriek werkers.
Women and men do many different kinds of work. Some work is paid and some work is not. But it is all important and helps put food on the table, keep families together, children at school and society moving along. Vroue en mans doen baie verskillende soorte werk. Sommige werk betaal en ander nie. Maar dit is al wat belangrik is en help om kos op die tafel te sit, hou families saam, kinders by die skool en help die gemeenskap om saam te beweeg.
In class time look at these pictures and discuss the work men and women do. In klas tyd kyk na hierdie prente en bespreek die werk van mans en vroue.
• What are all the different jobs being done here? Wat is al die verskillende soorte werk wat hier gedoen word? • Which jobs are paid? Which ones are not paid? If someone is not paid for the work they do, does that make the work any less important? Watter werk word betaal? Watter word nie betaal nie? As iemand nie betaal word vir die werk wat hulle doen nie, maak dit die werk minder belangrik? • Are there some jobs that only men or only women should do? Why do you think so? Is daar sommige werke wat net mans of net vroue moet doen? Hoekom dink jy so? Warning! This information is protected by copyright laws and may not be copied or re-produced. Report violations c/o www.cyberschoolsa.com.
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Activity 28: Keeping society going Aktiwiteit 28: Hou die samelewing aan die gang
Look at the picture below and answer the questions. Kyk na die prentjie hieronder en beantwoord die vrae.
1. What would happen to this town if all the people suddenly stopped doing their work? Wat sou gebeur met hierdie dorp as al die mense skielik sou ophou om hul werk te doen? 2. Do we need the contributions of ordinary people to keep our society going? Het ons die bydraes van gewone mense nodig om ons samelewing aan die gang te hou?
(From: Shuter & Shooter) / (Van: Shuter & Shooter)
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CHAPTER 5: SAME AND DIFFERENT HOOFSTUK 5: DIESELFDE EN VERSKILLEND • Unit 5.3: Women and men in politics Eenheid 5.3: Vroue en mans in die politiek
Men and women are equal in South Africa’s democracy. Women and men vote and are elected into local, regional and national government. Women and men have worked together to establish a fair and democratic government in South Africa. Mans en vroue is gelyk in Suid-Afrika se demokrasie. Vroue en mans stem en word in plaaslike, streek-en nasionale regering verkies. Vroue en mans het saam gewerk om 'n regverdige en demokratiese regering tot stand te bring in Suid-Afrika.
Let’s have a look at some of the politicians in South Africa. Kom on kyk nasommige van die politici in Suid-Afrika.
Nelson Mandela and Graca Machel / Nelson Mandela en Graca Machel
Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela (born 18 July 1918) is a South African anti-apartheid revolutionary and politician who served as President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999. He was the first black South African to hold the office, and the first elected in a fully representative, multiracial election. Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela (gebore 18 Julie 1918) is 'n Suid-Afrikaanse anti-apartheid revolusionêre en politikus wat vanaf 1994 as President van Suid-Afrika gedien het tot 1999. Hy was die eerste swart Suid-Afrikaner wat die amp beklee het, en die eerste verkose in 'n ten volle verteenwoordigende, veelrassige verkiesing.
His government focused on dismantling the legacy of apartheid through tackling institutionalised racism, poverty and inequality, and fostering racial reconciliation. Politically an African nationalist and democratic socialist, he served as the President of the African National Congress (ANC) from 1991 to 1997. Internationally, Mandela was the Secretary General of the Non-Aligned Movement from 1998 to 1999. Sy regering fokus op die aftakeling van die nalatenskap van apartheid deur die aanpak van geïnstitusionaliseerde rassisme, armoede en ongelykheid, en die bevordering van rasse- versoening. Polities 'n Afrika-nasionalistiese en demokratiese sosialistiese, het hy gedien as die president van die African National Congress (ANC) 1991-1997. Internasionaal, wa Mandela die sekretaris-generaal van die Beweging van Onverbonde Lande 1998-1999.
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A Xhosa born to the Thembu royal family, Mandela attended Fort Hare University and the University of Witwatersrand, where he studied law. Living in Johannesburg, he became involved in anti-colonial politics, joining the ANC and becoming a founding member of its Youth League. 'n Xhosa-gebore in die Thembu koninklike familie, Mandela het gestudeer by die Fort Hare Universiteit en die Universiteit van die Witwatersrand, waar hy regte gestudeer het. Waar hy in Johannesburg woon, het hy betrokke geraak by anti-koloniale politiek en by die ANC aangesluit en word 'n stigterslid van die Jeugliga.
