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MOSCOW CCONTEMPORARYONTEMPORARY PPROBLEMSROBLEMS CONTENTS OOFF SOCIALSOCI AL WWORKORK INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH QUALITY VVolumeolume 11,, No.No. 2,2, 20152015 OF LIFE AND REHABILITATION TECHNOLOGIES Kalinina Е.А., Anufrieva N.I. ISSN 2412-5466 The internal potential of national art creativity that forms moral bases of a modern society ...... 4 Lykov S.V., Kuzmin V.V. The journal is included into the system of Russian science citation index and is The influence of the media on the conception available on the website: of fear emotions and the formation www.elibrary.ru of representations about dangerous situations as a modern perception phenomenon. . . . .12 Maloletko A.N. DOI 10.17922/2412-5466-2015-1-2 The problem of classifying the equipment used to ensure public safety and security at the facilities of sport in Russia ...... 21 Malygin D.A., Korsakova I.A. Spiritual rehabilitation of young people through communion with the spiritual CHIEF EDITOR singing orthodox tradition ...... 26 Maloletko A.N. Rerukh E.V. Dr. Econ.Sciences, associate Professor, acting Resocialization of people “third age” Vice-rector on scientific work of RSSU in modern Russia ...... 34 Savchenko D.V., Babich E.G., Sokolova E.E. Researching sensomotor functions lateral DEPUTY EDITOR organization with hearing-impaired primary Kaurova O.V. Dr. Econ.Sciences, associate Professor, Dean school age children ...... 40 of the faculty of training of scientific and Shcherbakovа A.I., Slutskaya I.I. scientific - pedagogical personnel of RSSU Music as a source of artistic creation and self-creation: to the problem of improving EDITORIAL BOARD the quality of life in modern society ...... 50 Baksansky O.E. Shchipunov O.K. Budanov V.G. Ethical relativism: philosophical approaches to the study ...... 58 Gurevich P.S. Gutnik B.I. Vidova O.M. Sociopsychological technologies of internet Konson G.R. gaming addicts rehabilitation ...... 63 Kryukova E.M. INFORMATION AND TELECOMMUNICATION Miklina N.N. TECHNOLOGIES Morozova E.A. Gdansky N.I., Altimentova D.Y. Pilipenko A.I. Adaptive models of computer training ...... 73 Pilipenko O.I. Gdanskiy N.I., Кarpov А.М., Коmova P.Y. Pavlenok P.D. Using prediction in filtering data for Rizhov B.N. solving model tasks ...... 81 Rizhov V.P. Grigorieva S.V. Sizikova V.V. Long-term forecasting strategic susteinability Simonova S.A. development of freight transport enterprises ...... 92 Spirova E.M. Korablin Y.P., Shipov A. A. Stepanov M.S. Questions of verification in distributed software systems ...... 102 Hulle M.M. Van Sizov V.A., Uralskiy N.B. EXECUTIVE SECRETARY Optimization of the computational Kryukova E.M. process the fitness function of genetic Cand. Econ. Sciences, Professor, head algorithm in distributed systems processing data . . .107 of Department scientific and technical Skorokhodova E.U., Borodyanskaya E.A. information RSSU The impact function of modern mass media...... 122 Ziroyan M.A., Tusova E.A., WORKED Hovakimian A.S., Sargsyan S.G. Chief editor of quick printing Neural networks apparatus in biometrics ...... 129 Bagrova N.V. ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT Contenting Plocin D.S., Reutskaya V.V. Povetkin S.A. Species composition and structure Typesetting and design of the complex of pests of woody plants Probilova T.A. in plantations of Moscow ...... 138 Decorating Requirements for English-language manuscript Probilova T.A. provided in scientific journals “Contemporary Problems of Social Work” («Modern problems of social work”), “Scientific notes of Russian State Social University,” “Social Policy and Sociology”, “Bulletin of educational and methodical association of universities Our address: Russia on education in social work “...... 143 129226, Moscow, Vilhelm Pik street, 4, building 2, room 412 107150,Losinoostrovskaya street, 24, room 106.

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Kalinina Е.А. Assistant, Department of arts and art creativity, Russian State Social University, Moscow. E-mail: [email protected] Anufrieva N.I. Doctor of pedagogical sciences, Professor, Department of sociology philosophy of culture, Russian State Social University, Moscow. E-mail: [email protected] УДК 17.02 DOI 10.17922/2412-5466-2015-1-2-4-11

The internal potential of national art creativity that forms moral bases of a modern society

Receiving date: Preprint date: Taking to print date: 16.03.2015 30.03.2015 30.03.2015

Annotation: Within last decades a problem of mutual relations «a society - culture», «culture - the nation» acts as an object of close studying of representatives of different scientific areas of humanitarian knowledge which are considered by scientists in a wide context of interrelations of the nature and a society. It is caused by that the practical relation of the man to the world which, unlike scientific-theoretical, reflects universal laws of its outlook as a special organisation of consciousness and transformation of this world, represents itself today as a priority basis of a modern society. The process of the research of the declared theme demands specifying of the principle positions which essence is in the fact that for a creative activity of the man the moral pathos existing in unity of perception of an object and its comprehention is a real characteristic, and it is the objective reality that gives infinitely rich material for realisation this principle in practice. Today answers to the questions on the reasons of man’s aspiration to values of national culture, what underlies this aspiration that generates this requirement and how it corresponds with the formation of the culture of thinking, outlook and a moral basis of the man are necessary for a society. Therefore disclosing of functional, substantial essence of works of art-creative activity of ethnoses and their humanistic moral potential acts today as an actual, important problem demanding its timely scientific judgement. Necessity of research of some the problems connected with internal moral potential of works of national art culture, their influence on mutual relations of culture and the nation is caused, first of all, by the fact that in many countries of the world there are essential changes in all spheres of public life and, the main thing, the changes which take place among different peoples in the system of their regional tradition. The object of the research: the process of cognition of a modern man of a cultural heritage, products of various kinds of art-creative activity of representatives of the different peoples expressing their deep essence, special originality and promoting formation of his valuable, worldview and moral principles.

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The research objective: defining of conditions, means and methods for immersing of the individual of a modern man in the world of art values of works of national creativity which will promote his learning of all variety of human relations, clear up the sense of beauty, bring up the ability to find an internal harmony, to form a valuable notion about the world and about his place in it. The scientific novelty of the research is in grounding of a role of national art culture in spiritual formation of the individual of the modern man, in realizing of his belonging to the great national culture that promotes formation of a moral basis of his personal sphere, national self-identification and self-actualisation. The practical importance of the research is in the definition of the directions needed for realisation of the process of systematic and purposeful learning of values of products of national art creativity by the modern man. The carried out analysis allows to assert that in each particular cultural-historical environment highly moral essence of artistic images of works of national art culture, concentrated in itself all fullness of human life, human experiences opened in works of any genres, styles, languages of national creativity, acted, acts and will act as the factor of moral self-development of the modern man, a constant enrichment of his requirements and self-improvement, as means of satisfaction of his creative requirements. Key words: culture, the modern society, creativity, national art culture, national art creativity, the individual, moral.

During the various historical periods the art activity acting as a tool of man’s mastering of forms of natural and social space, took roots in various works of creativity. The natural and at the same time unique processes occurring in the cultural policy of a society of the various states, were differently modified and have caused changes of mentality, outlook of the man, his attitude, and, hence, transformation practically in all kinds of art-creative activity of people. The research of bases and regularity of studying of the cultural phenomena in a society, promoting strengthening not only the unity of national cultures, but societies as a whole, has the major research and art-practical senses. Therefore, from methodological positions specification of rather a prominent aspect of the given problem is obviously necessary: what provides the display of unique integrated characters of works of national art creativity while synthesizing universal art-creative experience of the previous generations and its realisation in man’s experience? Where are internal potentialities of artistic images of the national culture hidden? How is the process of penetration of high humanistic, highly moral senses of works of national creativity into deep essence of the modern man carried out in practice? The culture possessing ability to integrate its values in all fullness of its social connetctions, establishes the most effective communication facilities for realisation of real humanistic principles, for concretizing man’s understanding of values of art creative activity as a specific form of person’s learning of these values. The problem of penetration into the individualised world of an art-creative activity of the man has been investigated by Ancient Greek philosophers. According to A.I.Shcherbakova, for example, an antique civilisation had been cultivating the sprouts for more than 1200 «which gave powerful shoots in all spheres of spiritual life of the mankind. Having absorbed the cultural-historical experience of the predecessors having two- thousand history by the time of formation and blossoming of Hellenic culture, antique Greece has united in the culture the achievements of Assiro-Babylon, Egyptian, Phoenician, Cretan- Minoan, Mycenaean and other cultures of the ancient world, having become the sample of life- giving essence of synthesis as a symbol of creation for many generations »[18, p.55]. On M.S.Kagana’s belief, the culture, acts as such a social phenomenon, «which embraces everything that the subject creates, developing the world of objects» [7, p. 5]. However A.I.Arnold asserts that the culture is threatened with danger of «spiritual damage, limitation, dependence on social realities and a political landscape... The leitmotif of the modern processes of a cultural life moves nowadays on profound disclosing of a human individuality. Attention to the particular, concrete man, its self-estimations, «opennesses to the world» is especially important for culture [3, p. 45]. U.M.Lotman considered culture as the memory of the people which «is always connected with history and always means a continuity of moral, intellectual, spiritual human life, a society 5 CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL WORK and the mankind. And consequently, when we speak about our modern culture, we, maybe subconsciously speak about a huge way this culture has passed. This way totals a millenium, steps over borders of historical epochs, national cultures and immerses us in one culture – the culture of the mankind» [11, p. 8]. Art creativity of peoples, having arisen at a certain stage of development of the mankind, has become an indicator of cultural variety of the world and has been moved forward in a row of the phenomena inherent in society. Dynamics of an art ethnocultural process, continuity of stable folklore tradition, and also the phenomena born by the modern validity, supplement this tradition and represent a certain universality of this concept. In the process and evolution of cultural-historical practice of a person his aesthetic ideals, norms and traditions were changed. One of traditional questions in the history of development and evolution of various kinds of creative activity of people is the classification of these kinds which, as a matter of fact, is the basis for definition of art form. J.B.Borev, reflecting on art development of the mankind, distinguishes two “counter” processes: the first is from syncretism to formation of particular art forms (dance, music, singing, theatre, literature were separated from undifferentiated, conjoint art thinking in the ancient time), the second - from particular kinds of art - to their synthesis. In this sense the creative capacity of art is hidden not in any special advantages of the given kind of creativity, universal generality of practical art forms, and, first of all, in its ability to accumulate society art-historical experience by its specific means [5, с.122]. Obviously, the reason of art division on various kinds was the variety of kinds of man’s art-creative practice based on an aesthetic variety of his life. Humanistic, moral pathos of the content of works was shown in graphic- expressive features of a genre, its thematic, style variety opening the uniqueness of a picture of the world as it is. At the same time the real vital basis of these images was simultaneously focused on the essential human importance and looked to the future. Occurrence of forms, values of mass culture leads to essentially new elements of perception of the cultural phenomena, opposition to the true values of national art creativity. It is necessary for the modern man to percieve, “enter” the work adequately: «Just because in art models of the person the individual and the general are consolidated together, so the man appears as an owner of some generality as a social type, - writes M.S.Kagan, - art becomes... a natural typology of human characters, social statuses, personal structures, spiritual microcosm» [8, p.268]. In the course of the analysis of the context of the cultural-historical experience and the logic of its personal refractions in works of national creativity, the world of values and senses, it is possible to draw a conclusion that outside of the existing norms and traditional images the personal art reality of national culture comes to light. Hence, the moral basis, the essence of an artistic image can be considered through a personal-unique experience and judgement of works of creativity, and a depth of spiritual contact becomes an adequate interpretation of its content, image by the spectator, the listener, the reader. Thus, as a productive model of problem realisation for forming the individual moral basis of the modern man in the course of learning the works of national art creativity, the transition to a higher level of mechanisms interaction of the national tradition and ability of the man to cover all spectrum of works of this or that kind of folk art may be defined. The given model can be presented with three major factors: the level of man’s motivation-neded sphere to the given art form, the level of creative abilities, the level of sense-valued sphere perception of the given art form. The moral pathos of works of folk art is inseparably linked with man’s joining to the social phenomena as an idea of a higher norm of creative perfection and the ways of its achievement is peculiar to each historical epoch. According to L.S. Vygotsky, this process of joining defines a direction of overcoming various vital collisions by a man: «The action of art when it makes catharsis and involves purifying fire in this process the most intimate, most vital shocks of a personal soul are a social action » [6, p.366].

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Multifunctional, by its nature, the national art creativity has always possessed special influence on formation of moral and spiritual qualities of a man, acting, on the one hand, as means of learning the world by a man, and on the other - means of his education. Taking into a consideration socially-aesthetic inquiries of the modern society, cultural establishments (a philharmonic, houses of creativity, professional educational institutions of culture and art, etc.) reconstruct and intensify mobilisation of moral potentialities of the cultural-developing environment today. The basic structural components of this environment reflect specific forms of this or that kind of art-creative activity. Thus it is extremely important to underline that the profile art-creative environment under the influence of the modern informative field not only gets new lines, is successfully improved, modernised, but also actively reforms its informative, moral “field”. For the purpose of all-round penetration of the modern man into the world of art values of folk art own analytical tools of evident demonstration of changing consumers’ thinking of their “production” – audience, were radically reconsidered by these establishments, organisations. This concept corresponds with N.I.Anufrieva’s statement that the system of the higher vocational training should focus a graduate of a high school of culture and art «on designing a new social cultural space, preservation of traditional bases and integrity of native culture» [1, p.141]. The authors of the given research notice that by the end of the XX-th and the beginning of the XXI-st century in the mentioned establishments and cultural organisations there were real conditions for creation of scientifically founded principles, forms and methods which allow the modern man to act in the course of comprehention of works of national art creativity to play a role of a researcher and a sort of expert of the result of his own perception, to expand his personal art-aesthetic experience considerably, to develop individual system of values, to understand the nature of this kind of creativity, its social and moral essence. So, for example, the width of generalisation of the key concepts “Russian earth”, “native land”, “mother-earth” has been put in the basis of pedagogical traditions of education of rising generation. Artistic images of the epic epos reflected the pathos of the state and ethnic unification, formed bases of outlook and moral consciousness. At the heart of the content of «Tales of Bygone Years» themes of struggle of good and evil are put. Thus the good was identified with aspiration to consolidation of Fatherland prosperity. The images of Good were great Russian princes: Yaroslav the Wise, Vladimir Monomah, Vladimir Svjatoslavich, Mstislav the Great, etc. Education in Ancient Russia put philosophy, rhetoric, poetry, musical art in one number, recognising thus paramount value of moral problems. At the end of XIX - beginning of the XX-th century in Russia lifting of socially-pedagogical movement is noted. The search of ways and forms of national education of rising generation was a characteristic of the pedagogical public of the beginning of the XX-th century: «Our youth is not brought up in Russian national ideals, in the spirit of belief, fidelity to a throne and Fatherland, in respect of native history, native olden times; as a result is a natural and inevitable consequence - formation of the whole generations who did not like native, national ideas» [2, p. 476]. The methodological substantiation of various approaches and methods to the decision of the declared problem assumes a choice of the technological means corresponding to the selected orientation (universal, constructive, complete-personal), and also vectors of development of the individual. Touching the problem it is necessary to notice that the development of the individual should be directed on the formation of “a well functioning person» (K.Rogers), the search and finding the vital sense by the person (V.Frankl), self-actualisation of the person (A.Maslow). The complete-personal method assumes the consideration of the person as «a microcosm» (P.A.Florensky), in aspect of identity of the person and the Nature (N.A.Berdjaev). The authors of the research defined the purpose as revealing of internal national art creativity potentialities in the course of moral basis formation of the modern man, consider specificity of

7 CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL WORK joining the man to the values of national art creativity can be opened on the basis of complete development of consciousness of the man, its personal sphere, connected directly with the world outlook side of this sphere. The national art culture serves in real process of formation of the individual of the modern man as means of education of its aesthetic requirements, moral principles and belief, establishing communications with the world which he comprehends in the course of perception, and the main thing, estimates as the world of the activity and his participation in this activity: «The consciousness in its spontaneity is a picture of the world has been opening to the subject where he is also included, his actions and condition» [9, p. 112]. Generalisation of functions of works of national art creativity gives the grounds for deducing in a context of moral influence on the individual of the modern man, whose purpose and sense finds concreteness at the formation of its vital principles , outlook, and, the main thing, the creative individuality. While revealing moral functions of works of national creativity, it is necessary to notice that they as a fundamental principle of an art-creative activity of the man in the unity of its syncretic elements, possess ability to synthesise primary expressive means which helped the man to separate himself from nature, to realise in practice his aesthetic requirements. So, for example, in this role dance acted and continues to represent itself as a sort of organised beginning of these requirements, that is the syntactic characteristic of primitive culture. Therefore cognitive “secrets” of a choreography consist in socially specified mechanisms of transfer of its sensual-aesthetic experience in a rhithmically organised movement. The plastic artistic images thus created by the man possessed an ability to reveal, realise, generalise not only the certain vital phenomena, collisions, but the relation of people to them as they are. Thus, as a result there was logically and rhithmically organised, sensually realised plasticity of a human body which possesses ability to stimulate creative potentialities of each particularly taken man for including it in various forms of art creativity. Moral function of works of national creativity has the new knowledge in itself based on a variety of time norms and relations between these norms, acting as the major means of comprehension of depth of the put senses. Acting as the form of art consciousness, connecting and providing the storage of cultural values in live memory of people, images of a national song, dance, an instrumental tune fix their cognitive, emotionally-sensual results in independent judgement in concrete means of art expressiveness, create optimum possibilities for formation of ethical standards, the outlook of the man, art-aesthetic taste and its creative abilities on the whole. Being an integrated kind of activity, the national tradition unites manufacture and consumption processes of subjects of national art creativity by the modern man and, developing according to its specific laws, generates it. According to scientists-researchers of the national culture, today the traditional forms of art creativity making a basis of folklore, act not only as a way (mechanism) of its functioning, reproduction, but also as a communication channel to transfer cultural experience, skills, abilities in space and time directly from man to man, from generation to generation in the course of joint activity, in the course of a dialogue. However consequences of active migratory processes in modern cultural space, contributed to the unification of folklore tradition in its classical measurement. Scientists mark modifications not only continuity of natural mechanisms of functioning of folklore, but also its mutual enrichment in the course of a natural cultural exchange. Derivation of various kinds and forms of ethnic regional tradition occurs owing to reduction of rural population, domination of mass culture in a modern society. Nevertheless, thanks to «advocates of traditions», a tendency of activization of dealing with the traditional folklore, shown in last decades, give the chance to cover almost all spheres of spiritual culture in authentic or secondary forms. Researchers of national art culture notice that at the end of ХХ - beginning of the XXI-st century positive tendencies of reproduction of authentic folklore tradition in the conditions

8 VOLUME 1, No. 2, 2015 of “the not authentic” common and cultural environment considerably became more active at the expense of formation of creative collectives, vocational training of participants of these collectives by leading experts-specialists in folklore, and also true media folk traditions. So it is necessary to add that 2014 was «The Year of culture in Russia». In a number of subjects of Russia there were regional stages of the All-Russia festival of national art creativity through which inter-regional, All-Russia cultural projects were realised. The final stage of festival of national art creativity conducted on TV channel “Culture” has visually shown stability of folklore traditions and their highly moral basis which components were: true patriotism, national dignity, comprehension of own identity with the people, and also the best features of ethnos –diligence, kindness, mercy, love, courage, conscience, etc. The phenomenon of national art culture allows to implant in consciousness of rising generation the concepts which are spiritual constants of the nation: the Native land, the family, the language, the nature, the history and the culture of the people, patriotism. Therefore, considering problems of modern mans’ moral formation on values of the national art culture, it is necessary to notice that in the given content should be reflected not only social, historical, spiritually-practical experience of the development of the world by many generations in various kinds and forms of the art-creative activity, but also the process of studying cultural-historical heritage of the Russian people should be ordered in an appropriate way. According to D.S. Lihachev, «in Russian life by all means something remains from old and even from improbably old, and on the other hand, there is a passion developing this old and seeking new» [10, p. 234]. It means that immersing of young generation in layers of a heritage of the native traditional culture beneficially influences the man according to dynamically functioning of various forms of human life in its art-creative refraction. The dialogue with the art-historical past allows young generation to derive spiritual strength for the intellectual growth and development. One of such sources is the inexhaustible potential of almost all kinds of the national art creativity: dance, song, musical-instrument tradition, oral national creativity, arts and crafts, etc. The studied material on the declared theme of research at the first stage has shown that education of requirement of knowledge of modern youth of a heritage of traditional culture represents a difficult many-sided, multilevel, long-term process. Addressing to works of the national culture, students get the strong basis for valuable, moral orientation in a modern social cultural environment where “the production” of mass culture actively functions promoting the development of certain stereotypes of thinking and behaviour. So, for example, a survey about a regularity of acquaintance to various works of the national art culture of 1-3 year students of high schools of culture and art of various directions of preparation has shown that only 29 % of 1 year students and 32 % of third-year students are visitors of museums of national creativity; 31 % of first-year students and 44 % of third- year students are ready to listen to performances of singers in a genre of a national song with pleasure. 34 % of first-year students and 47 % of third-year students visit concerts of national choreographic collectives, 41 % of first-year students and 54 % of third-year students regularly look the television programs thematically devoted to various genres of the national art creativity, including participation of outstanding masters of last decades. The majority of interviewed students (91 % of first-year students and 89 % of third-year students) cannot distinguish original samples of traditional culture from fakes of modern singers of a national song, national dances in a manner of «ethnographism», “ A La Russe” At a following stage of work the participants who showed interest to national dance, a national song were interviewed . Their heightened interest became a result of the presence of different songs and dancing tradition (singing in a family, additional lessons at extra classes of art creativity, national collectives, etc.) in their life since their childhood, from a school bench. Students told with pleasure about the participation in concert programs, the performances

9 CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL WORK spent in a kindergarten, school, about visiting concerts, musical performances together with their parents. The youth interview concerning attractiveness of national dance has revealed those lines of genre of the national dance which remained in time and had powerful emotionally-aesthetic influence: incendiary, cheerful, joyful character is inherent in national dances, dancers are dressed in remarkable suits, movements of dancers are very plastic, melodies are recognised since the childhood etc. At the second investigation phase the analysis of materials on education problems of students’ ability to observe, compare, analyze, model, classify and generalise the received knowledge of the art-shaped world of national culture has been undertaken and it creates a possibility for each modern person to express his valued-semantic picture of this world as to a specific reality. The students of high school have been acting with this purpose simultaneously as readers, spectators, listeners for three years. In the studied field there were problems of individual and collective creativity, socially-psychological mutual relations, dialectics of the creative and technological background in the course of the art creativity, and also the problems having applied value: psychology of creative activity, efficiency of various channels of advertising, information and communication streams, etc. According to historically-cultural sources on stages of formation of these traditions, it is possible to reveal their role in systems of communication of people, their aspiration to social unity in a national song, in national dance and other forms of collective art activity. The research on learning of modern listeners, spectators - students of works of various kinds and genres of the national creativity has been based on their full “immersing” in the world of values of folk art, and, the main thing, formation of high level of art requirements for perception of these values. This part of research was carried out by visiting concerts of creative collectives (professional, amateur); participations of recipients in concerts, celebratory show programs, competitions, festivals, etc., in work of creative studios, the creative unions, associations, collectives; in carrying out of master classes of the leading teachers, well-known performers, national masters; in the mass entertaining programs, traditional holidays; in creative, charity projects, etc. Participation of recipients in the listed actions has allowed to distinguish three levels of spectators-listeners (high, middle, low), which analysis and detailed characteristic will be lightened in the subsequent publications.

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12. Medushevsky, B.B. About laws and means of art influence of music / V.V.Medushevsky. - М: Music, 1976. - 254 p. 13. National culture in modern conditions: the manual / Ministry of Culture of the RF, Russian institute of cultural sciece; responsible editor. N.G.Mihajlova. - М, 2000. - 219 p. 14. National holidays and family traditions in Russia /N.G.Gutkin. - N.Novgorod, 1994.-24 p. 15. Nekrasova, M.A. The national art as a part of culture. Theory and practice / M.A.Nekrasov. - М, 1983.-343 p. 16. The Pedagogical heritage: V.G.Belinsky, A.I.Herzen, N.G.Chernyshevsky, N.A.Dobrolyubov / A.F.Smirnov. - М: Pedagogics, 1988.-384 p. 17. Rytov, D.A. The traditions of the national culture / D.P.Rytov. - М: Vlados, 2001. - 178 p. 18. Shcherbakova A.I. The philosophy of music and music education: part II: the manual for high schools / A.I.ShCherbakova. М, 2008. 19. Maloletko A. N. The theoretical basis for the assessment of the status and management of state educational institutions of higher professional education: Monograph. M: GOUVPO “ RSUTSS “, 2008.

References in Roman script: 1. Anufrieva, N.I. Narodnaja hudozhestvennaja kul’tura v muzykal’no-obrazovatel’nom prostranstve vuza: uchebnoe posobie / N.I. Anufrieva. - M., 2013. - 390 s. 2. Antologija pedagogicheskoj mysli Rossii XIX - nachala XX vv. - M.: Pedagogika, 1987.- 560 s. 3. Arnol’dov, A.I. Duhovnyj mir sovremennogo cheloveka/ A.I. Arnol’dov. - M.: MGUKI, 2011. - 163 s. 4. Bahrushin Ju.A. Istorija russkogo baleta: ucheb. posobie / Ju.A. Bahrushin.- Izd. 3-e. - M., 1997. - 287 s. 5. Borev, Ju.B. Jestetika: uchebnik dlja vuzov / Ju.B. Borev.- M.: Vyssh. shkola, 2011.- 511 s. 6. Vygotskij, L.S. Psihologija iskusstva / L.S. Vygotskij; predisl. A.N. Leont’eva; komment. L.S. Vygotskogo, V.I. Ivanova; obshh. red. V.V. Ivanova- 3-e izd. - M.: Iskusstvo, 1986.- 573 s. 7. Kagan, M.S. Kul’tura kak ob#ekt filosofskogo issledovanija / M.S. Kagan // Rol’ duhovnoj kul’tury v razvitii lichnosti. - L., 1979.-160 s. 8. Kagan, M.S. Chelovecheskaja dejatel’nost’ (Opyt sistemnogo analiza) / M.S. Kagan. - M., 1974. s 9. Leont’ev, A.N. Dejatel’nost’. Soznanie. Lichnost’ / A.N. Leont’ev. - M.: Politizdat, 1975. - 304 s. 10. Lihachev, D. S. Russkaja kul’tura / D.S. Lihachev - M.: Iskusstvo, 2000. - 440 s. 11. Lotman, Ju.M. O semioticheskom mehanizme kul’tury / Ju.M. Lotman, B.A. Uspenskij // Uchen. zap. Tart. gos. un-ta.- Tartu, 1971. - Vyp. 284.- S.144-166. 12. Medushevskij, V.V. O zakonomernostjah i sredstvah hudozhestvennogo vozdejstvija muzyki / V.V. Medushevskij.- M.: Muzyka, 1976. - 254 s. 13. Narodnaja kul’tura v sovremennyh uslovijah: ucheb. posobie / M-vo kul’tury RF, Ros. in-t kul’turologii; otv. red. N.G. Mihajlova.- M., 2000. – 219 s. 14. Narodnye prazdniki i semejnye tradicii v Rossii / sost. N.G. Gutkin. - N. Novgorod, 1994. -24 s. 15. Nekrasova, M. A. Narodnoe iskusstvo kak chast’ kul’tury. Teorija i praktika / M.A. Nekrasova. - M., 1983. -343 s. 16. Pedagogicheskoe nasledie: V.G. Belinskij, A.I. Gercen, N.G. Chernyshevskij, N.A. Dobroljubov / Sost. A.F. Smirnov.- M.: Pedagogika, 1988.- 384 s. 17. Rytov, D.A. Tradicii narodnoj kul’tury / D.P. Rytov.- M.: Vlados, 2001. - 178 s. 18. Shherbakova A.I. Filosofija muzyki i muzykal’nogo obrazovanija: ch. II: uchebnoe posobie dlja vuzov / A.I. Shherbakova. M., 2008. 19. Maloletko A.N. Teoreticheskie osnovy ocenki sostojanija obespechenija i obsluzhivanija gosudarstvennyh obrazovatel’nyh uchrezhdenij vysshego professional’nogo obrazovanija: Monografija. M.: FGOUVPO «RGUTiS», 2008.

REFERENCE TO ARTICLE Kalinina, Е.А. & Anufrieva, N.I. (2015) The internal potential of national art creativity that forms moral bases of a modern society, Contemporary Problems of Social Work, Vol. 1. № 2. P. 4-11. DOI: 10.17922/2412-5466-2015-1-2-4-11.

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Lykov S.V. Postgraduate student, Department of Social psychology, Russian State Social University, Moscow. E-mail: [email protected] Kuzmin V.V. Postgraduate student, Department of Social psychology, Russian State Social University, Moscow. E-mail: [email protected] УДК 316.776 DOI 10.17922/2412-5466-2015-1-2-12-20

The influence of the media on the conception of fear emotions and the formation of representations about dangerous situations as a modern perception phenomenon

Receiving date: Preprint date: Taking to print date: 16.03.2015 30.03.2015 30.03.2015

Annotation: The role of the media in raising the level of anxiety of the society for the past few years is demonstrated in this paper. The mechanism of conception and expansion of the ideas and mindsets is shown. The article highlights the different ways of presenting information in the modern media and their influence on the formation of the attitudes in society. An empirical data obtained in the research about the influence of social representations of the danger and a person’s representations of the present time are provided in the paper. Key words: fear, social representations, mindset, mechanism, coping behavior, stress, representations of time, representations of old age, old age, time.

People are constantly at risk in modern life. This can be not only a situation in which something is endanger the person’s life security, but also it can be a fear to take a dangerous decision that could affect person’s entire life. It is necessary to turn attention to the term which is inextricably connected with the concept of “danger”. It is essential to consider what the «security» is. Analysis of scientific literature conduce the view that even at the initial stage of human existence there were different views on the danger’s problem nature. Representations of the content and structure of public danger and security took various changes in the development of both society and the scientific knowledge. According to our reckoning this ambiguity may be related to the scientific world view that currently prevails in the society. The scientific world view is a formation of schemas about the structure of our reality and consequently how this reality obeys to the laws. These schemas have a philosophical and psychological nature. The danger is constantly accompanied by fear emotions and it is an important object of study in the modern world. In the first instance this is facilitated by the current economic and political situation in the world, the mood that prevails in society and in a less degree - cultural coverage of specific events in the media[11].

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Fear is a nonsocial condition caused by a real or imaginary danger, and it is a protective response of the human individual in the outside world[9, c.412]. Fear represents the emotions that arise in situations of social or biological danger in the psychological science and it, in turn, is focused on the source of a real or imaginary danger[20]. Fear belongs to the category of basic emotions. If we consider its motivation, we can say that it is a conditioned reflex, since it contains modified emotional information about any possible danger. The feeling of fear appears beyond volition that is, involuntarily, accompanied by a strong sense of excitement, horror or anxiety[8, p.69]. Fritz Riemann said that fear exists regardless of our culture and the developmental level of society and its individual members. He believed that the only thing that varies in this case is the objects of our fear. Currently, humanity is not afraid of thunder and lightning, referring to them as to the obvious phenomena of nature, but cannot make away with the feeling of fear. Up to date the person fears the danger of various diseases, accidents, old age or to end up his life alone. We should take a look more closely at fear of old age, as social representations of old age often interfere with the person’s normal functioning. Social pressure generates social desirability. According to the modern researches women are much more concerned about their appearance than age status in contradistinction from men. Women often associate with young appearance not only professional success, but also personal life satisfaction[2, p. 216]. Likewise researches show that the majority of women who reach after anti-aging procedures have age at about 10-15 years younger than chronological (passport) age and biological age is lower than chronological age. Women up to 30 years reach after improving their appearance for the following reasons: 1. to make other people like them, 2. to change the way of life and get away from the old problems, 3. to find the perfect match, 4. to hold the partner. Women aged 31-60 years want to look better than their peers. The peculiarity of this age group is based: personal, family and professional problems depend on the “apparent age”[2, p. 216] Thus, an external social motivation creates a need to change the appearance and to use some anti-aging treatments[2, p. 217]. However, women who gave birth in the later age (40-43 years) have another rejuvenation motive and it is “dissatisfaction with the appearance that does not match the image of a young mother.” Herewith their psychological age was about 7-8 years younger than chronological, and these women were successful in the social and professional sphere[2, p. 217]. Based on these data, the authors formulated the classification of patients with the need for facial rejuvenation: 1. Crisis Group: psychological age is 5-10 years less than chronological age. The facial rejuvenation and the need for quick results is an effect of the strong motivation that stipulates by the society. 2. Critical group: psychological age is 5-10 years less than chronological age. The level of social motivation for rejuvenation is moderate. Women don’t deny the possibility of the plastic surgery, but satisfied with the beauty treatments. 3. Clinical Group: biological and chronological age are equal or biological age is 2 years over chronological age. Upon that, the psychological age is 10 years less than chronological age or over it more than 10 years. In these patients there is an acute dissatisfaction with their appearance, social anxiety disorder, so they are ready for the rejuvenation surgery[2, p. 214]. It should also be noted that there are no rules in this classification. Perhaps this is related to the fear of ageing. Old age is apperceived as a “reduction of the future”, and that its main feature equally affects men and women. However, men imagine their old age as a slow and

13 CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL WORK unsaturated one, and women do not give clear answers about it. Subjects with the level of locus of control above the norm are more susceptible to the influence of stereotypes of old age[19] They see old age as a reduction of life. This creates a mindset of “reducing life”. At the same time, there is a tendency of gerontophobia mindsets in the society; old age lost its authority and the compulsory acquisition between generations[18]. Modern man is constantly afraid of leaking the time and this is just one side of the problem. But at the same it is important to consider fears and social representations about the fears in the time perspective. In this paper we consider the fear in terms of “future events which are not certain because of specific time.” It is important to consider the human response to anticipation (expectation) of the frightening object, time of which is defined. Therewith it is also important to consider the “fears of the past” that could cause harm in the past, but due to the changed situation, the danger stops to be relevant, but the “fears of the past”, often supported by the representations, remain relevant. Currently, instead of sacrifices, magical rites people trying to cover their own fear with tablets and other attributes of modern life which also explained from the perspective of the psychology of time. In ancient times a man by means of the ritualization and deification sought harmony between the outer and inner body, which required a long time. Today, there are more modern techniques to achieve the desired goal (medicine, psychology), but they require time- consuming. This causes a person to risk the health’s integrity in favor of quick cure symptoms. However, our historical development has given rise to a new fear, the fear when our lives changed against our will. People began to fear the natural balance. In other words formerly mankind was afraid of nature because of insecurity in front of it, but now we begin to fear for ourselves; it is fear that we can radically change the world for the worse. Riemann suggested that fear always complements a person that crosses familiar borders, demanding to cross the river from the old to the new and unknown[13] Currently the study of fear emotions transformation, which includes danger situations, is under a large base and the foundation of this base is a tense social, economic and political atmosphere in the world. Fear naturally accomplishes a protection function. An absence or simply incomplete information awareness about any exciting event or a dangerous situation can lead to a dangerous event. Due to lack of information a person is able to get into a situation that could be interpreted as critical and the one, that carry a threat to human’s life. The discrepancy between the reality and the available information is described in the theory of cognitive dissonance[16]. However, there is an inverse mechanism when a person tries to anticipate dangerous situation. These actions can engender and develop the emotion of fear. For example, the child gets a bad mark in school and knows that his parents will punish him. In such a situation the child feels natural fear of possible punishment. The unconscious element of the human psyche is also involved in the formation of fear. A person affected by fear will be completely sure that it was working external stimulus, not something more profound and personal[14]. Given the characteristics of flow disturbing information in the media, the mechanism of occurrence of fear is clearly demonstrated in the theory of the origin of emotions named ABC model by A. Ellis[22]. On the basis of this model we can see that the conception and emotion may depend not only on our knowledge, but on our ideas, mindsets and social representations. The danger representation is individual for each person, but the influence of the media, random conversations about exciting events or simply rumours can influence on the holistic way of threat perception[15]. Due to the specific construction of social representations there is a specific mechanism that Moscovici called “figurative representation scheme.” The essence of this mechanism

14 VOLUME 1, No. 2, 2015 is that it helps to focus on a specific human reaction, often simplifying the process of perception[23]. Thus, the information supplied to the media (as well as the purpose for which it was prepared and key points that has been deliberately left out of focus) is able to create and direct the fear of man in a certain way, tying it to specific objects and events and these direct and form the human cogitation in a certain way. In order to understanding the mechanism of human cogitation in a dangerous situation, it is necessary to consider such a phenomenon as “stress”, as it is inextricably connected with a common mechanism of human behavior in a dangerous situation. Given the fact that when a person is in danger he is in a nervous tension, called stress, we must conclude that a man is looking for a way out of the state of tension. Unlike other animalities, a person responds not just to the situation of danger, but also on the possibility of occurrence of one of them. As the result there may be only one remembrancer of the possible events and it will cause a much stronger reaction than it could be in reality. A person becomes a lot more clanked because of long waiting for a disaster than he could be when he encounters with the problem situation. It should be noted that prolonged or repeated stress can lead a person to the changing of the character, which will evoke entirely new personality traits. The predominance of negative emotional states that may prevail in the person may be prerequisites to the stress development. Therefore it is necessary to bring into focus once again the importance of the man’s subjective attitude to the image of danger and his expectations in specific situations. Y.V. Shcherbatyh wrote in his work that “If you have certain prerequisites, all the changes mentioned above outstep the psychological norms and acquire the features of psychopathology, which are often manifested in the form of various neuroses.”[21, p.26] Study of psychological reactions to stress coping behavior engaged in psychology. It becomes especially important in today’s world because of the general social instability in all levels of public machine. That is why the defense formation mechanisms and coping styles are important for understanding the nature of human behavior in complex situations. From this it is clear that the more we know about these mechanisms, the less people will depend on the negative social stereotypes, life scenarios and failures of past experience, the more we will become successful with life’s crises[13]. The most widely known the following definitions of coping, “the desire to solve the problems, which takes the individual, if the requirements are essential to its well-being (as in situations of great danger, and in a situation designed to great success), as these requirements activate the adaptive capacity.”[12] T. L. Kryukova defines coping as “a thing that allows the subject to cope with stress or difficult life situation with the help of conscious action in ways appropriate personal characteristics and situation.”[14] If we talk about the coping study in the national psychology, it is worth noting that the L.I. Antsyferova tried to give her own classification of coping behavior[21]: 1. Converting strategies that lie in the fact that decisions are made with the positive changes of the difficult situation, which is formed as a kind of a problem with the method of achieving the goal. 2. Methods of accommodation that are to change their own performance in relation to a particular situation. A neutral or positive sense of the situation is a good example. 3. Supporting self-preservation techniques, such as a psychological care or an escape behavior. There was a study conducted for a more complete understanding of the impact of social representations on human’s life, which examined the relationship of the image of danger and coping behavior. At this stage the study involved 30 people, including 10 men and 20 women.

