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Zbrojní Průmysl Zemí V4 a Jeho Perspektivy Diplomová Práce

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Zbrojní Průmysl Zemí V4 a Jeho Perspektivy Diplomová Práce MASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA V BRNĚ Fakulta sociálních studií Katedra politologie Zbrojní průmysl zemí V4 a jeho perspektivy Diplomová práce Bc. Erik Jurásek (UČO 414727) Bezpečnostní a strategická studia Magisterské navazující studium imatrikulační ročník 2015 Vedoucí práce: Mgr. Josef Kraus, Ph.D. V Brně 30. 5. 2017 Prohlášení o autorství práce Prohlašuji, že jsem diplomovou práci na téma Zbrojní průmysl zemí V4 a jeho perspektivy vypracoval samostatně a použil jen zdroje uvedené v seznamu literatury. V Brně, 30. 5. 2017 ……………………………………………………. podpis Na tomto místě bych rád poděkoval Mgr. Josefovi Krausovi, Ph.D., za odborné vedení diplomové práce, cenné připomínky a za čas strávený při konzultacích. ANOTACE Diplomová práce se zabývá zbrojním průmyslem Visegrádské skupiny s primárním důrazem na léta 2006–2016. Cílem práce je komplexní zpracování této tematiky a nástin možných budoucích perspektiv spolupráce z toho vyplývajících. Teoretická část práce představuje klíčové pojmy zbrojního průmyslu za účelem pochopení podstaty zkoumané problematiky. Na základě analýzy dosavadní zbrojně-průmyslové spolupráce na úrovni organizací V4, NATO a EU a posléze komparace zemí V4 dle definovaných indikátorů ve stanoveném časovém horizontu 2006–2016 jsou přiblíženy oblasti možné spolupráce v letech nadcházejících. Klíčová slova: Armáda, Česká republika, Maďarsko, obranný průmysl, Polsko, Slovensko, V4, zbrojní průmysl ABSTRACT Diploma thesis deals with arms industry of Visegrad Group with the main emphasis on the years 2006–2016. The goal of this work is complex processing of this theme and outline of possible future perspectives of cooperation. Theoretical part presents key concepts of arms industry for the purpose of understanding substance of researching issues. On the basis of analysis of existing arms industrial cooperation on the Visegrad Group, NATO and EU level and subsequent comparison of Visegrad Group countries on the basis of defined indicators in time horizon 2006–2016, areas of possible cooperation in the upcoming years are clarified. Key words: Army, Czech Republic, Hungary, defence industry, Poland, Slovakia, V4, arms industry Obsah ÚVOD ..................................................................................................................................................................... 6 1. FORMULACE CÍLŮ, VÝZKUMNÝCH OTÁZEK A STRUKTURY PRÁCE .......................................... 8 2. DESIGN VÝZKUMU – METODY ................................................................................................................ 10 3. KONCEPTUALIZACE A OPERACIONALIZACE ................................................................................... 12 4. SBĚR A ANALÝZA DAT ............................................................................................................................... 15 5. LIMITY PRÁCE ............................................................................................................................................. 16 6. TEORETICKÁ VÝCHODISKA .................................................................................................................... 18 6.1. ZBROJNÍ PRŮMYSL – VYBRANÉ POJMY .................................................................................... 18 6.2. ZBROJNĚ-PRŮMYSLOVÁ SPOLUPRÁCE NA ÚROVNI V4, NATO A EU ................................. 23 6.2.1. V4… ................................................................................................................................................... 23 6.2.2. NATO ................................................................................................................................................. 30 6.2.3. EU….. ................................................................................................................................................. 37 7. VÝVOJ ZBROJNÍHO PRŮMYSLU VE STŘEDNÍ A VÝCHODNÍ EVROPĚ V LETECH 1989–2005… ............................................................................................................................................................................... 48 8. KOMPARACE ZBROJNÍCH PRŮMYSLŮ STÁTŮ V4 V LETECH 2006–2016 .................................... 56 8.1. MAĎARSKO ....................................................................................................................................... 56 8.1.1. ZBROJNÍ POLITIKA MAĎARSKA ................................................................................................. 56 8.1.2. CHARAKTER SPOLEČNOSTÍ A PODÍL ZAHRANIČNÍHO KAPITÁLU .................................... 63 8.1.3. PRODUKTY MAĎARSKÉHO ZBROJNÍHO PRŮMYSLU ............................................................ 