After the Afrikaner nationalists of the National Party came to power in 1948 and began implementing the policy of apartheid, he rose to prominence in the ANC's 1952 Defiance Campaign, was elected President of the Transvaal ANC Branch and oversaw the 1955 Congress of the People. Working as a lawyer, he was repeatedly arrested for seditious activities and, with the ANC leadership, was prosecuted in the Treason Trial from 1956 to 1961 but was found not guilty. Although initially committed to non-violent protest, in association with the South African Communist Party he co-founded the militant Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK) in 1961, leading a bombing campaign against government targets. In 1962 he was arrested, convicted of sabotage and conspiracy to overthrow the government, and sentenced to life imprisonment in the Rivonia Trial. Na afloop van die Afrikaner-nasionaliste van die Nasionale Party wat aan bewind gekom het in 1948 en die implementering van die beleid van apartheid begin het, het hy na vore gekom in die prominensie van die ANC se 1952 Versetveldtog, is verkies tot president van die Transvaalse ANC-tak en toesig gehou oor die 1955 Congress of the People. Hy is herhaaldelik in hegtenis geneem toe hy as prokureur gewerk het vir die opruiende aktiwiteite en met die ANC-leierskap, is hy vervolg in die Hoogverraadverhoor 1956-1961 maar is onskuldig bevind. Hoewel aanvanklik verbind tot nie-gewelddadige protes, in samewerking met die Suid-Afrikaanse Kommunistiese Party het hy mede-stigter van die militante Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK) in 1961 gevind, wat lei tot die bombardement veldtog teen die regering se teikens. Hy is in 1962 in hegtenis geneem, skuldig bevind van sabotasie en sameswering om die regering omver te werp, en tot lewenslange tronkstraf gevonnis in die Rivonia-verhoor.
Mandela served 27 years in prison, first on Robben Island, and later in Pollsmoor Prison and Victor Verster Prison. An international campaign lobbied for his release, which was granted in 1990 amid escalating civil strife. Becoming ANC President, Mandela published his autobiography and led negotiations with President F.W. de Klerk to abolish apartheid and establish multiracial elections in 1994, in which he led the ANC to victory. He was elected President and formed a Government of National Unity in an attempt to defuse ethnic tensions. As President, he established a new constitution and initiated the Truth and Reconciliation Commission to investigate past human rights abuses. Continuing the former government's liberal economic policy, his administration introduced measures to encourage land reform, combat poverty and expand healthcare services. Internationally, he acted as mediator between Libya and the United Kingdom in the Pan Am Flight 103 bombing trial, and oversaw military intervention in Lesotho. He declined to run for a second term, and was succeeded by his deputy Thabo Mbeki, subsequently becoming an elder statesman, focusing on charitable work in combating poverty and HIV/AIDS through the Nelson Mandela Foundation.
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Mandela het 27 jaar in die gevangenis uit gedien, eerste op Robbeneiland en later in die Pollsmoor-gevangenis en Victor Verster-gevangenis. 'n Internasionale bepleit veldtog vir sy vrylating, is in 1990 toegestaan is te midde van stygende burgerlike onrus. As die ANC- president, het Mandela sy outobiografie gepubliseer en onderhandelinge met President FW de Klerk gelei om apartheid af te skaf en veelrassige verkiesing in 1994 gevestig, waarin hy die ANC gelei het tot oorwinning. Hy is in 'n poging om etniese spanning te ontlont as President verkies en het 'n regering van nasionale eenheid gevorm. As President, het hy 'n nuwe grondwet gestig en het die Waarheid-en-Versoeningskommissie geïnisieer om menseregteskendings te ondersoek. Die voortsetting van die destydse regering se liberale ekonomiese beleid, administrasie maatreëls ingestel om grondhervorming aan te moedig, en armoede en gesondheidsorg dienste te bestry en uit te brei. Internasionaal, het hy opgetree as bemiddelaar tussen Libië en die Verenigde Koninkryk in die Pan Am vlug 103 bombardement verhoor, en toesig gehou oor die militêre ingryping in Lesotho. Hy het geweier om te hardloop vir 'n tweede termyn, en is opgevolg deur sy adjunk Thabo Mbeki, wat die staatsman geword het, wat fokus op liefdadigheids werk in die stryd teen armoede en MIV/VIGS deur die Nelson Mandela-stigting.
Controversial for much of his life, right-wing critics denounced Mandela as a terrorist and communist sympathiser. He has nevertheless received international acclaim for his anti-colonial and anti-apartheid stance, having received over 250 awards, including the 1993 Nobel Peace Prize, the US Presidential Medal of Freedom and the Soviet Order of Lenin. He is held in deep respect within South Africa, where he is often referred to by his Xhosa clan name of Madiba or as Tata meaning Father ; he is often described as "the father of the nation". Vir baie van sy lewe, het regse kritici Mandela veroordeel as 'n terroriste-en kommunistiese simpatiseerder. Hy het nietemin internasionale lof ontvang vir sy anti-koloniale en anti-apartheid houding, nadat hy meer as 250 toekennings ontvang het, waaronder hy die 1993 Nobelprys vir Vrede, die Amerikaanse presidensiële medalje van vryheid en die Sowjet-Orde van Lenin ontvang het. Hy is in 'n diep respek binne Suid-Afrika gehou, waar hy dikwels verwys word na sy Xhosa-stam naam Madiba of as Tata wat Vader betekn, en hy word dikwels beskryf as "die vader van die nasie".