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Age of the subjects ranged from 20 to 25 years, all of them were students of the Russian State Social University. For socio-psychological study were chosen following methods: 1. The index of lifestyle, authored by Kellerman-Plutchek,[4] adapted by E.S.Romanova and L.R. Grebinnkov. This technique consists of 97 questions and 8 scales: a. Denial. Psychological defense mechanism by which a person denies some frustrating, disturbing circumstances or any internal impulse. Mechanism, as a rule, is that the person does not pay attention to the things that are obvious to others, but which, in turn, are not recognized by the man himself. b. Repression. The mechanism by which unacceptable for a person actions, thoughts or feelings become unconscious. However, even if a man does not take such pulses, they continue to operate at an unconscious level. c. Regression. The person’s transition on the earlier stages of development in the desire to avoid any trouble or situation. d. Compensation. Trying to find the expected replacement of real or imagined lack by giving it new features and properties with the help of imagination, or the appropriation of these properties to another person. e. Extrajection. Localization of feelings and thoughts on other objects, attributing them to these properties. f. Substitution. Course of action, thoughts or feelings to another object that usually doesn’t constitute a danger or simply is more accessible to man. g. Intellectualization. An attempt to delete or to stop frustrating or negative feelings and thoughts through logical units, even if convincing evidence are contrary. h. Reactive education. Preventing expression of unpleasant or unacceptable for a person thoughts, feelings or actions by an exaggerated development of the opposite aspirations. 2. The method of measuring the level of anxiety by John Taylor[6]. This technique consists of 60 statements and three evaluation criteria: low, normal and high levels of anxiety. 3. Projective techniques Hand Test[7] (B. Brayklin Z.Piotrowski, E.Wagner) adapted by T.N. Kurbatova, O.I.Mulyar (2001). The technique consists of 10 stimulus material cards. The 10th card is empty. In the Test Hand there are 11 scales: a. Aggression (a). This scale shows a manifestation of aggression in human behavior and unwillingness to adapt to reality b. Direction (d). As well as aggression, responses on this scale indicate a reluctance to show “flexibility” in society. c. Fear (f). Indicates the presence of man’s fear of the world around him, the desire to adapt to events. d. Affection (e). These responses reflect the willingness to cooperate with others, of empathy and a desire for it. e. Communication (c). The scale shows the overall level of communication, the desire to establish social contacts and commitment to them. f. Dependence (d). Reflects the need of the person in front of other people. People with a high on this scale feel that others should pay maximum attention to him and take care of it that can speak about social irresponsibility and unwillingness to make decisions for their own lives. g. Exhibition (e). Indicators suggest a desire to be the center of attention, show the estimated coefficient hysteroid personality. h. Disorder (d). Shows the fear of man in front of his own shortcomings or anxious personality. They also may represent existing physical defects of the test. i. Active impersonality (ai). Show the general impersonality of the test, identifying himself with the rest of the society. Cannot speak of a developed personality and desire to satisfy a physical need.

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j. Passive impersonality (pi). As an active impersonality says unwillingness to do anything or have an interest in the world around. k. Description (d). Shows a tendency to thinking, judgment and experience rather than action. Usually found in schizoid type people. 4. Author’s feedback form that help to identify the representations of the danger, which includes a list of 28 dangerous statements that subjects attributed the rank of 10 to 1. It includes four components of risk identified in the Lavrova-Calafate research: a. Physical danger, which manifests itself in situations of natural and man-made accidents b. Social danger, which is expressed in the interaction with other people c. Existential danger is an ignorance of oneself or making decisions d. Surreal or mystical danger The correlation between social representations about the dangers and coping mechanisms of behavior according to the type of substitution (0.318 at p ≤ 0.05) was established while processing the results on the program SPSS for correlations on T-Pearson. This interrelation suggests that the fear of the risks associated with the society is proportional to the substitution, as a method of coping with dangerous situations. Thus, it appears that the higher one of these components, the higher another. The correlation between social representations about the dangers and the general level of anxiety (0.328 at p ≤ 0.05) was established. From this it follows that the higher the anxiety of a person, the more he is afraid of the situation relating on the society or its individual members. The representation of a mystical danger category correlates with the level of anxiety of the person (0.272 at p ≤ 0.05). Positive correlation indicates mutual feedback. That is, the higher one of the components, the higher another. A person’s willingness to take risks is directly correlated with the coping behavior as suppression (0.426 p ≤ 0.01). A positive correlation indicates a direct connection between mutual care events in the unconscious and the willingness to take risks. Anxiety correlated with the denial (0.464 p ≤ 0.01). Denial of any circumstances has a direct connection with the general anxiety of the person, for example, the higher the anxiety of a person, the higher the denial of traumatic events. Also, anxiety correlates with regression (0.497 p ≤ 0.01). A positive correlation indicates a direct connection between these components. Thus, high anxiety of a person shows the probability of a transition person to earlier stages of development. It has been found that the anxiety is interconnected with the substitution (0.325 p ≤ 0.01). A positive correlation may indicate that the less a person directs his feelings on the other object, the lower anxiety or this “line” is high on both counts. There were established some differences in the available samples using comparative analysis in SPSS program for U - Mann-Whitney test. Men are less likely to compensate for the type of coping behavior than women, as evidenced by our results (4.42 versus 9.81 at p ≤ 0.05). As well, women are more prone to substitution than men (4.83 versus 8.50 at p ≤ 0.05). Thus it happened that men on the severity of the prevailing view of the danger, has been chosen as follows: 1. Social danger 2. Physical danger 3. Mystical danger 4. The existential danger Women were as follows: 1. Physical danger 2. Social danger 3. Mystical danger

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4. The existential danger As well we have calculated averages for each scale presented in the earlier tests. Based on the data, we can say that the willingness to take risks is more typical for men, and the highest anxiety is shown in women. The value of social representations that can be passed on from generation to generation is also an important segment of our work, as it was found that the protective mechanism of representations help to ignore the problems incurred by the society in favor of its liners. Given that social representations can be viewed as a way of perception of any phenomenon, it can be concluded that the social representations about the dangers can be the image of the danger. Next, we conducted a psychological research in which there was the interconnection established between social representations about the danger and gender, coping behavior, risk appetite, anxiety and personality. These results clearly demonstrate the influence of social representations about the dangers to a human life. A person has his own individual fears and attitudes prevailing in society are able to form ideas and simulate human behavior. The stronger the force conditions on any phenomenon, the stronger will be expressed social fear. The more there will be fragmented, inaccurate information, the more it will affect humanity. Insufficiently informative, with which highlights some of the problems and their complete disregard able to lead not only to a lack of awareness and forming their awareness into negative stereotypes, but also to complete unwillingness to raise the affected subject. Such stereotyping can completely simplify the mechanism of information perception, reducing it to the most convenient and easy information layer, put in mind of a person[23]. However, its convenient way not implies objectivity of the received information. Clarification of the ontological sense of the phenomenon of danger required the use of philosophical, artistic and journalistic contexts created by thinkers of the existential direction. In the philosophers’ writings danger is shown as the cause of intense experiences of not-being, as a kind of a border situation. At the same time outside the philosophical understanding of conditionality remains the danger in the sense that it provoked, intruding into the living space of the subject. In the context of studies conducted by psychologists, the danger is not only a situation of extreme character, but also as a factor in the activation of the reserves of the human body, including deep, archetypal layers of the psyche[5]. Social representations about the dangers are able to predict and shape the mood in society. Being a well-studied they are able to help in reducing anxiety of the society. However, until now there is a highlighting information problem in the media, as this social unit is able dramatically escalate the situation as well as to reduce to zero people’s interest that in the future in any case affect the formation of attitudes, and in the investigation, and to a person’s specific behavior and humanity as a whole.

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7. Isard K. the Psychology of emotions / Isard K. - SPb .: Peter, 2008. - 464 p. 8. Il’in E. P. Psychophysiology of States rights. — SPb.: Peter, 2005. — 412. 9. Kryukova T. L. Man as the subject of coping behavior // ed.. Zhuravlev A. L., Hook, I. L., Sergienko E. A. . M.: Institute of psychology RAS, 2008 10. Lavrov, A. Kalafatis. Cognitive and emotional processes when building the image of danger under the influence of informational messages. Moscow, 2004 11. Lazarus, R. S. the Theory of stress and psycho-physiological research // Emotional stress / edited by L. Loew. – L., 1970. – 127 p 12. Libin A.V. Differential psychology: On the crossroads of European, Russian and American traditions. 2 ed., recycled. — M: Meaning, Per Se, 2000.— 549 S. 13. The R. McMullin Workshop on cognitive therapy: TRANS. angl. — SPb.: Speech, 2001. — 560 p 14. Matveeva L. V., Lavrov, E. V. the Study of transformations of the representation of the danger under the influence of the media. Bulletin of Moscow University. Series 14. Psychology - 2011. - No. 4 - pp. 66-75. 15. Nazarov O. V. Cognitive components of the occurrence and overcoming fear // materials of the interregional scientific-practical conference of psychologists of power structures (Moscow, April 16, 2014) / Military University of the defense Ministry, the Society psychologically structures, School of modern psychology - M.: WU, 2014.- 254. 16. Riemann F. Basic forms of fear: issled. in the region of the deep. psychology / F. Riemann ; TRANS. with it. E. L. Gusinskogo - 3rd ed. - M : Aleteia, 2000. - 330 p. 17. Silaeva A. R. Gerontophobia as a social problem of the modern Russian society. Bulletin of medical Internet conferences. Volume 3. No. 2. 2013. 18. Timofeev A. D. Subjective time perception is influenced by the stereotype of “old age”// APRIORI. Series: Humanities. 2-13. No. 1. P. 53. 19. Chirkov V. I. Determination and self-motivation of human behavior. / V. I. Chirkov.// Questions of psychology 2003 No. 3 - s. 20. Shcherbatykh Yu Psychology of stress and methods of correction. – SPb.: Peter, 2006, 2007. – 256 p. 21. Ellis, A. and Dryden, W. the Practice of rational – emotive behavioral therapy. 2nd ed./ TRANS. angl. Koskinou. – SPb.: Publishing “Speech”, 2002. 22. Moscovici, S. & Hewstone, M. (1984). De la science au sens commun. In S. Moscovici (Ed.), Psychologie sociale (pp. 539-566). New York: Springer Verlag. 23. Kryukova E. M. automation of business processes of the enterprises of sphere of services. In book: Science service 2012 proceedings of XVII-th International scientific-practical conference. 2012. pp. 114-121. 24. Kryukova E. M., Krasilnikova, G. V. Directions for use of internal corporate blogging in the activities of the companies.//Service plus. 2011. No. 2. pp. 96-104. 25. Kryukova E. M., Krasilnikova G. V., Kulakova T. V. Social media: the real and potential sources of threats to economic security of the enterprise.//Bulletin of the Academy of economic security Ministry of internal Affairs of Russia. 2011. No. 3. pp. 53-57. 26. Maloletko A. N., Kaurova O. V., Kryukova E. M. Yukhin K. E. the Role and importance of modern media in marketing communications//proceedings of the Russian state social University. -2014. -№ 3(125). -pp. 96-103.

References in Roman script: 1. Ancyferova L.I. Lichnost’ v trudnyh zhiznennyh uslovijah: pereosmyslivanie, preobrazovanie situacij i psihologicheskaja zashhita //Psihologicheskij zhurnal №1, 1994 2. Belopol’skaja I.L., Belopol’skij V.I., Shafirova E.M., Advonenko K.E. Licevoj vozrast i motivacii omolozhenija lica u zhenshhin v jesteticheskoj hirurgii. // ZPU. 2012 № 2. 3. Vasserman L.I., Eryshev O.F., Klubova E.B. - Psihologicheskaja diagnostika indeksa zhiznennogo stilja. - Spb.: Izdatel’stvo: SPbNIPNI im. V.M.Behtereva, 2005. - 50 s. 4. Veklenko P.V. Opasnost’: sushhnost’, struktura, ontologicheskie smysly. Avtoreferat diss. na soiskanie uch. stepeni kandidata filosofskih nauk. -Omsk: UOP Omskoj akademii MVD Rossii, 2006. 18 s. 5. Dolgova V.I., Shumakova O.A., Latjushin Ja.V. Uchebno-metodicheskij kompleks po praktike v pedagogicheskom uchilishhe (IV kurs ochnoj formy obuchenija). – Cheljabinsk, 2004. – 92s. 6. Eliseev O. P. Praktikum po psihologii lichnosti. — SPb.: Piter, 2001. — 560 s. 7. Izard K. Psihologija jemocij / K. Izard. - SPb .: Piter, 2008. - 464 s. 8. Il’in E. P. Psihofiziologija sostojanij cheloveka. — SPb.: Piter, 2005. — 412 s.

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9. Krjukova T.L. Chelovek kak sub#ekt sovladajushhego povedenija // Pod red.. Zhuravleva A. L, Krjukovoj T. L., Sergienko E. A. . M.: In-t psihologii RAN, 2008 10. Lavrova, A. Kalafati. Kognitivnye i jemocional’nye processy pri postroenii obraza opasnosti pod vozdejstviem informacionnyh soobshhenij. Moskva, 2004 11. Lazarus R.S. Teorija stressa i psihofiziologicheskie issledovanija // Jemocional’nyh stress / Pod red. L.Leva. – L., 1970. – 127 s. 12. Libin A.V. Differencial’naja psihologija: Na peresechenii evropejskih, rossijskih i amerikanskih tradicij. 2 izd., pererabotannoe. — M.: Smysl; Per Se, 2000.— 549 s. 13. MakMallin R. Praktikum po kognitivnoj terapii: Per. s angl. — SPb.: Rech’, 2001. — 560 s. 14. Matveeva L. V., Lavrova E. V. Issledovanie transformacij predstavlenija ob opasnosti pod vlijaniem SMI. Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta. Serija 14. Psihologija - 2011. - №4 - s. 66- 75. 15. Nazarov O.V. Kognitivnye sostavljajushhie vozniknovenie i preodolenija straha // Materialy mezhregional’noj nauchno-prakticheskoj konferencii psihologov silovyh struktur (Moskva, 16 aprelja 2014 g.) / Voennyj universitet MO RF, Obshhestvo psihologovsilovyh struktur, Shkola sovremennyh psihotehnologij - M.: VU, 2014.- 254 s. 16. Riman F. Osnovnye formy straha: issled. v obl. glubin. psihologii / F. Riman ; Per. s nem. Je.L. Gushanskogo - 3-e izd. - M : Aleteja, 2000. - 330 c. 17. Saljaeva A.R. Gerontofobija kak social’naja problema sovremennogo rossijskogo obshhestva. Bjulleten’ medicinskih Internet – konferencij. Tom 3. № 2. 2013. 18. Timofeev A.D. Sub#ektivnoe vosprijatie vremeni pod vlijaniem stereotipa «starost’»// APRIORI. Serija: Gumanitarnye nauki. 2-13.№ 1. S. 53. 19. Chirkov V.I. Samodeterminacija i vnutrennjaja motivacija povedenija cheloveka. / V.I. Chirkov.// Voprosy psihologii 2003 №3- 131s. 20. Shherbatyh Ju.V. Psihologija stressa i metody korrekcii. – SPb.: Piter, 2006, 2007. – 256 s. 21. Jellis A., Drajden U. Praktika racional’no – jemocional’noj povedencheskoj terapii. 2-e izd./ Per. s angl. T. Saushkinoj. – SPb.: Izdatel’stvo «Rech’», 2002. 22. Moscovici, S. & Hewstone, M. (1984). De la science au sens commun. In S. Moscovici (Ed.), Psychologie sociale (pp. 539-566). New York: Springer Verlag. 23. Krjukova E.M. Avtomatizacija biznes-processov predprijatij sfery uslug. V sbornike: Nauka - servisu 2012 materialy XVII-oj Mezhdunarodnoj nauchno-prakticheskoj konferencii. 2012. S. 114-121. 24. Krjukova E.M., Krasil’nikova G.V. Napravlenija ispol’zovanija vnutrennego korporativnogo blogginga v dejatel’nosti kompanij.//Servis plus. 2011. № 2. S. 96-104. 25. Krjukova E.M., Krasil’nikova G.V., Kulakova T.V. Social’nye media: real’nye i potencial’nye istochniki ugroz jekonomicheskoj bezopasnosti predprijatija.//Vestnik Akademii jekonomicheskoj bezopasnosti MVD Rossii. 2011. № 3. S. 53-57. 26. Maloletko A.N., Kaurova O.V., Krjukova E.M., Juhin K.E. Rol’ i znachenie sovremennyh mediasredstv v marketingovyh kommunikacijah//Uchenye zapiski Rossijskogo gosudarstvennogo social’nogo universiteta. -2014. -№ 3(125). -S. 96-103.

REFERENCE TO ARTICLE Lykov, S.V. & Kuzmin, V.V. (2015) The influence of the media on the conception of fear emotions and the formation of representations about dangerous situations as a modern perception phenomenon, Contemporary Problems of Social Work, Vol. 1. № 2. P. 12-20. DOI: 10.17922/2412-5466-2015-1-2-12-20.

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Maloletko A.N. Doctor of Economics, Vice-rector for Research, Russian State Social Unuversity. E-mail: [email protected] УДК 379.8 DOI 10.17922/2412-5466-2015-1-2-21-25

The problem of classifying the equipment used to ensure public safety and security at the facilities of sport in Russia

Receiving date: Preprint date: Taking to print date: 16.03.2015 30.03.2015 30.03.2015

Annotation: The article investigates the problems of classifying the equipment used to ensure public safety and security at the sport facilities . The article shows that the sports facilities do not fully comply with the requirements of security. The number of publications in Russia, involving issues of public safety at the sport facilities are a little. This paper examines the possibility of establishing a national standard with the projected name Special equipment for public safety at the sport facilities . It is based on a list of equipment that can be used for security. Key words. Safety, security, equipment, special equipment, stadium, classification.

The problem of stadium safety and security has attracted much attention in Russia. Today in Russia there are over 266 thousand sports facilities for the official sports competitions. Inspections conducted by the Russian Interior Ministry in 2012-2014 showed that 86 % of sports facilities in Russia have fences wich do not protect players from spectators. About 62 % of the stadiums are not equipped with a median barrier at the checkpoint, and 64 % of the stadiums haven’t necessary equipment for inspection. In particular, 86 % of stadiums do not have space for the police, they do not have CCTV and TV monitoring. Thus, according to A. Ermakova, management of sports facilities do everything their own and determines approximately what security measures are sufficient for them, testing to save every ruble. [1] In 2014 Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs prepared a draft of the order On requirements for infrastructure and technical equipment of stadiums for public security. [2] It has been found that the draft of this act contains, mainly. the requirements, for the checkpoints equipment for spectators coming on sports arena and for monitoring them, and it does not include requirements for the ways of safe evacuation of spectators and other persons. Therefore, it is required to analyze the existing rules determing the requirements for specific equipment for public safety at sport facilities . His necessary to develop proposals for the establishment of a common conceptual framework, applicable to the special equipment for public safety at the sport facilities . Numerous works have been devoted to the study of problem of stadium safety and security. Example international sports organizations have accumulated experience in dealing with security problems in the stadiums. [3, 4] Sporting expert organizations have publications about problems of stadium safety and security. [5, 6] Researches by Steve Frosdick & Jim Chalmers [7],

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Tamara Madensen & John E. Eck [8], S.Y.Z. Au, J. Gilroy, R.A. Haslam [9] and Edward Connors [10] are of great interest. The number of publications in Russia, involving issues of public safety at the facilities of the sport are little. Researches it worth to mention V. Obidin [11], A. Mikhailov [12], A. Alekseeva [13], A. Bezhentsev [14] and some other Russian researchers. However the effect of these studies has been underestimated. So far Russian Federation has not unified approach to terms and official standards of stadium safety and security. The paper examines the possibility of establishing a national standard with the projected name Special equipment for public safety at sport facilities. It is based on a list of equipment that can be used for security. The draft of the standard is presented as a document consisting of the following sections: (a) Scope; (b) Fundamentals; (c) Terms and Definitions; (d) Handlist. This paper describes approaches to completing the sections of draft for the standard. In the development of the Scope section a method of analogy has been used.. The knowledge derived from consideration of ISO 9000 has been transferred to the draft of the national standard. In the development of section Fundamentals a method of abstraction has been used. Some essential properties of special equipment for public safety were highlighted. In the development of section Terms and Definitions some methods of induction and deduction have been used. Initially concepts of special equipment for public safety at sports facilities were summarized. Then the conclusions about patterns of public security have been made on the basis of observations of local sports facilities typical for Russia.. The specific provisions about special equipment used in order to ensure public security at sports facilities were derived from the general provisions rules of logic. The method of formalization was used as well. The section Scope was listed: (a) organizations seeking to ensure security at the facilities during sports competitions; (b) organizations seeking confidence from their specified requirements for public safety at the facilities that will be carried out by owners of sports facilities, sports competition, organizers and others; (c) persons who measure are taking to ensure public safety at sports; (d) those internal or external to the sports facilities that asses the level of public safety at sports or inspects it for compliance with the requirements of international sports federations; (e) those who advise or teach public security at the facilities of sports. The Section Fundamentals suggested: There is the necessity of a common terminological apparatus; it describes the basic requirements for specific equipment for public safety at the facilities of sports; There is approach to the use of special equipment to ensure public security at sports; There is the policy and purpose of the use of special equipment to ensure public security at sports; There is justified the role of individuals using special equipment to ensure public security at sports; There is a requirement for documentation, issued for special equipment for public safety at the facilities of the sport; There are special assessment methods in the usage of special equipment to ensure public security at sports; it is visible the role of statistical methods in understanding variability to ensure public security at sports.

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The section Definition proposes the explanation of the terms. The terms defined in any other place fre bold. Their number is shown in parentheses. The foreign equivalents of standardized terms in Russian are presented in English (En), Spanish (Es), French (Fr), German (De) languages. The terms and definitions are placed in the table.

Terms Definition 3.2.3. It is any person working in the stadium (3.3.1) on the basis of a labor agreement Ru: Стюард or on a voluntary basis, which is responsible for safety and security (2.1.17) of En: Steward the viewers (2.1.20), of the players (2.1.24 ), of the official persons (2.1.26), and Es: Auxiliar any person in the stadium (3.3.1), with the exception of those responsible for the De: Ordner personal safety of (2.1.17) of individuals and the police (2.1.31), responsibles for Fr: Steward maintaining law and order (2.1.16).

…

The section Definition proposes some groups of the terms. There is special equipment for public safety management group for the protection of public order and public safety; There is special equipment for public safety used by stewards; There is special equipment to ensure maximum safety of the stadium capacity; There is special infrastructure equipment for public security in the stadiums; There is special equipment for crowd control in order to ensure public safety There are special technical means to ensure public safety stadiums. The terms and definitions proposed in the section Definitions are sorted in descending alphabetical list. The section Index Terms has as its results of this approach the following possibilities. It will be enhanced the degree of conformity of special equipment for public safety at the facilities of sports to functional purpose. As the result it will be possible to international barter to remove technical barriers. Also the results may contribute to the scientific - technical progress and cooperation in ensuring public safety at sports. The author has included the following positions in The list of special equipment for public security management group: room (workspace) for the organizer of the competition, room (workspace) for a coordinating body, a space for employees of the state security, premises for police officers. The author considered that it is important to include in this list the other terms as well. So, the list includes: management team, security policy, action plan, security officer, security advisor, involved persons, risk, risk assessment, risk reduction, risk prevention, threat of terrorism. The list of terms includes such terms as rivalry, rivalry fans, bomb threat, explosion, suspicious baggage, shooting, aerial attack, chemical attack, gas attack, biological attack, pollution, radiation, destruction of buildings and structures. The list of terms includes aiso flow control, invasion of the playing field, arriving late, missing the delay, confusion in the stadium, fan without a ticket, fan with a fake ticket, reselling tickets, packed stadium, evacuation, emergency weather conditions, lightning, flood, hurricane disasters natural, cancellation of the competition, transfer of the competition, delay the start of the competition. The author has included the following The list of special equipment for public safety using stewards: supervisory a staff, chief steward, steward, uniform of steward, a controller, a stationary post of steward, a mobile post of steward, point for observation, observation point for the other items, radio, headphones for stewards, main means of communication, alternative means of communication, additional means of communication, an intercoms, a stationary landline instant messaging, stationary ground instant messaging. The author considered it

23 CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL WORK important to include in this list and other terms. So, the list includes also steward training; steward qualification; certificate of steward; equipment to monitor the audience goes, turnstiles, activity zones, perimeter, stairs and escalators; special equipment to ensure public safety in areas intended for children; a special equipment for public safety in areas for spectators with disabilities; special equipment for public safety in the areas of hospitality, special tools for additional stewards. The author has included the following positions in The list of special equipment to ensure maximum safety of the stadium capacity maximum safe capacity of the stadium, a stadium’s capacity, a sector number, a location, carrying capacity, turnstile, pointer movement direction, index structure of the stadium, index information, category of the entrance to the stadium, an entrance for persons with disabilities, concept of the turnstile (entry), type turnstile (input), state of the turnstile (input), level of required inspection throughput at the exit, number of outputs, an output size, placement output width of stairs, width of aisles, bottlenecks, capacity in case of emergency, safe place, place relatively safe, while an emergency evacuation, security certificate. The author has included the following positions in The list of special equipment for crowd control in order to ensure public safety dangerous crowds, uncontrolled access to the stadium, security sign, a prohibiting sign, warning sign, a sign directing, warning sign fire-fighting equipment, signs or indication, plans of the stadium, stadium regulations, a direction indicator, sign of places, sign advertising, stadium announcer, post stadium announcer, coded messages. The author has included the following positions in The list of special technical means to ensure public safety stadiums means technical means of inspection, technical means of protection, stationary metal detector, manual metal detector, inspection X-ray machines, scanner hollow manual, digital X-ray scanning system is stationary, inspection system automated vehicle underbody, inspection endoscope, inspection mirror, vapor analyzer portable explosives, radiation monitors, indicator electromagnetic fields, light acoustic fields, LED hazardous liquids, localizer of explosion, access control system, reader device, blocking device controlled, blocking device controlled with a complete overlap of the opening passage, a door, a gate, turnstiles full, fire-resistant door lock, turnstile wais, tripod, turnpike, blocking device controlled by a mechanical control, blocking device controlled with automatic control. The author considered important to include in this list some other terms. This list includes you terms as access control, valid permit , ticket to the competition , a sector number, a block number , row number , seat number , accreditation, accreditation tag , ticketing, point of sale of tickets, number of sold tickets, ticket price , protection against counterfeit tickets, system of registration of spectators , intensity of the incoming flow to the stadium , remedies accreditation cards of reach accreditation. The author considered it important to include in this list some other terms. So, the list includes you terms as a special means used by police and military personnel involved for public safety: special stick, a specialty gases means of restraints, a special colorant, special concealer, electroshock device, service animal, light special mean, special acoustic mean, a mean for forced stopping of vehicles, water cannon, armored vehicles and protective equipment facility mean blocking movement groups, means breaking barriers. The list proposed in this article is not final. The list may be supplemented. The results obtained can be used in further research of problems of public security at the facilities of sport. In May 2015 the author sent the results described in the article to the Ministry of Sports of Russia. In addition, the results can be used for sports facilities demonstrate its ability to ensure public safety, meet international and national requirements. The author expresses his gratitude to Mr. M. Stepanov, is Head of the International Department of the Russian State Social University for his assistance in preparing this article.

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References in English: 1. Ermakova A. MIA force the owner to invest in the security of stadiums // Izvestia, 4.12.2014. [Electronic resource] URL: http://izvestia.ru/news/580212. 2. The single portal for posting information about the development of the federal executive bodies of normative legal acts and their public discussion, [Electronic resource], URL: http:// regulation.gov.ru/project/14424.html. 3. FIFA Stadium Safety and Security Regulations (2013), [Electronic resource], URL: http:// www.FIFA.com. 4. UEFA Safety and Security Regulations (2006) [Electronic resource], URL: www.UEFA.com. 5. Guide to Safety at Sports Grounds, Fifth edition: First published (2008) Football Licensing Authority. 6. Stadium Safety and Security Management, ICSS (2013) [Electronic resource], URL: http:// www.theicss.org. 7. Steve Frosdick, Jim Chalmers. Safety and Security at Sports Grounds. 8. Tamara Madensen, John E. Eck. The Problem of Spectator Violence in Stadiums. 9. S.Y.Z. Au, J. Gilroy, R.A. Haslam. Assessing Crowd Dynamics and Spectator Safety in Seated Area at a Football Stadium. 10. Edward Connors. Planning And Managing Security For Major Special Events. 11. Obidin V.S., Protection of internal affairs agencies of public order and public safety in large- scale sporting events // Proceedings of the Academy of Management MIA of Russia , 2009. № 2. pp 105-108. 12. Mikhailov A.V., Organization of public safety sporting event // Intelligent systems in production. 2010. № 2. S.227-235. 13. Alekseeva A.P., Ensuring public order and public safety during sporting events // Herald of the Voronezh State University. 2012. № 2. pp 436-441. 14. Bezhentsev A.A., Policing: a tutorial. St. Petersburg., 2015. - 256 p.

References in Roman script: 1. Ermakova A. MVD zastavit vladel’cev stadionov potratit’sja na bezopasnost’// Izvestia, 4.12.2014. [Electronic resource] URL: http://izvestia.ru/news/580212. 2. Edinyj portal dlja razmeshhenija informacii o razrabotke federal’nymi organami ispolnitel’noj vlasti normativnyh pravovyh aktov i ih publichnogo obsuzhdenija, [Electronniy resurs], URL: http://regulation.gov.ru/project/14424.html. 3. FIFA Stadion pravil tehniki bezopasnosti (2013), [Electronniy resurs], URL: http://www.FIFA.com. 4. UEFA Pravila tehniki bezopasnosti (2006) [Electronniy resurs], URL: www.UEFA.com. 5. Rukovodstvo po bezopasnosti na sportivnyh ploshhadkah, pjatoe izdanie: vpervye opublikovano (2008) futbol’nyj licenzirujushhij organ. 6. Stadion bezopasnosti i bezopasnosti upravlenija, ICSS (2013) [Electronniy resurs], URL: http://www.theicss.org. 7. Steve Frosdick, Jim Chalmers. Bezopasnost’ na sportivnyh ploshhadkah. 8. Tamara Madensen, John E. Eck. Problema predotvrashhenii nasilija na stadionah. 9. S.Y.Z. Au, J. Gilroy, R.A. Haslam. Ocenka dinamiki tolpy i bezopasnost’ zritelja na futbol’nom stadione. 10. Edward Connors. Planirovanie i upravlenie bezopasnost’ju na krupnyh special’nyh meroprijatijah. 11. Obidin V.S., Ohrana organami vnutrennih del obshhestvennogo porjadka i obshhestvennoj bezopasnosti na krupnomasshtabnyh sportivnyh meroprijatij // trudy Akademii Upravlenija MVD Rossii, 2009. № 2. ss 105-108. 12. Mikhailov A.V., Organizacija obshhestvennoj bezopasnosti sportivnogo meroprijatija // Intellektual’nye sistemy v proizvodstve. 2010. № 2. ss.227-235. 13. Alekseeva A.P., Obespechenie obshhestvennogo porjadka i obshhestvennoj bezopasnosti pri provedenii sportivnyh meroprijatij // Vestnik Voronezhskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. 2012. № 2. ss 436-441. 14. Bezhentsev A.A., Policejskaja dejatel’nost’: Uchebnoe posobie. Sankt-Peterburg., 2015. - 256 S.

REFERENCE TO ARTICLE Maloletko, A.N (2015) The problem of classifying the equipment used to ensure public safety and security at the facilities of sport in Russia, Contemporary Problems of Social Work, Vol. 1. № 2. P. 21-25. DOI: 10.17922/2412-5466-2015-1-2-21-25. 25 CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL WORK

Malygin D. A. Postgraduate student, Faculty of arts and social cultural activities, Russian State Social University, Moscow. E-mail: [email protected] Korsakova I. A. Candidate of philosophical Sciences, associate Professor, Department of sociology and philosophy of culture, Russian State Social University, Moscow. E-mail: [email protected] УДК 364 DOI 10.17922/2412-5466-2015-1-2-26-33

Spiritual rehabilitation of young people through communion with the spiritual singing orthodox tradition

Receiving date: Preprint date: Taking to print date: 16.03.2015 30.03.2015 30.03.2015

Annotation:The article traces the path of creating and implementing a science-based comprehensive methodology of formation of spiritual and moral value orientations of modern youth by introducing her to the Orthodox choral tradition and implementation of the model developed in the system of professional and additional music education. The topicality of the research is determined by the necessity of studying such an important reservoir of musical culture, which is sacred music, especially in the field of professional choral performance, modern choral conductor training music teachers. From this it derives the importance of implementing and expanding the study of spiritual musical subjects in the curriculum not only spiritual but secular educational institutions. In this case, students will expand their horizons, they will be much deeper understanding of Russian choral culture, its background and origins, it is best to learn the different stylistic directions in music, their professional level will rise significantly. Practical development of Russian spiritual music will enhance the moral and spiritual culture of the youth. Penetrating into the meaning of spiritual songs, they begin to understand more clearly the peculiarities of the formation of the musical and artistic images of these works, optimally combining spiritual text and music. Key words: spiritual music of the Orthodox tradition, the temple environment, music education, moral foundations of society, spiritual and moral education of the individual.

In the last decade has seen a rapid degradation of the spiritual sphere of human rights, especially in connection with the development of new technologies. The state of modern Russian society can be described as painful. The growth of crime, including children, aggression and anger of youth, erasing moral boundaries and the leveling of distinction between “bad” and “good”, the proliferation of religious sects become the norms of modern life. Low fertility, increased abortions, the increase in the number of illegitimate children lead to the destruction of the Russian nation. The decline of morals can be seen in advertising and the media, in culture is being implemented “hedonistic project” carried out under the slogan “get a life”, and hence the alcohol, drugs and sex, and other “pleasures” of life, which lead to a change of attitudes and spiritual degradation of the society. Society loses the traditional cultural values and immersed in the bosom of consumerism, promiscuity, permissiveness. In an interview with the Greek writer Nikos Zervas raises the issue of conscience in the culture: “people of the Eastern type of Christian civilization - the Russians and the Greeks ... very similar: if we remain without a conscience,

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we lose everything,” the writer said with remorse about the fact that earlier conscience was “tuning fork” that was tuned soul of the Russian people, but today the main “cultural type” was the person who consumes shameless culture increasingly insatiable [22]. Moral degradation is stated in the publications of teachers, psychologists, sociologists, the writings of philosophers and writers. Offers a variety of rehabilitation projects, there are discussions about creating a national idea, which would become a landmark for the mass consciousness. However, this benchmark is already there, he created a little over 2 thousand years ago, when Russia adopted the Christian faith and entered the path of Orthodoxy. The basis of traditional Russian culture are moral and spiritual values associated with a religious tradition. Scientist E. C. Troitsky calls Orthodox values “the most important spiritual and historical foundations of the life of the Russian nation” [21, S. 20-21]. Values form the core of the personality, so the loss of values leads to the crisis. Academician D. S. Likhachov defines values as “spiritual manifestations of culture”, “good customs, beliefs about the good and the beautiful”, passed down through the generations. Continuity of cultural values scientist considers them the most important property [10, р. 201]. The role of music in shaping the spiritual and value orientations of the youth is undeniable. Music of the Orthodox tradition is an effective means of rehabilitation, because it bears the idea of unity, harmony, perfection. Christian doctrine says that man consists of three elements: spirit - soul - body. The unity of the three components is testimony to the integrity of the human microcosm, like the macrocosm of the universe. Music as a part of the universe has the same structure, combined intonation. “Intonation is the unity of the measures (numbers), sound energy, meaning,” writes V. Medushevsky [11, p. 216]. Intonation has great strength and value in human society, it is “the General strategy of life, the life program”. Intonation is a unique phenomenon in the world. All the layers of the universe (physical, energy-informational, spiritual) are already in this “elementary particle”, “cell” of the musical body: the measure (number) reflects its logical component, sound - physical energy is the carrier of the soul, the sense region of the higher spheres. Music has ontological rootedness in Genesis. Acting on the body, the soul and the spiritual dimension of man, musical intonation capable of forming man from childhood. Of particular importance is the traditional musical culture, which includes a set of national images of the world, the mentality of the people, its festive rituals and family traditions, ethnic stereotypes of behavior in the natural environment and society, the artistic values of the people, and ethnic forms of their existence, preservation, and translation [2]. The survey laid the hypothesis that spiritual rehabilitation of the youth will be successful if the process of attaching the individual to the Orthodox spiritual tradition deterministic spiritual values, encompasses the unity of educational, motivational, performing and communication activities, based on the values of the Orthodox tradition, such as kindness, humility, diligence, unity; logic-based movement from establishing personal significant relationship with the Orthodox tradition through its the understanding, experience, execution spiritual songs to its full adoption. The music education process, say experts, is to build “given the centuries-old cultural heritage of Russia, to implement “the link of times”, communication and integrity of musical art” [3]. Spirituality is above all the beauty of the inner world of the personality, therefore, appeal to the music as the source of moral value orientations of a person eliminates detachment, emptiness. This means inclusion of the entire complex of human potential. Music is able to involve the person in their space, to open a new art space, to understand it from the inside, because attainment, “it is always a creation, “it is always a co-creation” [14, p. 7], and it requires a lot of efforts, overcoming himself, breaking worldview, the stereotypes, all those “ghosts”, which often become a hindrance to spiritual quest.