66 8.1.4. ZASTŘEŠUJÍCÍ ORGANIZACE MAĎARSKÉHO ZBROJNÍHO PRŮMYSLU ............................ 71 8.2. POLSKO .............................................................................................................................................. 73 8.2.1. ZBROJNÍ POLITIKA POLSKA ........................................................................................................ 73 8.2.2. CHARAKTER SPOLEČNOSTÍ A PODÍL ZAHRANIČNÍHO KAPITÁLU .................................... 80 8.2.3. PRODUKTY POLSKÉHO ZBROJNÍHO PRŮMYSLU ................................................................... 84 8.2.4. ZASTŘEŠUJÍCÍ ORGANIZACE POLSKÉHO ZBROJNÍHO PRŮMYSLU ................................... 88 8.3. SLOVENSKO ...................................................................................................................................... 89 8.3.1. ZBROJNÍ POLITIKA SLOVENSKA ................................................................................................ 89 8.3.2. CHARAKTER SPOLEČNOSTÍ A PODÍL ZAHRANIČNÍHO KAPITÁLU .................................... 96 8.3.3. PRODUKTY SLOVENSKÉHO ZBROJNÍHO PRŮMYSLU ......................................................... 100 8.3.4. ZASTŘEŠUJÍCÍ ORGANIZACE SLOVENSKÉHO ZBROJNÍHO PRŮMYSLU ......................... 104 8.4. ČESKÁ REPUBLIKA ....................................................................................................................... 105 8.4.1. ZBROJNÍ POLITIKA ČR ................................................................................................................ 105 8.4.2. CHARAKTER SPOLEČNOSTÍ A PODÍL ZAHRANIČNÍHO KAPITÁLU .................................. 116 8.4.3. PRODUKTY ČESKÉHO ZBROJNÍHO PRŮMYSLU .................................................................... 122 8.4.4. ZASTŘEŠUJÍCÍ ORGANIZACE ČESKÉHO ZBROJNÍHO PRŮMYSLU.................................... 126 ZÁVĚR ............................................................................................................................................................... 128 STUDIJNÍ LITERATURA ............................................................................................................................... 138 Počet znaků (včetně mezer): 311 488 (rozsah překročen se souhlasem vedoucího práce) ÚVOD Vývoj, výroba a produkce zbraní je již historicky spjata s mezinárodním děním. Jeho radikální proměna mnohdy implikuje narůstající poptávku armád usilujících o to disponovat adekvátní technikou a zbraňovými systémy. Tyto zbrojní složky mohou být získány různými způsoby – nákupy ze zahraničí, domácí produkcí či určitou střední cestou mezi těmito dvěma alternativami. Nedílnou součástí tohoto procesu je tudíž zbrojní (obranný průmysl),1 jehož charakter, struktura, velikost i síla se liší stát od státu. V celé střední Evropě doznal za posledních přibližně pětadvacet let charakter zbrojního průmyslu radikálních změn, jež byly dány jednak rozpadem SSSR a Rady vzájemné hospodářské pomoci (RVHP) a také formováním nových státních celků orientujících se však směrem k principům demokracie, liberalismu a zásadám volného trhu. Státem řízený obranný průmysl, jenž byl schopen pokrýt nejen potřeby domácí armády, ale také zajistit export do ideově spřízněných zemí, disponoval rozsáhlými produkčními kapacitami a také kvalifikovanou pracovní silou. Na počátku devadesátých let však dochází k obměně mezinárodně-politického prostředí, což vede k útlumu napětí a k obratu směrem k redukci výdajů na obranu. Zbrojní průmysl se tak v mnoha zemích bývalého východního bloku dostává do problematické, ne-li kritické situace plynoucí nejen z nedostatku odbytu na trhu, ale také z celkové restrukturalizace a konverze vycházející ze snahy adaptovat se na proměnu politického a ekonomického systému. Jeho další rozvoj v následujících letech vychází z událostí jak na národní úrovni, tak i na mezinárodní a globální. Celkový proces transformace však nelze označit jako krátkodobou záležitost, ale naopak jako dlouhodobý a kontinuální vývoj – od rozpuštění Varšavské smlouvy směrem k postupné orientaci na Západ ve formě členství v Severoatlantické alianci (NATO) a Evropské unii (EU) a plnění závazků z členství vyplývajících. 1 V práci jako takové dochází k synonymnímu využití pojmů „obranného“ a „zbrojního“ průmyslu. 6 Čtyři státy střední Evropy – Česká republika (ČR), Maďarská republika (Maďarsko), Polská republika (Polsko) a Slovenská republika (Slovensko) – však svou vzájemnou spolupráci již v počátcích celého transformačního procesu upevnily ve formě vytvoření regionálního uskupení nesoucí název Visegrádská skupina,2 jehož cílem bylo z počátku prohloubení spolupráce směrem k integraci na Západ, potažmo do NATO a EU, a po splnění tohoto cíle zajištění další spolupráce a stability ve střední Evropě a okolí. Každý z těchto států však prošel od devadesátých let odlišným vývojem
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