Graça Machel DBE, (born 17 October 1945) is a Mozambican politician and humanitarian. She is the third wife of former South African president Nelson Mandela and the widow of Mozambican president Samora Machel. She is an international advocate for women’s and children’s rights and in 1997 was made a British dame for her humanitarian work. Graça Machel DBE, (gebore 17 Oktober 1945) is 'n Mosambiekse politikus en humanitêre. Sy is die derde vrou van die voormalige Suid-Afrikaanse president Nelson Mandela en die weduwee van die Mosambiekse president Samora Machel. Sy is 'n internasionale kampvegter/advokaat vir vroue en kinders se regte en in 1997 is sy 'n Britse dame vir haar humanitêre werk gemaak.
Graça Machel is the only person in history to have been first spouse of two different African countries, serving as the First Lady of Mozambique from 1975 to 1986 and the First Lady of South Africa from 1998 to 1999.
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Graça Machel is die enigste persoon in die geskiedenis wat die eerste eggenoot van twee verskillende Afrika-lande was, wat dien as die eerste dame “First Lady” van Mosambiek 1975- 1986 en die eerste dame “First Lady” van Suid-Afrika 1998-1999.
Born in rural Incadine, Gaza Province, Portuguese East Africa, she attended Methodist mission schools before gaining a scholarship to the University of Lisbon in Portugal, where she studied German and first became involved in independence issues. She is also fluent in French, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese and English, as well as her native Tsonga. She returned to Portuguese East Africa in 1973, joined the Mozambican Liberation Front (Frelimo) and became a schoolteacher. Gebore in landelike Incadine, Gaza Provinsie, Portugees Oos-Afrika, het sy Metodiste sending skole bygewoon voor die verkryging van 'n beurs aan die Universiteit van Lissabon in Portugal, waar sy Duits studeer het en eerste by onafhanklikheid kwessies betrokke geword het. Sy is ook vlot in Frans, Spaans, Italiaans, Portugees en Engels, sowel as haar moedertaal Tsonga. Sy keer terug na Portugese Oos-Afrika in 1973, word deel van die Mosambiekse Liberation Front (Frelimo) en het 'n onderwyseres geword.
Following Mozambique's independence in 1975, Machel was appointed Minister for Education and Culture. She married Samora Machel the same year. Following her retirement from the Mozambique ministry, Machel was appointed as the expert in charge of producing the ground- breaking United Nations report on the impact of armed conflict on children. Her first husband died in a plane crash over South Africa in 1986. Deur die volging van die Mosambiek se onafhanklikheid in 1975, is Machel benoem as Minister van Onderwys en Kultuur. Sy is getroud met Samora Machel dieselfde jaar. Na haar aftrede uit die Mosambiekse ministerie is Machel aangestel as die kenner in beheer van die vervaardiging van die verslag grond-breek “ground-breaking” Verenigde Nasies oor die impak van gewapende konflik op kinders. Haar eerste man is dood in 'n vliegongeluk in Suid-Afrika in 1986.
Machel received the 1995 Nansen Medal from the United Nations in recognition of her longstanding humanitarian work, particularly on behalf of refugee children. Machel het die 1995 Nansen medalje van die Verenigde Nasies in erkenning van haar jarelange humanitêre werk, veral namens vlugtelinge kinders ontvang.
She married South African President Nelson Mandela on 18 July 1998, his 80th birthday. In 1998, she was one of the two winners of the North-South Prize. Sy is getroud met Suid-Afrikaanse president Nelson Mandela op 18 Julie 1998 op sy 80ste verjaardag. In 1998, was sy een van die twee wenners van die Noord-Suid-prys.
Machel currently serves as the chair of the Association of European Parliamentarians with Africa (AWEPA) Eminent Advisory Board. Machel dien tans as die voorsitter van die Vereniging van Europese parlementariërs met Afrika (AWEPA) Eminent Adviesraad.
Helen Zille
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Helen Zille (legal name Otta Helene Maree née Zille ; born 9 March 1951) is the Premier of the Western Cape, a member of the Western Cape Provincial Parliament, leader of South Africa's opposition Democratic Alliance political party, and a former Mayor of Cape Town. Helen Zille (wettige naam Otta Helene Maree née Zille, gebore 9 Maart 1951) is die Premier van die Wes-Kaap, 'n lid van die Wes-Kaapse Provinsiale Parlement, leier van Suid-Afrika se opposisie Demokratiese Alliansie politieke party, en 'n voormalige burgemeester van Kaapstad .