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The appeal to the spiritual humanist paradigm as the basis of russian strategy changes or updates to a modern society gives the rationale for a new research methodology, based on: – the recognition of the importance faith as the basis of spirituality; – identification of major mental dominants Slavic culture: kindness, morality, unity, diligence, humility, asceticism; – the need to introduce into the public consciousness thoughts about the uniqueness of the spiritual experience of Orthodoxy in overcoming the deepest crisis of the modern Russian society; – the possibilities of modern music education in the formation of the ideological orientations of young people. Identify characteristics of sacred music allows a conceptually new axiological approach to the formation of moral value orientations of modern youth by introducing her to the Orthodox choral tradition. Music carries “a mandatory axiological component”, scientists believe, because it allows us “to open and interpret the values of the past, engaging in spiritual infinity of space” [16]. One of the most effective methods of pedagogical interventions is evolutionary-synergetic method based on the recognition of the intrinsic value of native Russian tradition, passing it from generation to generation. “Evolutionary synergy method is one way of preserving and increasing spiritual heritage, providing the opportunity value of interaction not only with his contemporaries, but also with the ancestors, with their ethos and morality”, - said A. I. Shcherbakova [15]. The youth of today live in an era of global change related to the crisis of Russian society, which increases the conflict of generations, being traditional values, facing the opposite opinion and spiritual orientation; an era when everyone is in a situation of choice, requiring moral choice between good and evil, indifference and compassion, risk and peace of mind. The system of values in young people is the moral Foundation on which, in fact, built the whole building law, political culture and public administration, and from which grows the society conscious and responsible citizens,” says President Vladimir Putin [6]. The issue of spirituality is investigated in the works: N. A. Berdyaev, in. A. Zenkovsky, I. A. Ilyin, P. Boevoi, I. M. Ilyicheva, T. I. Petrakova, and other. The implementation of the comprehensive methodology of formation of spiritual and moral values includes the following main components: 1. Study the Bible, the divine Liturgy and other Scriptures and rituals. Many spiritual hymns are written in the canonical liturgical texts. Currently, sacred music presents, on the one hand, a rich tradition valtolina singing (from spiritual repentance verses, chants, Psalms and finishing Opera-choral and oratorio tradition, represented, for example, in the works of A. Grechaninov), on the other hand, the actual Church hymns. Modern composers (choir Directors, singers) do transcriptions and arrangements of traditional hymns or write works in the tradition of Znamenny chant. 2. Inclusion in the performing tradition and recreating the original intonations of prayer, compassion. In the Orthodox Liturgy singing as a universal language of prayer teaches the correct way of praise through singing man knows the teaching of the Church. 3. The selection of repertoire and study of the best examples of spiritual song tradition, designed in its higher manifestations to display the spiritual world. Masterpieces of spiritual traditions are the property of our Russian culture, our national pride and enduring value of the world of art. Professor A. A. Aronov, exploring the characteristics of Russian spiritual life, draws attention to the determinants of the formation of native spirituality, among which the most important is the Russian Holiness [4]. I. A. Ilyin in his writings conducts the idea of the inextricable link the concept of “Holiness” with a Russian soul: “there is no Holiness without Russia and there is no Russia without Holiness” [7].

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The selection of repertoire is not only important for professional teams, and Amateur choirs (such as Academic choir “Radunitsa”), when everyone can join the tradition through the performance of sacred songs. 4. Changing spiritual makeup of both singers and listeners impossible without creating a special atmosphere of Holiness. “Atmosphere” etymologically comes from the phrase “sphere of breathing”, i.e. it’s something that people breathe, and not so much his body as the soul. “The atmosphere of the temple,” says St. Theophan, which together with all its rites singalana our entire faith, the atmosphere of this pure, heavenly, divine. Unknown as is the soul embraces the spirit of the love of God, freshens breath reverent fear of God as the breath of the morning coolness, then animates the movement of warmth of heart... after Visiting the Church, having been as it should, we go out brand new, as if refreshed. Other after that there are the thoughts in my head, the other senses and location in the heart [17]. Concerts of sacred music held not only in temples but also in secular buildings with good acoustics. The greatest effect is achieved in those areas that are sanctified by the Russian Orthodox Church. The presence of icons, table-modern man lost the symbolism of living space, all Orthodox symbolism creates a special emotional atmosphere, special mental attitude. The atmosphere was beautifully described M. Chekhov: “Actor, able to appreciate the atmosphere, looking for her in everyday life. Every landscape, every street, house, room has his own special atmosphere. Otherwise he is in the library, the hospital, the Cathedral and otherwise - in a noisy restaurant, hotel, or Museum. He is as sensitive apparatus, perceives the surrounding atmosphere and listening to it as music. It changes for him the same melody, making it gloomy and dark, full of hope and joy. The same familiar landscape “sounds” for him otherwise quiet spring morning or in the storm, and the storm. A lot of new things he learns through this sound, enriching the soul and awakening in her creative force” [5]. Such qualities as morality, spirituality cannot be formed outside, because they depend on the internal aspirations of the individual, his / her willpower. They seem to grow from the inside, becoming invisible thread that connects man with his existential origins, giving him life support “here and now”, opening avenues for going beyond individual limits [9, p. 25]. Orthodox spiritual music has enormous potential formation of a harmonious whole personality. In contrast to classical art, the main problem is the search of the sense of life, the Orthodox tradition helps a person to live in accordance with that meaning set forth in the Scriptures. Sacred music reveals to man the beauty and Holiness of life, true happiness on earth. Through intonation body, the intonation of the words, the energy of the sanctity of a man transformed. Through internal discipline, prayer focus, he has found true freedom: “Where the spirit of the Lord is, there is liberty” [20]. Saving grace is that in the semantic content of spiritual hymns, able to perform a miracle of hearing. Grace (gr. сharis - gratitude, love) reveals to man himself, because of higher demand, without which man cannot be considered a person, there is a need for Truth, Goodness, Beauty, Love, and God. Throughout Russia open rehabilitation Orthodox centers, continuing the tradition of “Houses of sobriety”, created in the XIX century on the initiative of John of Kronstadt. In these rehabilitation centers there are people with pathological (drug, alcohol) dependence and need healing of body, soul and spirit. The main focus of work in the rehabilitation center is changing the mindset of patients, restore their spiritual values, rethinking prior life experience, the acquisition of high spiritual and cultural values. The main reason of illness of these people - spiritual devastation, the loss of moral compass, no sense of life, “this is payback for the ideology of consumerism, cult of material prosperity, spirituality, and the loss of authentic ideals” [18]. The work of the Orthodox rehabilitation centers is underway on several fronts: social, educational, spiritual and psychological.

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Inclusion in the study program of spiritual music can significantly improve the effectiveness of teachers. The study of the texts of spiritual songs contributes to the spiritual education of patients, and the best examples of sacred music reveal the content of the Orthodox rite, don’t just hear, but feel the deepest essence of the prayer of verse. Spiritual unity choir contributes to the formation (or revival) feelings of benevolence, brotherly kindness, empathy. Work in the choir instills a sense of responsibility, hard work, the habit of systematically to work to achieve results. The unity of body, soul and spirit is experienced through musical intonation, all being of the person aspires to goodness, creativity, happiness. Experience with the national team “Academic choir Radunica” showed the effectiveness of the methodology of communion with the Orthodox tradition through sacred music. Great value when working with the choir becomes the creation of an atmosphere of unity and aspiration consciousness to God. Singing in the temple returns conceived by God the hierarchy: the spirit subdues the soul, and the soul subdues the body. Unlike classical music, which is the game (playing musical instruments, imagination playing fancy), spiritual singing is the detachment of consciousness from all conceivable images and ideas; in prayerful silence, filled with energy resounding harmony is unity with God. Directed consciousness inward rather than outward (to the world) distinguishes spiritual song tradition from the art of classical music. This concentration is an analogy with meditation used in Eastern culture or modern minimalism. Unlike spells (anti-prayer) man does not seek to subjugate the whole world. On the contrary, humility, obedience, dispassion distinguish true Orthodox spirituality from the destructive power of desire, pleasure, voluptuousness. Great about the true singing (singing of the human heart) wrote I. Ilyin in the book “the Singing heart”: “Heart sings when it likes; it sings of love, which is streaming live stream from some mysterious depths and never seemed to end... Then the man speaks true happiness... Everything else in life is not so important then the sun never sets, then God the beam does not leave the soul, then the Kingdom of God shall enter into the earthly life and earthly life is sanctified and transfigured. This means that new life began, and that people became familiar with the new Genesis...” [8, p. 278]. Musical intonation helps to reveal the meaning of the words contained in the text. And here is how musical interpretation consistent with the content of spiritual hymns. The word cannot be separated from the intonation. Two sides - semantic and energy-intonation - are inextricably linked. Remove the intonation of the words mean to kill him, as it sometimes happens in the so- called “Orthodox rock music”. Orthodoxy and rock incompatible: syncopated beats, aggressive shouts, loose motion - all this is incompatible with the content of the prayer text. Moreover, this contrast evokes a feeling of shock and means blasphemy over the Christian spirit. Spiritual singing is associated with etymological next “tone” associated with the feeling of effort: the tone, the tenor, the tone, the litany, the trend pace, titanium, tirade, string, pull [12]. The word and intonation complement each other. “The highest calling of the word, to open the mind of God, how accessible it is to a man, that he grew in the knowledge of God. The highest calling of intonation to Express the spirit of the love of God which permeates the mind of God, to Express and Orthodoxy of the heart in which dwells the God, the spirit of earnest will, flowing from the divine love”, believes V. Medushevsky [12]. The specificity of intonation (especially musical intonation) is that it creates the atmosphere, from which is born the word: “from the abundance of the heart the mouth speaks” [19]. You can say: this new era, a new culture puts a new meaning to the old masterpieces, so they continue to live today. Here I should say that we must not substitute content, and to seek the path to the disclosure of sublime beauty. “If Beethoven was told that every note of his Violin Concerto dictated by God, and we put into his music the ideas of the revolution” [13, p. 259-260], is the substitution of values, especially dangerous when under the guise of classics man presents himself. Of course, in classical music has a spiritual component, but the radical

30 VOLUME 1, No. 2, 2015 difference of spiritual singing traditions from music is that it is the area of asceticism (aimed at transforming the structure of consciousness) in contrast to art, built on the ideal of the aesthetic. Traditional Znamenny chant had a sacred beginning, turned into oneself. Melody of Znamenny chant differed endless movement around a single melodic center, which resulted in a feeling of loss of time, detachment from all earthly things and meant turning to God with prayer, while later singing tradition (of polyphonic singing with the expanded form, clear rhythm) is based on an aesthetic attitude to the world, focused on the expression of human feelings and not intended for the connection of the soul with God, but to fulfill before by the audience. The revival and renewal of the Russian state is impossible without a guide formation of spiritual and moral foundations of Russian national identity. Youth is the main driving force of Russian society. “How we educate young people, depends, whether Russia will be able to save and enrich itself,” believes President Vladimir Putin [6]. From the younger generation depends the future of our country and of all mankind, and therefore, the problem of formation of the spiritual and values of young people can be regarded as a universal problem. Church singing as a mighty tree has grown from a grain of prayer. Born in the time of Abraham, it absorbed many currents (guttural singing Bedouin, Greek seven-step modes, Slavic melodies and songs of the troubadours, Gregorian chant and organ intonation, Russian long songs). From these seeds grew a mighty tree of Orthodox spiritual tradition and continues to evolve in performing activities of many professional and amateur choirs. Today it is clear that a society that is devoid of spiritual Foundation, cannot build nor efficient economy, a healthy political relations nor fair in the social sphere. Modern Russian society is in deep, not always unconscious contradiction between laid down centuries-old spiritual and moral values and surface, artificially inoculated European values, which have a fundamentally different nature, sometimes not shared with the Russian mentality has emerged on the basis of religion. Therefore, the preservation of Russian identity (cultural, national and religious), based on the traditional values of Russian Orthodoxy, today is one of the main tasks of the Russian state. The most important function of modern education is “the reproduction of spirituality”, the development of the human capacity for self-realization in the space of culture on the basis of the choice of values, meanings, philosophical positions [1]. In conclusion, speaking about working with a choir, performing sacred music, it is necessary to highlight features of the approach to the development of this tradition. First, spiritual hymns written in the Liturgical text, and their main purpose is the fulfillment of the Service. The word in the spiritual music of paramount importance, and the task of music to serve the disclosure of meaning inherent in the text, to convey to the listener the word and strengthen its impact. The music here is very strong tool, a sort of catalyst that helps to perceive the deeper meaning of religious verse. The Holy fathers taught that “when the word is combined with sound - it’s faster and deeper concerns of the human soul”. Thanks to the synthesis of words and music, the text gets emotional and spiritual strength, possessing tremendous impact on people’s souls. Secondly, the notation spiritual songs very different from the traditional classic and does not reflect all the features of performance. One of the main distinctive spiritual poetic text is its not- rhyming free building rhythm of the verse. It is expressed in constant change size, and often the music building go beyond a particular size. A vivid example is analyzed in this paper, essay A. T. Grechaninov “To thee, o Holy virgin...”. Another feature of the spiritually-choral works is private use of recitative technology letters, which are widely used in Church music. Finally, when choosing interpretations of spiritual writings should not forget that the overwhelming majority of these works lies the prayer text. And prayer is the means of

31 CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL WORK communication with God. It is therefore very important in the performance of such works not to lose the prayer spiritual condition. Should be excluded when overly sensual state, all kinds of emotional “overlap”. Sacred music has great importance for the spiritual culture of man. She raises and ennobles the human soul and finds a warm response in the hearts of people.

References in English: 1. Anufriev, E. A. Resource potential of the educational environment in decision-vocational personal development graduates of the University of culture and art // Scientific notes of the Russian state social University. - 2012. - № 10 (110). - pp. 209-211. 2. Anufrieva, N. A. Folk music in the context of philosophical thinking about traditional art // Historical, philosophical, political and legal Sciences, Culturology and study of art. Issues of theory and practice. - 2011. No. 5-4. - pp. 21-24. 3. Anufrieva, N. A. The modern system of musical education in the context of axiological interpretation of the Russian artistic culture // Kazan science. - 2010. No. 5. - pp. 195-200. 4. Aronov, A. A. the World of culture: binder thread integer // the World of culture - culture of the world: materials of international scientific-practical conference dedicated to the 75th anniversary of the University. - M., 2005. - pp. 18-20. 5. Chekhov M. A. About the technique of the actor // K. S. Stanislavski an actor’s Work on himself, M. A. Chekhov. About the technique of the actor. - M.: The Artist. Director. Theatre. 2008. - 488 p. 6. Excerpts from transcript of meeting with representatives of the public on issues of Patriotic education of youth. Krasnodar. September 12, 2012. –URL: http://www.kremlin.ru/ news/16470 7. Ilyin I. A. Axioms of religious experience. - M. :AST, 2002. - 589 p. 8. Ilyin I. Singing heart. The book of quiet contemplation. - M.: The Gift, 2013. - 320 p. 9. Kolesnikova, I. A. Education for spirituality and morality in a time of global change // Pedagogy. - 2008. No. 9. 10. Likhachev D. C. the native Land. - M.: Education, 1983. - 256 p. 11. Medushevsky, V.V. Intonational form of music. - M.: Composer, 1993. - 268 p. 12. Medushevsky ,V.V. Orthodoxy and rock music. Audio lecture. Mode of access: http://www. youtube.com/watch?v=-UjL6SBl8dE. 13. Medushevsky, V.V. Spiritual emphasis in the content of music education // scholar L. C., and others of the Theory and methodology of musical education for children. Ed. 2-E. Chapter 8. - M.: Flint-Science, 1999. - pp. 259-289. 14. Nietzsche, F. the Birth of tragedy from the spirit of music. - M.: Mysl’, 1990. - 829 p. 15. Shcherbakova, A. I. Music education in contemporary culture // Kazan science. - 2010. No. 7. - pp. 155-161. 16. Shcherbakova, A. I. Musical art in the modern world culture // Scientific notes of the Russian state social University. - 2012. No. 5. - pp. 97-100. 17. St. Theophan, The Recluse. Contemplation and Meditation. - M.: the Rule of faith, 2007. - 638 p. 18. The basis of the social concept of the Russian Orthodox Church. - SPb., 2000. - 64 p. 19. The new Covenant. From Matthew. Chapter 12. 34 20. The new Covenant. The second Epistle to the Corinthians. Chapter 3. 17 21. Troitsky, E. C. Russian people in search of truth and organization. - M.: Printer, 1996. - 462 p. 22. Zervas, N. Sometimes ashamed of Russian // Arguments and facts. - 2006. No. 5. - URL: http://gazeta.aif.ru/online/aif/1318/49_01.

References in Roman script: 1. Anufriev E.A. Resursnyj potencial vozmozhnostej obrazovatel’noj sredy v reshenii professional’no-lichnostnogo stanovlenija vypusknikov vuza kul’tury i iskusstva // Uchenye zapiski Rossijskogo gosudarstvennogo social’nogo universiteta. – 2012. – № 10 (110). – S. 209-211. 2. Anufrieva N.I. Narodnaja muzyka v kontekste filosofskogo osmyslenija tradicionnoj hudozhestvennoj kul’tury // Istoricheskie, filosofskie, politicheskie i juridicheskie nauki, kul’turologija i iskusstvovedenie. Voprosy teorii i praktiki. – 2011. – № 5-4. – S. 21-24.

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3. Anufrieva N.I. Sovremennaja sistema muzykal’nogo obrazovanija v kontekste cennostnogo osmyslenija otechestvennoj hudozhestvennoj kul’tury // Kazanskaja nauka. – 2010. – № 5. – S.195-200. 4. Aronov A.A., Mir kul’tury: svjazujushhie niti celogo // Mir kul’tury – kul’tura mira: materialy mezhdunarodnoj nauchno-prakticheskoj konferencii, posvjashhennoj 75-letiju universiteta. – M., 2005. – S. 18-20. 5. Zervas N. Inogda stydno za russkih // Argumenty i fakty. – 2006. – № 5. – Rezhim dostupa: http://gazeta.aif.ru/online/aif/1318/49_01. 6. Il’in I. Pojushhee serdce. Kniga tihih sozercanij. – M.: Dar#, 2013. – 320 s. 7. Il’in I.A. Aksiomy religioznogo opyta. – M. :AST, 2002. – 589 s. 8. Kolesnikova I.A. Vospitanie k duhovnosti i nravstvennosti v jepohu global’nyh peremen // Pedagogika. – 2008. – № 9. 9. Lihachev D.S. Zemlja rodnaja. – M.: Prosveshhenie, 1983. – 256 s. 10. Medushevskij V.V. Duhovnye akcenty v soderzhanii muzykal’nogo obrazovanija // Shkoljar L.V. i dr. iz Teorija i metodika muzykal’nogo obrazovanija detej. Izd. 2-e. Glava 8. – M.: Flinta-Nauka, 1999. – S. 259-289. 11. Medushevskij V. V. Intonacionnaja forma muzyki. – M.: Kompozitor, 1993. – 268 s. 12. Medushevskij V. V. Pravoslavie i rok-muzyka. Audio-lekcija. Rezhim dostupa: http://www. youtube.com/watch?v=-UjL6SBl8dE. 13. Nicshe F. Rozhdenie tragedii iz duha muzyki. – M.: Mysl’, 1990. – 829 s. 14. Novyj zavet. Vtoroe poslanie k korinfjanam. Glava 3. 17 15. Novyj zavet. Ot Matfeja. Glava 12. 34 16. Osnovy social’noj koncepcii Russkoj Pravoslavnoj Cerkvi. – SPb., 2000. – 64 s. 17. Svjatitel’ Feofan Zatvornik. Sozercanie i Razmyshlenie. – M.: Pravilo very, 2007. – 638 s. 18. Stenograficheskij otchjot o vstreche s predstaviteljami obshhestvennosti po voprosam patrioticheskogo vospitanija molodjozhi. Krasnodar.12 sentjabrja 2012 goda. 19. Troickij E.S. Russkij narod v poiskah pravdy i organizovannosti. – M.: Poligrafist, 1996. – 462 s. 20. Chehov M.A. O tehnike aktera // K.S. Stanislavskij Rabota aktera nad soboj, M.A. Chehov. O tehnike aktera. – M.: Artist. Rezhissjor. Teatr. 2008. – 488 s. 21. Shherbakova A.I. Muzykal’noe iskusstvo v sovremennom prostranstve kul’tury // Uchenye zapiski Rossijskogo gosudarstvennogo social’nogo universiteta. – 2012. – № 5. – S. 97-100. 22. Shherbakova A.I. Muzykal’noe obrazovanie v prostranstve sovremennoj kul’tury // Kazanskaja nauka. – 2010. – № 7. – S. 155-161.

REFERENCE TO ARTICLE Malygin, D. A. & Korsakova, I. A. (2015) Spiritual rehabilitation of young people through communion with the spiritual singing orthodox tradition, Contemporary Problems of Social Work, Vol. 1. № 2. P. 26-33. DOI: 10.17922/2412-5466-2015-1-2-26-33.

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Rerukh E. V. Assistant, Department of Social work and social security, Russian State Social University, branch in Pyatigorsk. E-mail: [email protected] УДК 316.62 DOI 10.17922/2412-5466-2015-1-2-34-39

Resocialization of people “third age” in modern Russia

Receiving date: Preprint date: Taking to print date: 16.03.2015 30.03.2015 30.03.2015

Annotation: This article analyzes the situation of the people of the “third age” in modern Russia, as well as the possibility of their re-socialization in the society. The article addresses the problems of a psychological condition of elderly people capable of retired. This article discusses the basic technologies of social work with older people, as well as institutions of social and medical support. Particular attention is paid to the health of citizens, submitted proposals to promote a healthy lifestyle. Key words: social work; older people; socialization; re-socialization; education; gerontology.

Resocialization - a re-socialization that occurs throughout the life of the individual. Resocialization done changing the settings of the individual goals, norms and values of life. Resocialization in the life of an elderly person can cover many activities - from receiving primary skills using the computer to professional retraining. Resocialization understood as a process of retraining for a new stage in the life and development of human life. This topic is caused by a problem with the people of the “third age” in the provision of social services and the increase in the present conditions the role of institutions for the organization of social support for older people and their quality of life. The current real social policy for the elderly is done through a variety of social programs at different levels (federal, regional and municipal), the implementation of which is aimed at addressing various current challenges to improve the quality of life of older people. Contemporary socio-economic, moral and psychological and spiritual situation in Russia is extremely controversial and much Aspect. Holds instability in the economy, acute deficit of the federal budget, almost not reduced the number of people with incomes below the subsistence level, increased differentiation of the population by income, increased tensions in the labor market, growing arrears of wages, pensions and social benefits, acutely manifest trends distress, including social deviation. Throughout the territory of the Russian Federation to create an institution focused on providing care, education, and medical and social rehabilitation of the elderly. The former monopoly stationary social services for the population complemented by public (municipal) system of social services for senior citizens, which is represented by independent institutions of various types, as well as units that are in the structure of social protection, which is being implemented to provide social services in all forms of service (non-stationary, semi-stationary The stationary and urgent social). In addition to traditional Multi-seat home for the elderly, there were dozens of years, there were specialized agencies with small capacity close to home living conditions.

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Home-based form of social services for the elderly there first at nursing homes and social security agencies, and then at the centers of social services in the community. The rapid development of non-stationary forms of social services (home-based, semi-permanent and urgent social) for stable growth network of stationary institutions played a major role in shaping the modern integrated system of social services for senior citizens and this is one of the positive advantages of the current reforms. You can also call the direction of socio-medical work with older people - a “home resort” and Mini dispensaries, on the basis of comprehensive social service centers, for social and recreational activities rabilitatsionnyh and the older generation. Social and rehabilitative care at home is lonely and living alone and disabled war veterans, persons with special merits to the Fatherland, and other categories of veterans who for health reasons can not exercise their right to a spa treatment. Before older people facing new challenges related to the provision, rehabilitation and development of individual, creative skills with the capacity of the organism; create optimal conditions for self-expression through the “employment” in the various spheres of life; improved quality of life; social and economic independence in the new conditions of existence. These tasks are not easy to implement, but it is necessary to understand them and they need to be addressed. Resource of the older generation, their wisdom and experience should be directed at solving social and economic problems of the country. Unfortunately, in our country at a certain shortage of manpower, there are processes of artificial belittling the role and status of alienation from the active life of the elderly. Artificial belittling the social significance of elderly people inevitably increases the measure of conflict in society, giving rise to an increase in crime, drug addiction, homelessness and so on. D. Probably entitled to talk about the level of not only physical but also moral health of society. Social relationships, family and socio- economic status are the main determinants of the social status of the elderly person, which is closely related to the concept of quality of life. Training and education of older people, aimed at the acquisition and the acquisition of specialized classes for this kind are also considered productive. Volunteer, volunteer teaching, education, care of other family members, friends, help young, occupation favorite thing, hobbies and other activities, both at home and outside it - is also productive activity. [2, 287 c.] For the elderly education has an essential condition fulfilling life in modern society. In this formation, on the one hand, helps the elderly living in resolving problems with another - contributes to satisfying the need for new information. For a man of advanced age education can act not only in the way of integration into the communicative and cultural space, but also a means of ensuring the development of personality and psychological stability, respectively. Thus, the “older generation - is an integral part of education, whose main objective is to promote the comprehensive development of the person in that period of his life when he reaches retirement age and representatives.” Formation of active life position gives a chance for older people to take their rightful social-role status in Russian society, for their most valuable asset - it’s knowledge, experience and practical wisdom should be thoughtfully and purposefully used for the development of the country’s wealth. Our country is not enough to develop methods of educational and psychological and adaptation work with the elderly. Analyzing the customers of public social service agencies can identify reduction optimistic positive indicators just at 60-65 year old citizens. They are more pronounced isolation on personal painful - age problems, decreased activity, and sociability, but increased passivity, pessimism and frustration. The conclusion about the need to intensify rehabilitation work with people is pre-retirement and early retirement age increase and changes in the forms and methods of work with this category of citizens, taking into account changes in society. Complicates the work with this category of persons the lack of sufficient scientific and professional literature regarding the practical issues of gerontology and social services.

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Elderly older must provide a decent and quality care during the period of survival and care and pensioners older ages and, in particular, with those close to retirement age should be targeted efforts to enhance life position and lengthening the period of disability and self-service. In the modern period of socio-economic development of the socialization of the elderly occurs more difficult. Besides the fact that older people who are often perceived decline in the quality of life of its own as a natural process, so more and the acceleration of scientific and technological progress in people of retirement age causes difficulties with the development of knowledge and skills learned behaviors, values, ensure adequate participation in various forms of social interaction. Tool for maintaining the ability to social adaptation and integration through getting on the system based on information on the changing world of education is in old age. Currently, the developed countries socialization of elderly people recognized as an important means to improve their quality of life. Changing attitudes and social environment causes destabilization of the elderly mental state, reducing social and psychological adaptation. Older persons are forced to simultaneously adapt to age-related changes and social changes at the level of the group (loss of status, social roles) and at the level of society. Shutdown accompanied many of them fundamental changes in lifestyle, breaking the usual social ties in conjunction with indifference on the part of others and the restriction of social and cultural opportunities that are often accompanied by sustained stress. Institutions of social protection to help organize pensioners living space so that the means available to the extent possible to compensate for the effects of aging. However, it requires a partial reorganization of the functions of institutions sotsiozaschitnoy sphere so that they are focused on a more rational and constructive solution of social problems of the elderly, the elderly helped mastering modern patterns of behavior and interaction, prevented social exclusion; facilitate the adaptation of people at different stages of aging (“young elderly”, old age, old age, longevity). In the field of intergenerational relations, including in their own families, the elderly especially pained uselessness of their existing moral, spiritual and cultural potential. The family plays a crucial role in the final stages of the life cycle; forming next Wednesday, which could provide the elderly material assistance and support to ensure the safety and care, to supplement social contacts, to make a more active lifestyle. At the same time, especially in extended families are often faced with challenging situations and facts of physical or psychological, direct or indirect abuse of elderly, ageism and lack of real opportunities for the realization of the right to fair treatment. Currently, traditional setting in the care of elderly relatives in the family is changing due to various reasons, of which the most frequent increase in the cost of the family, expanding urbanization, increasing migration of the workforce. Degree of responsibility for the provision of traditional family care and meeting the needs of aging people is reduced in parallel with the load on the traditional guardians (usually women). [1, 24]. In old age narrows social circle, becoming an irreplaceable loss - friends and acquaintances go out of life, and interest groups, self-help and mutual aid associations, locally organized community, including religious organizations, are underdeveloped. Houses of culture, libraries, theaters, museums, concert halls, theaters - are for the elderly the most important sources of maintaining contact with cultural values, but retirement limits the ability of older people in our country in the use of the services of these institutions: firstly, due to the weakening incentives to maintain a certain cultural level, and secondly, due to financial difficulties, and thirdly, for parts, new elements of modern culture rejected them. To reduce the influence of negative factors preventing the full participation of older persons in the process of social communication, it is necessary to develop a special government measures aimed at increasing the responsibility of the family (adult children, grandchildren) for the welfare of elderly parents and to strengthen intergenerational family relationships,

36 VOLUME 1, No. 2, 2015 provide economic and social support families to care for elderly relatives, provide seniors the opportunity to expand the range of interpersonal contacts with the help of an informal group affiliation and by special structures (clubs, counseling centers, dating services, etc.), to stimulate the development of social participation of older people in the organized life of the community to ensure access of older people to educational programs, encouraging their desire for continuing education, especially in the run-up to retirement, to develop a system of affordable home services for older people, especially those living in small towns and rural areas. The complexity of maintaining adequate vitality of older people is that the age-related changes often associated with chronic diseases of varying severity. Accordingly, health care, medical care and drug provision, care for the sick and the weak become essential components of social policy for older people require significant expenditures and training of qualified personnel who are familiar with the peculiarities of the aging of the organism and the specifics of preserving the health of older people. To the fore to improve the quality of targeted rehabilitation and recreation activities for the elderly, which can be obtained on the basis of spa facilities. It is essential that the right to ensure healthy aging, sensitive to the pressing social, economic, spiritual, psychological and physiological needs of the elderly. [4, 54 c.] State and society must take responsibility for ensuring optimal health in later years of life. In this regard, it is advisable to create in the Russian Federation extensive system of gerontological care to the population: as no child can not do without a pediatrician, and every elderly person needs help geriatrics. The implementation of the relevant programs, outreach to the elderly population in relation to the proper methods of catering services, prevention of morbidity and premature aging, would greatly contribute to solving the problem of living conditions. From the above it can be concluded that the social status and mental characteristics of older people as a social group is very difficult, as experience difficulties in communication; suicidal; suffer from depression; experiencing guilt in front of deceased loved ones; Experiencing the fear of death and the fear of being unworthy of burial. In order to solve their problems they need to create the conditions to achieve their goals. They need: Independence, feasible participation, care for them, self-fulfillment, respect for their dignity. [3, 85]. The problem is exacerbated by the fact that in our country there is no scientifically-developed methods of psychophysical adaptation of working with this diverse category of citizens. The increased number of older people makes it difficult for health and social services, requires additional funding, develop a common plan of development of social sphere of the country, taking into account the interests and urgent needs of the regions. Due to lack of funding with persons of pre-retirement and early retirement age in extremely small volumes being sports and wellness, prevention, rehabilitation and education on the psychological and physiological characteristics, gerontology, prevention of disease and premature aging, possibilities of strengthening and rehabilitation of specific diseases. Learning how to prolong the life of most people to a great age, obviously, should be changed and stereotypes of old age, by both the elderly and their relatives, associates and most important authorities. From paternalistic tutelage and guardianship should pass to stimulating and activating strategies. It is time to stop treating the elderly as to the weak and sick. The media should become active promoters and distributors of theories, techniques, and best practices for the conservation potential health and productive aging. After all, experience shows that the true impact of an aging population is not as dangerous as they seem. Interested and capable older people partially government provides opportunities to participate in the daily life of the community and make it a contribution. Of the elderly requires only activity and initiative. Given the state of the current job market, especially in the phase of the crisis, older people wishing to work mostly available jobs that do not meet their expectations,

37 CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL WORK skills and desire to realize themselves. For the elderly are increasing restrictions on access to gainful employment or employment feasible. Termination of employment due to retirement, especially for those who have a high labor potential and can continue to be productive professional activity, is a powerful stress factor. Indeed, the possibility of self-realization in work is a necessary condition for the extension of active life and healthy aging. Overcoming problems of unemployment of young people who need favorable conditions to replenish the workforce, are closely linked with the policy of retirement age. With age, the level of satisfaction with financial situation is reduced. The vast majority of people of retirement age assess their financial situation as poor, unstable and insecure, and believe that their quality of life significantly decreased. The most acute problem is the low amount of the minimum old-age pension. Able to satisfy the material, cultural and social needs through the acquisition of goods and services is a defining characteristic for assessing the standard of living of the pensioner. In today’s market conditions, the acquisition of goods and services depends on the level of retirement income and the prices of consumer goods and services. The growth of material wealth behind the growing expectations of older people on the level and quality of life. Reform of the pension system has not given the proper result and to improve the level of pension and bring the pension system in line with the actual folding socio-economic conditions require further reform of the pension legislation. It may be necessary to establish institutional means for older people a level of income (pensions), which would allow them to provide for the needs of all of life and economic independence; ensuring the purchasing power of pensions, especially in terms of payment for care, the need for which increases with age; continuing measures to protect the savings of elderly people from the effects of inflation. The system of social benefits in the Russian context does not implement the principle of social justice. Than a person who has the status of, for example, former underage prisoners, better or worse, a man who has a different status? Politics income generation and maintenance of the social status of the elderly population by concessions (more than 1000), which is closely related to pensions, and social services, at least, not ethical, not to mention rationality. The system of state and non-state pensions should be reformed in such a way as not to divide people, had about the same difficult past into categories and statuses. Fair solution to the problem seems to stimulate groups of people who have made a significant contribution to the defense and development of the country a decent pension, and the existing socio-economic problems of the country (housing, transportation, medical and other software) to solve other worthy methods. The gap between the financial capabilities of the state and the real possibilities of budgets at all levels remains significant, and this fact makes us look for better ways to meet the challenges the state and society issues related to the implementation of constitutional guarantees for older people. The quality of physical and mental health as poor. The ability of older people to participate in society, is directly related to the state of health. In recent years there has been deterioration in the health of Russians, manifested by an increase in morbidity, disability and mortality, including from unnatural causes. Among older people healthy enough. Most people older suffer from various chronic diseases. A distinctive feature of geriatric patients - a combination of pathological changes in various organs and systems, excessive medicalization, and the absence of alternative methods of preservation and rehabilitation of health problems worsen. The media should become active promoters and distributors of theories, techniques, and best practices for the conservation potential health and productive aging. Unfortunately, the way of life of many Russians are very far from ideal, but modern life dictates all Russian citizens need to actively strengthen and preserve their health, increasing the importance of health and its leading position in the scale

38 VOLUME 1, No. 2, 2015 of life values. Many economically developed countries focus on improvement of its citizens. For example, one of the leading Russian demographers, Anatoly Vishnevsky writes: “Between 1960 - 1990 years of health expenditure per capita increased by five times. And somewhere in France or Japan - almost forty. The difference, of course, a significant effect too. Our state skimp on investment in health ... “. Ministry of Health considers itself as “the Ministry of diseases”, limited to “Ministry of Health warns,” believes that it is not involved in the cause of the high mortality rate. This is a global issue state must be addressed comprehensively and take part of the responsibility for the health and quality of life of the population. Resources are abundant, and one of them preventive medicine. More and more it is evident that the development of measures to stimulate those citizens who support the highest standards of efficiency, care about their health and saves it. For the health system is a category that includes not only medical and biological factors, but also demographic, psychological, socio-economic, legal, ethical, and others, constantly interacting with each other. Summarizing it must be said that it is advisable to legislatively establish a mechanism to stimulate a healthy lifestyle and to consider the health of the economic category.

References in English: 1. Denisova T.V., Malinova L.N. Clinical Gerontology. Selected lectures. - M .: Medical Information Agency, 2008. - 244 p. 2. Mushkambarov N.N. Gerontology in polemico. - M .: Medical Information Agency, 2011. - 472 p. 3. Pavlyuk S.V., Reruh E.V. Social status of an elderly man in modern Russia. - Stavropol: Kant. 2014. - № 4 (13). - pp. 81-85. 4. Sokolov V.F. Theory and practice of rehabilitation of elderly people: a tutorial. - M .: Flint, 2012. - 200 p.

References in Roman script: 1. Denisova T.V., Malinova L.N. Klinicheskaja gerontologija. Izbrannye lekcii. - M.: Medicinskoe informacionnoe agentstvo, 2008. - 244 s. 2. Mushkambarov N.N. Gerontologija in polemico. - M.: Medicinskoe informacionnoe agentstvo, 2011. - 472 s. 3. Pavljuk S.V., Reruh E.V. Social’noe polozhenie pozhilogo cheloveka v sovremennoj Rossii. - Stavropol’: Kant. 2014. - № 4 (13). - S. 81-85. 4. Sokolova V. F. Teorija i praktika reabilitacii grazhdan pozhilogo vozrasta: uchebnoe posobie. - M.: Flinta, 2012. - 200 s.

REFERENCE TO ARTICLE Rerukh, E.V. (2015) Resocialization of people “third age” in modern Russia, Contemporary Problems of Social Work, Vol. 1. № 2. P. 34-39. DOI: 10.17922/2412-5466-2015-1-2-34-39.

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Savchenko D.V. Candidate of psychological Sciences, associate Professor, Department of special, clinical psychology and inclusive education, Russian State Social University, Moscow. E-mail: [email protected] Babich E.G. Candidate of psychological Sciences, associate Professor, Department of special, clinical psychology and inclusive education, Russian State Social University, Moscow. E-mail: [email protected] Sokolova E.E. Candidate of philological Sciences, associate Professor, Department of the Eng- lish Philology, Russian State Social University, Moscow. E-mail: [email protected] УДК 159.9 DOI 10.17922/2412-5466-2015-1-2-40-49

Researching sensomotor functions lateral organization with hearing-impaired primary school age children

Receiving date: Preprint date: Taking to print date: 16.03.2015 30.03.2015 30.03.2015

Annotation: The results of sensomotor functions comparative study of primary school age children with and without hearing impairment are presented in the given article. The aim of the research is theoretical foundation and experimental verifying of sensomotor functions peculiarities with hearing-impaired primary school children. Sample characteristics: 26 primary school age children took part in the research: 13 children with the fourth - degree hearing loss (experimental group) living in the Ministry of Health and Social Development Sergiyev-Posad Orphanage for the blind deaf-mutes and 13 children without hearing problems (control group), the second-form pupils from school 9, Sergiyev Posad. Methodology: the definition of hands, legs (body side) functional asymmetry lateral organization profile (LOP), visual-spatial asymmetry (Semenovich A.V.); motor coordination and motor skills research; visual-object gnosis diagnostics – “Visual-verbal functions development diagnostics” (Akhutina T.V., Pylaeva N.M.). As a result, a certain range of peculiarities of sensomotor functions formation while researching perception, processing and reproduction of information by primary school age children with hearing impairment were noted, which proves left and right cerebral hemispheres insufficiency and interhemispheric interaction failure in comparison with the children from the control group. The revealed peculiarities of sensomotor functions lateral organization allow to understand the problems of primary school age children with hearing impairment better, these problems are connected with inter- and intrahemispheric organization and can be improved with the help of neuropsychological methods as an example. Key words: lateral organization profile, sensomotor functions, lateralization of brain function, children with hearing loss.

