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Mondo Ladino 2007 Mondo Ladino 31/2007 © 2007 Istitut Cultural Ladin Vich / Vigo di Fassa Duc i derc resservés MONDO LADINO Ann XXXI (2007) ISSN 1121-1121 Diretour responsabel Fabio Chiocchetti Condiretour Guntram A. Plangg Comité de Redazion Ulrike Kindl, Vigilio Iori, Maria Piccolin, Claus Soraperra, Carlo Suani, p. Fru men zio Ghetta, Ga brie le Iannàccaro, Cesare Poppi, Paul Videsott Secretera de Redazion Evelyn Bortolotti Projet grafi ch Giancarlo Stefanati Fotolito y Stampa Alcione, Lavis (TN) Gabriele Iannàccaro - Vittorio Dell'Aquila (a cura de / a cura di / Herausgegeben von) Doura dl lingaz ladin tles Valedes Ladines Usi linguistici nelle Valli Ladine Sprachgebrauch in den dolomitischen Tälern Ac dl convegn / Atti del convegno / Akten des Symposiums Vich / Vigo di Fassa 14-16.9.2006 Istitut Cultural Ladin “Majon di Fascegn” Presentazione 1. Sono qui riuniti gli atti del Congresso Internazionale Survey Ladins. Usi linguistici delle valli ladine, tenutosi a Trento e a Vigo di Fassa dal 14 al 16 settembre del 2006. In tale occasione studiosi italiani, europei e americani si sono riuniti per discutere la metodologia e per presentare prime analisi dei dati dell’inchiesta sociolinguistica appunto denominata Survey Ladins, e condotta negli anni prece- denti nelle valli ladine dolomitiche dal Centre d’Études Linguistiques pour l’Europe (CELE), in collaborazione con l’Università degli Studi dell’Aquila, il Forschungsstelle für Mehrsprachigkeit di Bruxelles e l’Istitut Cultural Ladin “Majon di Fascegn”, e con il patrocinio dell’Union Generela di Ladins dla Dolomites, dell’Istitut Cultural Ladin “Micurà de Rü”, dell’Istitut Pedagogich Ladin e della Regione Autonoma Trentino Alto Adige 1. La Survey Ladins è stata la prima inchiesta quantitativa ad ampio raggio impostata e condotta dal CELE, anche se non la prima a essere completata; indicazioni approfondite sulla metodologia utilizzata e proposte teoriche di analisi dei dati sono presenti nel volume, parallelo a questo, Survey Ladins. Usi linguistici nelle valli ladine, edito dalla Regione Autonome Trentino – Alto Adige / Südtirol ed elaborato da chi scrive; qui ci limitiamo a qualche brevissimo cenno di inquadramento che aiuti la lettura del saggi seguenti, tenendo presente che non è nostra intenzione quella di descrivere, nemmeno cursoriamente, la realtà sociolinguistica delle valli ladine. Ora, il fi ne delle inchieste quantitative del CELE è quello di ar- rivare ad una conoscenza il più possibile completa, e comunque omogenea, della situazione linguistica – particolarmente variegata – dell’aree prese di volta in volta in considerazione. Diversi possono essere gli obiettivi primari dei progetti, che tuttavia sono unifi cati da alcune istanze comuni: in primo luogo l’analisi dei livelli di uso e di conoscenza delle lingue presenti sui territori indagati, e ciò tramite una metodologia appositamente elaborata e applicata tramite specifi che inchieste sul campo; poi l’indagine della vitalità soggettiva e del prestigio linguistico e sociale raggiunto da ciascu- 1 Periodici resoconti dei lavori sono stati pubblicati a più riprese proprio nelle pagine di Mondo Ladino. 5 na delle varietà linguistiche usate dalle popolazioni locali; e, non ultima, la costituzione banche dati scientifi camente escussi e con- trollati a disposizione degli studiosi di linguistica e sociolinguistica interessati all’argomento. Le inchieste seguono un approccio globale ed insieme dettagliato delle realtà considerate: la conoscenza che i ricercatori hanno della situazione linguistica delle comunità europee di minoranza è spesso caratterizzata da una decisa frammentarietà di approcci, metodi e risultati che, se off rono la possibilità di – talora ottimi – carotaggi in profondità, raramente se non mai consentono una eff ettiva comparazione di dati e situazioni fra le diverse parti del dominio considerato. In sostanza, spesso e con le dovute eccezioni, per lo più iberiche, la letteratura scientifi ca attuale non consente al ricercatore di farsi un’idea totale, completa della situazione sociolinguistica delle aree più interessanti del multilinguismo europeo: si off rono cioè, accanto a panoramiche generali necessariamente di appro- fondimento limitato, studi numerosi e spesso assai validi dedicati a approfondire casi particolari o aree ristrette del territorio e della società, e talora caratterizzati da varietà di approcci metodologici. Una seconda caratteristica rilevante dei progetti di ricerca è costi- tuita dall’ampiezza e dalla rappresentatività statistica del campione intervistato, che si aggira attorno al 10% della popolazione resi- dente. Un tale campione, elaborato con metodologie statistiche, permette di assicurare un’altissima rappresentatività per comune, sesso e classi d’età dei dati raccolti. La collaborazione