Zille is a former journalist and anti-apartheid activist, and was one of the journalists who exposed the truth behind the death of Black Consciousness leader Steve Biko while working for the Rand Daily Mail in the late 1970s. She also worked with the Black Sash and other pro- democracy groups during the 1980s. In the political arena, Zille has worked in all three tiers of government – as the Western Cape province's education MEC (1999–2004), as a Member of Parliament (2004–2006), as Mayor of Cape Town (2006–2009), and as Premier of the Western Cape (2009–present). Zille is 'n voormalige joernalis en anti-apartheid-aktivis, en was een van die joernaliste wat die waarheid agter die dood van Swart Bewussyn-leier Steve Biko blootgestel het terwyl sy vir die Rand Daily Mail in die laat 1970's gewerk het. Sy het ook saam met die Black Sash en ander pro-demokrasie groepe gedurende die 1980's gewerk. In die politieke arena, het Zille in al drie vlakke van die regering gewerk - as die Wes-Kaap provinsie se LUR vir onderwys (1999-2004), as 'n lid van die Parlement (2004-2006), as burgemeester van Kaapstad (2006-2009), en as Premier van die Wes-Kaap (2009-hede).
Zille's work as mayor, and in particular her successes in tackling crime, drug abuse and unemployment in Cape Town, led to her selection as World Mayor of the Year in 2008 - from a field of 820 candidates. She was also chosen as Newsmaker of the year 2006 by the National Press Club in July 2007, and is a former finalist in the South African Woman of the Year Award. Zille speaks English, Afrikaans, and Xhosa as well as German, the language of her parents. Zille se werk as burgemeester, en in die besonder haar sukses in die stryd teen misdaad, dwelmmisbruik en werkloosheid in Kaapstad, het gelei tot haar verkissing as Wêreld burgemeester “World Mayor” van die Jaar in 2008 - uit 'n gebied van 820 kandidate. Sy is ook gekies as Nuusmaker van die jaar 2006 deur die Nasionale Persklub in Julie 2007, en is 'n voormalige finalis in die Suid-Afrikaanse vrou van die Jaar-toekenning. Zille praat Engels, Afrikaans, Xhosa sowel as Duits, die taal van haar ouers.
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Thabo Mbeki and Frene Ginwala / Thabo Mbeki en Frene Ginwala
Thabo Mvuyelwa Mbeki (born 18 June 1942) is a South African politician who served nine years as the second post-apartheid President of South Africa from 14 June 1999 to 24 September 2008. On 20 September 2008, with about nine months left in his second term, Mbeki announced his resignation after being recalled by the African National Congress's National Executive Committee, following a conclusion by Judge Nicholson of improper interference in the National Prosecuting Authority (NPA), including the prosecution of Jacob Zuma for corruption. Thabo Mbeki Mvuyelwa (gebore 18 Junie 1942) is 'n Suid-Afrikaanse politikus wat nege jaar vanaf 14 Junie 1999 gedien as die tweede post-apartheid president van Suid-Afrika tot 24 September 2008. Op 20 September 2008, met sowat nege maande oor van sy tweede termyn, het Mbeki sy bedanking aangekondig nadat hy teruggeroep is deur die African National Congress se Nasionale Uitvoerende Komitee, na aanleiding van 'n gevolgtrekking deur Regter Nicholson van onbehoorlike inmenging in die Nasionale Vervolgingsgesag (NV), insluitend die vervolging van Jacob Zuma vir korrupsie.
On 12 January 2009, the Supreme Court of Appeal unanimously overturned Judge Nicholson's judgment but the resignation stood. Op 12 Januarie 2009 het die Appèlhof eenparig Regter Nicholson se uitspraak omgeslaan, maar die bedanking het gestaan.
Thabo Mbeki was the executive face of government in South Africa from 1994. During his time in office the economy grew at an average rate of 4.5% per year. Mbeki created employment in the middle sectors of the economy and oversaw a fast-growing black middle class with the implementation of Black Economic Empowerment (BEE). This growth exacerbated the demand for trained professionals strained by emigration due to violent crime, but failed to address unemployment amongst the unskilled bulk of the population. Thabo Mbeki was die uitvoerende aangesig van die regering in Suid-Afrika vanaf 1994. Gedurende sy tyd in die kantoor het die ekonomie gegroei teen 'n gemiddelde rente koers van 4,5% per jaar. Mbeki het werk geskep in die middel sektore van die ekonomie en toesig gehou oor 'n vinnig groeiende swart middelklas met die implementering van Swart Ekonomiese Bemagtiging (BEE). Hierdie groei vererger die vraag na opgeleide professionele gespanne deur emigrasie weens gewelddadige misdaad, maar versuim om werkloosheid onder die ongeskoolde grootste deel van die bevolking aan te spreek.