Mental activity combines functioning of both cerebral hemispheres, i.e. the process of hemispheric interaction. Hemispheric interaction is a combination of patterns, mechanisms, means, stages and forms of human energy-information communication. These are the fundamental regulations of human brain as a pair-organ functioning [6; 8;18;19;22]. The particular case of interhemispheric interaction is lateralization of brain function. At present the research on brain as a pair-organ contains more complete data on different

40 VOLUME 1, No. 2, 2015 lateralization of brain function patterns. Thus, anatomic, physiological examination of patients having similar lateral involvements proves the inequality of left and right brain hemispheres. Anatomic asymmetry exists in both cerebral cortex and sub cortex parts of the brain. Physiological asymmetry manifests itself in differences between symmetric parts of left and right hemispheres bioelectrical activity in the state of relaxation and especially during psychological activity [27]. Clinical data indicate different relations of left and right cerebral hemispheres to speech and non-speech functions [4;9;13;28]. There are several points of view on the problem of brain function lateralization formation in ontogenesis. These are the concepts of hemispheric equipotentiality in progressive lateralization. According to the first point of view there is the initial equality or equipotentiality of hemispheres in relation to all functions including speech function. Data on high brain plasticity of children and ability of one part to carry out other parts functions prove this theory. Thus, the lack of left hemisphere rigid dominance in speech was noted with children under 3, functions of hemispheres being interchangeable [7;19;20;24]. According to the progressive lateralization theory hemispheric specialization exists since birth. It is reveled in the nerve substratum coded ability to identify the capability of this or that function development and define the leading hand activity. Thus, it is possible to reveal symptoms of speech asymmetry in fetus morphological structure of future speech zones. Besides, while investigating brain function development it was stated that functional brain asymmetry manifests itself in perceiving words when a child is six months old. Research conducted with children having cerebral hemispheres development defects revealed that some children had a different range of complex functional disorders after left hemisphere excision than the others having had right hemisphere ablation. This is the evidence of hemispheric early specialization with children (under 4) in ontogenesis [11;12;14]. The problem of lateralization of brain function in general is considered by scientists as a problem of functional specificity of hemispheres, their different contribution to each technical function (elementary and higher). Asymmetry has no global but partial characteristics. Motor, sensor and “psychic” asymmetries are singled out, moreover each of them is divided into a variety of more particular kinds. For example, motor asymmetry includes hand, leg, oral, oculomotor and other kinds. Visual, acoustic, tactile, olfactory and other kinds can be referred to sensor asymmetries while brain organization of speech and other mental functions (perceptual, mnestic, intellectual) asymmetry refer to “psychic” ones [10;19;23;28]. Contemporary research has been enriched by a sufficient number of scientific works on the problem of hemispheric asymmetry in childhood [6;13;21] However, the given question is being investigated mostly with well- developed persons because of evident complexity of diagnostic research organization. The question of hearing-impaired primary school age children having hemispheric asymmetry, those for whom speech habits acquisition is rather complicated, is not very well investigated [2;12;14;15] In this connection researching the profile of hearing-impaired children lateral organization is rather relevant. Literature analysis reveals that the left hemisphere is verbal and responsible for speech perception and production [3;7;16;26;29] The right hemisphere is imaginative being ‘in charge of’ visual and spatial perception [11;17;25;30] In spite of the fact that this division is rather conventional one can identify the individual type of lateral organization (left or right hemispheric type) according to information perception and interpreting peculiarities [7;23;31]. The given phenomenon is significant in the assessment of activity performed by a child, which is of particular importance in educational process. Child’s performance at school depends directly on their ability to perceive and interpret information. Besides the possibility of mental functions stimulation or conducting necessary correctional work is revealed [1;5;17].

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In this connection, understanding of hearing-impaired children brain functioning allows to make a better picture of deficiency, ways of its compensation and choose the right approach to teaching children with the right hemisphere domination. The aim of our research is theoretical foundation and experimental trial of sensomotor functions lateral organization peculiarities with hearing-impaired primary school age children. To realize the research aim and tasks stated the following methods of diagnostic investigation were applied: the definition of functional hands, legs (body side) asymmetry lateral organization profile (PLO), visual-spatial asymmetry (Semenovich A.V.) [17]; motor coordination and motor skills investigation; visual-object gnosis diagnostics – “Visual-verbal functions development diagnostics” (Akhutina T.V., Pylaeva N.M.) [3]. Statistical processing of research results was conducted with the help of Mann-Whitney U-test, Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient and quantitative, qualitative, comparative research. The research was organized and held at the Ministry of Health and Social Development Sergiyevo-Posad Orphanage for the blind death-mute. The experimental group consisted of 13 children at the age of 8-12 with the 4-degree hearing loss who are educated at “Educational correctional Department for children at the age of 8-14 with development disorders, having problems at school”. The control group consisted of 13 children at the age of 8-9, second-form pupils of Sergiyevo-Posad school 9. The research was held with each child separately, the results were recorded. The proceedings descriptions are given in supplements. The following peculiarities were revealed while analyzing sensomotor functions lateral organization profile of children with and without hearing impairment. Thus, a number of left- side features in LOP are recorded for the group of children with hearing impairment, at the same time no legs, body side and visual asymmetry is identified with many children in the experimental group.

Table 1 Percent Correlation Condensed Table of Children with and without Hearing Impairment Lateral Preferences Lateral Preferences A Group of Children with A Group of Children without Hearing Impairment Hearing Impairment Leading Head L- 38% L – 15% R/L – 15% R/L – 7% R – 46 % R – 76% Leading Leg L – 30% R – 100% R – 69% Leading Eye L – 23% L – 7% R/L – 30% R/L – 15% R – 46% R – 76%

In the course of research some children without impairment used the right hand while writing but while diagnostic trials persisted in using the left hand. This fact can account for latent left- handedness, a phenomenon typical of relearning. A leading hand was not identified with three children in both groups, which speaks for the lack of one hemisphere definite manifestation, a characteristic feature of earlier age. When applying Mann-Whitney U-test for lateral preferences comparison between the group of children with hearing impairment and the control group no statistically significant differences were revealed (a leading hand U=58, p<0.05; leading leg U=58.5, p<0.05; leading eye U=57.5, p<0.05). This means that lateral organization of sensomotor functions profile with children

42 VOLUME 1, No. 2, 2015 having hearing impairment or without it has the same tendency in functional uncertainty of visual asymmetry. First of all it can be the caused by the possible bilateral preference of the leading eye, ambidexterity or incomplete formation of lateralization in the given asymmetry. Besides, the research results reflected a number of left-side features in motor asymmetries of children with hearing impairment. In the dynamic praxis test between the group of children with hearing impairment and the control group were no statistically significant differences (U=47, p<0.05), at the same time there were statistically significant differences (U=38, p<0.05) between the experimental and control groups in the reciprocal coordination of hands test. However, in spite of statistical differences there were qualitative differences while testing two groups. For example, it is characteristic of the experimental group children to assimilate a motor program only after several presentations or common performance whereas the control children assimilated the program after he first presentation. Visual-verbal functions development diagnostics (Akhutina T.V., Pylaeva N.M.) [3] allowed to classify mistakes necessary for the analysis of visual-verbal functions brain organization state. Thus, visual gnosis tests performance revealed such mistakes as: perceptual-verbal; near-perceptual; figure and background displacement faults; fragmentariness type; verbal; far- perceptual; perseveration faults and unidentified images. The research results are presented visually on different tests included into this diagnostic block. Thus, children with hearing impairment made more mistakes in “Identifying realistic images” test than children from a control group especially in “unidentified images” (18), which can be the evidence of primary visual gnosis problems. In the experimental group the following images proved to be the most sensitive to recognition difficulties: a bench, a fur coat, a suitcase and a sofa. The children identified a mushroom, a belt, a snake and a watch more often. Verbal mistakes prevail in this group (38), which is the evidence of left hemisphere speech zones functional insufficiency. The children often used verbs when naming the objects: to sit- a bench, a sofa; to water – a hose. Almost all children failed to use the real name of the object and identified a lamp as light. Unlike the children with hearing impairment there were no above mentioned types of mistakes revealed in the control group , which is proved statistically by Mann-Whitney U-test (U=2, p<0.05). Interesting results were achieved while conducting “Identifying superimposed images” test. Thus, children with hearing impairment made much more mistakes (104) in this category than the children without impairment (9). This can be the evidence of left and right hemispheres functional development inhibition, disorders in visual information interpretation from which children with impairment suffer and the second - brain part insufficiency. Identifying the superimposed images : a child, a plate, an apple, an orange; a lamp, a key, a jug was the most difficult for the children of this group. Fewer mistakes were made in groups: a fish, a fur tree, a plate, names of animals and geometry figures. However, it should be noted that many geometry figures were not identified or found. As in the previous task in identifying superimposed images by the experimental group most mistakes were of verbal type (58). The children substituted the names of objects by the verbs: a rake – to rake; a glass – to drink, a lamp – light and so on. Besides there were perceptive verbal mistakes (PV) and a little fewer near-perceptive mistakes (NP). There were more such mistakes made by a control group (PV-67, NP-36) than by the experimental group (PV-45, NP-24). Thus, children from the control group and the experimental group as well had difficulties in recognizing images of the following category: a child, a plate, an orange, an apple. At last, statistically significant differences between two test groups were stated (U=29, p<0.05) by Mann-Whitney U-test in the “Identification of superimposed images” trial. The experimental group children made more verbal mistakes (27) in “Crossed images” trial. The control group children made more perceptive-verbal and near-perceptive mistakes (PV-

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17, NP-8). The fragmentariness mistakes are typical of children with difficulties in complete image perception and holistic (right hemispheric) strategy of visual information interpreting deficiency, in the given task these mistakes were peculiar only to the control group children. A number of mistakes in image identification (51) was made by children with hearing impairment in the trial “Incomplete images”. Such images as a lamp and tongs proved to be the most sensitive to these mistakes. There were many fragmentariness mistakes (15). The most difficult images for perception were: scissors (they were identified as a mirror, a spoon, to sew), scales were seen as a boat, a house, a ship; and a key was recognized as an ear. As in the previous trials there were statistically significant differences revealed between the group of children with hearing impairment and the control group (U=12, p<0.05). While testing “Noise object images” none of the experimental group children performed this task. A number of unidentified images prove this fact (46). For example, such images as a key and a jug were nor recognized by anyone. The most typical mistakes in both groups were near- perceptive (33 and 6). However, the control group children in comparison with the children with hearing impairment gave imaginative answers, which can be evident by a number of far- perceptive substitutions (14). In general this task proved to be much more complicated for the children with hearing impairment than for the control group children. The most typical mistakes of both groups in the trial “Separation of images from the background” were perceptive-verbal, however in the given task they were prevailed with the children having hearing impairment (30). It is interesting that none of the children of both groups identified all 16 images (maximum 14). Besides, children with hearing impairment made verbal mistakes (13) and far-perceptive change (2) in comparison with the control group which made no mistakes of this kind. In general statistically significant differences in performing this task (U=20, p<0.05) were stated between the children with hearing impairment and the control group. The same character of mistakes in two test groups can be seen in “Memorizing and recognizing object images” trial. For example, children of both groups had difficulties in denoting similar objects (a scoop, a bush). Besides, the children of both groups were not coherent in naming images after the interfering task. The experimental group children displayed worse results, confusing the names of the objects or forgetting to point them out after the second presentation. The greatest number of mistakes in both groups was made while naming in the group: a thermometer, a goose, a scoop. In the task “Free associations” the best result according to “object pictures” parameter was displayed by the control group children (6). In comparison with the experimental group the children without hearing impairment have no non-object images and reduplication of the pictures as well. Non-object pictures (more than 4) are the evidence of visual-object presentations poorness and the right hemisphere functions hypoplasia (one child). The children with hearing impairment drew primitive pictures more often (1.8), besides there were more difficulties in representing species character (1.8) than in the control group. There was a variety of graphical skills – from good to almost unidentifiable and primitive – in the pictures of the experimental group children. One child drew 6 subject pictures, which is the evidence of well-developed imagination. The children with hearing impairment were asked to draw a wider range of pictures: flowers and trees while testing “Verbal associations. This decision was made taking into consideration development peculiarities and each child’s abilities. As a result, it was stated that the control group children created more (1.6) concrete good pictures than the experimental group children (0.5). A number of simplified pictures (2.6) are also characteristic of this group, which ,in its turn, is connected with little object-visual experience. The reduplication of a picture during a detailed verbal description proves this fact. In general, the children stuck to the given topic (flowers) and only the small number of pictures refers to other plants. To sum up, there were no inadequate pictures in the group of children without impairment.

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The inadequate pictures constitute the major part (0.9) in the experimental group. The children with hearing impairment failed to understand the task immediately and began to draw a flag (a tree and a flag are similar in the sign language). It was also noted that children knowing no types of flowers and plants deviated from the given topic, which can be the evidence of the coding and control block insufficiency. The children with hearing impairment drew primitive pictures (poor quality of image), they reduplicated the images (0.7) and generalized the names of the pictures (a flower, a tree, etc.) (0.6). This is the evidence of left hemisphere features dysfunction. According to the results of “Visual associations” methodology it can be stated that the experimental group children drew primitive pictures with difficulty in representing species character, the majority of pictures being objective. This group drew a number of generalized and inadequate pictures with frequent repetitions in their names. The control group children succeeded in drawing objective and concrete pictures. However there are a number of simplified pictures during detailed lexical description. After analyzing the results of each “Diagnostics of visual-verbal functions” methodology task the conclusions were made by adding the number of mistakes made by the children while identifying the images, moreover the most frequent mistakes of both groups were distinguished. Thus, the biggest number of mistakes of the experimental group (311) was revealed in “Unidentified images” test, whereas in the control group children such mistakes were much fewer (50). The mistakes of such a type can be the evidence of visual gnosis initial difficulties and object-visual experience poorness as well. The predominance of verbal mistakes is characteristic of the experimental group children (175), whereas the children without impairment made few mistakes of such a kind (6). Such mistakes speak for the left hemisphere speech zones functional insufficiency. Perceptive-verbal mistakes prevail in the group of children without impairment (212) and are the most frequent. The prevalence of such mistakes can be the evidence of “visual object- word” relations underdevelopment, which can bу caused by difficulties in left hemispheric visual information interpreting. However, we realize that at primary school age the left hemisphere only begins to be involved in the process of information interpreting and object- visual experience is not lasting. At last one more typical type of mistakes – far-perceptive - was recorded in the control group (107). The number of such mistakes prove the initial poorness of visual information interpreting processes or orientative – research activity insufficiency. The majority of such mistakes were made during the “superimposed images identification” test, i.e. while perceiving the whole image. The children with hearing impairment made fewer such mistakes (58) while the maximum number was also made during “superimposed images identification” test. Thus, in the course of the research the growing number of left-side features was revealed in the lateral organization profile of children with hearing impairment in comparison with children without impairment. A deviation from the norm is also recorded in the growing number of laterally poor functions especially in visual-spatial asymmetry. This data can be the evidence of hemispheric interrelation formation latency. While testing dynamic praxis and reciprocal coordination with children having hearing impairment a lot of problems, faults, difficulties in perception and reproduction of the program were recorded. All abovementioned data prove the existence of difficulties in building hemispheric relations. Dysfunctional hemispheric interaction and visual-spatial disorders, poor visual-motor coordination are the evidence of the dysfunctional right hemisphere. The children without impairment have more stable test results, the majority of children performing both tests without difficulties, which is much better than in the experimental group. This proves the hemispheric interaction being well-formed.

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To establish connections between methods in each sample Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient was calculated. Thus, correlation analysis revealed the children with hearing loss having a connection between a leading hand and the number of perceptive-verbal mistakes made by them. Thus, difficulties in visual information interpreting because of the insufficiently developed connection “visual image-word” are characteristic of deaf children with left hemispheric lateralization (the right hand is the leading one). Besides, the experimental group children had a significant connection of the leading hand with the program performance in dynamic praxis and serial number of mistakes as well. Taking into consideration the previous correlation data it can be concluded that the dynamic praxis performance of deaf children with left hemispheric lateralization is dramatically low due to difficulties in visual program pattern interpreting and as a result a difficulty in automatic serial movement organization formation. Besides, the correlation analysis in the control group allowed to reveal the lack of connection between lateralization organization profile, types of mistakes and movement tests. However, correlations between groups of mistakes, such as: correlation between a figure and background displacement mistakes and far-change mistakes were recorded, which is the evidence of children with impairment having difficulties in switching off the insufficiency at the initial stage of visual perception; correlation between dynamic praxis performance, serial mistakes, memorizing the program and reciprocal test performance. To sum everything up, it can be concluded that while researching perception, interpretation and reproduction of information with hearing-impaired primary school age children a range of peculiarities in sensomotor functions formation, which is the evidence of left and right hemispheric insufficiency and interhemispheric interaction deficiency. The significance of the given lateralized organization profile peculiarities lie in the fact that the research data allow to understand the children’s difficulties better and to reveal those which are connected with inter- and intrahemispheric organization and can be corrected by neuropsychological methods as well. The research results also provide data for further development of correctional measures for children of different groups. For example, a peculiarity characteristic of hearing-impaired children was revealed – a difficulty in the right hemispheric information processing. Traditionally, the speech - dominant left hemisphere with the speech-impaired children is considered to suffer more than the other one. Consequently, much time and effort is spent on speech functions correction and development, which is right, but at the same time right hemispheric functions – visual-spatial, visual-motor coordination disorders, etc. are left unattended and it manifests itself in some pictures of hearing-impaired children. That’s why special attention should be paid on the formation and correction of right hemispheric functions, since normal speech development is possible only under condition of adequate interhemispheric interaction providing this function. The correlation of all diagnostic data (lateralized organization profile, the zone of proximal development, cognitive processes formation peculiarities, etc.) and thorough understanding individual development features can contribute to qualitative assistance in the process of upbringing and teaching a hearing-impaired child.

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REFERENCE TO ARTICLE Savchenko, D.V., Babich, E.G. & Sokolova, E.E. (2015) Researching sensomotor functions lateral organization with hearing-impaired primary school age children, Contemporary Problems of Social Work, Vol. 1. № 2. P. 40-49. DOI: 10.17922/2412-5466-2015-1-2-40-49.

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Shcherbakovа A.I. Doctor of Cultural Studies, doctor of pedagogical Sciences, Professor, Dean of the faculty of arts and social cultural activities, head of the Department of sociology and philosophy of culture Russian State Social University, Moscow. E-mail: [email protected] Slutskaya I.I. Candidate of Culturology, senior lecturer, Department of sociology and philoso- phy of culture, Russian State Social University, Moscow. E-mail: [email protected] УДК 379.8 DOI 10.17922/2412-5466-2015-1-2-50-57

Music as a source of artistic creation and self-creation: to the problem of improving the quality of life in modern society

Receiving date: Preprint date: Taking to print date: 16.03.2015 30.03.2015 30.03.2015

Annotation: For thousands of years, mankind seeks to understand the spiritual essence of life, to understand its purpose, its mission, the meaning of its coming into this world. Antiquity and the Middle Ages, the Renaissance and the Enlightenment, Modern and Contemporary times have contributed to the understanding of the phenomenon of man, in search of tools to facilitate the implementation of this process. The appeal to music as an object of study provides a significant opportunity to identify and realize the creative potential of the individual. The process of understanding the music as a factor of cognition and self-knowledge of individual, acts as a subject of research. The main purpose of the study is to determine the conditions and the most effective methods for facilitating the involvement of the person in the art space of culture, its transformation into the subject of artistic action, aware of its cultural and culture creative mission. The scientific novelty of the work lays in the generalization of a wide range of research, aimed at formation a musical and esthetic experience, and its practical significance is identifying the main directions of this process implementation. The performed analysis enables to state that music is a concentrated expression of the spiritual essence of man, encased in musical text. The person comprehending music acquires the need and the ability to artistic and self-creation, and it is considered to be the one of the most important criteria of the life quality, its fullness with spiritual meanings and values. Key words: musical-esthetic environment, music education, enlightenment and upbringing, artistic creation and self-creation.

Philosophical thought of the twentieth century constantly refers to the problem of comprehension of the creative essence of the person, realizing the great importance of art in this process. Moreover, philosophical judgments are often couched in artistic and literary form. So, literary and philosophical essays of the French philosopher E.O. Chartier, who was published under the pseudonym Alain, were called “poetry in prose” by his contemporaries. Quite naturally that he was awarded the highest award of France namely in the field of literature [13]. According to Allen, the main task which was laid both on the philosophy and art is to help a person to become free, virtuous and happy. By his opinion the secret of improvement of the life quality of modern society lies in the art of living with dignity.

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B.Russell has formulated a number of questions that our contemporary continues asking himself, trying to understand what the art of living with dignity is: what the spirit and matter, good and evil, the sublime and the vicious lifestyle, etc is. As rightly says a philosopher, “such questions cannot be answered in the laboratory” [19, p. 23]. It is obvious that on the responses to them depends the strategic orientation of our life and activity, the ability to implement in it its creativity, make a reality its artistic and esthetic, spiritual and moral ideals. And that is exactly what may serve as one of the main criteria of quality of life, its richness, and its cultural and creative mission. But if the answers we can’t find in the laboratory, it is necessary to refer to the tools that can reveal to man the depth which are beyond the scientific view. Depth, in which hidden essence of the spirituality that defines “substantial aspect of human life” [6, p. 3]. Music is chosen as such a tool in this work. Being “an expression of the highest meaning of life” [18, p. 136], it opens to our contemporary the way to understanding the creative essence of man. L.V. Shaposhnikov defines it as “the thorny path of Beauty” [26, p. 27], as an attempt to understand the inner wealth which the person possesses, to realize its essence as the creation and the creator of culture, infinite need in cognition and self-knowledge is a very complex task. But without solving this problem it is impossible to talk about achieving a decent quality of life. Appeal to music is also conditioned by the fact that “the phenomenon of musical art is regarded in a number of esthetic and spiritual values of life as a carrier of meanings and cultural values” [27, p. 45], understanding of which offers great opportunities for artistic creation and self-creation. The problematic field of research that aims to grasp the riddle of human “I”, encoded in the musical text is extremely wide. It is due to the fact that the chosen instrument - music is a very polysemantic and multifaceted. Music through the ages concentrates the artistic, esthetic and spiritual values of mankind, preserving and transforming them in the process of self-developing of culture. It is conditioned by the need for using the axiological-analytical method which promotes: value comprehension of music, its essential specific features, the comprehension of meaningful features of constructive-artistic author’s models as a manifestation of the individual, personal and valuable vision of the world; penetration into the spiritual essence of man, imprinted in the musical text. Music is universal and at the same time changeable, which is why, according to modern scholars, it must be viewed in the context of “historical time, geographical position and cultural normativity” [23, p. 20]. “Musical comparativistics” [4, p. 72] being an analytical and comparative method which allows to build the “arch-bridges” through the time and space, is based just on it. Taking into account the historical time, geographical position and cultural normativity is also necessary when we turn to the interpretation of a musical text - to musical hermeneutics, because in addition to the musical text is necessary to consider the context to determine the place that this work took in a sounding space of being of a certain epoch, and then to find those points of intersection, which allow him to enter into a dialogue with the present day. Besides you must take into account the phenomenon of anticipatory reflection, concluded in music the “spirit of prophecy” [21, p. 107], which open to the contemporaries of the great composers the opportunity to look into the future of culture. This is another important perspective of understanding the music, which requires the use of predictive-modeling method. And, of course, the most important aspect of the study of music as an instrument of the comprehension the man’s phenomenon is to understand how and why there is (or not) the opening of the world of musical values by the modern man, how he manages to (or can’t) open the hidden “door” to the treasury of spiritual wealth of mankind, to the sounding space of existence. To comprehend this process T.V. Adorno proposes to review different types of attitude to music. The first type, by his opinion, is the type of expert, who understands everything, «from

51 CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL WORK whose attention nothing escapes and who at any given moment is aware of what he hears” [1, p. 14]. This is usually a professional musician for whom is not only open the door to the sounding space being but he lives in this space, knows not only every “structure” in it, but also the material of which it is built, the tools used in the process of its “construction. “ We appreciate the second type, represented by Adorno as a “good listener” who “also hears not only the individual musical parts, but spontaneously forms the connections , expresses well- grounded judgments ,does not judge by prestige category or arbitrariness of taste” [1, p. 14]. He is not a professional, but it’s hot lover. He feels a constant need to communicate with the music; it is a part of his life, and the language of music is his mother tongue. Such listener is used to be called music man and the musicality, rightly considered by A.V. Toropova, is an aspect of vital activity, that is why it “is present in all human societies and cultures, and therefore, is universal and at the same time ethno-peculiar feature of human mental activity” [23, p. 23]. S. Collins also agrees with this idea that all of us are originally musical. This is also the point of view of the famous Russian bard Y.Vizbor, who invoked his contemporaries’ “to fill the hearts with the music.” He was convinced that it is the only way to arrange a “holiday from drab existence.” As the authors of this study also support this view, so as a primary objective in the presented work extends the study of methods and techniques which allows modern man to learn how to navigate himself in the world of musical values and, thereby, contribute to his life a new spiritual content, which greatly improves its quality. As we agreed, that all men are originally musical, the first problem to be solved is to create conditions in order to preserve and develop this musicality. And for this it is necessary to start from an early age the formation of the esthetic attitude to reality. One of the greatest musicians of the twentieth century - composer, teacher, educator, social activist D.B. Kabalevsky, who played a huge role in the development of general music education in Russia, was convinced that “every composer is obliged to give children not only part of his talent, skill and experience, but also a part of his heart. And he will never regret it. He will be said sincerely thanks, first of all by the children themselves, without noise, without fanfare. And what could be for us more happiness than to realize that we are helping to grow new generations by our art! “[5, p. 9]. At the last festival which was held in December 2014 in Moscow and was dedicated to the 110th anniversary of D.B. Kabalevsky, one of the concerts presented the oeuvre of young composers - undergraduate and graduate students of the Moscow State Conservatory named after P.I. Tchaikovsky. And it is very symbolic that many of them remembered that their first steps in music were connected with the work of D.B. Kabalevsky - with his songs, children’s products for a variety of musical instruments. These works became a conductor to the sounding space of existence, to the amazing and wonderful world of artistic creation. It is important that in the creative “portfolio” of contemporary composers (like the great masters such as Bach, Schumann, Tchaikovsky and others.) also can be found a place for works addressed to children and youth. There are many studies devoted to the esthetic education of children, adolescents, youth, indicating that its significance has been recognized throughout the world. As rightly considers N.L. Poltoratskaya, “today the need of familiarizing the younger generation to the eternal truths, spiritual and moral values that define the essence of human life is quite obvious” [16, p. 11]. That is why the artistic and esthetic education of the younger generation today is considered as a factor of socialization [14], and as a condition of cognitive and personal development, as a basis of esthetic consciousness, moral education [11] and cultural reflexing [17]. We propose an integrative approach to the formation a holistic view of art of the younger pupils. [22] A number of integrated technologies which have been successfully applied to music lessons were designed by T.V. Nadolinskaya [15]. S.A. Fadeyeva substantiated the succession in the processes of music education and upbringing (kindergarten - school - college - university). Researcher rightly considers that

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“it is important to preserve and enrich the musical and esthetic experience that allows to implement “the penetrative” successive development of musical culture of personality” [24, p. 3]. M.A. Gorbunova sees the formation of art students’ outlook as a necessary condition for their comprehensive development [3]. The role of music and theater education in the development of the emotional sphere of the modern student’s personality was convincingly established in the works of A.P. Tsilinko [25]. The very interesting model of developing the interest to classical music among today’s youth is designed by I.S. Kazakova. The model is based on sinemafonia which is an “artistic, bisensoric, procedural and expressive art, using the resources of technical tools and neuroscience research in the creation of audio-visual synthetic works based on the classical music works. Sinemafonia is characterized by dynamic time-space image, which is in direct correlation with the structure and artistic image of a musical work “[7, p. 10]. The works addressed to children with limited development opportunities are of particular interest. This is a very serious social problem that must be solved. “The rehabilitation of these children through art, involving them in an active creative process aimed at improving the mental and physical health” [8, p. 3] - is a real step in the direction of improving their quality of life, enabling them to get rid of the feeling of inferiority and isolation from society. Rhythmic education [8, p. 5], the development of the singing voice [8, p. 19] involving in the process of music-making [8, p. 39] allowed the authors of the presented methods to achieve significant results in the development of intellectual, creative and physical abilities of children with impaired motor and speech functions. And, of course, a significant amount of work facing the place of music in contemporary life and developing the artistic-esthetic experience among the students was analyzed in the process of studying the problem of musical-esthetic education. The musical culture in these works is seen in the context of formation of outlook of the person [10], preserving the traditions of national culture [2], as a source of knowledge- experience [27], and artistic and creative activity is interpreted as a foundation in value formation and self-determination of the youth of today [20 ]. Study and analysis of works devoted to the problem of musical and esthetic education of the younger generation, produced at the first stage of research, allowed to say that there are many educational models that contribute to the formation of children’s and adolescent’s musical and esthetic experience in and adolescents. At the second phase of the study, an analysis of how effectively the modern system of music education, enlightment and upbringing implements these models, how artistic and esthetic experience has youth, what impressions students have about art in general and music in particular. For this, colleges and universities of several Russian cities over the last decade were interviewed. Studies that reveal the role of music in student subcultures are very important for understanding the directions of work with student youth. So G.N. Konovalova presents in her work a picture of the musical interests of students of the Institute of Physical Education, which once again proved the correctness of the assertion that all of us are musical by nature. So, music turned out to be “the absolute leader in a rating of leisure ... 86.7% of respondents indicated music as their main hobby” [9, p. 105]. Unfortunately, this figure is only at first glance gives rise to satisfaction. It is sufficient to analyze the taste preferences of the survey participants to understand that the situation is not so favorable. Favorite musical products of young people belong to the “pop music”, chanson, and repertoire discos and as a favorite singer was named Verka Serduchka (the interview was conducted in 2004). According to the author of the publication, “Serduchka’s popularity among college students has virtually no limit, and she was called favorite performer by every second respondent” [9, p. 105]. If we come back again to the classification of music listener’s types proposed by Adorno, the students of the Institute of Physical Education are consumers of entertaining music that means

53 CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL WORK they are at the lowest level of auditory perception. Therefore the fact that all of us are musical originally, is only the confirmation of need in music that humanity demonstrates throughout the historical course of development. And what kind of music we want to listen, what we can understand and appreciate is a matter of musical education, enlightment and upbringing, the question of finding artistic and esthetic experience, which, as previously noted, it is necessary to educate from childhood and throughout human life. But let us continue the analysis of the level of musical and esthetic experience, which is demonstrated by the modern youth. So very close to the previously presented results were shown as well by the students of many technical colleges and universities. Number of fans of classical music (mostly popular) does not exceed 3-5%. Of course, today’s young people call other names of favorite artists, but it does not change anything, because all the artistic and esthetic criteria are exactly the same as Verka Serduchka. A bit better taste in music is shown by the students of humanities departments, where the percentage of fans of classical music varies between 10 and 13%. And among the favorite singers we can heard quite other names. There are fans of jazz (about 15%) and bard songs (about 18%). Obviously, there is a recent increase of the interest in music. Today, about 23% of the respondents are familiar with it, happy to attend movies and performances in the musical genre. Interviews were conducted with the respondents to the surveys, who expressed interest in classical music. Those interviews showed that the interest was not accidental, that since the early childhood music had been present in their lives. Young people told us that they had participated in children’s concerts, performances held at the kindergarten or school, attended concerts and musical performances with their parents. That was another evidence of the need to create a permanent artistic environment, where musical-aesthetic education of the younger generation is systematically and purposefully carried out. Thus, the idea of continuity, advanced by S.A. Fadeyeva, received full confirmation. For many respondents to the survey, inhabitants of Moscow, a “key” to the music space was N.I. Sats Children’s Musical Theater. The students enthusiastically told about what a strong impression the performances of this wonderful theater had made on them in their early childhood. Conversations with students fully confirmed the idea advanced by A.P. Tsilinko, who believed that musical theater played a huge role in the development of emotional sphere of personality, that it was a powerful tool for development of emotional responsiveness, sensitivity to the experiences of another person’s ability to empathy, one of the most effective ways of forming an aesthetically-valuable relation to the environment world” [25, p. 4]. Conclusion. Unfortunately, surveys have shown that, despite the development of extremely promising educational models, many of them are still only interesting projects, their introduction into the existing system of music education, awareness and up-bringing does not happen. This suggests the need for its improvement, revision of many existing views which the work of the children’s music and art schools is based on, and to pay more attention to additional educational system. It is important that their work wouldn’t be focused not so much on the formation of certain musical skills and abilities (which of course is not excluded), or on strongly encourage of the administrations in preparing children to all sorts of children’s competition (what can do only gifted children), but on the principle of formation all children’s interest in classical music. It should be recognized that the conversations conducted with teachers of children’s musical and educational institutions have shown that not everyone is ready for transformations. 47% of the participants in these discussions considered pointless and even harmful to introduce models that violate the usual course of the educational process. Although everybody complained about the drop in student’s interest to learn, that the traditional methods of work do not give the desired results.

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This indicates that 47% of professional music teachers do not realize that their main mission is not only to teach his students to play a particular instrument or sing, but to make the music as a lifetime source, that fuels the creative power of their pupils, allows to overcome the difficulties on the way to the goal. It is important that each of them - the future mathematician or economist, doctor or lawyer - could found the “key” to the sounding space of existence and that the music could give them joy and delight, direct them to creative exploration of their way, give rise to a need for artistic creation and self-creation. It is required that each teacher-musician realized not only artistic but also social importance of his activities that can and should influence the quality of life of a modern society that is sure to become a new factor for their attitude and professional growth. Thus, this study shows that the system of music education (both professional and general) today faces a number of critical problems to be solved both on the theoretical and practical level. It is the update of musical educational process content, the development and introduction of new artistic and educational models, training and retraining of teachers of music, and activation of musical educational activity. This is not an exhaustive list of issues that should be addressed today that opens up a wide field for further research on music as a source of formation of positive social well-being, social health, social renewal, and a source of creation and self-creation.

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10. Kostrikova D.K. Hudozhestvenno-tvorcheskaja dejatel’nost’ v cennostnom stanovlenii i samoopredelenii lichnosti // Social’naja politika i sociologija. Mezhdisciplinarnyj nauchno- prakticheskij zhurnal. №3 (57) - M., 2010. - S. 253-259. 11. Kuznecova A.G. Vozmozhnost’ ispol’zovanija metodov art-pedagogiki v sovremennom vospitanii shkol’nikov // Shkola HHI veka: problemy i perspektivy: materialy mezhdunarodnoj nauchno-prakticheskoj konferencii. - M., 2012. - S. 128 – 134. 12. Loganova I.A. K probleme izuchenija osobennostej kognitivnogo i lichnostnogo razvitija uchashhihsja s muzykal’nymi sposobnostjami // Aktual’nye problemy obrazovanija uchashhihsja nachal’nyh klassov: Materialy Vserossijskoj nauchno-prakticheskoj konferencii. - Ch.I. - Saransk, 1998. - S. 76 – 78. 13. Machul’skaja O.I. Alen (O.Je. Shart’e) // Filosofy HH veka. Filosofskie tetradi. Kniga tret’ja. - M., 2009. - S. 7 -18. 14. Muhametzjanova R.S. Jesteticheskoe vospitanie detej kak faktor socializacii v polikul’turnoj srede /Avt. dis. na soisk. uchen. step. kan. ped. nauk. - M., 2013. - 24 s. 15. Nadolinskaja T.V. Integriovannye tehnologii v sovremennom muzykal’nom obrazovanii. Uchebno-metodicheskoe poso bie. - Rostov – na Donu, 2006. - 100 s. 16. Poltorackaja N.L. K voprosu o pedagogicheskom znacheniii iskusstva penija // Podgotovka sovremennogo uchitelja muzyki : opyt, problemy, reshenija. Materialy Vserossijskoj nauchno- prakticheskoj konferencii. - Smolensk, 2004. - S. 11-14. 17. Poljudova E.N. Pedagogicheskie uslovija stanovlenija jesteticheskogo opyta podrostkov pri izuchenii iskusstva / Avt. dis. na soisk. uchen. step. kan. ped. nauk. - M., 2007. - 24 s. 18. Rags Ju.N. Muzyka kak vyrazhenie vysshego smysla bytija: hudozhestvennoe vosprijatie muzyki i nauka o nej // Iskusstvo kak sposob poznanija. Materialy obshhestvenno-nauchnoj konferencii. - M., 1999. - S. 136-145. 19. Rassel B. Istorija zapadnoj filosofii i ee svjazi s politicheskimi i social’nymi uslovijami ot antichnosti do nashih dnej. - Spb., 2001. - 958 s. 20. Rahimbaeva I.Je. Teoreticheskie osnovy upravlenija kachestvom vysshego pedagogicheskogo hudozhestvenno-tvorcheskogo obrazovanija na fakul’tetah iskusstv. - M., 2008. - 216 s., il. 21. Slutskaya I. The Spirit of Propheci in the Artistic Legaci of the Past and the Present as an Expression of the Protective Function of Art // Philosophi of Music and Music Education As a Scientific Tendency. Collection of research articles. Part 3. - Washngton-Moscow, 2012. - P. 107 — 113. 22. Smotrova E.V. Integracija iskusstv v hudozhestvennom obrazovanii i obshhechelovecheskie cennosti // Metodologija i metody muzykal’nogo obrazovanija: sbornik materialov mezhdunarodnoj nauchno-prakticheskoj konferencii, posvjashhnnoj pamjati V.A. Shkoljara. - M., 2013. - S. 192 — 198. 23. Toropova A. Genes is of the Musical Phenomenon within the Psyche //Philosophi of Music and Music Education As a Scientific Tendency. Collection of research articles. Part 3. - Washngton-Moscow, 2012. - P. 19-25. 24. Fadeeva S.A. Preemstvennost’ v processah muzykal’nogo vospitanija i obrazovanija (detskij sad — shkola — kolledzh — VUZ) / Avt. dis. na soisk. uchen. step. dok. ped. nauk. - M., 2007. - 54 s. 25. Cilinko A.P. Vlijanie muzykal’nogo teatra na formirovanie jemocional’noj sfery lichnosti // voprosy sovershenstvovanija professional’noj podgotovki pedagoga-muzykanta. Sbornik nauchnyh trudov. Vyp.II. - M., 2005. - S.84-88. 26. Shaposhnikova L.V. Ternistyj put’ Krasoty //Iskusstvo kak sposob poznanija. Materialy obshhestvenno-nauchnoj konferencii. - M., 1999. - S. 27-57. 27. Shherbakova A.I. Muzyka v postizhenii global’nyh problem bytija // FJeN – NAUKA. №4 (19), 2013. - S. 44-46.