con gli uffi ci regionali e provinciali di statistica è dunque spesso di grande aiuto per l’individuazione e il campionamento delle popolazione. Dove è stato possibile fare una tale comparazione, i dati escussi mostrano una congruenza quasi assoluta con quelli raccolti dal censimento della Repubblica del 1995, condotto ovviamente sulla totalità dei residenti. I dati che vengono presentati al termine delle ricerche, e le aff er- mazioni di carattere scientifi co che su di essi si possono fare, sono così sostanziati da una base reale ed empiricamente controllabile, che sfugge ai pericoli della valutazione personale del ricercatore sulla realtà che ha di fronte. All’interno dell’Unione Europea alcune delle inchieste del CELE si pongono fra le più ampie e omogenee mai progettate. Le ricerche vengono condotte tramite questionari stampati, appo- sitamente elaborati in modo da adattarsi alle realtà locali così come alle esigenze scientifi che dei progetti; comprendono in genere un 6 centinaio di domande a struttura chiusa (multiple choice) e prevedo- no un tempo di compilazione di circa 20-25 minuti. Le domande, bilanciate e concepite in modo da permettere più di una verifi ca della coerenza interna delle risposte, si rivolgono principalmente al livello soggettivo dell’esperienza linguistica da parte del parlante. E questo per una duplice ragione: la prima è legata alle condizioni stesse della raccolta di dati linguistici con un questionario, estre- mamente problematica se pretende di accedere immediatamente al livello dell’oggettività. Il ricercatore non può controllare la realtà delle risposte, e l’informatore può non essere in grado di descrivere oggettivamente il suo comportamento linguistico. La seconda ragione è che, appunto per il suo contenuto soggettivo, le persone rispondono non tanto su che cosa fanno, con la lingua, ma su cosa ritengono di fare, ossia su cosa credono che bisognerebbe fare nelle situazioni linguistiche proposte. Ciò permette, una volta riconosciuta questa caratteristica dell’in- dagine con questionario, di sfruttarla a vantaggio del ricercatore, autorizzando valutazioni che accedano al livello della coscienza linguistica dei parlanti, alle condizioni del contatto linguistico per come lo vedono i parlanti, e che dunque abbiano un valore predittivo e rappresentativo della posizione “ideologica” della co- munità. L’inchiesta con questionario, se questo è appositamente bilanciato, si rivela dunque uno strumento assai sensibile, proprio in quelle situazioni dove alle varietà di lingue in compresenza si attribuiscono particolari valori identitari. Se ne ricava, fra l’altro, l’immagine che della lingua si fanno i residenti, immagine che può colorarsi di signifi cati ideologici, studiare i quali è indispensabile per la comprensione della situazione sociolinguistica, e prerequisito importante per ogni azione eventuale di normalizzazione e piani- fi cazione. Non si abbandona pertanto il versante dell’oggettività: i questionari sono redatti nelle lingue uffi ciali o in uso presso le comunità, e la scelta fra queste è libera da parte dell’informatore, ciò che fornisce al ricercatore indicazioni importanti sulla lingua eff ettivamente usata sul territorio; un tale dato può poi essere utilmente incrociato con quelli ideologici delle domande. D’altra parte il grande numero degli intervistati e delle domande del questionario, e l’accurata struttura- zione delle stesse consentono al ricercatore di farsi un’idea piuttosto precisa anche sulla reale situazione linguistica del dominio. Il questionario (nelle sue diverse versioni linguistiche) viene distri- buito comune per comune da incaricati locali, in genere studenti, che hanno prima partecipato a un breve corso apposito sulle 7 tecniche di presentazione dello stesso e che abbiano conoscenza delle lingue usate sul territorio; è poi lasciato un paio di giorni a casa dell’informatore, e quindi ritirato per essere inserito in un data-base relazionale appositamente preparato. Una breve indagine puramente qualitativa, studiata in collaborazione con psicologi e marketing reseacher, può essere prevista a chiusura e convalida delle inchieste quantitative. L’analisi dei dati tiene conto delle condizioni della raccolta, ed è volta alla descrizione sì, ma soprattutto all’interpretazione della situazione in chiave sociolinguistica e identitaria, con attenzione anche alle esigenze culturali e di eventuale rivitalizzazione lin- guistica degli enti collaboratori ai vari progetti. In quest’ottica si rivela particolarmente utile l’analisi, resa possibile dall’inchiesta, del rapporto fra lingua e appartenenza comunitaria e sui sentimenti di affi nità o distanziazione rispetto alle comunità vicine, o rispetto alle altre comunità linguistiche presenti sul territorio; così come la valutazione
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