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He attracted the bulk of Africa's Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and made South Africa the focal point of African growth. He was the architect of NEPAD whose aim is to develop an integrated socio-economic development framework for Africa. He also oversaw the successful building of economic bridges to BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India and China) nations with the eventual formation of the India-Brazil-South Africa (IBSA) Dialogue Forum to "further political consultation and co-ordination as well as strengthening sectoral co-operation, and economic relations". Hy het die grootste gedeelte van Afrika se direkte buitelandse beleggings (FDI) en het Suid- Afrika die fokuspunt van Afrika groei gemaak. Hy was die argitek van NEPAD wie se doel is om 'n geïntegreerde sosio-ekonomiese ontwikkeling raamwerk vir Afrika te ontwikkel. Hy het ook toesig gehou oor die bou van suksesvolle ekonomiese brûe BRIC (Brasilië, Rusland, Indië en China) lande met die uiteindelike vorming van die Indië-Brasilië-Suid-Afrika (IBSA) Dialoog Forum 'n verdere politieke konsultasie en koördinasie sowel as versterk sektorale samewerking en ekonomiese verhoudings.
Mbeki has mediated in difficult and complex issues on the African continent including Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Côte d'Ivoire, and some important peace agreements. He oversaw the transition from the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) to the African Union (AU). His 'quiet diplomacy' in Zimbabwe, however, is blamed for protracting the survival of Robert Mugabe's regime at the cost of thousands of lives and intense economic pressure on Zimbabwe's neighbours. He became a vocal leader of the Non-Aligned Movement in the United Nations and while leveraging South Africa's seat on the Security Council. Mbeki has received worldwide criticism for his AIDS stance. Mbeki het bemiddel in moeilike en komplekse kwessies op die Afrika-kontinent, insluitend Burundi, die Demokratiese Republiek van die Kongo (DRK), die Ivoorkus, en 'n paar belangrike vrede ooreenkomste. Hy was betrokke by die oorgang van die Organisasie vir Afrika-eenheid (OAE) vir die Afrika-unie (AU). Sy 'stille diplomasie' in Zimbabwe, is blameer vir die verlenging van die oorlewing van Robert Mugabe se regime ten koste van duisende lewens en intense ekonomiese druk op Zimbabwe se bure. Hy het 'n stem leier van die Beweging van Onverbonde Lande in die Verenigde Nasies geword terwyl hy Suid-Afrika se sitplek op die Veiligheidsraad benuttig het. Mbeki het wêreldwyd kritiek vir sy VIGS houding ontvang.
He questions the link between viruses and AIDS and believes that the correlation between poverty and the AIDS rate in Africa was a challenge to the viral theory of AIDS. His fate was not helped by Health Minister Manto Tshabalala-Msimang and the overhaul of the pharmaceutical industry in South Africa. The delay in distributing antiretroviral drugs is attributed to the ban he placed on their use in public state hospitals, and is also linked to the estimated deaths of some hundreds of thousands. Thabo Mbeki has also been criticised for responding to negative comments made about his government by accusing critics of racism. Hy bevraagteken die skakel tussen virusse en vigs en is van mening dat die korrelasie tussen armoede en die vigs koers in Afrika 'n uitdaging aan die virale teorie van vigs was. Sy lot is nie aangehelp deur die Minister van Gesondheid, Manto Tshabalala-Msimang en die opknapping van die farmaseutiese bedryf in Suid-Afrika nie. Die vertraging in die verspreiding van anti- retrovirale middels word toegeskryf aan die verbod wat hy op die gebruik geplaas het in openbare staatshospitale, en is ook gekoppel aan die beraamde sterftes van 'n paar honderde
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duisende. Thabo Mbeki is ook gekritiseer vir die manier waarop hy reageer het op negatiewe opmerkings gemaak oor sy regering deur beskuldig kritici van rassisme.
He is also the brother of Moeletsi Mbeki. Hy is ook die broer van Moeletsi Mbeki.
Frene Noshir Ginwala (born 25 April 1932) is a South African journalist and politician who was the Speaker of the National Assembly of South Africa from 1994 to 2004. Frene Noshir Ginwala (gebore 25 April 1932) is 'n Suid-Afrikaanse joernalis en politikus wat die Spreker van die Nasionale Vergadering van Suid-Afrika vanaf 1994 tot 2004 was.
Frene Ginwala is an Indian South African from the Parsi-Indian community of western India. Dr Frene Ginwala studied for a DPhil at Linacre College, Oxford. Frene Ginwala is 'n Indiese Suid-Afrikaanse uit die Parsi-Indiese gemeenskap van Wes-Indië. Dr Frene Ginwala vir 'n DPhil in Linacre College, Oxford gestudeer.
Dr Frene Ginwala was appointed as the first chancellor of the University of KwaZulu-Natal in April 2005 and is currently serving a four year term. She is one of only four female University Chancellors in South Africa. Dr Frene Ginwala is aangestel as die eerste kanselier van die Universiteit van KwaZulu-Natal in April 2005 en is tans in diens vir ‘n termyn van vier jaar. Sy is een van slegs vier vroulike Universiteit Kanseliers in Suid-Afrika.