REFERENCE TO ARTICLE Shcherbakovа, A.I. & Slutskaya, I.I. (2015) Music as a source of artistic creation and self-creation: to the problem of improving the quality of life in modern society, Contemporary Problems of Social Work, Vol. 1. № 2. P. 50-57. DOI: 10.17922/2412-5466-2015-1-2-50-57.

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Shchipunov O.K. Postgraduate student, Department of social philosophy, religious studies and theology, Russian State Social University,Moscow. E-mail: [email protected] УДК 165 DOI 10.17922/2412-5466-2015-1-2-58-62

Ethical relativism: philosophical approaches to the study

Receiving date: Preprint date: Taking to print date: 16.03.2015 30.03.2015 30.03.2015

Annotation: Common problems in the philosophy of relativism considered from different angles, while it identifies some universal characteristics, different manifest themselves in different systems of social relations. Philosophical reflections on the nature of relativism can be placed between the poles of its full justification and pole its absolute rejection. Considered philosophical approaches to the analysis of the essence of relativism implemented by K. Mannheim, P. Feyerabend, R. Rorty, N. Reshera, D. Seifert, R. Makineri, Lossky. Key words: ethics, relativism, absolutism, ethical relativism, ethical values, truth, good and evil.

The relevance of philosophical analysis of ethical relativism is unquestionable: relativistic morality, often in the form of “double” and “triple” of standards, is spreading, as in international politics, and at different levels of daily life. Domestic researchers focus on the danger posed to the fate of the Russian national identity expansion of Western morality and moral guidelines in the life of modern Russian society. Often, however, these arguments are based on the logic of the ordinary, everyday thinking and are not supported by serious philosophical analysis. Common problems in the philosophy of relativism considered from different angles, while it identifies some universal characteristics, different manifest themselves in different systems of social relations. Since relativism is always related to social norms, its concrete manifestations depend on the specific system requirements and an understanding of its essence is defined understanding of the role of social norms (their absolute or relative) in the regulation of social relations. Philosophical reflections on the nature of relativism can be placed between the poles of its full justification and pole its absolute rejection. A number of local researchers yields sharply negative assessment of ethical relativism. Thus, VN Porus identifies it with the freedom of absolute individualism, “in place of absolute morality and immorality returns the absolute irresponsible greedy will” [6, c. 29]. However, noteworthy arguments in favor of relativism. In particular, serious methodological significance for modern ethics are the results of research in the field of normative relativism of scientific knowledge. Thus, the German philosopher Karl Mannheim based on the fact that the question of relativism for this area of knowledge is particularly significant. His epistemology includes aspects of diversity, variability, relativity, significantly moving away from its established rationalist theory of knowledge [3]. K. Mannheim did not follow the “widespread fears of relativism” for him relativity “acceptable absolutism” [op. by: 4, c. 141]: knowledge, claims to “truth in itself”, “absolute” - this knowledge is secured with a logical-epistemological tools object is dynamic and changes of time, out of the situation and prospects. Relativism is not openly claim to “truth in itself” and undeniable knowledge acquisition, and tries to find methods and tools - “epistemological apparatus” for 58 VOLUME 1, No. 2, 2015

the “time-based and situational due to” specific and relative course of acquiring knowledge [see details .: 4, c. 141] .. To achieve impartiality, by K. Mannheim, can be used, or even matching connection terminals acquired in different planes, under rational angles. He defines the role of relativism: “skepticism and relativism are forced to self-criticism and self-control and lead to a new concept of objectivity” [3, c. 46]. As the researchers note, actually K. Mannheim became the founder of the positive development of the methodology of relativism in the field of knowledge [see .: 4, c. 141]. Concept of methodological relativism found justification in the works of Paul Feyerabend, who harshly criticized the established narrow understanding of rationality as the observance of rules and methods of scientific knowledge [see .: 10]. He believed that the way to maintain a solid and absolutely mandatory algorithms scientific activities, encounters great difficulties in correlation with the fruits of scientific research. Based on the true story of science, he showed that a breach of the rules (intentional or unintentional) often led to a variety of significant achievements in the natural sciences. Thus, in particular, have been established: the stereochemistry, dispersion theory, the wave theory of light, and others. In other words, methodological anarchism Advancement of Science. As stated by Paul Feyerabend, relativity rules and principles (“liberal practice”) for natural science, “reasonable and absolutely necessary” for its evolution. He drafted a relativistic (“anarchist”, as he puts it) techniques, the basic principle is: hypotheses objecting well-founded theories or well-documented observations, facts and experimental fruits. Paul Feyerabend proceeded from the fact that the theory can be reincarnated as a “rigid ideology”, and then the machine concepts and theories of emotions generated by its use, permeate all research tools. It may seem that the truth finally achieved, however, found that “any contact with the world was lost, and reached under the guise of absolute truth stability is none other than as a result of absolute conformity” [op. by: 4, c. 143]. Paul Feyerabend seeks to show that the claim ka¬kih any methodological rules on universal significance in the real history of science were always justified, and makes a fundamental conclusion: “All methodological predpi¬saniya have their limits, and the only rule that is stored is usually “anything goes” ‘[10, c. 451]. From the standpoint of philosophical understanding of relativism in general and moral relativism in particular the most interesting is the position of Richard Rorty. He identifies two traditions that are inherent in modern philosophy. First - it is a tradition of Plato - Kant - Hegel, who understood the truth movement as a movement toward the right idea about the world so, “as it is in itself” and, and had seen the foundation of true judgments “clear ideas” and the sense data. The second tradition is Richard Rorty conventionally characterized as “relativism.” To her followers, he considers European philosophers Heidegger, Wittgenstein, Foucault, Derrida, Sartre, Gadamer, American thinkers Dewey, James and himself, and Kuhn, Davidson, Putnam, Quine [8, c. 13 - 18]. According to Rorty, moral relativism - it is nothing like speaking out against “secularism of the Enlightenment”, against the fact that education has put on the representations of the supernatural light that illuminates the truth, against the idea of the ability of quasi-divine forces, referred to as “mind”. Of all the critical arguments about the role of “reason” in ethics and moral philosopher identifies the most shocking “moral choice - it is not a choice between the absolutely correct and absolutely false, and is always a compromise between competing principles” [8, c. 33]. Critics of moral relativism, if there is no absolute, if not of what is not far off the divine intransigence regarding human weaknesses, then relativists no incentive to fight evil. If evil - this is only the smallest benefit, if any moral choice - it’s only a consensus among competing principles, then, believe criticism of moral relativism, there is not the slightest importance in

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the struggle for the good [see .: 8, c. 37]. Thus, the existence of those who lost their lives resisting injustice, have been given in vain. Rorty prefers to call himself and his supporters are not relativists, and pragmatics, and says: “But for us, the pragmatists, the struggle for good is integral to the struggle for suschest¬vovanie, so that there is no sharp boundary separating the unjust and unreasonable, angry and nepolez¬ tion. For pragmatists important finding ways to reduce human suffering and to uveliche¬niyu human equality, to increase voz¬mozhnostey for each child to start life with rav¬nymi chance at happiness “[8, c. 36 - 37]. American philosopher analyst N. Resher offered his own point of view on the role of the subjective factor in the mechanism of cognitive relativism. Of particular interest are his thoughts on the relationship of cognitive relativism with the problems of ethics. He starts from the fact that the “real truth” is one, however, in the history of the knowledge of each of the mass of researchers has various representations of it depending on the circumstances and time. So, as the theory of relativity is based on the recognition of “the base manifold”, or potentially volatile beginning of knowledge, and “basic equality” of all standards of evaluation. N. Resher believes that the cognitive process required to be manifested due to moral properties - for example, proper modesty, if one realizes that the set standards are not perfect and quite rightly being different perspectives and measures, of which there are, for example, we do not observe. Should “come to terms with the realities of epistemological” - various options available information divergence people experience cognitive variability values, incomplete facts, respectively - a difference in the beliefs, estimates, views. Take a specific position on Resheru - this means that to assume the burden of responsibility. As remarked Resher, because just “relativism reflects a regrettable lack of readiness to take on intellectual responsibility” [op. by: 4, c. 146]. Reshera the theory implies that “human-’approach is the appropriate way, on the basis of which is required to be based epistemology, which includes moments of relativity. Truth does not have an absolute character, it is relative and argued only in the context of our objectives of positing. Impartiality truth is interpreted as immutability “our” relative truths. Identification and selection of prospects scheme criteria and standards - a direct path to the truth within a certain framework conditions; indifference when all alternatives are equal, leads to a denial of the truth. It’s all in the eyes of Reshera permits to remove the negative consequences of relativism without losing at the same time a certain relatedness to the truth [see details .: 6; 4, c. 145 - 146]. Professor Liechtenstein D. Seifert criticizes relativism, based on its internal contradictions: a relativist, claiming that truth is relative, first of all, self-refuting, because it announces a genuine own position. He states that his views are true because they correspond to reality. In other words, truth is relative, so that relativism is recognized only right. Consequently, each relativist believes comprehensive truth in his position, especially in terms of the relativity of all truths. However relativism at the same time implies loyalty of all the arguments, what led to the relativist, argue own position. Exposes the internal contradictions of relativism, Seifert emphasizes that relativism is not able to be true [1]. Referring to the many obvious truths in mathematics, in the understanding of human existence, Seifert draws attention to the fact that these truths are seen in mathematical subjects and the Laws which govern them, in the moral order in the nature of love. That the movement implies the existence of time that each cause has its effect, that respect for the rights of another person is good, whereas humiliation, murder and violence is not just evil, but evil is moral - these and many other universal truths, in fact, completely clear to the mind. From the point of view of Seyfert, direct access to the indisputable truth no matter how complex it may appear a path that leads to the obvious truth - this is another confirmation of the insolvency of relativism, more weighty than the disclosure of contradictions inside it.

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Consistent critic of relativism professor of the University of Notre Dame R. Makineri argues that, trying to consistently defend their beliefs, relativists do not get nothing but trouble. One need only recall Rorty, Nietzsche and other nihilists. As a result, they do not try to argue their own relativism. They did not find his true or relativists, they would not. In fact, they were only on certain aesthetic views. R. Makineri believes it is their right, but argues that if a sane individual will attempt to become a relativist, he will find that it is impracticable. In order to map out their own position, he will have to initially deny it. Makineri convinced that this is the most suitable reductionist argument against relativism [1]. Russian religious philosopher Lossky many of his works devoted to the study of the dialectics of good and evil, of moral values, and in this regard, special attention is paid to the analysis of the circumstances that contribute to the spread of the relativistic doctrine of values. First of all, he drew attention to the fact that the inorganic world necessarily lead to relativism axiology; experience also provides a lot of facts in support of this conclusion of the inorganic world. Inorganic world view he opposes the idea of being psihomaterialnogo and argues that in the space of this being a truly great many contents and actions being has belonging to the sphere of relative good, in other words, forced associated with evil. In addition, the absolute values themselves, in fact, only the subject of desire (as well as the faith and follow-up) for activists psihomaterialnogo potency without being their absolute realization, what are achievable only in the kingdom of God. Efforts in implementing psihomaterialnom being absolute values are associated with evil; one who does not see that it is not the absolute value of nature is evil is born, and from imperfect expression of her or of her imperfect use the erroneous conclusion reached, if the absolute value does not exist at all [2, c. 118]. Lossky sees another significant circumstances surrounding relativism: should recognize the behavioral norms and values, corresponding to them, and to understand what one is capable of value in different circumstances, be a source of different, sometimes even completely contrasting norms. So, for example, the thesis of “a price equal to the price of a personality personality” can become a cause in different circumstances, the two polar norms, “care for others” and “worry about yourself,” [2, c. 118; see details .: 5, p. 240 - 241] You can not overestimate the importance of consolidated Christian position on relativism. Speaking to young people May 20, 2009, the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia Kirill stated, “Postmodernism - it is a philosophy of life, which involves the equivalent position of all the ideas and views of all - each person can choose; There is no truth, truth is subjective. For postmodern philosophy there is no system of values that could lay claim to being a true system. This creates a relativistic approach to the human perception of information <...> Where there is moral relativism, there is no morality “[op. for 11]. Similar ideas are set out in the letter of Pope Benedict XVI for the World Day of Peace, 1 January 2011 .: “The illusion that moral relativism is a key to peaceful coexistence is actually the source of divisions <...> It becomes obvious that if relativism is perceived as essential component of democracy, then we risk perceive secularism as the only exception, or rather the rejection of the social role of the religious factor “[op. 11]. Both the church hierarchy are trying to justify the need for religion through morality (not self-worth, and the right to deal with environmental problems and the financial crisis). They say, “to morality was, to have faith in God,” not “to be moral, because it is God’s will.” Morality - the reason for belief in God, not in front of God - the cause and the source of moral precepts [see details .: 11]. The problem of ethical relativism has become particularly important in today’s society. Understanding the nature of this problem requires recourse to philosophical methodology. Since relativism is always related to social norms, its concrete manifestations depend on the specific system requirements and an understanding of its essence is defined understanding of the role of social norms (their absolute or relative) in the regulation of social relations.

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References in English: 1. The great thinkers discuss the “eternal” questions. - Mode of access: http://znaniya-sila. narod.ru/live/philosophy2.htm 2. N. Lossky God and the kingdom of God as the basis of values. - Paris: YMCA-PRESS, 1931. 3. K. Mannheim, Ideology and Utopia. M .: BI and., 1976. access: http://royallib.com/book/ mangeym_karl/ideologiya_i_utopiya.html 4. Mikeshina LA Philosophy of Science: Modern epistemology. Scientific knowledge in the dynamics of culture. Methodology of scientific research: studies. allowance. - M .: Progress- Tradition: SAG: Flint, 2005. 5. Otyutsky G.P Russian religious-philosophical renaissance of the dialectic of good and evil // Science and modernity. 2014. Vol. XXVII. 6. VN Porus Rationality. Science. Culture. - M .: Univ Ros. Acad. Education, 2002. 7. Resher N. boundaries of cognitive relativism // Problems of Philosophy. 1995. №4. 8. R. Rorty Relativism: // found and made the Philosopher Richard Rorty’s pragmatism and the Russian context. M .: “Tradition”, 1997. 9. The priests of the “totalitarian relativism.” - Mode of access: http://regions.ru/ news/2385506/ 10. P. Feyerabend Selected papers on the methodology of science. - M .: Progress, 1986. 11. Church of Alexander. Christianity and postmodernism. Pope Benedict XVI and Patriarch Kirill as philosophers. - Mode of access: http://www.portal-credo.ru/site/?act=fresh&id=1233

References in Roman script: 1. Velikie mysliteli obsuzhdajut «vechnye» voprosy. – Rezhim dostupa: http://znaniya-sila. narod.ru/live/philosophy2.htm 2. Losskij N. Bog i carstvie Bozhie kak osnova cennostej. – Parizh: YMCA-PRESS, 1931. 3. Mangejm K. Ideologija i utopija. M.: B. i., 1976. Rezhim dostupa: http://royallib.com/book/ mangeym_karl/ideologiya_i_utopiya.html 4. Mikeshina L. A. Filosofija nauki: Sovremennaja jepistemologija. Nauchnoe znanie v dinamike kul’tury. Metodologija nauchnogo issledovanija: ucheb. posobie. – M.: Progress-Tradicija: MPSI: Flinta, 2005. 5. Otjuckij G.P. Russkij religiozno-filosofskij renessans o dialektike dobra i zla // Nauka i sovremennost’. 2014. Vyp. XXVII. 6. Porus V.N. Racional’nost’. Nauka. Kul’tura. – M.: Un-t Ros. akad. obrazovanija, 2002. 7. Resher N. Granicy kognitivnogo reljativizma // Voprosy filosofii. 1995. №4. 8. Rorti R. Reljativizm: najdennoe i sdelannoe // Filosofskij pragmatizm Richarda Rorti i rossijskij kontekst. M.: “Tradicija”, 1997. 9. Svjashhennosluzhiteli o «totalitarnom reljativizme». – Rezhim dostupa: http://regions.ru/ news/2385506/ 10. Fejerabend P. Izbrannye trudy po metodologii nauki. – M.: Progress, 1986. 11. Hramov Aleksandr. Hristianstvo i postmodernizm. Papa Benedikt XVI i Patriarh Kirill kak filosofy. – Rezhim dostupa: http://www.portal-credo.ru/site/?act=fresh&id=1233

REFERENCE TO ARTICLE Shchipunov, O.K. (2015) Ethical relativism: philosophical approaches to the study, Contemporary Problems of Social Work, Vol. 1. № 2. P. 58-62. DOI: 10.17922/2412-5466-2015-1-2-58-62.

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Vidova O.M. Postgraduate student, Department of Social Psychology, Russian State Social University, Moscow. E-mail: [email protected] УДК 37.01 DOI 10.17922/2412-5466-2015-1-2-63-72

Sociopsychological technologies of internet gaming addicts rehabilitation

Receiving date: Preprint date: Taking to print date: 16.03.2015 30.03.2015 30.03.2015

Annotation: Internet gaming disorder is widespread and included in Chapter 3 of DSM-5, but there are no practical studies of handling this disorder in the Russian Federation. The aim of this research is to determine the capabilities and limitations of individual consultancy as one of the rehabilitation technologies of Internet gaming addicts, intended for search of adaptive procedures of self-actualization and solution of problems, related to an emotional sphere and interpersonal communication sphere. Logical connections between computer gaming disorder and peculiarities of young people’s communication, self-actualization and self-regulation are revealed, basing upon a survey, where 187 people took part. This research also contains practical recommendations, formulated upon performed consultation work with 5 young people, having computer gaming addiction. Key words: Internet gaming disorder, Pathological video gaming; Internet addiction; self-actualization, self -regulation, communication, interaction.

Contemporary society development is peculiar with its computerization and penetration of the Internet and different information technologies in all fields of people’s life. Many contemporary studies are directed to human’s needs satisfaction and related to entertainment industry. Games appeared almost simultaneously with humanity and even earlier that culture. For example, according to J. Huizinga play makes culture. He also offers to call a present human a player, i.e. a maker [12]. Invention of computers unsurprisingly caused invention of computer games. The more advanced the technologies become, the more possibilities computer users get. Modern computer games are realistic. Online games contain whole worlds, new virtual realities, where a man can live and, what is more important, interact not only with a program, but with other users, people like him. Psychological problems, connected to Internet gamers, are getting a global status. Moreover, Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) was included in Section III of the DSM-5 as a condition warranting further study by American Psychiatric Association in May 2013. In the meantime there are still debates in scientific society. People argue, whether Internet gaming addiction should be considered as disorder, discuss the processes of its development and behavior and even doubt its existence. Though Internet Gaming Disorder (also known as Online or Internet Gaming Addictions) has been being discussed for several decades, its researches are marked by inconsistency in nomenclature, its degrees diagnosis and assessment. Nowadays in Russian scientific works Internet gaming disorder is often compared with other kinds of addictions. Additionally it is noted that any interest can turn into a psychological

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addiction, thus there is some similarity in processes of drug, alcohol, gaming, sex and other addictions [3, 13]. However in recent years such an approach has been found wrong. Last researches demonstrate differences between chemical and psychological addictions, between gambling and computer gaming disorders. Most researchers come to a conclusion that the subject of disorder is not computer games themselves but virtual reality, simulated by them [8]. In case of any life troubles an addict can turn on a computer any time and become abstract from the real world. In other words, he can live a virtual role in this virtual world. There are grounds for believing that gaming addictions are almost as spread as chemical ones [3]. And they are even more spread among young people. According to Ivanov M.S., nowadays 80% of students play computer games and not less than a half of them have IGD [2]. A short analysis of statistical data, collected by us in the largest Russian social network “Vkontakte”, has the following result: groups, dedicated to different popular games, contain up to two million members, among them 43-67% of 18-30-year-old people. Besides, at the beginning of 2015 among registered users of “Vkontakte” more that 58 thousand people call themselves gamers and more than 56 thousand people indicate that they like computer games. Nearly 300 thousand users mention “computer games and/or Internet games” as their hobbies. Among these users 170 thousand people are in the age of 18-30 and 36 thousand people are older than 30. Despite the problem urgency and its active studying in other countries [14], in Russia there are no rehabilitation technologies, developed or adapted to online gaming addicts. This issue is raised only in terms of other addictions rehabilitation, more often gambling one. However Internet gaming disorder has its peculiarities and cannot be considered as similar. The results of theoretical analysis of problem study level allow us to detect a contradiction between a need to overcome young people’s IGD, reduction of addicts amount, formation of a self-actualizing personality with a high level of self-regulation and absence of works dedicated to development of social and psychological rehabilitation technologies of IGD. The aim of this research is to determine the capabilities and limitations of individual consultancy as one of the rehabilitation technologies of Internet gaming addicts, intended for search of adaptive procedures of self-actualization and solution of problems, related to an emotional sphere and interpersonal communication sphere, and also to develop recommendations for this consultancy arrangement. The hypothesis of the research is as follows: the decrease of Internet gaming disorder degree can be achieved by changing self-regulation models and self-actualization procedures for more adaptive ones. IGD researches are marked by inconsistency in its nomenclature, its degrees diagnosis and assessment. While Australian researchers D. King and P. Delfabbro say that in 63 studies of Internet Gaming Disorder was used 18 assessment tools, that are not uniform nor conceptually nor the ability to plan the diagnosis [14], then how it’s extremely difficult to find any tool to assess of Internet Gaming Disorder in Russian literature. Young Internet Addiction Test (adaptation by Burova V.A.) is the most widespread one. But it assesses social networks and various Internet resources addiction, rather than IGD [1]. Other projects by Russian scientists remain unknown and unused. In the present study we used the modified version of the Victorian Gambling Screen (VGS), authors: Ben-Tovim, D., Esterman, A., Tolchard, B. and Battersby, M., 2001, adaptation by Karpov A.A., Kozlov V.V., for the IGD diagnosis. This test allowed us to divide the participants into experimental and control groups, however, it can not be considered completely reliable. The obtained data need further consideration. While assessing IGD levels we used objective parameters (amount of time spent by addicts for gaming) and subjective parameters (addicts’ attitude to their gaming disorder and awareness of presence or absence of Internet gaming disorder symptoms). The present study consists of 3 stages:

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The first stage was taken part in by 73 people: 37 men and 36 women actively playing computer games at least one year. Based on the results of version of The VGS which allows to speak about the degree of IGD, the subjects were divided into experimental (38 people, including 24 males and 14 females) and control group (35 people who did not reveal IGD including 13 males and 22 females). The purpose is to consider the features of gamers’ communication sphere. For the diagnosis of the interpersonal communication we used Timothy Leary’s Interpersonal Behavior Circle (IBC), adaptation by Sobchik L.N.[11] and Thomas Personal Profile Analysis (PPA), that was based on the DISC theory of Marston W. M., (adaptation by Grishina N.V.[10]). For diagnosing the personality characteristics of subject, that have direct effects on the process of communication, we used multivariate study of personality Cattell’s Test (16PF, adaptation by Kapustina A. N.[5]). For diagnosing the presence of internal conflict in the subjects and identifying the most important areas of life for them, we used the method of Level of “values” and “accessibility” ratio in various spheres of life (LVAR)” by Fantalova E.B.[7]. The second stage was taken part in by 104 people aged 18 to 30 years, among them 58 males and 46 females, with a strong IGD (from 22 to 45 points in sum of factors of The VGS). To assess the connection between the characteristics of self-actualization and IGD we used a variation of Personal Orientation Inventory (Shostrom E.) - SAMOAL developed by Kalina N.F.[4]. To assess the style of self-regulation and its connection with IGD we used the test “Style of self- regulation of behavior (SSB)” developed by Morosanova V.I. [9]. The third stage was taken part in by 2 males (21 and 24 years old) and 3 females (18, 19 and 22 years old). All of them have IGD, and gaming experience from two to eight years. A series of meetings with them were held to arrange psychological consultancy (from 3 to 14 sessions). The main emphasis was placed on the fact that the adjustment of the level of claims and self- assessment, and other components of self-actualization, as well as the search for more effective strategies for interaction with other people and compensation inefficient types of self-regulation would lead to changes in the lives of these people and reduce their computer game addiction. Four months later, in order to check the result the diagnosis of these subjects according to VGS, IBC, SAMOAL and SSB was repeated. Data derived from this study at each stage were analyzed using the following methods of mathematical data processing: Mann–Whitney U test, Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient, Pearson’s chi-squared test and Wilcoxon signed-rank test. The diagnosis of interpersonal communication sphere revealed statistically significant differences between the experimental and the control groups, which are shown in tables 1.

Table 1 Statistically significant differences between the experimental and control groups prepared according to IBC and PPA (U at p≤0.01 is 453, U at p≤0.05 is 515 by the Mann–Whitney U test) Test Factor U-value The mean value of the The mean value of the experimental group control group IBC Authoritarian 384.5 7.18 9.86 Selfishness 438 8.18 6.46 Aggressiveness 501 6.17 5.5 Suspiciousness 367 737 5.6 Conformable 367 5.05 7.09 Friendly 367 5.13 8 Goodwill Index 441 - 4.53 - 0.4 PPA Contention 284 8.17 4.94 Adaptation 204 3.72 6.33 Compromise 416 6.33 7.11 Avoidance 384.5 6.94 5.06

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Young people with IGD are self-confident and ambitious. They do not tend to expect social approval, are not inclined to satisfy the demands of the people around them. Most of them are restrained and not inclined to express their emotions vividly. Also they are characterized by wariness and suspicion, fear of betrayal and deception. In conflict situations they come into hard opposition with another party, not willing to agree with its point of view, what can lead to a dead end, getting to personal and explicit aggression but at the same time allow seeing one’s own and other people’s advantages and disadvantages. Statistically significant differences between the experimental and control groups was found by the diagnosis of personality characteristics and significance of life fields and shown in table 2.

Table 2 Statistically significant differences between the experimental and control groups prepared according to 16PF and LVAR (U at p≤0.01 is 453, U at p≤0.05 is 515 by the Mann–Whitney U test) Test Factor U-value The mean value of the The mean value of the experimental group control group 16PF Emotional Stability (C) 422.5 5.5 6.7 Dominance (E) 339.5 7.6 6.3 Liveliness (F) 422 5.4 4.4 Vigilance (L) 411 7.4 5.9 Tension (Q4) 343.5 4.3 6.12 Self-assessment (MD) 408 6.05 4.7 Introversion - Extraversion (F2) 381 7 5.1 LVAR Index internal conflictness 380.5 45 32 Internal conflict 332.5 3 2 Internal vacuum 409 3 2 Neutrality indicator 324 6 8

Young people with IGD have such traits as suspiciousness, dreaminess or impracticality, they have inclination to competitiveness. They tend to quickly orient themselves in problem situations, but do not always know how to calculate all the solutions. Also have creative thinking. They may act chaotically in an unexpected situation. Online gaming addicts usually select what common norms and requirements to follow and which of them to ignore. They show responsibility in situations of personal significance but in other cases may perform their duties without any interest. Subjects included in the experimental group had an average internal conflicts in general greater than that of the control group. They are dissatisfied with certain aspects of real life situations and devalue others available. At the same time, almost all study participants have a sufficient resource potential to restore internal balance. The data obtained through the diagnosis by means of questionnaires SAMOAL and SSB allowed us to evaluate the correlation between IGD and the characteristics of self-actualization and self-regulation of behavior. To do this, we used Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient. We evaluated the association of the results for each factor of the these tests with the factor “level of problem gamblers” and “The harm caused to themselves” of version of the VGS and the time that the subjects spend for gaming. Significant correlations between IGD and the features of self-actualization and self-regulation are presented in tables 3 and 4.

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Table 3 Significant correlations to SAMOAL (R at p≤0.05 is 0.192, R at p≤0.01 is 0.250 by Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient) Level of problem The harm Time, that the gamblers (sum of the caused to subjects spend for factors) themselves gaming SAMOAL Self-actualization -0.329 -0.258 -0.212 Creativity -0.205 -0.196 - Autonomy -0.225 -0.248 -0.2 Spontaneity -0.204 - - Self-understanding -0.485 -0.467 -0.441 Self-affection -0.251 - - Sociability -0.205 - -0.22

SAMOAL test designed to evaluate the components of self-actualization, showed that when level of IGD grows up, desire for self-actualization is reduced. Also, when level of IGD to rises up, creativity and the desire for self-expression are reduced. Being one of the most important components of self-realization, creative directedness turns out to be weak. However, despite the general trend to reduction of the creativity level many people with Internet Gaming Disorder still have creative appetence. Our subjects have tended to look for external support, to focus on someone else’s opinion, conformal behavior, but, at the same time, many of them are independent, guided by their own principles and internal motivation. Also, they do not just trust people, they are afraid to express their feelings and emotions explicitly. When an addiction degree increases, the person’s propensity to establish deep, strong mutually pleasant contact with other people reduces. When, a IGD level increases, respondents self-understanding decreases. Moreover, a person is unconfident, uncertain and inclined to trust other people’s opinions.

Table 4 Significant correlations to SSB (R at p≤0.05 is 0.192, R at p≤0.01 is 0.250 by Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient) Level of problem The harm Time, that the subjects gamblers (sum of the caused to spend for gaming factors) themselves SSB Self-regulation - -0.258 -0.212 Results assessment -0.197 -0.257 -0.197 Adaptability -0.209 -0.327 - Modeling -0.193 -0.261 -

The results of diagnosis according to questionnaire SSB are as follows: when an addiction level increases, the ability to evaluate external and internal significant activity conditions reduces. Consequently, there are some difficulties in determining the goal and program of actions and probability of an unsuccessful activity result rises. Subjective criteria of success become less stable, what leads to psychological state deterioration and reduction in the quality of results when there is an increase in workload or the occurrence of external difficulties. There is also some deterioration of the ability to reorganize, to make correction in the system of self- regulation when conditions change.

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It should be noted, that we did not detect a correlation between the main factor of SSP (Self- regulation) and the level of IGD. However, there is some interdependence with the harm caused to themselves and with time, that the subjects spend for gaming (see table 4). At this stage, we organized a series of consultative meetings with five young people with IGD. Due to the fact that they have various individual features and a slightly different nature of these addicts’ accompanying problems it should be said about working with each of them individually. 1. AA: male, 21, secondary education, truck driver. Long-term relationship with a girl, met through a game. Desire for self-actualization is average, self-regulation level is low. There were 3 meetings with A.A. about shyness, fear of making the first move, preference for communication in the gaming environment of reality, fear of loneliness. We used such techniques as “disasterization”, discussion of possible modes of behaviors, visualization of a loneliness image, assessment of achievements, “things for which you can praise yourself”, “identification of automatic thoughts”. 2. VF: male, 24, IT specialist. He is married and has a child. Desire for self-actualization and level of self-control are average. There were 6 basic meetings and 1 supporting meeting with V.F. The first meetings were dedicated to problems in communication with different people and relationship with the wife and contained typical techniques and devices of reflecting the content, feelings and emotions, and interpretation. There turned out to be an effective discussion of what is given and taken away by gaming and how to search and receive those feeling and sensations, caused by gaming. The fourth meeting was dedicated to problems related to work and the desire to change not only the place, but also field of activities, optimization methods his activities, timing, planning. The last meetings were dedicated to the relationship with his wife and mother. We used next techniques: “empty chair”, “letter of resentment” and art-therapy techniques (work with a sense by visual image). 3. VV: female, 19, incomplete medical education (2nd year). living with parents. Desire for self-actualization and level of self-control are low. With VV there were 9 of consultative meetings. Due to the fact, that the client rigidly in control of her emotions and behavior, great part of the work was aimed at opening and experiencing her emotions. During the consultation VV wrote “letters of resentment” and “letters of forgiveness”, she painted her feelings. The effective techniques were “empty chair”, psychodramatic techniques (V.V. imagined her feelings sitting on the chairs and, speaking on behalf of every of them, could understand the reason and purpose of her pain, anger and fear). The techniques of confrontation, remembering past achievements, self-comparison, assessment of “good” and “bad” personal qualities were also successful. The important part of the work was the desire to “make friends” with her body. For this purpose, as well as in order to find new hobbies and possibly dating, client enrolled in a fitness center and going to swimming pool and two variants of yoga. Working well meditation based on not directive hypnosis of Milton H. Erickson. 4. KD: female, 22, higher education, currently sitting with a child (2 years). Married, living with her mother (parents are divorced). Desire for self-actualization and level of self-control are low. There were 14 meetings with KD. It should be noted, that her condition was close to a depression, that left the mark on all the work. Most of the time took the job with the feelings of its adoption, because she practically forbids herself some feelings, sends all aggression inside and felt herself is obliged to so many people. There have been useful art therapeutic techniques related to painting disturbing images, and relaxation techniques, acting out of emotion, until the screaming, technics “empty chair”

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and painting her own offense, ban on comparing yourself to other people, compliments itself, recognition of the right to make mistakes. When discussing the conflict relations with mother-in-law, trying to find possible ways out of the situation, but all attempts at reconciliation on the part of daughter-in-law was unsuccessful. In the end, it was possible to choose only a few adequate (not requiring many hours of game session) way to throw out the accumulated negative emotions to feel better. While working on the situation with mother in law, KD suddenly find themselves realized that her husband often “on her side”, though she tends to devalue his feelings. At the last meeting was raised a question about where to take “new developments”, to respect themselves. Were considered possible options, one of which was implemented. 5. NB: females, 21, incomplete psychological education (3rd year). Livings with her mother, grandmother and groom. Desire for self-actualization and the overall level of self-regulation is low. There were 4 meetings with NB, about her families shoulds, guilt, acceptance of other people’s feelings. We used such techniques as “disasterization”, search variant of behaviors in situations of conflict with loved ones, the technique of “hot seat”, “letter to loved ones, who dead”, the technique of “things for which you can praise yourself”. To assess results of the consultation process, the diagnosis of these subjects according to VGS, IBC, SAMOAL and SSB was repeated. The reliability of shift was analyzed by criteria of signs G and criteria Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Shifts are somewhat different, but the participants became less addictive from online game, besides three of them can be attributed to the number of gamers, who don’t have addiction, also the participants has increased desire for self- actualization. And the general level of self-regulation by four participants grew up. This research showed that young people with IGD had such characteristics as suspicion and anxiety towards people, dreaminess or impracticality, inclination to competitiveness. They aspires to independence and leadership, they are restrained and not inclined to express their emotions vividly. When an addiction degree increases, the person’s propensity to establish, desire for self- realization reduced, as well as creative direction, the desire for self-expression, independence, spontaneity and self-understanding are reduced. Ability to modeling, performance evaluation, flexibility in the organization of activities limited then level of IGD grows up. It should be noted, that the recovered data should be used with caution, because lack of reliable and proven test for the diagnosis this addiction. These data can serve as a basis for further research in this area, as well as to develop adequate psychological diagnostic tool for IGD. Based on the results of consultancy work, we can conclude that regardless of various individual features, addicts’ problems are include: tight control and difficulty expressing emotions, lack of self-expression and self-actualization, problem with self-assessment, as well as difficulty in interpersonal communication. As a result of consultation on these issues can be achieved as changes in general and reduction of computer gaming addiction in particular. Following recommendations were compiled on the basis of conducted psychological consultations: 1. For assess psychological status and psychological characteristics of the personality of people with computer game addiction is expedient to use a complex psycho-diagnostic tests. Should pay attention not only to the degree of addiction, but also on the influence, that addiction has on characteristics of personality and in accordance with this to develop the program psychological care. 2. Help to gaming addicts should be aimed at attracting the broader interest to different spheres of life, development of the potentialities, help in awareness their educational and cultural needs and how to meet them, with using the computer, and without it. In this case effectively used:

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• discussion of the values and interests, the long-term prospects in life and ways to achieve them; • discussion of desires, their accessibility and realism; • cognitive-behavioral technology (search and detection of negative automatic thoughts, replacement disorganizing beliefs, etc.); • techniques of time management (planning, up to the minute tie-day, distribution of cases on the importance and urgency, revaluation utility daily activities, the method of “eat the frog”, etc.); • Other techniques of consultative conversation. 3. Problems in communication sphere are one of the leading reasons for leaving in reality gaming. In dealing with such problems, in this case expedient to use generally accepted methods of work with a sense of loneliness and interpersonal conflicts: • search for causes of the problem (the reference to the origins of the conflict, the discussion of individual traits and features of behavior desired for the establishment of strong relations, etc.); • techniques aimed at the adoption of yourself, correction of self-assessment (holiday arranged for yourself, a ban on comparing yourself to other people, compliments to yourself, recognition of the right to make a mistake); • search and training methods of effective communication and conflict resolution (role- playing, psychodramatic techniques, preparation of arguments, an attempt to take the place of the opponent, assessment of the situation inside and outside of it, etc.). 4. Significant part of the work must be directed to work with the attitude to themself, others peoples, and specific situations. It is important to promote the development of adequate ways to express feelings, as well as communication skills and behavior in the situation of communication. There have been effective: • techniques of art therapy (painting emotions, disturbing images, resentment, visualization the feelings, such as loneliness and communion with it, the technique of “collage”, etc.); • meditation techniques (breathing techniques and self-hypnosis based on is not directive hypnosis M. Erickson); • gestalt techniques (technique “empty chair”, “letters of resentment”, “letters of forgiveness”, “letter to loved ones, who dead”, “conversation of heart and head”, etc.); • cognitive-behavioral techniques (aimed at correction of self assessment, for example, search for cases for which you can praise yourself, assessment of life achievements, etc.); • role-playing, psychodramatic games (as acting out of specific situations and metaphorical communication with their emotions, etc.); • It is necessary to find individual ways to safe expression and acting out negative feelings. Thus, this study showed that there is a correlation between the IGD and the level of desire for self-actualization. When level of IGD grows up the desire to self-actualization is reduced, as well reduced individual creativity, independence, self-assessment and arise difficulties in communicating. Lowering of desire for self-actualization entails a reduction in the overall level of self-regulations, these people have difficulty in entering into a new situation or activity. Young people with IGD had such characteristics as suspicion and anxiety towards people. In conflict situations they come into hard opposition with another party. Addict had an average internal conflict in general greater than players without addiction. During the of psychological counseling can be found more productive and adaptive ways and means of self-actualization, than used, that, as well as support in solving the problems of the emotional sphere and interpersonal communication, leads to better life situation addict and online gambling addiction reduce.

References in English: 1. Burov V. A. the Phenomenon of Internet addiction and psychotherapeutic resources// Abstracts of the Spring scientific-practical conference OPPL – Moscow, 2000. P. 20-21

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2. Ivanov M. S. Psychology of self-realization in a computer game activity: monograph / M. S. Ivanov; GOU VPO “Kemerovo state University” - Tomsk: Publishing house of Tomsk state pedagogical University, 2008. – 116 p. 3. Gambling addiction: clinical features, pathogenesis, and therapy / edited by A. O. Bukhanovskij, V. A. Soldatkina. – Rostov n/D: GOU VPO “Rostov state medical University”, 2011. – 304p. 4. Kalina N. F. The questionnaire of self-actualization of personality // journal of the practical psychologist. – 1998.- No. 1 5. Kapustin A. N. Multifactor personal technique R. Kettell – M.: Speech, 2007 – p. 104 6. Kozlov V. V., Karpov A. A. the Psychology of gambling – M.: Psychotherapy, 2011. – 336. 7. Krasilnikov I. A. Psychodiagnostic technique possibilities M-CD (Modification techniques “USCG” E. B. Pentalofos) in the study of intrapersonal conflict // Izvestiya of Saratov University. 2007. T. 7. Ser. Philosophy. Psychology. Pedagogy, vol. 2 pp. 69-73 8. Matasova I. L. The problem of computer addiction and its relevance in contemporary socio- cultural situation // Bulletin of the Moscow city pedagogical University. Series: computer science and Informatization of education. 2006. No. 6. P. 138-141. 9. Morosanova V. I. E. A. Aronova-Awareness and self-regulation of behavior. – M.: Publishing house “Institute of psychology RAS, 2007 – p. 213 10. Psychological tests. In two volumes. Volume 2. Edited by A. A. Karelin. – M.: Humanitie. ed. center VLADOS, 2002. – T. 2. – 246 p.: ill. 11. Sobchik L. N. Methods of psychological diagnostics. Vol. 3. Diagnosis of interpersonal relations. A modified version of interpersonal diagnosis of T. Leary. Method. guide. – M.: 1990, 48C. 12. Huizinga J. Homo Ludens; Articles on the history of culture. Transl., comp. and X 35 Preface. V. D. V. Silvestrov; Comments. D. E. Kharitonovich-Moscow: Progress - Tradition, 1997. - 416 p. 13. Khomich V. A. - Psychology of deviant behavior: a tutorial. – Rostov-on-don, 2006 – 140 C. 14. King Daniel L., Delfabbro, Paul H. The cognitive psychology of Internet gaming disorder // Clinical Psychology Review, Volume 34, Issue 4, June 2014, Pages 298-308.

References in Roman script: 1. Burova V.A. Fenomen internet-zavisimosti i psihoterapevticheskie resursyi// Tezisyi dokladov Vesenney nauchno-prakticheskoy konferentsii OPPL – Moskva, 2000. S. 20-21 2. Ivanov M. S. Psihologiya samorealizatsii lichnosti v kompyuternoy igrovoy deyatelnosti: monografiya / M.S. Ivanov; GOU VPO «Kemerovskiy gosudarstvennyiy universitet» - Tomsk: Izdatelstvo Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo pedagogicheskogo universiteta, 2008. – 116 s. 3. Igrovaya zavisimost: klinika, patogenez, terapiya / Pod red. A. O. Buhanovskogo, V.A. Soldatkina. – Rostov n/D: GOU VPO «RostGMU», 2011. – 304 s. 4. Kalina N. F. Voprosnik samoaktualizatsii lichnosti // Zhurnal prakticheskogo psihologa. – 1998.- #1 5. Kapustina A. N. Mnogofaktornaya lichnostnaya metodika R. Kettella – M.: Rech, 2007 – 104 s. 6. Kozlov V.V., Karpov A.A. Psihologiya igrovoy zavisimosti – M.: Psihoterapiya, 2011. – 336 s. 7. Krasilnikov I.A. Psihodiagnosticheskie vozmozhnosti metodiki M-TsD (Modifikatsii metodiki «USTsD» E.B.Fantalovoy) pri issledovanii vnutrilichnostnogo konflikta // Izvestiya Saratovskogo universiteta. 2007. T. 7. Ser. Filosofiya. Psihologiya. Pedagogika, vyip. 2 S.69- 73. 8. Matasova I. L. Problema kompyuternoy zavisimosti i eYo aktualnost v sovremennoy sotsiokulturnoy situatsii // Vestnik Moskovskogo gorodskogo pedagogicheskogo universiteta. Seriya: Informatika i informatizatsiya obrazovaniya. 2006. №6. S. 138-141. 9. Morosanova V.I. Aronova E.A. Samosoznanie i samoregulyatsiya povedeniya. – M.: Izd-vo «Institut psihologii RAN», 2007 – 213 s. 10. Psihologicheskie testyi. V dvuh tomah. Tom 2. Pod redaktsiey A.A. Karelina. – M.: Gumanit. izd. tsentr VLADOS, 2002. – T. 2. – 246 s.: il. 11. Sobchik L.N. Metodyi psihologicheskoy diagnostiki. Vyip. 3. Diagnostika mezhlichnostnyih otnosheniy. Modifitsirovannyiy variant interpersonalnoy diagnostiki T.Liri. Metod. rukovodstvo. – M.: 1990 – 48s. 12. Heyzinga Y. Homo Ludens; Stati po istorii kulturyi. / Per., sost. i H 35 vstup. st. D.V. Silvestrova; Komment. D. E. Haritonovicha -M.: Progress - Traditsiya, 1997. - 416 s.

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13. Homich A. V.- Psihologiya deviantnogo povedeniya: Uchebnoe posobie. – Rostov-na-Donu, 2006 g. – 140 s. 14. King Daniel L., Delfabbro Paul H. The cognitive psychology of Internet gaming disorder // Clinical Psychology Review, Volume 34, Issue 4, June 2014, Pages 298–308.

REFERENCE TO ARTICLE Vidova, O.M. (2015) Sociopsychological technologies of internet gaming аddicts rehabilitation, Contemporary Problems of Social Work, Vol. 1. № 2. P. 63-72. DOI: 10.17922/2412-5466- 2015-1-2-63-72.

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INFORMATION AND TELECOMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Altimentova D.Y. Senior lecturer, Russian State Social University, Moscow. E-mail: [email protected] Gdansky N.I. Doctor of technical sciences, Russian State Social University, Moscow. E-mail: [email protected] УДК 378 DOI 10.17922/2412-5466-2015-1-2-73-80

Adaptive models of computer training

Receiving date: Preprint date: Taking to print date: 13.03.2015 30.03.2015 30.03.2015

Annotation: Information technologies have spread and become an integral part of all spheres of modern life, including - educational environment. Their application in education has a double aspect. On the one hand, this penetration ready already developed computer technology in the learning process. On the other hand, the sphere of education must prepare the future professional development of information technologies and products. The use of such a powerful technical tool like a computer, creating an entirely new features of the educational process. To realize these opportunities should be developed special methods of teaching, which is not only possible, copy the actions of teachers, but also significantly expand the range of teaching methods used. The paper presents new approaches to the problem of adaptive testing knowledge in a computer education. Considered adaptive validation algorithms the responses to single test questions, and also features the presentation of educational content and the construction of an adaptive algorithm testing of knowledge on given sections of the discipline. Adaptive allows to bring the quality of computer forms of education to individual learning. Key words: adaptation, testing, computer learning, single test testing algorithm.

The introduction of new developments in the field of e-learning is one of the main indicators to assess the success of the institution in modern conditions. Education with using a computer technology has several features that significantly differ it from the traditional way. The main drawback is the lack of computer training “real” contact of the student with the teacher that allows you to build a learning process which based on individual characteristics. However, a modern computer technology, due to a high-capacity of storage devices and high- speed processing, allow to us much to expand the sphere of the materials which we used in the educational process, and through the modern methods of analysis dialogue with user, to a great extend to adapted the transmission of knowledge to a specific student . This creates

73 CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL WORK preconditions for the maximum approximation of the general level of the quality of e-learning to an individual learning at the present stage of the development of computer technologies. Practical realization of the individual training - is one of the most important conditions for the professionals’ training. The process of learning by the technical profile disciplines, especially those which are directly connected with the information technologies in need of a great handling in compared with a traditional structure of it. This is due to the high growth of the total volume of information, increasing its availability, constant modarnization and complications of computer and other technologies. Practically, the world is changing every day, the information’s volume is increases, including new technologies that demand an early and successful understanding of modern students, who sets a goal to be a good specialists on a job market, professionally literate. That is why one of the main goal of the modern education is the harmony implementation of these technologies in all spheres of the educational process. In order to give effect to the requirements of time and teach the excellent specialists in the labor market who are ready to immediately do a necessary functions at the workplace, educational institutions, as well as teachers, who teaches to the disciplines, must solve several interconnected problems such as: 1) to define in a huge, ever-increasing area of information exactly those of its components, which the student are real needed; 2) to publish a useful information into a specific form of educational materials (lectures, seminars and laboratory lectures, tests and etc.), which allows to the students to understand it in real educational process, which is limited of time constraints and the organization’s forms; 3) to include these knowledge into the whole structure of studying directions (or speciality) in the best way, and in particular the specific discipline; 4) to create a technology for transmission electronic knowledge of students which full shows all their features; 5) to use the methods of examination and testing of knowledge, as much as it possible to take into consideration the opportunities of electronic technologies. The rapid development of computer technology and computer-based training methodology can allow considerably improve the quality of computer studying, to bring closer it to an individual way. Adaptation is the most suitable, the universal variant to improve computer training. Using computer knowledge test the most convenient form is a single test – there is only one correct answer. The adaptation of these single test requires the elaborations of a formal set of features that can be possible effective computer realization/ For automatic construction of adaptive algorithms of examination it is necessary together with the traditional estimator to identify the control function of at each step which gives the transition to the next step. It should to choose the type of control function which will be useful for software realization. A computer model of a single test should determine a more flexible approach to the assessment procedure of knowledge in comparison with the classical way “yes - no”. It was offered to present the general dependence test result (R) from the user’s actions (V) at the time of a single test with N possible response options, and one correct answer, represented in the form as: R = R({V}, N, {P}) = R+({V}, N) ⋅ R-(N, {P}), (1) where R - the final student’s mark for the students answre, R + ({V}, N) - the basic component of the mark, the function of estimate, R- (N, {P}) – a fine component of the mark, which reduces it, {V} – the information, which had been received from students (by one or more variants of the correct answer), N - number of possible answers, {P} – a fine function.

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We will keep in mind as a basic mark “pure” number characteristic of the solution, which estimates only the truth - close to the correct answer. The classical way is to use in logical conclusion: ⎧0− if the answer is wrong R = ⎨ ⎩ 1 − if the answer is right This way means that it will be used the real estimate: R∈[0,1]. The final estimate “yes-no” is actually a logical meaning in the classical version. It is more convenient for the teachers testing, but at the same time it is much more simplified in comparison with the real estimate and does not allow subtly evaluate the various nuances of checking knowledge. This disadvantage is called for eliminating a continuous real estimate. {V} – the information which was received from the student (a plenty of possible answers). The classical way is that the plenty {V} must contains one answer. The expected way is that the student can choose several possible correct answer, {V}, which, in his opinion, include the correct answer. The transition to multiple answers allows to pay more attention to the level of knowledge with regard to their temporary forgetfulness, psychological factors of the examination situation. In this case, the base component of the estimate (mark) R+ ({V}, N) was offered to make with using the following relation (2). This type of estimate function R+ ({V}, N) means the estimate (mark), which will be made in case if there is the correct answer in a group of ⏐V⏐ answers.

⎪⎧ 0, if V= 0 or VИСТ ∉ {V}; R = ⎨ (2) ⎩⎪R( V ), VИСТ ∈ {V}, V> 0. In general, when you are testing different types of knowledge the fine may be imposed as on the general violation of testing procedures on the part by student, and the assumption of semantic wrong answers. When you are testing by personal teacher as a “special testing system” it has the opportunity to take into account the whole set of the fine factors – if the student has not done it by himself, has written it of the paper, has used the mobile phone and etc.. Modern computers cannot do such additional control functions. That is why, as a general violation of testing procedures had been offered to take the time of the answer, because it, along with the correct answer also allows indirectly assess the level of training of the student. This additional characteristic response is one of the few that can be effectively tested with computer testing. At first it was study linear and quadratic relation of R+ ({V}, N) during the constructing the evaluation function. Linear has been excluded because it does not give overestimates the R+ at small | V |, for example, for N = 5 and | V | = 2 => R+ = 0.75. The main disadvantage of the quadratic relation is that even for small values of N it is not monotonically decreasing. For example, in case of N = 5 at the approach to endpoint function is negative, which contradicts the definition of the function as a positive assessment. At the point of the N = 4 (for N = 5), the function prematurely takes zero value, ie, is not monotonically decreasing. It was offered to use a cubic relation which is for geometric conditions on the curve R+(1,N)=1; R+(2,N)=0,5; R+(N,N)=0; R+′(N,N)=0 (3) it gives the next formula: R+(Х,N)= (N-V)2[(-N 3+9 N 2 -21 N+15)⋅(N-V)+(N2- 6N+7)] / [2(N-1)2(N-2)2] (4) As the practice shows the optimal value is N = 5. If there is so, on the one hand there is a small positive estimate at random guessing the answer (0,2). On the other hand, the number of answers is not too large and does notprolong the process of testing. For more convenient using

75 CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL WORK of the value of the function, were made the following discrete values of the function estimation in the nodes for N = 5: R+(1,5)=1;R+(2,5)=0.5;R+(3,5)=0,2;R+(4,5)=0,1;R+(5,5)=0. (5) For the variant of the fine function which was offered it is necessary at first to find the optimal time of the answer TОПТ(N) in seconds. It was offered to use the next formula for its calculation:

TОПТ(N) = ТОТВ + N ⋅ ТВОПР, (6 а)

where ТОТВ – is the time of evaluation on the correct answer on the test’s question , ТВОПР – is the time of the one of the variant. ТОТВ magnitude and ТВОПР should be assigned based on the complexity of the issues. For example, if verified review material medium level of complexity, it is recommended to take:

ТОТВ = 4 ÷ 5, ТВОПР = 1,5 ÷ 2. (6 б) If you want to use a rather complicated method, or algorithm, then, on the basis of experience, should be taken:

ТОТВ=10÷20, ТВОПР=3÷5. (6 в) If you want to construct a fine function at {P} = T it was offered to use the following practical considerations: 1) for 0 < Т ≤ TОПТ (N) time for a response has not expired, no fine will be imposed - and R (N, {P}) = 1; 2) when TОПТ (N) ≤ Т ≤ 3TОПТ (N) response time prolonged, indicating a low level of knowledge or accessing the prompts. It was suggested: 1) to take the limit waiting time equal to three times the maximum response time; - 2) linear decrease of the fine function R (N, {P}) от 1 (under T=TОПТ(N)) to 0 (under T=3TОПТ(N)); - 3) Т > 3TОПТ(N) value R (N, {P})=0; very exaggerated response time indicates the use of unacceptable sources to respond to the test. Obtained as a result of the relation has the next form:

⎧1, if T≤ TОПТ ; - ⎪ R()NP ,{ }=<⎨ 0,5(3-T/TОПТ ), if ТТ ОПТ≤ 3Т ОПТ ; (7) ⎪ ⎩0,if Т > 3ТОПТ . - You can see the example of the diagrame R (T), when TОПТ=15sec.

- The relation R (T) for TОПТ=15 sec. 76 VOLUME 1, No. 2, 2015

Let’s examine the second level of adaptation for individual control of knowledge, which which is a flexible construction of the whole process of testing and take a structure of tests materials, and the correctness of the answers. Using the principle of adaptation in the traditional teacher knowledge by himself takes the maximum free time to the teacher and the most exact examination of students’knowledge. Using the computer takes us an opportunity to increase efficiency of the person who relying in many times, ie, to eliminate the limitation on the “efficiency” of the teacher. However, the limited time which we have in the curriculum on knowledge tests and physiological limits, requires a reasonable limit set by the total number of tests on the same tests. That is why adaptability in computer testing must take into attention the significant number of opportunity of asking questions. Let’s examine the construction of the evaluation and management functions that provide automatic generation of adaptive algorithms of modular test knowledge, have a fairly simple structure and convenient for software implementation. On the other hand is more convenient structure to do information-testing operations represents a rational the following composition of the basic materials for the semester discipline. The information block consists of 3 - 5 sections with dimensions from 20 to 40 - 50 pages of informative text. Each section consists of 3 - 5 subsections, each size from 5 to 12 - 15 pages. The testing of the teaching material. At a minimum, the test unit studied discipline adopted module (section), so Testing materials attached to the relevant sub-sections of the studied subjects. Also provides entrance test to check for vestigial knowledge of the previously studied subjects such as university and school curricula. In general, the testing unit subsection contains a set of 10 - 30 questions to test theoretical knowledge and 10 - 30 tasks to test practical skills. Of the total number of case studies about 20 - 30% identified as tasks of high complication. Tests are divided into: 1) educational, which conducted independently for the evaluation of knowledge by students, 2) control, conducted under the supervision of a teacher for an objective assessment of the actual level of knowledge. Practically all these kinds of tests s are provided using two different algorithms for testing. Educational Test is always logical to do by modules-sub. The results of the analysis of each theoretical question and implementation each problem promptly declared to the student. As a result of the analysis of the all variants are formed trajectory control - select the number and content of the regular questions and practical tasks. There are a general mark in scores at the end of test and generall recommendations on re-examination of the material (if it is necessary). Control test can be done on the sub-sections, sections and throughout the course - depending on the request formulated by the teacher. In order to reduce the response timeof present monitoring results are not declared student. At the end of the test each student get a general mark in scores. It does not matter the level of control system for group analysis of knowledge because each time formed the partial score of knowledge separately for each sub-section. The volume of test material is divided into: 1) subsection (module) 2) section (in particular – a final control) 3) all discipline (in particular - the final control). These possibilities are guarantees by the organization of the information and material testing for sub-course and taken into account in testing algorithms. Each unit of the test subsection includes a basic set of 20-30 questions to check up the theoretical knowledge. If the subsection contains the theoretical material and / or methodology of solving the problem, the base section of the testing depending on the content of the educational material should be supplemented with the following materials: 1) with theoretical questions of high level,

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2) with tasks, 3) with tasks of high level. In such a way each of the two types of testing (training and supervision) should be adaptive at the same time on two characteristics – on the depth of interrogation – the level of knowledge test (1-level, 2-level, 3-level) and the degree of coverage of the material (subsection, section, discipline). The adaptation of the first criterion suggested that by using specific individual basic algorithms that take into account the number of stages of interrogation with a minimum number of t basic questions in a single step, equal to 2 (t = 2). The adaptation of the second criterion was offered to realize by a large-scale increasing the number of tests in the basic version of the algorithm. For clearness, the basic and derived algorithms testing was offered to represent as trees. Based on the solving the task, the algorithms which work out by the unit test must be adaptive to the following set of features: 1) The type of testing, 2) the coverage of the test (it means the volume being checked by general algorithm) 3) the number of types of test materials. The 1-level test. This test is offered to do with using 1 - 2 phases of the interrogation, depending on the correctness of the answers on the first base phase. If after the base phase there is no negative answer, it’s used the second phase of the interrogation with a reduced number of questions (less than half compared to the base). The second phase of the interrogation is called specified. The main tree call the tree, which realizes the algorithm of interrogation with the minimum number of individual tests. As a main tree of interrogation we will take the structure which shown on the picture.

The main tree for the 1st module of the test A scaled algorithm with coefficient t=2 Here we can see the minimum possible number of basic questions which is equal 2. The maximum number of points is 100. The upper row is equally to a base phase of the interrogation, the lower row is to be confirmed. On the edges indicate the number of correct answers in the appropriate phase of the interrogation. Next to the nodes are shown a final number of assessment points. The tree was made according to the next rules. 1. If all the basic answers are wrong, the final score is 0 points (leftmost vertex in the upper row), the interrogation stops. 2. If all the basic answers are correct, the final score is 100 balls (rightmost vertex in the upper row), the interrogation stops. 3. If you receive one right answer in the basic phase (average peak in the upper row), the mid-term score is 50 balls, the interrogation continues in subdivision phase (lower row). 4. In specifying phase is given by halving the number of questions compared to the baseline phase. 5. In case if it given the wrong answer, the number of points is the same as in the intermediate phase - 50 (the leftmost vertex in the lower row).

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6. When it given a correct answer, the number of points is increased to 70 (as a result of the percentage of correct answers is 100 * (2/3) ≈ 70) - (rightmost peak in the lower row). Scaling tree of the interrogation was suggested to do by increasing the number of basic issues in t times. Setting the parameter t to adapt the test procedure to the scanned volume of educational material. It was offered (suggested) 1) when you check up all the discipline to do for the module (sub) the minimum value of t = 1 or 2, 2) when you check up the section to do, depending on the total number of modules and the importance of a particular module value t = 2 or 3, 3) when you check up one module (section), you must do the value of t = 3 or 4. Scaled algorithm with a coefficient t = 2 for modular single-stage test is illustrated in picture 3 on the interrogation’s tree. When you build an algorithm of 2-level test, you must first include the distribution of the maximum score obtained in the first and second phase of interrogation for the basic algorithm of the 2nd level. It was taken a total number of points equal to the first phase 40, the second - 60. Then the value of the correct answer will be in the first phase is 40/2 = 20 points, in the second - 60/2 = 30 points. As a fine for mistake in the initial phase of polling in the evaluation of clarifying questions on the first phase of the suggested value of each correct answer is worth 2 points in the number of times smaller than at the initial interrogation, ie, 20/2 = 10 points. As a result, an interrogation’s tree of the 2nd-level of the test, according with the aforementioned conditions it will be have the next view (picture).

The interrogation’s tree of the 2nd test The scaling of this tree is made the same as the 1-level test. Similarly, we do the 3rd-level test. It is recommended to use the maximum distribution points obtained in the first, second and third phases form interrogation: 28 - 32 - 40. Using higher levels of the test virtually no rationally. The model of the single alternative test increases the degree of adaptability in comparison with the classical threshold test due to a more flexible response options assessment and consideration of timing response. The classical model of computer-based testing involves simple copying actions of the teacher. In the proposed model for the implementation of adaptability in the extended version used the possibility of a computer system. This allows you to more fully realize the personalized computer training in the first stage of examination - at the level of a single test.

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The adaptive algorithms single test and alignment of the testing process can significantly bring quality computer education to the individual. More objective identification of the current level of preparation of each student can be used for optimum correction of knowledge, which is especially important in group forms of education.

References in English: 1. Avanesov B. C. the Composition of test tasks: a textbook for teachers of universities, colleges, schools, teachers, schools, gymnasiums and lyceums. - M.: testing Center, 2002. - P. 238 2. 2. Anastasi A. Psychological testing / A. Anastasi and S. Urbina. - SPb.: Peter, 2003. 3. 3. Bespalko V. P. Education and training with the participation of computers (the pedagogy for the third Millennium) / V. P. Bespalko. - M.: Publishing house of the Moscow psihologo- social Institute; Voronezh: MODEK, 2002. 4. 4. Rabinow, E. H. personalized Adaptive system training for engineering students: monograph. - M.: Mechanical engineering, 2009. - P. 258 5. 5. Sviridov A. P. Standardized methods on the example of monitoring and diagnosing knowledge: monograph. – M.: Publishing house of Rostov state construction University, 2011. – P. 294 6. Kryukova E. M. Optimization of the management of the Corporation using web technologies.// Service plus. 2011. No. 4. pp. 102-108. 7. Kryukova E. M., G. V. Krasilnikova areas of internal corporate use of blogging in the activities of the companies.//Service plus. 2011. No. 2. pp. 96-104. 8. Kryukova E. M., Krasil’nikova G. V., Kulakova T. V. Social media: the real and potential sources of threats to economic security of the enterprise.//Bulletin of the Academy of economic security Ministry of internal Affairs of Russia. 2011. No. 3. pp. 53-57. 9. Maloletko A. N., Kaurova O. V., Kryukova E. M. Yukhin K. E. The role and importance of modern media in marketing communications.//Proceedings of the Russian state social University. 2014. No. 3 (125). pp. 96-103.

Refernces in Roman script: 1. Avanesov B.C. Kompozicija testovyh zadanij: uchebnik dlja prepodavatelej vuzov, tehnikumov, uchilishh, uchitelej shkol, gimnazij i liceev. - M.: Centr testirovanija, 2002. - 238 p. 2. Anastazi A. Psihologicheskoe testirovanie / A. Anastazi, S. Urbina. - SPb.: Piter, 2003. 3. Bespal’ko V.P. Obrazovanie i obuchenie s uchastiem komp’juterov (pedagogika tret’ego tysjacheletija) / V.P. Bespal’ko. - M.: Izd-vo Moskovskogo psihologo-social’nogo instituta; Voronezh: MODJeK, 2002. 4. Rjabinova, E.H. Adaptivnaja sistema personificirovannoj professional’noj podgotovki studentov tehnicheskih vuzov: monografija. - M.: Mashinostroenie, 2009. - 258 p. 5. Sviridov A.P. Standartizirovannye metody na primere kontrolja i diagnostirovanija znanij: monografija. – M.: Izdatel’stvo RGSU, 2011. – 294 p. 6. Krjukova E.M. Optimizacija upravlenija korporaciej s ispol’zovaniem veb-tehnologij.//Servis plus. 2011. № 4. S. 102-108. 7. Krjukova E.M., Krasil’nikova G.V. Napravlenija ispol’zovanija vnutrennego korporativnogo blogginga v dejatel’nosti kompanij.//Servis plus. 2011. № 2. S. 96-104. 8. Krjukova E.M., Krasil’nikova G.V., Kulakova T.V. Social’nye media: real’nye i potencial’nye istochniki ugroz jekonomicheskoj bezopasnosti predprijatija.//Vestnik Akademii jekonomicheskoj bezopasnosti MVD Rossii. 2011. № 3. S. 53-57. 9. Maloletko A.N., Kaurova O.V., Krjukova E.M., Juhin K.E. Rol’ i znachenie sovremennyh mediasredstv v marketingovyh kommunikacijah.//Uchenye zapiski Rossijskogo gosudarstvennogo social’nogo universiteta. 2014. № 3 (125). S. 96-103.

REFERENCE TO ARTICLE Gdansky, N. I. & Altimentova, D. Y. (2015) Adaptive models of computer training, Contemporary Problems of Social Work, Vol. 1. № 2. P. 73-80. DOI: 10.17922/2412-5466-2015-1-2-73-80.

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Gdanskiy N.I. Doctor of technical sciences, Russian State Social University, Moscow. E-mail: [email protected] Кarpov А.М. Candidate of Engineering, Russian State Social University, Moscow. E-mail: [email protected] Коmova P.Y. Postgraduate student, Russian State Social University, Moscow. E-mail: [email protected] УДК 550.8 DOI 10.17922/2412-5466-2015-1-2-81-91

Using prediction in filtering data for solving model tasks

Receiving date: Preprint date: Taking to print date: 17.03.2015 30.03.2015 30.03.2015

Annotation:This paper proposes a new principle of filtering digital data, in which the control systems significant error feedback data is not “blurred” by neighboring nodes, and is eliminated on the basis of an alternative checkout of processed variables. The authors introduced a number of essential concepts and formulated a digital data filtering algorithm, which is implemented in C ++ and was tested on a number of model curves and showed the effectiveness of using this method of filtration. Key words:Digital control, feedback data, data filtering, least squares method.

The article considers the actual problem of digital control algorithms accuracy increase. In particular, it is necessary to filter digital data received via communication with peripheral sources.It is necessary to improve methods of digital control [1-3]. Digital techniques compared to analogous allow to use more complex control algorithms to eliminate the dependence on temperature, etc. However, it is necessary to provide a number of conditions for the practical realization of these advantages. The most important among them are the limits on the performed calculations and the accuracy of the calculated control parameters. The first step in construction control scheme is the processing of feedback data. The digital information which is transmitted via high-speed communication ports, always contains errors due to the measurement process, digitization, noise and other factors. One of the main problems is to clear input from the noise. The adequacy and accuracy of control action depends on the successful solution of this problem. Before turning to our algorithm will consider the most popular ones. One of the most popular methods is moving average [19]. In statistics, a moving average (rolling average or running average) is a calculation to analyze data points by creating a series of averages of different subsets of the full data set. It is also called a moving mean (MM) [10] or rolling mean and is a type of finite impulse response filter. Variations include: simple, and cumulative, or weighted forms (described below). Given a series of numbers and a fixed subset size, the first element of the moving average is obtained by taking the average of the initial fixed subset of the number series. Then the subset is modified by “shifting forward”; that is, excluding the first number of the series and including the next number following the original subset in the series. This creates a new subset

81 CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL WORK of numbers, which is averaged. This process is repeated over the entire data series. The plot line connecting all the (fixed) averages is the moving average. A moving average is a set of numbers, each of which is the average of the corresponding subset of a larger set of datum points. A moving average may also use unequal weights for each datum value in the subset to emphasize particular values in the subset. A moving average is commonly used with time series data to smooth out short-term fluctuations and highlight longer-term trends or cycles. The threshold between short-term and long-term depends on the application, and the parameters of the moving average will be set accordingly. For example, it is often used in technical analysis of financial data, like stock prices, returns or trading volumes. It is also used in economics to examine gross domestic product, employment or other macroeconomic time series. Mathematically, a moving average is a type of convolution and so it can be viewed as an example of a low-pass filter used in signal processing. When used with non-time series data, a moving average filters higher frequency components without any specific connection to time, although typically some kind of ordering is implied. Viewed simplistically it can be regarded as smoothing the data. In financial applications a simple moving average (SMA) is the unweighted mean of the previous data. However, in science and engineering the mean is normally taken from an equal number of data on either side of a central value. This ensures that variations in the mean are aligned with the variations in the data rather than being shifted in time. The period selected depends on the type of movement of interest, such as short, intermediate, or long-term. In financial terms moving-average levels can be interpreted as support in a rising market, or resistance in a falling market. If the data used are not centered around the mean, a simple moving average lags behind the latest datum point by half the sample width. An SMA can also be disproportionately influenced by old datum points dropping out or new data coming in. One characteristic of the SMA is that if the data have a periodic fluctuation, then applying an SMA of that period will eliminate that variation (the average always containing one complete cycle). But a perfectly regular cycle is rarely encountered.[11] For a number of applications, it is advantageous to avoid the shifting induced by using only ‘past’ data. Hence a central moving average can be computed, using data equally spaced on either side of the point in the series where the mean is calculated.[12] This requires using an odd number of datum points in the sample window. A major drawback of the SMA is that it lets through a significant amount of the signal shorter than the window length. Worse, it actually inverts it. This can lead to unexpected artifacts, such as peaks in the smoothed result appearing where there were troughs in the data. It also leads to the result being less smooth than expected since some of the higher frequencies are not properly removed. The problem can be overcome by iterating the process three times, with the window being shortened by a factor of 1.4303 at each step.[13] This removes the negation effects and provides a better behaved filter. This solution is often used in real-time audio filtering since it is computationally quicker than other comparable filters such as a gaussian kernel. In a cumulative moving average, the data arrive in an ordered datum stream, and the user would like to get the average of all of the data up until the current datum point. The brute-force method to calculate this would be to store all of the data and calculate the sum and divide by the number of datum points every time a new datum point arrived. However, it is possible to simply update cumulative average as a new value, becomes available, using the formula:

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Thus the current cumulative average for a new datum point is equal to the previous cumulative average, times , plus the latest datum point, all divided by the number of points received so far, . When all of the datum points arrive ( ), then the cumulative average will equal the final average. The derivation of the cumulative average formula is straightforward. Using

and similarly for , it is seen that

Solving this equation for results in:

A weighted average is any average that has multiplying factors to give different weights to data at different positions in the sample window. Mathematically, the moving average is the convolution of the datum points with a fixed weighting function. One application is removing pixelisation from a digital graphical image. In technical analysis of financial data, a weighted moving average (WMA) has the specific meaning of weights that decrease in arithmetical progression.[14] In an -day WMA the latest day has weight , the second latest , etc., down to one.

An exponential moving average (EMA), also known as an exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA),[15] is a type of infinite impulse response filter that applies weighting factors which decrease exponentially. The weighting for each older datum decreases exponentially, never reaching zero. The graph at right shows an example of the weight decrease. The EMA for a series may be calculated recursively:

For , Where: • The coefficient represents the degree of weighting decrease, a constant smoothing factor between and . A higher discounts older observations faster. • is the value at a time period . • is the value of the EMA at any time period . is undefined. may be initialized in a number of different ways, most commonly by setting to , though other techniques exist, such as setting to an average of the first or observations. The importance of the initialisations effect on the resultant moving average depends on ; smaller values make the choice of relatively more important than larger values, since a higher α discounts older observations faster. Whatever is done for it assumes something about values prior to the available data and is necessarily in error. In view of this the early results should be regarded as unreliable until the iterations have had time to converge. This is sometimes called a ‘spin-up’ interval. One way to assess when it can be regarded as reliable is to consider the required accuracy of the result. For example, if accuracy is required, initialising with and taking data after five time

83 CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL WORK constants (defined above) will ensure that the calculation has converged to within (only < of will remain in the result ). Sometimes with very small alpha, this can mean little of the result is useful. This is analogous to the problem of using a convolution filter (such as a weighted average) with a very long window. This formulation is according to Hunter (1986).[16] By repeated application of this formula for different times, we can eventually write St as a weighted sum of the datum points , as:

for any suitable The weight of the general datum point is . An alternate approach by Roberts (1959) uses in lieu of :[17]

From a statistical point of view, the moving average, when used to estimate the underlying trend in a time series, is susceptible to rare events such as rapid shocks or other anomalies. A Savitzky–Golay filter[20] is a digital filter that can be applied to a set of digital data points for the purpose of smoothing the data, that is, to increase the signal-to-noise ratio without greatly distorting the signal. This is achieved, in a process known as convolution, by fitting successive sub-sets of adjacent data points with a low-degree polynomial by the method of linear least squares . When the data points are equally spaced an analytical solution to the least-squares equations can be found, in the form of a single set of “convolution coefficients” that can be applied to all data sub-sets, to give estimates of the smoothed signal, (or derivatives of the smoothed signal) at the central point of each sub-set. The method, based on established mathematical procedures,[3][4] was popularized by Abraham Savitzky and Marcel J. E. Golay who published tables of convolution coefficients for various polynomials and sub-set sizes in 1964.[5][6] Some errors in the tables have been corrected.[7]The method has been extended for the treatment of 2- and 3-dimensional data. Savitzky and Golay’s paper is one of the most widely cited papers in the journal Analytical Chemistry[8] and is classed by that journal as one of its “10 seminal papers” saying “it can be argued that the dawn of the computer-controlled analytical instrument can be traced to this article”[9].

2,5

2

1,5 Initial data

Method moving average

1 Method moving average with weight

0,5

0 024681012

Figure 1. Data with outlier and moving average method

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We can see that all these methods are not good when we have data with even single outlier. So let us describe a new one. Let be the value of discrete values that are transmitted through feedback channels. is obtained in the measurement of time-varying electrical and mechanical parameters that are inert by nature (for example, the angle of shaft rotation, and the power supply voltage, etc.). This data comes in discrete time . Suppose that in a neighborhood of the current node times are set. The measured values are given in these nodes. We pose the problem in the following form: it is necessary to filter the measured values of the function while saving useful information. The principle of reduction of errors is the main disadvantage of most methods. Even large errors are not eliminated entirely, but are taken into account in the neighboring nodes to match the selected numerical criterion of optimality.

2,5

2

1,5 Initial data

Method moving average

1 Method moving average with weight

0,5

0 024681012

Figure 2. Approximations results using standard methods To approximate the function we will use polynomials of degree :

(1) We construct the approximating polynomial of a set of points in a certain neighborhood, using the method of least squares. Use neighborhood that includes nodes for the original version of the polynomial. At each step we filter data in . We assume that we have already applied the filter in butuse unfiltered data for the desired range, because the use of data already filtered for further filtering may lead to accumulated error. This neighborhood may contain outliers. Therefore we eliminate nodes , in which measured values are very different from the predicted: . Let us find using the linear approximation values in the neighboring nodes. , and is standard deviation. Suppose m is equal to . So the resulting formula for the emission is:

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(2)

Note that condition (2) can be used only for internal points of the original range. That is, we check points with indices 2, ..., N-1 to filter array 1, ..., N. Such method of pre-filtering data can eliminate single outlier. However, in practice, there are more complicated situations. For example, consecutive outliers of two or more points. We propose to use the median filter to eliminate these outliers. We consider it in relation to our case. In signal processing, it is often desirable to be able to perform some kind of noise reduction on a signal. The median filter is a nonlinear digital filtering technique, often used to remove noise. Such noise reduction is a typical pre-processing step to improve the results of later processing. The main idea of the median filter is to run through the signal entry by entry, replacing each entry with the median of neighboring entries. The pattern of neighbors is called the “window”, which slides, entry by entry, over the entire signal. The most obvious window is just the first few preceding and following entries. Note that if the window has an odd number of entries, then the median is simple to define: it is just the middle value after all the entries in the window are sorted numerically. Because there is no entry preceding the first value, , and are used to calculate median for . We take the following steps to find the median of a sequence of points: 1. Sort the points in ascending order. 2. If the number is odd ( ), then the median is the average value of sorted points ( ). If is even ( ), the median is the average of the values of two points located in the middle (with indices and ). It is necessary to reduce the order of the median, if there is not enough data to calculate it. For processing end-points values , and are used. Use the following algorithm for data preprocessing. We calculate the median value for each of the points with a certain parameter . Compare the value at each point with the value of its median. If the absolute value of their difference is greater than , then a point is considered outlier. Replace its value with the median value. Next, use the method of least squares. Let the degree of the polynomial be equal to three. This will reduce the amount of computation and give a good result. Accuracy of approximation will improve very slowly with polynomial degree increase. In most cases, the result will be visually worse. Parameter is called the half-width of the base neighborhood filtered data. Half-width should be selected on the basis of specific subject area in which the results could be approximated by a polynomial with a selected degree. To estimate the value of the half-width use a specific frequency of received data and a suitable time range. Let be coefficient of proximity to the experimental data: . If then assuming a normal distribution of noise, not more than 20% will not satisfy this condition. Considered mathematical relationships depend on the following parameters: 1. is the error scale, 2. is the coefficient of proximity to the experimental data 3. is the degree approximating polynomial 4. is the half-width of the base neighborhood. 5. is the window for median filter. The parameter can be set based on the standard deviation ( ) and adjust during the program with real data.