Patricia de Lille
Patricia de Lille (born 17 February 1951) is a South African politician and Mayor of Cape Town. She is also, concurrently, the leader of the Independent Democrats, a South African political party which she formed in 2003 during a floor-crossing window. On 15 August 2010, the ID merged with the Democratic Alliance, South Africa's official opposition, and de Lille has taken on dual party membership. Patricia de Lille (gebore 17 Februarie 1951) is 'n Suid-Afrikaanse politikus en burgemeester van Kaapstad. Sy is ook, saam, die leier van die Onafhanklike Demokrate, 'n Suid-Afrikaanse politieke party wat in 2003 gestig is tydens 'n oorlopery venster. Op 15 Augustus 2010, die ID saamgesmelt met die Demokratiese Alliansie, Suid-Afrika se amptelike opposisie, en de Lille het lidmaatskap oor die twee party geneem.
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On 14 March 2011, De Lille beat Grant Pascoe, Shehaam Sims and incumbent Dan Plato to become the DA's mayoral candidate in Cape Town, ahead of the 2011 local government elections. She was declared the mayor-elect by the IEC on 20 May 2011. De Lille was voted 22nd in the Top 100 Great South Africans, and is noted for her role in investigations into the country's controversial Arms Deal. Op 14 Maart 2011 het De Lille Grant Pascoe, Shehaam Sims en gevestigde Dan Plato geklop (gewen) na sy DA se burgemeesterskandidaat in Kaapstad geword het, voor die 2011 plaaslike verkiesings. Sy was verkies as burgemeester deur die OVK op 20 Mei 2011. De Lille was 22ste in die Top 100 Great South Africans, en is bekend vir haar rol in die ondersoek na die land se omstrede wapentransaksie.
Adelaide Tambo
Adelaide "Mama" Tambo SCOB (18 July 1929 – 31 January 2007) was a prominent anti- apartheid activist, political exile, and regarded as a hero of the liberation struggle against apartheid in South Africa. Adelaide "Mama" Tambo SCOB (18 July 1929-1931 Januarie 2007) was 'n prominente anti- apartheid-aktivis, politieke ballingskap, en beskou as 'n held van die vryheidstryd teen apartheid in Suid-Afrika.
Born as Adelaide Frances Tshukudu , she was affectionately known as Mama Tambo in South Africa. She was involved in South African politics for five decades and was married to the late Oliver Tambo, president of the African National Congress (ANC), from 1956 until his death from a stroke in 1993. They had three (3) children; one of whom, their son, Dali, is a television talk- show personality. Gebore as Adelaide Frances Tshukudu , is sy ook bekend as Mama Tambo in Suid-Afrika. Sy was betrokke by die Suid-Afrikaanse politiek vir vyf dekades en was getroud met wyle Oliver Tambo, president van die African National Congress (ANC), van 1956 tot en met sy dood aan 'n beroerte in 1993. Hulle het drie (3) kinders, van wie een, hul seun, Dali, is 'n televisie-praat- program persoonlikheid is.
Following the end of apartheid, she served as a member of parliament from 1994 to 1999. Adelaide Tambo received the Order of the Baobab in Gold, one of the highest honours bestowed by the post-1994 South African government. The South African Anglican Church awarded her the Order of Simon of Cyrene, the highest award given to laypeople for distinguished service. Na aanleiding van die einde van apartheid, het sy gedien as 'n lid van die parlement 1994-1999.
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Adelaide Tambo het die Orde van die Baobab in Goud, een van die hoogste eerbewyse deur die post-1994 Suid-Afrikaanse regering ontvang. Die Suid-Afrikaanse Anglikaanse Kerk het aan haar die Orde van Simon van Sirene toegeken, die hoogste toekenning gegee aan leken vir voortreflike diens.
Tambo died on 31 January 2007, aged 77 at her home in Johannesburg, South Africa from undisclosed causes. Tambo sterf op 31 Januarie 2007, tussen die ouderdomme van 77 by haar huis in Johannesburg, Suid-Afrika van onbekende oorsake.
She was buried next to her husband in her home town of Wattville on 10 February 2007. The service was held in a stadium and led by Anglican Archbishop Njongonkulu Ndungane. Among the thousands of mourners were presidents Thabo Mbeki and Nelson Mandela. Sy is langs haar man begrawe in haar huis gemeente van Wattville op 10 Februarie 2007. Die diens is in 'n stadion gehou en gelei deur die Anglikaanse aartsbiskop Njongonkulu Ndungane. Onder die duisende roubeklaers was presidente Thabo Mbeki en Nelson Mandela.