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Take the parameter k equal to 1.5, based on the assumption that the noise has a normal distribution. It is proposed to maintain constant during the entire execution of the algorithm. Approximating polynomial P_s (t) degree is assumed equal to three (s = 3). The parameter h will change based on the different frequency model (or experimental) data. We propose the following general algorithm Input 1. is the array with time moments. 2. is the array with noise. 3. is the scale nodal deviations function. 4. is the coefficient of proximity to the experimental data 5. is the degree approximating polynomial 6. is the half-width of the base neighborhood. 7. is the pattern of neighbors Statement of the problem. The task is to filter the values of f (t) for a given time t. The filter data is . Additional array. 1) is boolean array with outline points . Algorithm. Step 1. Initial Actions. 1.1. Assigning values to constant parameters of the algorithm: k: = 1.5. 1.2. Calculate or set the parameter for a given task or the first results obtained. 1.3. Set the initial values of the array B:

1.4. For noise reduction preprocessing step we set when or use median filter 1.5. If number of outlier is greater then 20% of the N then we should correct m and do 1.3 and 1.4 again. 1.5. Calculate median in each node . If then . Step 2. Let . . is the last point in our window. While do the following steps. 1.1. is the current pattern of neighbors we use in approximation. 1.2. Construct a polynomial using the method of least squares, taking the filtered points or such points where . 1.3. Calculating new values in an array . If then calculate . 1.4. Calculate the standard deviation . Correct the value . 1.5. Let . Repeat all the steps. Completion of the algorithm. Let’s test our algorithm on an example from the beginning of the article. Each of the chosen methods attempts to smooth the error from a single point. Our algorithm will remove the error completely. Thus, the standard deviation from the actual data becomes zero (Figure 3.). We used the following parameters: 1. is the scale nodal deviations function. 2. is the coefficient of proximity to the experimental data 3. is the degree approximating polynomial 4. is the half-width of the base neighborhood. 5. is the pattern of neighbors

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Figure 3. The result of the filtering algorithm. Consider the result of filtering the example of noisy data. Let us take in using 100 points with standard deviation and outliers in several points. Our method not only removed the outliers, but also made a good approximation to the value of the original function by removing noise. We used the following parameters: 1. is the scale nodal deviations function. 2. is the coefficient of proximity to the experimental data 3. is the degree approximating polynomial 4. is the half-width of the base neighborhood. 5. is the pattern of neighbors

Figure 4. The result of the filtering algorithm with noise and outliers

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Let us take in using 1000 points with standard deviation and outliers in several points. Our method not only removed the outliers, but also made a good approximation to the value of the original function by removing noise. We used the following parameters: 6. is the scale nodal deviations function. 7. is the coefficient of proximity to the experimental data 8. is the degree approximating polynomial 9. is the half-width of the base neighborhood. 10. is the pattern of neighbors

Figure 5. The result of the filtering algorithm with noise and outliers The Results. The paper established a new principle of filtering digital data. This method not only effectively removes outliers, but also makes high-quality anti-aliasing, removing noise. As a result, based on the received communication lines digitized data computed real values of measured physical quantities, which are much closer to their true values. The program was written that implements the algorithm. Efficiency and effectiveness of the algorithm is demonstrated by examples. Introduced a new approach to input filtering in digital control systems can significantly increase the accuracy by eliminating them from significant errors. This approach will allow, in particular, to a considerable extent reduce the digital data error caused by their conversion to numerical form.

References in English: 1. Gdanskiy N. I., Karpov A. V., Samoilov V. G. Control of systems with two degrees of freedom based on reduced-load prediction // Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, 2011, №7, P. 12– 15

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2. McMillan G., Weiner S. The predictive control models - past, present and future, part 1 // Automation and IT in the energy sector, №7, 2013, P. 26-29 3. Whittaker, E.T; Robinson, G (1924). The Calculus Of Observations. Blackie & Son. pp. 291– 6. OCLC 1187948.. “Graduation Formulae obtained by fitting a Polynomial.” 4. Guest, P.G. (2012) [1961]. “Ch. 7: Estimation of Polynomial Coefficients”. Numerical Methods of Curve Fitting. Cambridge University Press. pp. 147–. ISBN 978-1-107-64695-7. 5. Savitzky, A.; Golay, M.J.E. (1964). “Smoothing and Differentiation of Data by Simplified Least Squares Procedures”. Analytical Chemistry 36 (8): 1627–39. doi:10.1021/ac60214a047. 6. Savitzky, Abraham (1989). “A Historic Collaboration”. Analytical Chemistry 61 (15): 921A– 3A. doi:10.1021/ac00190a744. 7. Steinier, Jean; Termonia, Yves; Deltour, Jules (1972). “Smoothing and differentiation of data by simplified least square procedure”. Analytical Chemistry 44 (11): 1906–9. doi:10.1021/ ac60319a045. 8. Larive, Cynthia K.; Sweedler, Jonathan V. (2013). “Celebrating the 75th Anniversary of the ACS Division of Analytical Chemistry: A Special Collection of the Most Highly Cited Analytical Chemistry Papers Published between 1938 and 2012”. Analytical Chemistry 85 (0): 4201–2. doi:10.1021/ac401048d. 9. Riordon, James; Zubritsky, Elizabeth; Newman, Alan (2000). “Top 10 Articles”. Analytical Chemistry 72 (9): 24 A–329 A. doi:10.1021/ac002801q. 10. Hydrologic Variability of the Cosumnes River Floodplain(Booth et al., San Francisco Estuary and Watershed Science, Volume 4, Issue 2, 2006) 11. Statistical Analysis, Ya-lun Chou, Holt International, 1975,ISBN 0-03-089422-0, section 17.9. 12. The derivation and properties of the simple central moving average are given in full at Savitzky–Golay filter 13. http://climategrog.wordpress.com/2013/05/19/triple-running-mean-filters/ 14. Weighted Moving Averages: The Basics”. Investopedia. 15. http://lorien.ncl.ac.uk/ming/filter/filewma.htm 16. NIST/SEMATECH e-Handbook of Statistical Methods: Single Exponential Smoothing at the National Institute of Standards and Technology 17. NIST/SEMATECH e-Handbook of Statistical Methods: EWMA Control Charts at the National Institute of Standards and Technology geometric series 18. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moving_average 19. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savitzky%E2%80%93Golay_filter

References in Roman script: 1. Gdanskiy N. I., Karpov A. v., Samoylov v. g. Upravlenie sistemami s dvumya stepenyami svobody na osnove snizhennoy nagruzki prognozirovaniya // himicheskoe i neftegazovoe mashinostroenie, 2011, №7, s. 12-15 2. Makmillan g., Vayner S. o prognosticheskoy modeli upravleniya - proshloe, nastoyashee i budushee, chast’ 1 // Avtomatizatsiya i IT v energetike, №7, 2013, str. 26-29 3. Uitteker, E. T.; Robinson, G (1924). Ischislenie Nablyudeniy. Bleki I Syn. s. 291-6. Tsentr oclc 1187948.. “vypusknoy Formuly, poluchennye putem approksimatsii Polinomom.” 4. Gost’, P. G. (2012) [1961]. “SN. 7: otsenki Polinomial’nyh koeffitsientov”. Chislennye metody approksimatsii Krivoy. Kembridzh Yuniversiti Press. s. 147–. Nomer ISBN 978-1-107-64695-7. 5. Savitskiy, A.; Goleya, M. Zh. E. (1964). “Sglazhivaniya i differentsirovaniya dannyh putem uproshennoy protsedury naimen’shih kvadratov”. Analiticheskaya Himiya 36 (8): 1627-39. doi:10.1021/ac60214a047. 6. Savitskiy, Avraam (1989). “Istoricheskoe Sotrudnichestvo”. Analiticheskaya Himiya 61 (15): 921A–3A. doi:10.1021/ac00190a744. 7. Steinier, Zhan; Termonia, Iv; Otel’ Deltour, Zhyul’ (1972). “Sglazhivaniya i differentsirovaniya dannyh po uproshennoy protsedure naimen’shih kvadratov”. Analiticheskaya Himiya 44 (11): 1906-9. doi:10.1021/ac60319a045. 8. Lariv, Sintiya K.; Sweedler, Dzhonatan V. (2013). “Prazdnovanie 75-letiya ASU Otdel analiticheskoy himii: spetsial’naya Kollektsiya samyh vysoko tsitiruemyh statey, opublikovannyh analiticheskoy himii mezhdu 1938 i 2012 godov”. Analiticheskaya Himiya 85 (0): 4201-2.doi:10.1021/ac401048d. 9. Riordon, Dzheyms; Zubritskiy, Elizabet N’yuman, Alan (2000). “Top 10 Statey”. Analiticheskaya Himiya 72 (9): 24 V–329 A. doi:10.1021/ac002801q.

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10. Gidrologicheskaya izmenchivost’ Cosumnes Poyma reki(But i soavt., San-Frantsisko ust’e reki i vodorazdel nauki, tom 4, Vypusk 2, 2006) 11. Statisticheskiy analiz, Ya-lun Chzhou, Holt interneshenel, 1975,s. ISBN 0-03-089422-0, razdel 17.9. 12. Poluchenie i svoystva prostyh tsentral’noy skol’zyashey sredney privedeny v polnom ob#eme na Savitskogo–Goleya fil’tr 13. http://climategrog.wordpress.com/2013/05/19/triple-running-mean-filters/ 14. Vzveshennyh Skol’zyashih Srednih: Osnovy”. Vashi lichnye. 15. http://lorien.ncl.ac.uk/ming/filter/filewma.htm 16. V nist/SEMATECH elektronnyy Spravochnik statisticheskih metodov: odnokratnoe Eksponentsial’noe sglazhivanie v Natsional’nom Institute standartov i tehnologii 17. V nist/SEMATECH elektronnyy Spravochnik statisticheskih metodov: kontrol’nye diagrammy EWMA v Natsional’nom Institute standartov i tehnologii Geometricheskaya seriya 18. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moving_average 19. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savitzky%E2%80%93Golay_filter

REFERENCE TO ARTICLE Gdanskiy, N.I., Кarpov, А.М. & Коmova, P.Y. (2015) Using prediction in filtering data for solving model tasks, Contemporary Problems of Social Work, Vol. 1. № 2. P. 81-91. DOI: 10.17922/2412- 5466-2015-1-2-81-91.

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Grigorieva S. V. Candidate of physico-mathematical Sciences, Russian State Social University, Moscow. E-mail: [email protected] УДК 656.1 DOI 10.17922/2412-5466-2015-1-2-92-101

Long-term forecasting strategic susteinability development of freight transport enterprises

Receiving date: Preprint date: Taking to print date: 17.03.2015 30.03.2015 30.03.2015

Annotation: the article discusses the use of foresight as a methodology for long-term forecasting strategic sustainability of road freight transport enterprises. Presents the layout of the road map for freight transportation enterprise and Petri net modeling the strategic sustainability of road freight transport enterprises. Key words: strategic stability, long-term forecasting, foresight, road map, Petri nets.

For any country’s economy, which is integrated into the world economy, particularly relevant are the objectives of the control system development strategic sustainable development of enterprises. Structural changes in the economy lead to increased demand for all kinds of transport services, the need to improve transport infrastructure. Enterprises can operate normally only provided a quick and quality delivery of the goods. The main task of the control system of strategic sustainable freight transport enterprises (GATP) - anticipation and pre-emption of potential threats, leading to loss of motor transport enterprise competitiveness, does not adhere to the fundamental principles of sustainable development of the economy. Providing strategic sustainability development GATP should be aimed not only at preventing threats, but also on the implementation of complex of measures on preservation of long time the upward trends expressed by the system of indicators of economic, social and environmental characteristics of activity of the enterprise taking into account the achievable transport uses. Thus, strategic sustainability development GATP connected with the prolonged period of time, during which changes the external and internal environment, there is a correction activity GATP. In the forecasting process disclosed alternative, positive and negative trends in the development of GATP, and identifies the conditions under which ensures that the strategic objectives. Unfortunately, not all trucking companies are developing long-term forecasts. The reason for this is a one-sided view about the adequacy of the planning of economic activity, which should ensure the economic growth of the enterprise. This applies to economic and technical policy not to mention social and environmental perspective development. Therefore, the main task of strategic management of the enterprise becomes the task of establishing priorities of innovation, as innovation is the element that contribute to strengthening the competitive position of the enterprise.

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The priorities of technological development are formed depending on the stage of development of a particular company. Thus, in the context of the decline of activity in the presence of acute financial problems erroneous determination of priorities can lead a company to bankruptcy. These conditions result in the narrowing of strategic horizons, increases market uncertainty. This reduces the credibility of the company, because here there is the highest risk of capital investment. Practice innovation activities are very diverse and dynamic, but it is possible to identify some common elements for all enterprises. Firstly, the most important among these moments is that the choice of priorities for scientific and technological development are actively involved national, sectoral and territorial authorities. This is reflected in the development of various programmes for research and technological development (example: the Federal target program “Development of transport system of Russia for 2010-2020”). To solve the transport problems of socio-economic development of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2020 has identified the following priorities: – acceleration distribution and reduction in transport costs in the economy; – increased availability of transport services for the population; – improving the competitiveness of the transport system of Russia on the world market of transport services; – improving complex security and sustainable transport system. Secondly, in the modern world, any company needs to maintain a high level of innovation. This contributes not only to the economic and financial potential of the company, but also the susceptibility of innovation by every member of the staff, from the head to the worker that will allow innovative projects to give high efficiency and reliability. However, the prioritization process at the level of individual enterprises remains unclear. No criteria were developed, which allow you to select the priorities. But clearly identified funding opportunities for projects, and selection of advanced technologies without adequate assessment of their further application. Long-term forecasting has a number of specific features, which include the following characteristics [2, S. 54]. The subjectivity of the forecast is the analysis of the results of action of the major actors (or accompanied by decisions taken by a specific player). Trends, relatively stable in the medium term development (3-5 years), not only exhausted, but also problematiziruyut, becoming derived from the actions of economic entities. Even for such quasi-stationary parameters of development, as, for example, the structure of production and consumption of basic resources, it is highly sustainable in the medium term, in the long-term forecast is required to specifically determine the laws of their change. Consistency is the key characteristic of a long-term forecast. In addition to the basic macroeconomic parameters developed a number of specialized assessments for specific sectors that are dependent on the economic development in General, or, on the contrary, define the economic landscape in the long term. Innovativeness. Medium-term forecast, as a rule, does not imply fundamental changes in the nature of reproductive processes, economic management, positioning in the markets. Over time, inevitably, the emergence of radical innovations in various sectors of the economy and society. Long-term prognosis is actually the foresight impact on the economic development of new factors and trends. Accounting for indirect impacts. In the long term are crucial factors indirectly affecting the main indicators of socio-economic development. Manifest-known rule about the advantage of “indirect strategy”. It should be emphasized that the priorities of scientific and technical progress at the macro level, form a separate enterprises of different branches of economic activity. Correctly noted

93 CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL WORK in the work of D. P. Belousova, I. E. Frolov [2, S. 60] “the main limitation of the applicability of micro-level method are the short forecast horizons business in Russia for medium-sized companies, estimated to be no more than 3-5 years), which negates the possibility of long- term scientific and technological forecasting. Future development for such companies, either indefinitely or looks simple “extended present”. The solution to this problem can be the methodology of technological forecasting, called “foresight”. The theoretical basis of this methodology are the works of domestic and foreign scientists in the field of technological forecasting, E. Afanasiev, N. Kalyuzhnova, M. kinen, E. Clayton, I. Kuzminov, A. C. Sokolov and others. The most complete understanding of this term has published, E. Afanasiev [1], which allows to introduce this method of technological forecasting as follows: – the foresight is a systematic, collaborative process of building a vision for the future, aimed at improving the quality of receiving at the moment decisions and acceleration of joint actions. The ideology of foresight comes from the convergence trends of the modern developments in the field of policy analysis, strategic analysis and forecasting; – the technology foresight allows to take into account the long-term implications and opportunities in decision making. Foresight can be used to develop strategies and long-term planning for the development of regions, municipalities and other territorial entities; – the foresight is a systematic attempt to look into the long term future of science, technology, economy and society to identify areas of strategic research and the emergence of generic technologies, promising to bring the largest economic and social benefits; – the foresight is an attempt to determine long-term trends and to coordinate on the basis of their decisions. Foresight has emerged in recent years and most actively used in Europe to highlight the priorities of contemporary research based on the basic scenarios of the development of science, technology, society and the economy; – the foresight is a systematic thinking about the future and the impact on the future. Thus, the aim of foresight is to determine the possible future, creating a desirable image of the future and identify strategies to achieve it. Foresight is an independent method of long- term forecasting. Foresight as a method of long-term forecasting began in the second half of the twentieth century. The first method was used by American scientists in the field of defence research and prospects for security. After the United States it was used in Japan, where long-term prognosis built using Delphi method, was published in 1971 Further, the method became widespread in France, great Britain, Austria, Sweden, Korea, China. The historical approach allows us to distinguish three stages of the evolution of foresight method. The first stage of technological foresight on the basis of forecasting the prospects of scientific and technical sphere. The second stage is market-oriented foresight. The third stage - socio-economic foresight. Modern foresight is a powerful tool for the development of high-tech production, and not only in the industrial sector. The scope of the foresight method is extremely versatile. In addition to the global and international level foresight method can be applied at the regional level, for example, to predict the trends of a particular company, business strategy, identify the demand for a certain type of product, etc. The necessity of using the foresight method for enterprises stems from the following conditions: – the strengthening of intra-industry competition; – the limitations of public funding; – the difficulty in defining technological priorities. Foresight method is necessary in order to improve the decision-making process; to manage the selection of technologies; to create alternative directions for future development; to

94 VOLUME 1, No. 2, 2015 enhance the learning process and better prepared for unforeseen circumstances; to motivate changes [4]. The methodology of the foresight method combines traditional and new methods of obtaining expert estimates. When this happens their continuous improvement, which increases the validity of long-term forecasts of technological development. Perform predictions using the foresight method goes through several stages: – the formulation of the problem long-term forecast of technical development; – the analysis of the status of research and development in this area; – the formation of expert groups; – the expert survey (in several stages), the processing results; – the selection of priority areas taking into account the received information from experts; – the organization of public discussions of the results of foresight method; – the approval and use of the results of the foresight method. The result of the foresight of the method is the achievement of strategic goals that will indicate the strategic stability of the enterprise in the long term. Technological development is determined by the efficiency of innovation, resulting in new services, new technology, management structure. The degree of feasibility of the innovation is determined: – the policy of renewal of fixed assets; – the availability of sources of financing innovation. Hence, the forecasting needs in the priority innovation, investments for their implementation is the key strategic management of technological development of the company, whose main objective is the improvement of techniques and technologies that ultimately determines the amount of revenue and profit of the enterprise. In the present technological state of the enterprise is determined by the availability of basic technological capabilities: equipment, machinery, skilled workers and drivers; the ability to learn, to meet the technical standards, but also to adapt to changes in product and technological specialization. The achieved level of technology is one of the main factors that determines the innovative activity of the enterprise. In recent years, increased understanding of the relationship of technological strategy with the overall business strategy of many leading domestic and foreign companies. This strengthens the position of methodological approaches to the formation of the strategy of technological development of the enterprise. The factors influencing the choice of strategy of technological development, should include the technological structure in the present period of economic development, personnel training, monitoring of foreign technologies, to support domestic producers and respect for local conditions and regulations. The main factor in technological development are, of course, personnel are able to formulate a strategic plan technical update of the enterprise on a long- term perspective taking into account the main trends of development of scientific-technical progress. This process should be directed to assess the real level of the technological state of the enterprise and identifying technological priorities of its development. The result of technological forecasting has become a long-term development plan on the basis of effective scenario as a means of achieving strategic goals. The strategic goal of the development of the transport system to address the needs of innovative socially oriented development of economy and society in competitive and high quality transport services. The achievement of this strategic goal will be achieved through the effective development of competitive environment in the transport sector, the creation of optimal reserves in infrastructure development, achieve the advanced level of development of engineering and technology, greater attention to social and environmental factors [5].

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To create an effective and competitive transport system, as outlined in the Transport strategy, you need three basic components: – the competitive high-quality transport services; – the high-performance secure transport infrastructure and vehicles that are required to the extent to which they will provide competitive high-quality transport services; – the creation of conditions for excess supply of transport services on demand (otherwise, the competitive environment will not be). The above objectives should be fully consistent with the strategic goals of technological forecasting freight transport enterprises. Technology forecast will form a programme of innovative development of the enterprise and to determine the necessary amounts of investment. An important step here is the establishment of alternative investment and justification of the choice of technological development on appropriate criteria. Transport strategy of the Russian Federation for the period till 2030 defines the priorities for the transition to an innovative variant of development of the transport system. Among these priorities: – the development of a competitive market for transport services; – the availability of transport services for the population; – the expansion of the range and improving the quality of transport services on the basis of application of modern transport, logistics and communication technologies, development of new forms of organization of the transport process and interaction between modes of transport; – the fold increase productivity and energy efficiency in transport; – the integration of transport system of Russia in the Eurasian transport space, developing a diversified transport links with the world’s economic centers; – the high geographical mobility of the population; – the increase of innovative activity of transport companies, radical renewal of the transport and technical facilities with the development of domestic transport machine-building, the strengthening of the role of scientific and technical support in the development of the transport sector; – the growth of the level of professional training and qualification of workers of transport, the improvement of their material and social support, creation of safe working conditions; – the reliability and safety of transport systems, including in the sphere of ecology, reducing the number of accidents, injuries and deaths in traffic accidents; – the development and application of effective mechanisms of state regulation of the functioning and development of the transport; – the improvement of the investment climate in the transport sector. These priorities allow you to create several scenarios of technological development using expert judgement on the basis of the overall strategic goals of the enterprise. When developing scenarios in foresight method using an instrument such as road maps that allow you to present step-by-step change of technique and technology in the period of long-term forecasting. The roadmap includes the following basic elements [3]: – the time axis; – the layers (levels); – the «connection»; – the additional information (background changes, description of participants in the implementation phase, etc.,); – the graphical notation (notes, marks, spots, gaps, opportunities, threats); – the process of moving around the map. Road map may reflect multiple routes of action, all of which are necessary for the implementation scenario of the future. Shown in the road map routes include the expected trends in technology and business.

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Fundamental view road map presented in figure 1. Past Present Future Vision

Environment

Market

Service

Technology

Figure 1 - Structure of the road map This scheme maps common in long-term forecasting, where each component expresses the observed trends, strategic dilemmas and the decision points that allows you to create a sufficiently large number of development options. During the implementation of the road map with regard to innovation, enterprise economy through the development of new markets will be aired on sustainable development in the long term. This will attract investment in transport, to expand the availability of transportation services among the population and to obtain additional revenues and profits. Simultaneously with the development of economy of the enterprise will be addressed and the issues of environmental protection. Layout a road map for motor transport enterprise is presented in figure 2.

2012 2015 2020 2025

Environment Modern state of the The implementation of envi- environment ronmental-sky standards

competitive advantage Market Competitiveness New markets Investments

The availability of transport services Service Reduction revenue price toplevels

Internal combustion Hybrid engine Technology engine

Figure 2 - Graphical structure of the roadmap of the motor transport enterprise

97 CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL WORK

All routes in the road map are interrelated and generally help to achieve the strategic objectives related to the sustainable development of the enterprise. Road map is a useful tool for modeling, which can, for example, to use Petri nets. Modeling Petri nets is carried out on the situational level. Define what actions occur in the system, what condition was preceded by this action, and what conditions will the system after executing the action. Perform event-driven model in Petri nets describes the behavior of the system. Analysis of the results may say about what the state was or was not the system, which States in principle not achievable. Using modeling various modifications of Petri nets it is possible [6]: – comprehensively describe the complex processes of interactions; – to consider all possible, including alternative development processes; – to display both quantitative and purely logical relationship; – to simulate different scenarios of the development process, depending on the development of the system; – to display not only the ultimate goal of the system functioning, but unwanted or related processes and to analyze the impact of the processes on the functioning of the system as a whole; – ability to view the entire management process in the dynamics of the simultaneous flow of its individual parts; – a description of the problem control known mathematical apparatus. Representation of Petri nets is based on two concepts: the event and the condition. The occurrence of an event manages the state of the system. The system state can be described by many terms. In Petri net events correspond to the transitions, and conditions items. Communication navigation and position are input and output functions. Input function displays the transition in a variety of positions, called the input positions of the transition. Output function displays the transition in a variety of positions, called the output positions of the transition. Graphically Petri net is represented as a bipartite oriented multigraph, which represents the positions and transitions. The graph has two types of nodes: positions and transitions, izobrajayuschie 0 and 1, respectively (the position can also be depicted as circles, and transitions are rectangles). Oriented arcs connecting positions and transitions. An arc directed from the position of the transition determines the position, which is the input transition. Multiple inputs in transition are specified multiples of the arcs from the input positions in the transition. The output position is indicated by the arc from the transition to the position. Formally, a Petri net is defined by a quadruple of the form N= < P, T, F, H > , where P – is a finite set of symbols, called positions, P ≠∅; T – is a nite set of symbols, called transitions, T ≠∅, PT∩≠∅; F - input function (a direct function of incidence), FPT:{0,1}× → ; H – is the output function (the inverse function of incidence), HT:{0,1}× P→ . So by the way, the input function F shows the transition tj in a multiplicity of positions pFtij∈ (), and the output function H shows the transition tj in the number of output positions pHtij∈ (). For each transition tTj ∈ , you can define a multiplicity of positions of the transition F(tj) and output positions of the transition H(tj) as

Ft()ji= { p∈ PF ( p ij ,) t = 1}; in= 1, , jm= 1, ,

Ht()ji= { p∈ PHt (, ji p )= 1}; nP= , mT= . (1)

Similarly, for each transition tTj ∈ introduces definitions for the set of input transitions of position F(pi) and the set of output transitions of the position H(pi):

Fp(){ij= t∈ TFt (,)1} ji p = ; in= 1, , jm= 1, ,

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Hp(){ij= t∈ THpt (,)1} ij= ; nP= , mT= . (2) To represent the dynamic properties of the system introduces labelling (marking): μ→:H {0,1,2,...} (3) Marking - assignment abstract objects called tags (chips), the positions of the network, and the number of labels corresponding to each position may vary. Bullet network can be described by five species:

Nμ= < P, T, F, H , μ> (4) and is a combination of Petri nets and marking μ. Graphically marking is depicted in the form of points, called labels, and is located in the circles corresponding to the positions of the network. The functioning of the Petri net is reflected by the transition from marking to marking up until not received a deadlock. μ→0 :P {0,1,2,...} - initial marking (no labels). The movement of markers occurs in the result of the execution (operation) of the transition under the influence of external and internal conditions of the implementation process. The analysis of Petri nets is based on the recognition of a number of properties that characterize the network. Temporal Petri net is characterized by the fact that the data is entered delays in the movement of the markers. The delay can be attributed to transitions or positions. Stochastic Petri net is characterized by random delays, it is possible the introduction of the probabilities of triggering the allowed transitions. Functional Petri net is characterized by the fact that not only reflects the sequence of events, and processes a data stream. For this, the description of each transition is added to the data processing algorithm. A colored Petri net is used when you want to distinguish from each other some groups of markers. For example, items of different types. Automata Petri net is a network in which each transition has only one input and one output. The Petri net is safe if safe all the positions of the network. The network’s position is safe, if the number of chips in it never exceeds 1. A Petri net is k-restricted if all of its positions k-limited. The position is k-bounded if the number of chips in it may not exceed the integer k. A Petri net is called strictly preserving, if the total number of chips in the network remains constant. The reachability of Petri Net is to attain the specified labels. The Petri net is live if all its transitions are live. The transition is called alive if from any state reachable from the initial one possible transition in any reachable state. Based on the foregoing description of the contents and properties of the apparatus of Petri nets, imagine a road map development transportation enterprise in the form of a Petri net and we verify the correctness of Petri net-based tree dostojevskij. Events development transportation enterprise are: 1. The development of enterprise (DE). 2. Environment (E) 3. Market (M) 4. Services (S) 5. Technology (T) 6. Modern state of the environment (MSE) 7. The implementation of environmental standards (IES) 8. Competitive advantages (CA)

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9. Competitiveness (C) 10. Investment (I) 11. New markets (NM) 12. The availability of transport services (DTU) 13. Price (P) 14. Reducing toplevels (RT) 15. Revenue (R) 16. The internal combustion engine (DVS) 17. Hybrid engine (HE)

In the network considered all temporary transitions between events (tij), which allows monitoring of the implementation of the strategy and to achieve the strategic sustainability of the enterprise in the long term. Petri net modeling the system of sustainable development of the enterprise, has the form (Fig. 3):

E MSE IES t t11 t12 13 t24

t23 M C CA NM

t21 t22 t26

I DE t25 SD

t DTU

S P RT R

t31 t32 t33 t34

Ɍ DVS HE

t41 t42 t43 Figure 3 - Мodel of the system of sustainable development of the enterprise in the long term Analysis of dostojevskij built network showed that there are no non-leaf dead-end state, which is not activated no transition and no cycles without breaking. On this basis we can conclude that the network is built correctly. She is a lively, safe, limited.

References in English: 1. Afanasev, E. What is foresight? Attempts to define //stra.teg.ru library/ global/ Prognoz/ foresight/4 2. Belousov D. P., Frolov, I. E. Long-term scientific and technical forecast: methodology, outlines the technological future development scenarios // foresight, 2008, №3 (7). 3. Belousov D. R., Sukharev Acting, Frolov A. C. Method of mapping technologies in the search forecasts // foresight, 2012, So 6. № 2. S. 6-16. 4. Gretchenko A. A. Forsythe as an innovative tool for prediction and realization of scientific and technological priorities // journal of Siberian state aerospace University. M. F. Reshetnev. 2010, № 1. 5. Transport strategy of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2030. Approved by the decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated 22 November 2008 No. 1734-R. 6. Chernikov, A. P., Vilver P. Y. Petri Net is the tool of choice of development priorities of the region // izvestia.isea.ru/pdf.asp?id=16484

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References in Roman script: 1. Afanas’ev, E. Сhto takoe Forsayt? Popytki opredeleniya //stra.teg.ru”biblioteka/ global’nye/ prognoz/ Forsayt/4 2. Belousov D. P., Frolov I. E. Dolgosrochnyy nauchno-tehnicheskiy prognoz: metodologii, opisyvayutsya tehnologicheskie stsenarii budushego razvitiya // Forsayt, 2008, №3 (7). 3. Belousov D. R., Suhareva I. O., Frolov A. S. Metod kartirovaniya tehnologiy “ v poiskovyh prognozah // Forsayt, 2012, tak chto 6. № 2. S. 6-16. 4. Gretchenko A. A. Forsayt kak innovatsionnyy instrument prognozirovaniya i realizatsii nauchnyh i tehnologicheskih prioritetov // Vestnik Sibirskogo gosudarstvennogo aerokosmicheskogo universiteta. M. F. Reshetneva. 2010, № 1. 5. Transportnaya strategiya Rossiyskoy Federatsii na period do 2030 goda. Utverzhdeny postanovleniem Pravitel’stva Rossiyskoy Federatsii ot 22 noyabrya 2008 g. № 1734-r. 6. Chernikov, A. P., P. Yu. Vil’ver seti Petri-instrument vybora prioritetov razvitiya regiona // izvestia.isea.ru/pdf.asp?id=16484

REFERENCE TO ARTICLE Grigorieva, S. V. (2015) Long-term forecasting strategic susteinability development of freight transport enterprises, Contemporary Problems of Social Work, Vol. 1. № 2. P. 92-101. DOI: 10.17922/2412-5466-2015-1-2-92-101.

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Korablin Y.P. Doctor of technical sciences, Russian State Social University, Moscow. E-mail: [email protected] Shipov A. A. Postgraduate student, Russian State Social University, Moscow. E-mail: [email protected] УДК 519.6 DOI 10.17922/2412-5466-2015-1-2-102-106

Questions of verification in distributed software systems

Receiving date: Preprint date: Taking to print date: 17.03.2015 30.03.2015 30.03.2015

Annotation: Distributed software systems are becoming more complicated and complex every day, it is therefore necessary to have such instruments allowing easily perform the checking of their work against the correct specifications. A new methodology representing the separate phase of the verification process for the distributed software systems and making the verification more effective is demonstrated in the article. Key words: verification, Kripke model, Buchi automaton, temporal logic formula, LTL, CTL.

Recently in the field of verification the Model Checking [1] method or a method of checking on models was widely adopted. The essence of a method consists in verification of the properties of system presented in the form of temporal logic formulas of LTL or CTL. Thus, the verified model can be set obviously by enumeration of all states and the edges connected to them, or implicitly – by a set of the Boolean functions setting the relation of transitions and a set of initial states. However, in verification of large information systems and distributed program systems it is necessary to deal with the large number of conditions and computing processes for their models. For example, within the program where 10 streams are at the same time carried out and where each stream can run one of 5 different states, the total number of conditions of computing process can reach 510 = 9765625, that can become absolute obstacles in a way of verification for one or the other properties. Besides, models can contain those calculations, which on practice and in real world conditions can not be executed. The proposed method in this article of restriction of verifiable models aimed at reducing the number of explicit computational sequences to that minimum number that will be enough to complete the verification of certain properties. For example, to construct a model of a particular aerotechnical system we need to perform the verification of steering systems mechanisms and reverse engine systems. Obviously, to perform that task it is not necessary to check those computational sequences which can run only during the aircraft flight. It would therefore be logical at first a produce a restriction of excessive computational sequences for a given model, and only then perform the verification of its properties. In general terms, the operation of this method can be described as follows. For a given model M of distributed software systems Buchi automaton Bm need to be build, that allows all computational sequences that are possible in M. After, with LTL-formula φ “limiting” automaton is constructed, which allows only those computational sequences that are running by φ. Then

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synchronous automatons composition Bm⊗Bφ should be constructed, which carries all required properties after applying the reduction function R. Let’s consider the work of the proposed above method for the distributed program system implemented on the basis of the «readers-writers» model. In our case the system will consist of 3 “writers” streams, which can make some recordings at shared resource, and 2 streams of the “readers” having ability to make some readings from this resource. Let’s assume that always only one of the “writers” can perform recordings to the shared resource at the same time, and any of the “readers” can perform readings only while there are no record processes. Also let’s agree the following condition: as soon as any “writer” wants to start writing process, process of reading for all “readers” automatically stops. Let this model be set by structure of Kripke presented in figure 1.

Figure 1. The Kripke’s structure for the “readers-writers” model Let’s construct the corresponding Buchi automaton on the basics of this model as it shown in [1; 2] and then implement proposed method of restrictions of the verified models. Then we will check the system for deadlocks possibility, the existence of such situations when the shared resource will be permanently blocked by the work of one of the “writers”. Let’s assume the following restriction for our system: “Always recording process” – with the purpose of retaining only “writers” stream as only they are capable of taking away the resource in unlimited use within the system’s conditions. Let’s represent this restriction statement in the form of linear temporary logic formula: φ = G(W1 ⋁ W2 ⋁ W3).

Figure2. The Buchi automaton Bm for “read-writers” model

With the ∑ we will designate the entrance alphabet of this automaton over a set of 2AP, where ∑={∅, {W1}, {W2}, {W3}, {R1}, {R2}, {W1, W2}, …, {W1, W2, W3, R1, R2}}, AP={W1, W2, W3, R1, R2}.

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Figure 3. Buchi restriction automaton for LTL formula φ

The synchronous composition of Bm⊗Bφ automatons, that meets the condition is presented in figure 4.

Figure 4. The Buchi automaton Bm⊗Bφ The final result of the restriction of our model, after applying the reduction function R to the composition Bm⊗Bφ, can be seen in figure 5.

Figure 5. The Buchi automaton R(Bm⊗Bφ)

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Now available limited computing sequence of our model we will be checked out for the ┐ existence of deadlocks. For this purpose we will use the following LTL formula: φ1 = GF( Wi) – «Always in the future record process for any of streams will be surely complete». Lets take the negation of this formula ┐φ1 = FG (Wi) and try to prove that in future we will surely meet at least one “writer” who will never release the shared resource. Buchi watchdog automaton for the formula ┐φ1 is shown in figure 6.

Figure 6. Buchi watchdog automaton for ┐φ1 As can be seen from this figure, this automaton will go into accepting state only if there is a transition labeled {Wi} and accepting state will always lead into itself only through the transition marked by the same {Wi}. The composition of automaton R (Bm⊗Bφ) and B (┐φ1) is shown in figure 7.

Figure 7. The Buchi automaton R(Bm⊗Bφ)⊗B(┐φ1) In this composition there is a transition to the assuming state (S1, 2), that testifies the formula ┐φ1 is workable, which means that our system can get into deadlock in case of work of first “writer”. From (S2, 1) and (S3, 1) there are no transitions into assuming states, because, for example, if we passed from the (S2, 1) state into (S2, 2) by transition {W 2}, according to the control automaton in figure 2.6., we would have an opportunity to pass further only by transitions, marked with {W 2}. However, from the (S2, 2) state there is a transition, for example, into (S3, 2) state which has a transition marked with {W 3}, that obviously contradicts to our watchdog automaton. The development of a new technique was needed to reduce the number of testable computational sequences of large, distributed software system models. As the result of the accounting the specifics of verification problem the proposed method of restrictions of the verified models was created, which allows to process verification of information systems by taking into account their characteristic features. The main idea of this method is based on fact that it allows you to significantly reduce the number of computational sequences in model, which are either redundant for the verification of any of its properties, or where specific

105 CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL WORK property can not be objectively performed under real world conditions, thus allowing to simplify and speed up the verification process.

References in English: 1. Karpov, Yu. G. Model Of Checking. Verification of parallel and distributed software systems. – Publishing house of St. Petersburg: BHV, 2010. – 552 p. 2. Veldel S. A., Lukin M. A., Shaluto A. A., Yaminov B. R.Verification of automata-based programs. – St. Petersburg: Nauka, 2011. – 244 p. 3. Korablin Y. P., Kulikova N. L., Chumakov E. Semantic methods of program analysis. – M.: Publishing house of Rostov state construction University, 2008 – 85 S. 4. Korablin Y. p.. the Semantics of programming languages. – M.: Publishing house of MEI, 1992. – 100 p. 5. Alagic, Suad; Arbib, Michael A. The Design of Well-Structured and Correct Programs. – New York: Springer, 1979. – 292 p. 6. C. A. R. Hoare. An axiomatic basis for computer programming. – Northern Irelan: Queen’s Univ. of Belfast, 1969. – 576-580 p.

References in Roman script: 1. Karpov Yu. G.. Model Checking. Verifikacia parallelnyh i raspredelennyh programmnyh system. – Izd-vo BHV-Petrersburg, 2010. – 552 s. 2. Veldel S. A., Lukin M. A., Shaluto A. A., Yaminov B. R. Verifikacia avtomatnyh programm. – SPb: Nauka, 2011. – 244 s. 3. Korablin Yu. P., Kulikova N. L., Chumakova E. V.. Semanticheskie metody analiza programm. – M.: Izd-vo RGSU, 2008 – 85 s. 4. Korablin Yu. P.. Semantika yazukov programmirovania. – M.: Izd-vo MEI, 1992. – 100 s. 5. Alagic, Suad; Arbib, Michael A. The Design of Well-Structured and Correct Programs. – New York: Springer, 1979. – 292 s. 6. C. A. R. Hoare. An axiomatic basis for computer programming. – Northern Irelan: Queen’s Univ. of Belfast, 1969. – 576-580 s.

REFERENCE TO ARTICLE Korablin, Y.P. & Shipov A. A. (2015) Questions of verification in distributed software systems, Contemporary Problems of Social Work, Vol. 1. № 2. P. 102-106. DOI: 10.17922/2412-5466- 2015-1-2-102-106.