Trevor Manuel
Trevor Andrew Manuel (born 31 January 1956) is a South African politician, currently serving in the Cabinet of South Africa as Minister in the Presidency in charge of the National Planning Commission. Previously he was the Minister of Finance from 1996 to 2009, during the presidencies of Nelson Mandela, Thabo Mbeki and Kgalema Motlanthe; he was one of the country's longest-serving finance ministers. In May 2009, he was re-assigned to head up a National Planning Commission by President Jacob Zuma shortly after the latter's inauguration. Trevor Andrew Manuel (gebore 31 Januarie 1956) is 'n Suid-Afrikaanse politikus, wat tans in diens van die Kabinet van Suid-Afrika as Minister in die presidensie in beheer van die Nasionale Beplanningskommissie. Voorheen was hy die Minister van Finansies 1996-2009, tydens die presidentskap van Nelson Mandela, Thabo Mbeki en Kgalema Motlanthe, was hy een van die land se langsdienende ministers van finansies. In Mei 2009 is hy weer opgedra aan die hoof van 'n Nasionale Beplanningskommissie deur President Jacob Zuma kort ná laasgenoemde se inhuldiging.
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Video no 24: What is Politics? Who or what is a Politician? Another Perspective Video nr 24: Wat is Politiek? Wie of wat is 'n Politikus? 'n Ander Perspektief
Activity 29: Women and men in politics Aktiwiteit 29: Vroue en mans in die politiek
1. Choose one of the politicians whom you find interesting, and find out more about that person. Kies een van die politici wat jy interessant vind, en vind meer oor daardie persoon uit.
CHAPTER 5: SAME AND DIFFERENT HOOFSTUK 5: DIESELFDE EN VERSKILLEND • Unit 5.4: Religions in South Africa Eenheid 5.4: Godsdienste in Suid-Afrika
Where did the world come from? / Waar het die wêreld vandaan gekom? What happens when we die? / Wat gebeur wanneer ons sterf? What are we here for? / Wat is ons hier voor?
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People in South Africa and all over the world have different answers to questions like the questions in the picture above. For many people, the answers depend on their religion. Most religions have a god or gods that give answers to these questions. Mense in Suid-Afrika en regoor die wêreld het verskillende antwoorde op vrae soos die vrae in die prente hierbo. Vir baie mense, is die antwoorde afhanklik van hul godsdiens. Die meeste godsdienste het 'n god of gode wat antwoorde op hierdie vrae gee.
The pictures below show the ceremonies that different religions use to celebrate birth, becoming an adult and death. Die prente hieronder toon die seremonies wat verskillende godsdienste gebruik om geboorte te vier, 'n volwassene wor en die dood.
Christianity / Christenskap
Wanneer 'n Christen kind gedoop word endie ouers en peetouers belowe dat die kind groot gemaak sal word as 'n Christen. Die kind kry 'n Christelike (eerste) naam.
Op bevestiging, bevestig kinders hulle geloof. Bevestigende kinders kan die nagmaal (brood en wyn) neem om hulle te herinner aan Christus se lewe en dood.
Op 'n Christelike begrafnis, dra mense donker klere om hul respek vir die dooies te wys. Die blomme herinner mense dat die lewe kort en kragtig is.
Judaism / Judaïsme
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Joodse baba seuns word besny en word hulle name by 'n seremonie gegee genaamd brit milah . Dit word gedoen wanneer die baba agt dae oud is.
Op hul bar mitzvah , word 13-jaar-oue Joodse seuns volwassenes in die oë van die Joodse gemeenskap. Hulle lees uit die Torah in Hebreeus in die sinagoge.
Jode word begrawe in eenvoudige kiste so gou moontlik na hulle dood. Die familie van die dooie persoon moet rou vir sewe dae.
Islam / Islam
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By die naamgewing fees genoem aqiqah , word Moslem baba se kop geskeer en gesprinkel met heilige water. Dit word gedoen wanneer die baba sewe dae oud is.
Teen die tyd dat hulle puberteit bereik, moet jong Moslem-kinders reeds geleer wees hoe om die salah (Moslem gebede) te doen en om die pligte van 'n Moslem te verstaan.
Wanneer 'n Moslem sterf, word die liggaam geklee in 'n wit doek en begrawe binne 24 uur. Die liggaam is begrawe in die en staar in die rigting van Mecca waar Mohammed gebore is.
Hinduism / Hindoeïsme
'n Pasgebore baba Hindu word gewas en die woord AUM word geskryf op sy tong met 'n goue pen gedoop in heuning. AUM staan vir die name van drie gode Vishnu, Shiva en Brahma.
Wanneer Hindoe seuns sewe jaar oud is word hulle 'n heilige draad gedurende die Upanayana seremonie gegee. Die seuns leer hoe om die gebede genoem mantras te sê en verstaan die Hindoe-geloof.
Op 'n Hindoe begrafnis, is die liggaam gewas en toegedraai in wit. Koper muntstukke word op die oë gesit en die liggaam word op 'n hoop sandelhout stompe verbrand. Drie dae later word die as versamel en verspreid op 'n rivier.
Buddhism / Boeddhisme
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Heilige drade word vasgemaak om 'n Boeddhistiese baba se polse om 'n gees genoem Khwan wat kyk na die baba te verwelkom.
In Thailand, word van alle seuns verwag om te studeer en te werk op die grond by 'n klooster vir ten minste drie maande. Hulle skeer hul koppe wanneer hulle die klooster betree.
Wanneer Boeddhiste sterf word die liggaam gewas, toegedraai in lap en in ‘n kis gesit omring met kerse, blomme, wierook, en foto's van die dooie persoon. Die meeste Boeddhiste word veras.
African traditional religion / Tradisionele Afrika-godsdiens
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Wanneer die Inkaba (naelstring) van 'n jong baba afval, word dit begrawe in 'n plek wat die kind se 'plek van geboorte word. Dan is daar 'n seremonie waar die kind blootgestel of voorgestel word aan die gemeenskap. 'n Dier word op geoffer en die vel word vir die baba gegee.
Gedurende puberteit word seuns en meisies deur 'n inlywingsritueel besig om hul volwassenes te merk. Hulle word deur die ouderlinge geleer en die seuns word besny.
In die tradisionele Afrika-godsdiens, is jou voorouers jou skakel na die Skepper so dit is belangrik om te weet waar hulle begrawe is en hulle met respek te behandel.
All religions have rules that people who follow that religion must try to live by. They also have special ways of celebrating the major events in a person’s life like being born, becoming an adult member of the religion and dying. The pictures above describe the ceremonies that different religions use to celebrate each event. In many of the ceremonies, the youth have special lessons in the beliefs, customs and laws of their religion. Alle godsdienste het reëls wat mense wat die godsdiens volg, moet probeer om daar volgens te leef. Hulle het ook 'n spesiale manier van die viering van die belangrikste gebeure in 'n persoon se lewe, soos geboorte, om 'n volwasse lid van die godsdiens te word en sterfte. Die prente hierbo beskryf die seremonies wat verskillende godsdienste gebruik om elke gebeurtenis te vier. In baie van die seremonies, het die jeug spesiale lesse in die oortuigings, gebruike en wette van hul godsdiens.
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Most religions have a holy book. Die meeste godsdienste het 'n heilige boek.
• Christians have the Bible, Christene het die Bybel, • Jews have the Old Testament of the Bible and the Jode het die Ou Testament van die Bybel en die • Talmud, Muslims have the Koran, Talmud, Moslems het die Koran, • Hindus have the Vedas and Hindoes het die Vedas en • Buddhists have the Tripitaka. Boeddhiste het die Tripitaka.
Most religions have leaders (or groups of people) who spend their lives helping other people live by the rules of the religion. Die meeste godsdienste het leiers (of groepe van mense) wat hul lewens spandeer om ander mense te leer leef deur die reëls van die godsdiens na tekom.
• Christians have priests or ministers, Christene het priesters of predikante, • Jews have rabbis,
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Jode het rabbi, • Muslims have imams, Moslems het imams, • Hindus have swamis and Hindoes het swamis en • Buddhists have monks. Boeddhiste het monnike.
Many religions believe in life after death. Baie godsdienste glo in lewe na die dood.
• Hindus and Buddhists believe that your soul or spirit is born over and over again in different lives and different bodies. This is called reincarnation. Hindoes en Boeddhiste glo dat jou siel of gees oor en oor weer gebore word in verskillende lewens en verskillende liggame. Dit word reïnkarnasie genoem. • Christians and Muslims believe that if you have lived a good life you will go to heaven when you die. Christene en Moslems glo dat as jy 'n goeie lewe geleef het, sal jy na die hemel gaan wanneer jy sterf. • Jews believe that when you die, your soul carries on living. Jode glo dat wanneer jy sterf, jou siel aanhou lewe. • In African traditional religion death is not seen as the end of life. They believe that spirit continues to live in the spiritual world as an ancestor. The ancestors are the link between the living and the spiritual world. In tradisionele Afrika-geloof word die dood nie gesien as die einde van die lewe nie. Hulle glo dat die gees steeds in die geestelike wêreld leef as 'n voorouer. Die voorvaders is die skakel tussen die lewende en die geestelike wêreld.
Video no 25: What is religion Video nr 25: Wat is godsdiens
Activity 30: Religions Aktiwiteir 30: Godsdienste
Please answer the following questions. Beantwoord asseblief die volgende vrae.
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1. Write a paragraph about a birth or death ceremony that you have been to. Write about what you did, what you saw, who was there and where it took place. Skryf 'n paragraaf oor 'n geboorte of dood seremonie wat jy al bygewoon het. Skryf oor wat jy gedoen het, wat jy gesien het, wie daar was en waar dit plaasgevind het. 2. What is the name of the holy book of each religion mentioned above? Wat is die naam van die heilige boek van elke godsdiens hierbo? 3. What is the name of the religious leader of each religion mentioned above? Wat is die naam van die godsdienstige leier van elke godsdiens hierbo? 4. What does each religion believe happens when you die? Wat glo elke godsdiens gebeur wanneer jy sterf?
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