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Sizov V.A. Doctor of technical sciences, Russian State Social University, Moscow. Uralskiy N.B. Postgraduate student, Russian State Social University, Moscow. УДК 681.1 DOI 10.17922/2412-5466-2015-1-2-107-121

Optimization of the computational process the fitness function of genetic algorithm in distributed systems processing data

Receiving date: Preprint date: Taking to print date: 17.03.2015 30.03.2015 30.03.2015

Annotation:Development of distributed computing systems requires the development of efficient computational procedures, while taking into account the structure of the software and information systems, as well as the structure of logistics systems. The work is aimed at improving the efficiency of modular distributed data processing systems through the development and use of evolutionary models, methods and algorithms for the design of application software. The models developed design software application at the same time take into account the characteristics of the software, information and logistics systems. In this work we propose a method that improves the efficiency of the genetic algorithm by increasing the speed of execution of the calculation of the fitness function. Developed a genetic algorithm with a modified fitness function, significantly faster than the classical algorithm, and with a smaller number of iterations finds the schedule of the computational process is closest to optimal. The experiment proves that the appointment schedules imprecise runtime A modified genetic algorithm is significantly reduced when the effective scheduling of the computational process. Thus, the developed evolutionary models, methods and algorithms for the design of application software can improve the efficiency of distributed data processing systems. Key words: Modular distributed data processing system; Genetic algorithms; Fitness function; Optimization of the computational process; The soft ware structure.

The need for solving large-scale problems, the development of cloud technologies and working with big data lead to the rapid development of distributed models provide computing resources [12, 6, 8]. At present, the list of “Top 500” includes computer systems of various configurations, but the experience of the last ten years has shown that for effective solution of practical problems of superscalar cores type, light or heavy, is clearly not enough - need different kernel architecture and functionality of the so-called hybridity. Property of hybridity means heterogeneity at the level of processor cores. At a higher level there is another type of heterogeneity - heterogeneity, when the composition of the supercomputer are whole segments of specialized processors and networks that are optimized for any task or class of tasks [5]. Under forecasts occurrence in the near future postmurovsky element base and new principles of construction of supercomputers will lead to creation of specialized heterogeneous supercomputers zettaflops level in 2020, and jotaflops - after 2024. The added complexity of computing systems will continue, it will manifest itself in a complex hierarchy of communications and memory strengthening of hybridity/heterogeneity

107 CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL WORK and dramatically increasing management complexity. Therefore, extremely important to search for new methods, algorithms and ways of managing computational resources [5]. To date, developers have the task not so much build computer configuration, when run on which performance specially created test programs would exceed the threshold of one of exaflops, how many maximum effective execution mode real-world applications that involve all allocated resources of a supercomputer [4]. The desire to achieve greater productivity and efficiency, without changing the existing programming model [4, 3], require the use of effective systems of parallelization. In this regard, the urgent task today is the synthesis of the optimal logical structure of the complex of information-dependent tasks (IDT) for distributed systems [15, 13]. Optimization model the logical structure of the complex of information-related tasks in the computer network are developed based on the measure of the feasibility of parallelizing IDT in the computer network (sun) - γ. When γ > 1 the main task is to synthesize the optimal logical structure of the complex IDT on the criterion of the minimum solution time (F1 ). When γ ≤ 1 from the viewpoint of reducing the solution time of complexants the effect of parallelization in computer networks (CN) is negative. Therefore, as a criterion, it is advisable to use the minimum total in-process interface (F2). Thus, the overall pattern of the optimal design of the logical structure of the complex IDT can be represented in the form of the algorithm, depicted in figure 1. As the initial information used characteristics of the sun, and the canonical structure of the complex IDT in multilevel parallel form. Task F1* mainly differs from the tasks F1 that takes into account the time spent on the protocols. Problem solving techniques are discussed in the next Chapter. Meaningful formulation F1(F1*) is formulated as follows. On the known characteristics of nodes VS, data channels, topology, sun, canonical structure of a complex IDT, you must define the logical structure of complex IDT in the form of sets of operating modules (OM) and relations between them, as well as placement of DG in the armed forces, which would ensure the minimum time solution IDT and implementation of network, system and structural constraints. Task F1 is the following. Find:

NR L ⎡⎤nm rcnmс l з nm з l o min max tttmlmlm++φ⋅ + φ⋅ ++ nm ∑∑{}m ⎢⎥E r ()(τrm ∑ )t пр {}E r nr==11⎣⎦ l = 1 NM−1 N ML⎡⎤ BnmBXnm'' nmc (1) +∑∑ ∑ ∑∑⎢⎥ΨΨlllnmtt+ φ ''пр nmnnm===+==11'1'11⎣⎦ l at limitations – unambiguous allocation procedures on modules

NM nm ∑∑ErrRr = 1,∀ ,= 1, , nm==11 LM−1 M nm nm ' (2) ∑∑ ∑ ΨΨll= 0,∀nn ,= 1, N , lmmm===+11 1 L BX nm B n' m ∑ ΨΨll= 0,∀nn , ', mm ,=> 1, Mn , ' n ; l =1 – on uneven loading of the nodes of the CN

MN MN , (3) ()1/MTTMT∑∑nm−σ≤ nm ≤ () 1/ ∑∑ nm + σ mn==11 mn == 11 where σ - is the permissible deviation from the average runtime of DG in the CN;

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Start

The formulation characteristics software and informationware of IDT

- γ>1 ? +

Setting task F2 Setting tasks F1,

+ The exact F1==true

-

Approximate Solution tasks ɉɪɢɛɥɢɠɟɧɧɨɟ ɪɟ- ɲɟɧɢɟsolution ɡɚɞɚɱ ɦɨɞɢof - with modified tasks

The method of Full search variant of solution successive improvements

End

Figure 1. The General sequence of optimal design of the logical structure of software and informationware complex IDT.

109 CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL WORK

– on the complexity of the process interface

MMN−1 N L BnmBXnm'' (4) ∑∑∑ ∑ ∑ ΨΨ≤llS 'max, mm====+=1'11'1 nnnl 1 where Smax - the maximum amount of data sent over the channel information elements; – on the complexity of the process interface between the individual nodes CN

NNL−1 BnmBXnm'' (5) ∑∑∑ ΨΨ≤llS ', mm′ nnnl==+=1'1 1 where is the maximum number of transmitted channels of information elements between nodes m and m’; – the total number of procedures in each OM

R nm ∗ , (6) ∑ ERrnm≤∀,,,1,,1, nmnMmN== r =1 ∗ where Rnm - is the maximum number of procedures in nm-th OM; – information on the number of items processed by the procedures of each OM

L nm ∗ , (7) ∑ψ≤lnmL l =1 ∗ – where Lnm - is the maximum number of information elements to be processed by procedures each OM; – on the volume of available external memory in the nodes CN NR⎛⎞ L nm r сз() nm l , (8) ∑∑⎜⎟Eprlm+ ∑ φ≤ p P,1, m= M nr==11⎝⎠ l = 1

where Pm – is the maximum volume of available external memory in the m-th node CN. Constraint (2) is a necessary and sufficient condition for the parallelization of a sequence of procedures or their placement on OM. The evidence of the first equality is determined by the need for unambiguous allocation procedures for the modules. The second equality necessarily because of the prohibition on the transfer of information within stages between nodes CN. The third equality is necessary for obtaining one-way computing process in the framework of the logic series-parallel forms. Task F1* is formulated as follows. Find:

NR nm⎡⎤ nm r minWt=+++ min max m nm()EErr nm ∑∑{}m ⎢⎥()τrm t ож {}EErr{}nr==11⎣⎦ LNM cnm с l з nm з lnm +∑∑∑()φ⋅lmlmtt+ φ⋅ + (φ⋅τ nmmm′′( ′+ lnnm==+=111′′ L m п BnmBXnml'' (9) ++ttфочк) +()1/ cmm′′′∑ ΨΨ−τκ l l p mm / mm ) l =1

at limitations 2-8. For formulation task F2 is necessary define the number line of values.

Let Gg= rr′ - matrix volumes transfers of the information, L Where ввхl - volume of transfer of the information between procedures r и gwwprr′′= ∑ rl⋅⋅ r l l =1 r’;

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R ⎧ m сз() ⎪1, if ∑ ywrrl ≥ 1 ⎪ r =1 φm = l ⎨ R ⎪ m сз() 0, if ∑ ywrrl = 0 ⎩⎪ r =1

Then task F2 will have a following appearance. To find:

MM RR min yygmm′ (10) m ∑∑∑∑ rr′′ rr {}yr mm====1111′′ r r

an limitations – unambiguous allocation procedures for nodes CN

М m (11) ∑ yrrRr = 1,∀ ,= 1, ; m=1 -on the volume of available external memory in the nodes of the CN

RL mr m l (12) ∑∑yprlm+ φ⋅ p ≤ p,1,; m= M rl==11 – on uneven loading of nodes CN

М M (1/М) (13) ∑∑TTmm−∂≤ ≤(1 /М )T m+ ∂ , mm==11

RL Where = mr сз()m сз ()m - time of realization of procedures of Т m Tytmrrmll= ∑∑()τ ++ φ⋅ t rl==11 m-th node CN. The expediency of inclusion in a task of restrictions 4, 13 is caused by an opportunity of achievement of the minimal value of criterion function due to reduction of operating ratio of means that conducts to low productivity and low overall performance CN. When choosing a strategy for parallelizing IDT (F1*) and making decisions about the use of the method of successive improvements, starts the search algorithm is optimal logical structure of the complex IDT. This problem is NP-complete and apply approximate methods and heuristic algorithms based on evolutionary models. Evolutionary modeling finds many applications in solving various classes of problems [18]. Borrowing laws of development of nature gives the possibility to solve these problems in a broader, universal sense without restrictions previously developed mathematical models [1 / 3]. Different evolutionary models considered in [16]. Genetic algorithms (GA) is a stochastic heuristic optimization methods, evolutionary modeling, based on the principles of natural selection. GA is used in various fields where it is impossible to find the best solution and you want to find a solution as close to optimal [21] . The mathematical description and the application of the classical GA in the distribution of software modules in the armed forces is considered in detail in [7, 9]. In ordinary, GA represents the sequence of the following steps: 1) the formation of a population; 2) calculation of the estimates for each individual (fitness function); 3) the stochastic selection of the fittest;

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4) the crossing (crossingover); 5) mutation. The main problem of application and software development, using the apparatus of genetic algorithms is the choice: 1) function fitness (the fitness function), i.e. such conditions that will help to limit the search space to only those values that are likely to be solutions; 2) encoding of chromosomes (there are various coding methods, which are discussed in [20]). 3) parameters of the genetic algorithm (number of ancestors and descendants, mutation rate, and so on), which on the one hand should not impede rapid procedure for ranking individuals according to fitness, on the other hand should not lead to premature convergence to incorrect results [19]. The problem of the choice of the fitness function and the encoding of the chromosomes are closely linked, because the less information is contained in the chromosome, the more complicated the calculation of the fitness functions and on the contrary. Another aspect of the problem - increase the amount of RAM when using complex encoding of chromosomes. When solving the task of creating the logical structure of the complex of Issw as a “chromosome” is the schedule of procedures on the nodes of the aircraft. In this paper selected the most simple encoding - every slot in the schedule corresponds to one procedure of the canonical form of a graph IВЕ and contains the ID of the node on which you are performing this procedure, thus, changing the IDs of the nodes, the procedures are grouped into different OM and distributed by sun [15]. In the part of the operators GA the choice was made in favor of the classics, i.e. applied operator selection - “roulette wheel” [11], single-point crossover and simple mutation operator that changes randomly selected genes seats. When using a simple encoding grow calculations produced by the fitness function. Time costs associated with search and processing matrices describing the canonical form of a graph IDT and the structure of the armed forces, as well as data containing information about the scales of procedures and amount of data transferred, the performance of the nodes and bandwidth communications. The method proposed in the next Chapter, aims to speed up the calculations produced by the fitness function. This Chapter presents a method to guarantee optimal performance of the fitness function The mathematical formulation of classical fitness functions are described in detail in [14]. In the basic view, the fitness function calculates the time of each procedure with constraints on the execution order of procedures (procedures-receivers can’t run before executing the corresponding procedures-transmitters) and the liberation of nodes and communications, because if the node or the communication line is busy, the procedure cannot begin execution or data transfer.

Define multiple schedules in the population size n, as S={si: i I}, I={i: }, and everyone

i-е schedule as si = { : j },J={j: }, where m– the number of tasks in the complex IDT, and

xj – gene-slot coding a task with the identifier j .

Denote the fitness function as F(si), the given function calculates execution time of the

schedule si , and f( ) the procedure functions F(si) processing the slot .

Let Ti execution time of the schedule si , – execution time of procedure with the identifier

j schedule si , and Tmin the best evaluation for already processed schedules, then = f( ).

Then function F(si) can be written as F( ) ->F(f( ) f( )… f( ) f( )) ,

and execution time of the schedule si

Ti= F(f( ) f( )… f( ) f( )). The block diagram in figure 2 represents algorithm of performance modified fitness-function.

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Start

i=1

Ɍmin=F(si)

i++ + - -

+

M=1

- = f( )

=f( )

Appointm entof an + - inexact

End

Figure 2. Algorithm of performance modified fitness-function. At the initial stage of the fitness function processes the first specimen (schedule- chromosome), the assessment considered the best at the moment and is stored in the variable

Тmin . At calculation of an estimation of each subsequent schedule execution time of each procedure compared with the estimation of the best individuals, and if the task is not the last in the schedule and the execution time is greater than or equal to the best individuals, the schedule is defined as less effective than the best, and this schedule is assigned a rough estimate. In the case of computing the fitness function of the execution time of the whole schedule, the received time is compared with the best individuals, and depending on the result stored in the variable Тmin. Despite the additional comparison operations, there is a reduction of time of operation of the fitness function by reducing the computation time of the tasks. The algorithm will be divided into threads, with a location variable Tmin in shared memory. The value assigned to an inaccurate assessment of the issue requiring separate consideration. Because the purpose of the zero estimates does not allow you to get less efficient schedules in these populations, which may lead to premature convergence. The investigated method is designed to handle relatively short schedules, and therefore inefficient schedules are assigned the minimum non-zero score, which increases the probability of selection data schedules and saves the stochasticity GA. To work with the schedules of a large length in the appointment of inaccurate estimates it is expected to introduce additional

113 CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL WORK operations using the percentage scale and offset the starting point of the algorithm, this method will be studied in other experiments. To study the effectiveness of the modified algorithm in comparison with the classic was designed stand, which consists of a personal computer (PC) running a 32-bit Windows 7 and the program “Analyzer genetic algorithms”. PC features presented in table 1.

Table 1 Characteristics PC CPU RAM Intel Core i5 3.4 ГГц 4,00 Gb

The program is implemented in C++/CLI, which is a language extension to C++ environment VisualStudio 2008 language and environment due to the possibility within the same program code to divide your data into managed and unmanaged, and to make their programs more efficient, because an unmanaged system data is processed faster and their existence is determined only by the programmer and not by the garbage collector [10]. The stand allows you to set various configuration CN and complex and IDT, and on the basis of these data to obtain the execution times for the classical and the modified fitness function, assessment of the best individuals at each iteration, and also displays graphs the total time of operation of the fitness functions, and changing the value of the best schedules in the search process. Output operators data GA and all established populations of each algorithm are stored in файле Gen_Al.txt that gives the opportunity to analyze the results of each operator. The main window of the program is presented in figure 3.

Figure 3. The main window of the program « Analyzer of genetic algorithms » The original configuration data CN, graph complex IDT and the initial population of schedules are written to the file ConfigGA.ini. Below is a list of sections and parameters file. [NumTasks] - number of tasks [NumNodes]- number of nodes {CharacteristicsTasks} - the section contains «characteristics of tasks» section {Task…} {Task… } - section with parameters for a task with number … [InteractionTasks] - dependences of tasks [WeightTask] - Weight of a task [VolDate] - Volume of transfer data

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[ProductivityNodes] - Productivity of nodes {WeightCommunications} – section with parameters of communications nodes [Node…] – communications node with the identifier … [SizePopulation] - size of the population [PointCrossingover] - point of crossing [NumPointMutation] - number of points of a mutation [ChromosomeSchedule] - initial population of schedules For exception of the errors arising at data input and convenience of input in the program, the special interface which is caused from the menu is stipulated «Config»->«INI-file» Figure 4. Thus opens window «Initialization», which input of parameters is made.

Figure 4. The window of input parameters After entering the settings button is enabled «Start GA» figure 3, when clicked, the program performs the search for an optimal schedule using two algorithms with classical fitness function and modified. Appropriate window shows the execution times for the fitness functions and the best schedule for each iteration, as well as graphs of the total execution time of each fitness function, a graph showing the changes of the values of the best schedules in the search process. The purpose of the experiment is to obtain results, confirming the acceleration of the computation of the modified fitness function, in comparison with classical at different number of iterations. The result of the experiment is considered positive when the continued search results efficient schedules. It is assumed that the time of operation of the fitness function in the process of finding the optimal structure will exponentially decrease. As input data for the experiment were entered parameters meshed heterogeneous networks and complex IDT with the following configurations. The network consists of three nodes(figure 4), which have different performance evaluation, and cross-site links with different bandwidth. The complex IDT consists of sixteen procedures. The canonical form of the IDT presented in figure 6 as a directed acyclic graph [15], in the configuration file of the program graph is introduced in the form of a reachability matrix. Below are all of the original network settings and complex IDT.

Figure 5. Structural diagram of CN 115 CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL WORK

Figure 6. Columns of complex IDT and his matrix of approachibility Parameters CN and complex IDT are presented in tables 2,3,4,5. Table 6 contains a population of schedules from 30 individual.

Table 2 Productivity evaluation nodes Node № Productivity 1 6 2 12 3 9

Table 3 Weight matrix communications № node 1 2 3 1 0410 2 408 3 10 8 0

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Table 4 Weights of procedures of complex IDT № procedure 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Weights of procedure 431781016147510 № procedure 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Weights of procedure 3 9 5 5 9 7 4 4 10 2

Table 5 Weights of transmitted data Communication 1->4 1->6 2->4 2->5 2->6 3->6 4->7 4->8 5->8 5->9 6->9 6->10 procedures Weight transfer 55777833441212 Communication 7->11 8->12 9->13 10->14 11->15 11->17 12->16 13->16 13->17 procedures Weight transfer 2175 8 3 3 1 4 4 Communication 14->15 15->19 16->19 17->20 18->20 18->21 19->21 20->21 procedures Weight transfer 8127 810101511

Table 6 The initial population № Slots schedule individual 1 213332232221331233122 2 331233212311312331231 3 221122132221331213333 4 123222312213222321231 5 332123113123232233121 6 333333311323212231212 7 113232122132221331312 8 221311212323223321213 9 333333312123133322333 10 112123133333331232322 11 232323223212213223232 12 333333332122132121323 13 131212133333321231212 14 123232232232122131212 15 322333233333321212232 16 112321133333113223231 17 231212232322322331212 18 123312323333332111323 19 112313121213333322132 20 123232312121213212323 21 332323323211312121213 22 212213222133132221331 23 333212213232232123212 24 323212213231232331232 25 323333332322322323222 26 311323212232221331333 27 123113123312221321322 28 322322321231131231322 29 122132221331233331232 30 322213312133113123311

117 CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL WORK

μ% 60

50

40

30

20

10

0 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000

Figure 7. The schedule of growth of speed modified fitness-function in relation to classical

Table 7 The results of the experiment Number Average time work Average time work Average rating Average rating iterations the fitness the fitness the best the best individuals functions of a function individuals GA GA with a modified classical GA, ms modified GA, ms classic fitness fitness function,* function, * 10 1,5 1 ,2639 584 100 14,3 10,5 576 556 1000 182,8 87,1 572 541 5000 1000 490 540 540

* estimations are measured in conditional quantums of time

Figure 8. The schedule of convergence of algorithms at 10 iterations

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Figure 9. The schedule of convergence of algorithms at 100 iterations

Figure 10. The schedule of convergence of algorithms at 1000 iterations The experiment proves that when assigning schedules inaccurate estimates, the running time of the algorithm is greatly reduced, which does not affect the results of the search for effective schedules. From table 7 it is seen that the modified fitness function performs calculations much faster than the classic, and with a smaller number of iterations GA, applying the described method with the appointment of inaccurate estimates inefficient schedules, finds a solution that is closest to optimal. The lack of the developed method is more prone GA, using a modified fitness function to early convergence that follows from the graphs showing the convergence of the algorithms. This disadvantage can be removed for alternate switching algorithms. Also a significant increase in speed gives the opportunity to increase the mutation and crossover.

References in English: 1. Averchenkov C. I., Kazakov, P. C. Evolutionary modeling and its application / 2 ed., - M. : Flint, 2011 2. Babin, D. C., Crow, S. M., “Genetic algorithm for constructing schedules for multiprocessor computing systems”,Donetsk state Institute of artificial intelligence, Ukraine “Artificial intelligence”,2005 3. Bukatov A. A., C. N. Datsyuk, A. I., Gigolo Programming of multiprocessor computing systems/ Rostov-on-don: LLC “CWR”, 2003 4. Volkov D. Phenomenon of big ideas/Open systems №. 8, 2013 www.osmag.ru

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5. Gorbunov Century, Elizarov,, Eisymont L. Ectatomminae supercomputers achievements and prospects/Open system No. 7, 2013, www.osmag.ru 6. Efimov, A. C., C. N. Samoilenko, E. N. Paraskova Organization functioning of distributed computing systems when processing sets scalable tasks/Vestnik of Tomsk state University, Management, computing and information science № 2(15), 2011 7. Jaspal Singh, Harsharanpal Singh, Efficient Tasks scheduling for heterogeneous multiprocessor using Genetic algorithm with Node duplication”, Indian Journal of Computer Science and Engineering Vol. 2 No. 3 Jun-Jul 2011. 8. Kalyaev A. I. About one method of multi-agent organization’s cloud-based network of computers private users - Taganrog: Institute of Multiprocessor Computing Systems, Southern Federal University, 2012 9. Kazunori Kojima, Masaaki Ishigame, Goutam Chakraborty, Hiroshi Hatsuo, and Shozo Makino “Asynchronous Parallel Distributed Genetic Algorithm with Elite Migration” International Journal of Information and Mathematical Sciences 4:2 2008. 10. Medvedev V.I. Features of object-oriented programming in C++/CLI, C# and Java/ 2 ed., - Kazan: RIC “School”, 2010 11. Portal artificial intelligence, Methods of selection in genetic algorithms /http://www. aiportal.ru/articles/genetic-algorithms/methodsselection.html 12. Radchenko, I. Distributed computing systems, Chelyabinsk: Photographer, 2012 13. Rudenko Y. M. Distribution of software modules on the nodes of the computer network with a common field memory for graph-schemes of parallel algorithms/Science and education № 10, 2011 14. Salnikov A. N. System design and support the execution of parallel programs/Dissertation on competition of a scientific degree of candidate of physical-mathematical Sciences, -M, 2006 15. Sizov V.A. The design of software and informationware of the complex of related tasks in computer network/Automated control systems, 1995 16. Uralskiy N. B. Sizov V.A. The development of optimization models and algorithms schedules the execution of software modules in the computer network based on an evolutionary approach/ Materials of III international scientific-practical conference “Problems of stability and security systems in the sphere of housing and communal services”, 2012 17. Hohlova, M. N. The theory of evolutionary modeling/”Cepheus”, 2013 18. Coi Y. R., Spitsyn Century, Evolutionary approach to setting up and training of artificial neural networks/Neuroinformatics, vol. 1, №. 1, 2006 19. Chipiga A. F., Voronkin R. A. the Problem of convergence of the majority of the genetic algorithm/Artificial intelligence, 2005 20. Shapovalov T.S., The scheduling of tasks in distributed computing systems using genetic algorithms/Russian Academy of Sciences Fareast the computing center, -Habarovsk, 2010 21. Shapovalov T.S., Peresvetov V.V. Genetic algorithm scheduling for distributed heterogeneous computing systems/computing methods and programming, -Taganrog, 2009

References in Roman script: 1. Averchenkov v. I., Kazakov P. S. evolyutsionnoe modelirovanie i ego primenenie / 2-e izd., - M. : Flinta, 2011 2. Babin, D. S., voronoy S. M., “geneticheskiy algoritm postroeniya raspisaniy dlya mnogoprotsessornyh vychislitel’nyh sistem”,Donetskiy gosudarstvennyy institut iskusstvennogo intellekta, Ukraina “iskusstvennogo intellekta”,2005 3. Bukatov A. A., S. N. Datsyuk, A. I., Al’fons Programmirovanie mnogoprotsessornyh vychislitel’nyh sistem/Rostov-na-Donu: OOO “KVR”, 2003 4. Volkov D. yavlenie bol’shih idey/otkrytye sistemy №. 8, 2013 www.osmag.ru 5. Gorbunov V., Elizarov,, Eysymont E. I. L. Ectatomminae superkomp’yuterov dostizheniya i perspektivy/otkrytye sistemy № 7, v 2013, www.osmag.ru 6. Efimov, A. S., S. N. Samoylenko, e. N. Paraskova Organizatsiya funktsionirovaniya raspredelennyh vychislitel’nyh sistem pri obrabotke naborov masshtabiruemyh zadach/ Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta Upravlenie, vychislitel’naya tehnika i informatika № 2(15), 2011 7. Jaspal Singh, Singh Harsharanpal, effektivnogo planirovaniya zadach dlya geterogennyh mnogoprotsessornyh ispol’zovaniem geneticheskogo algoritma s uzla dublirovaniya”, Indiyskiy zhurnal Informatika i vychislitel’naya tehnika Izd. 2 No 3 Iyun-Iyul 2011.

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8. Kalyaev A. I. Ob odnom metode mul’tiagentnoy organizatsii oblachnyh seti komp’yuterov chastnyh pol’zovateley - Taganrog: NII mnogoprotsessornyh vychislitel’nyh sistem Yuzhnogo federal’nogo universiteta, 2012 9. Kazunori Kodzima, Masaaki Ishigame, Goutam Chakraborti, Hiroshi Hatsuo, i Shozo Makino “asinhronnyh parallel’nyh raspredelennyh geneticheskiy algoritm s elitnym migratsii” Mezhdunarodnyy zhurnal informatsii i matematicheskih nauk 4:2 2008. 10. Medvedev V. I. osobennosti ob#ektno-orientirovannoe programmirovanie v s++/CLI, C# i Java/ 2-e izd., - Kazan’: RITs “shkola”, 2010 11. Portal iskusstvennogo intellekta, metody selektsii v geneticheskih algoritmah /http://www. aiportal.ru/articles/genetic-algorithms/methodsselection.html 12. Radchenko, I. raspredelennyh vychislitel’nyh sistem, Chelyabinsk: fotohudozhnik, 2012 13. Rudenko Yu. M. raspredelenie programmnyh moduley po uzlam vychislitel’noy seti s obshim polem pamyati dlya graf-shem parallel’nyh algoritmov/Nauka i obrazovanie № 10, 2011 14. Sal’nikov A. N. Sistema proektirovaniya i podderzhki ispolneniya parallel’nyh programm/ dissertatsiya na soiskanie uchenoy stepeni kandidata fiziko-matematicheskih nauk, -M, 2006 15. Sizov V. A. proektirovanie programmnyh i informationware kompleksa svyazannyh zadach v seti EVM/Avtomatizirovannye sistemy upravleniya, 1995 16. Ural’skiy B. N. Sizov V. A. Razrabotka modeley i algoritmov optimizatsii raspisaniy vypolneniya programmnyh moduley v komp’yuternoy seti na osnove evolyutsionnogo podhoda/ materialy III mezhdunarodnoy nauchno-prakticheskoy konferentsii “Problemy ustoychivosti i bezopasnosti sistem v sfere zhilishno-kommunal’nogo hozyaystva”, 2012 17. Hohlova, M. N. teoriya evolyutsionnogo modelirovaniya/”Tsefey”, 2013 18. Pou Yu. R., Spitsyn V., evolyutsionnyy podhod k nastroyke i obucheniyu iskusstvennyh neyronnyh setey/Neyroinformatika, tom. 1, №. 1, 2006 19. Chipiga A. F., Voronkin R. A. problema shodimosti mazhoritarnogo geneticheskogo algoritma/ iskusstvennyy intellekt, 2005 20. Shapovalov T. S., planirovaniya zadaniy v raspredelennyh vychislitel’nyh sistemah s ispol’zovaniem geneticheskih algoritmov/Rossiyskoy Akademii nauk Dal’nevostochnyy VTs- Habarovsk, 2010 21. Shapovalov T. S., Peresvetov v. v. geneticheskiy algoritm planirovaniya dlya raspredelennyh geterogennyh vychislitel’nyh sistem/vychislitel’nye metody i programmirovanie, -Taganrog, 2009

REFERENCE TO ARTICLE Sizov, V.A. & Uralskiy, N.B. (2015) Optimization of the computational process the fitness function of genetic algorithm in distributed systems processing data, Contemporary Problems of Social Work, Vol. 1. № 2. P. 107-121. DOI: 10.17922/2412-5466-2015-1-2-107-121.

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Skorokhodova E.U. Doctor of filology, Russian State Social University, Moscow. E-mail: [email protected] Borodyanskaya E.A. Postgraduate student, Russian State Social University, Moscow. E-mail: [email protected] УДК 316.77 DOI 10.17922/2412-5466-2015-1-2-122-128

The impact function of modern mass media

Receiving date: Preprint date: Taking to print date: 17.03.2015 30.03.2015 30.03.2015

Annotation:This article is devoted to the study of mass media influence on public consciousness. The study is based on the media text, video series, arrangement of subjects and broadcast layout. The relevance of this study is conditioned byinformation warfare and the increased impact of mass media on human consciousness. Today the norms of morality, aesthetic tastes and opinions on certain events in our lives are largely formed by mass media. Mass communication media buildup a hierarchy of life values through creating a virtual reality. At the same time people do not even realize that the choice of a particular political situation or the purchase of certain goods has already been made for them. The objective of this work is to study techniques of influencingmass consciousness used by the media. Key words: the impact function of mass media, the media text, editing, broadcast layout, video shot, virtual reality.

The reality we see on television, hear on the radio or read in newspapersis not always true. Quite often the media create a reality that has very little to do with real facts. This applies not only to Russia, but to other countries as well. “The media generates virtual reality, artificially created, which often reflects the needs of political and business elite rather than the audience”[1]. Lately journalistic objectivity has been the focus of both journalists’ and the general public attention. Mass media often tend to be not just informants and a kind of educators, but also analysts and advocates who impose their points of view on people. In the face of fierce competition the media representatives invent new styles to hold the attention of their audiences, while trying to transformconventional styles. The audience is becoming the determining factor of any project. Before starting a new project, “the editors find out, how many people actually read the newspaper, how many of them subscribe it, and how many buy it retail; if many viewers regularly watch the TV program”[6]; they estimate the age limit, the education level, material well-being of their potential audience. Based on the above, they choose a particular pattern, which makes it easier to instilspecific directives in the audience. In Soviet times,television, the radio and the pressused to be major contributors to the formation of ideology for society. Each frame, each performance was well thought out. Much attention was paid to the party life and stories about production pace-makers. Now we do not have party ideology. But the media persist in creating some “simulated reality”[5]. If earlier the state had a unified ideology, now we are experiencingthe multiplicity of opinions, which makes it difficultto distinguish fact from fiction.

122 VOLUME 1, No. 2, 2015

Often people do not realize that a particular point of view is being imposed on them. In shops they will often buy goods, which they have seen in newspapers or on television.They discuss issuesthat are blazed all over the country. People live in reality created by others. But is this reality real? Unfortunately, very few people think about it. People just learn about some situation and act according to the pattern they have been proposed. “By informing a person about the state of the world and filling their leisure, mass media make an impact on the whole structure of their thinking, on their perception style, on the type of today’s culture”[15]. Every day, when we turn on the TV, we see pieces of reporting about terrorist attacks, murders, accidents, and, unfortunately, we have got used to it. People are becoming somewhat addicted to the psychological effects of mass media. This is especially true when we talk about elderly people who have actually become”information addicts”. They turn on the TV several times a dayto find out what is happening to the hostages and then go and take medicine to normalize theirblood pressure.Television and the Internet exert a strong influence on teenagers too. This is how young people frequently learn about new drugs, ordifferent youth movements. While the Internet is not completely controlled yet and it is possible to find advertisements of psychotropic substances, the TV or the radio can actually ‘advertise’ such ‘hobbies’ with no intention to do so. Such things can easily bring us to the edge. “Now any studentis able to make drugs! –says the reporter clapping his hands. – You can just go into the pharmacy and buy drugs available without prescription”[4]. Andthen, the journalist says what particular drugs (medicine) you need. Just one word used improperly - and the druggets publicityand may become available to young people. For example, when singers, actors ormusicians are being interviewed they are not afraid to talk about their past full of drugs or alcohol. They are not afraid to talk about their present life eitherwhich is associated with pernicious habits and drug addiction. Thus, young people have the feeling that these addictions are essential attributes of glory, fame and material wealth. They begin to think that they can get rid of these addictions at any moment, just like their idols did. “However, journalists tend to describe a drug addict primarily as a sick person, thereby justifying antisocial acts and crimes committed by the latterdue to drug addiction. In a teenager’s mind such deviant behaviour will be fixed as acceptable”[11]. “All means are good when making an impact on mass consciousness, the main thing here is to get the result,” –this is the opinion shared by a great number of managers in mass media. The problem of survival in conditions of tough competition forces them to seek new ways of attracting viewers/readers/listeners. “If the editorialstaffhave decided to present a certain occurrence as an event, they will employ standard television techniques of”event persuasion”: a correspondent, reporting with emotion, an image showing us somearticles of everyday life to make it look trustworthy, a couple of interviews from which you can concludethat onlyone thingis quite clear: the interviewees saw something and are ready to say something about that. So from “sunflower seeds” of almost any occurrence they squeezean oily teleimpression of the event, in other words, this is the way they produce another news hoax”[10]. Media texts are becoming more uninhibited. “The fusion of literary and colloquial styles, blurring boundaries between formal and informal, public and everyday communication is explained, asresearchers say, by journalists’ desire to implement the basic strategy of modern mass media –the strategy of proximity to the addressee”[9]. Journalists want to tell the audience about who the media figure lives with, whatthey do, what they eat, where they relax and so on. But do people really need to know that? Celebrities are gaining popularity in this way, while people just learn about where this or that pop-star has had dinner today. Journalists create a reality in which, in their opinion, people are interested in private lives of stars. However, if you look at itobjectively, such informationis not important or relevant at all. Although itis just background information, many channels turn it into sensation and report it as if it is vitalfor the audience. The media should pay attention to the moral component of their content. This relates to issueswhich are unethical to be discussed in the daytime (e.g., sex), when children can watch

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TV. Also the media should not cause panic where it should be avoided. For example, before the new 2015 year, the main theme of all television news was economic information about fluctuating exchange ratesof the dollar and the euro. Journalists engaged financial analysts in discussions andthey talked about what to do during the crisis facing the country and its people. As a result, the people who listened to them, rushed to buy 5-7 TVs, 3-4 fridges. There were cases when bank depositors drew out their money, spent it on buying appreciated currency, and then had to sell it when the dollar and euro were falling in price. If that news had not been reported as sensational and extraordinary, such a mass panic could have been avoided. Therefore, journalists from the very beginning should take into accountall possible repercussions of their stories and programmes. After all, public opinion is in journalists’ hands and words. And “thereflection of public opinion generally aims at making animpact on this opinion “[14]. While talking about rising price on buckwheat, one should considerwhat an ordinary man will do, when he receives this information. Soon after the news about rising price on buckwheatappeared on TV, the shelves in shops and supermarkets emptied, and prices on newly supplied buckwheat soared several times. Demand creates supply. In such cases, entrepreneurs cash in on people’s widespread concerns. Today sensation is the basis of success. It allows the media to keep their audiences informed. The winner is the one who was the first to report the “hot news”. In the pursuit of news, journalists employ any means, up to apetroaie and appealing to base instincts. Therule of SDL: sex, death, laughter, is one of the fundamentals in the impact function of the media. Some TV channels and periodicals actively use this rule, while neglecting professional ethics. The language of modern mass media has a number of specific features. Arranging events, journalists “play with the headlines”, express irony in their texts. But “it iscurrently the model, which the majority of Russian native speakers try to follow in communication process”[11]. Speech stamps invented by journalists seem to have beenimprinted on people’s mindsand are used now all over the country. Using cliché is a typical feature of the mass media language. If you are talking about a jury, it must be “strict”; about a family - it is a “firm unit of society”. There are many other examples of speech stamps, such as“it is not a secret to anybody”; “hundreds of cars are held in snow captivity”; doctors are “people in white coats” and others. The media representatives have been talking lately about objectivity of journalistic material. But starting from the very first step - receiving the news about some event– they decide if it is worth covering or not. Moreover, a journalist is a human being, so he/she has their own opinion on a certain situation and no matter how hard they are trying to cover it objectively, their subjective point of view will be felt. Still, it is good enough if they have no editorial assignment to express a certain point of view. But, “the audience expectsthe truth, accurate information, appropriate assessments and reliable forecasts from journalists”[2]. Often journalists give unverified information in the pursuit of sensation; they appeal to the so-called factoids, rather than facts. Significant social problems remain out of sight of the media. And whichever reality journalistsconstruct, our society will be living in it. The “TV people”, in contrast to newspaper and radio journalists, have yet another tool to influence the audience – videoshot. For example, how or where a video camera is installed in the interview process. In order to disparage the interviewee, the camera is set abovehis eye level, but to raise somebody in people’s eyes, the camera is set below the eye level. Let me give you another example: a journalist is “recording stand-up”while reporting on a meeting. If the journalist is walking with the protesters inthe same direction, it means he sympathizes with them, if he is walking in the opposite direction, it means he does not support them. Often such records are made on purpose, in order to entice the audience to your side. Moreover, this side of impact is the most hidden from the viewer. It works on a psychological level. If the viewer may be able to realize from the written text that something is being imposed on them, they will hardly understand it froma videoshot or after editing.

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“Different types of editing help to achieve the desired effect on the audience. Editing can do a lot: to shift the focus - to makesomething important secondary and vice versa, to change the course of events (to swap them), to remain silent about the “unnecessary”...Editing is one of the most effective means of influence on mass consciousness, with the help of which you can create new life values for the viewer”[12]. Properly chosen sequence of stories can inspire a certain mood. For example, the central television channelsalways start by broadcasting a “hot topic”, the urgent news that will interest the viewer. Immediately after the first story, it is important not to lose the viewer’s attention. In Soviet times there was a certain idea of the layout. Here is an example of the layout of the main Union news program “Vremya” (“Time”): – Party life (in the Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee, information from party forums) – Soviet life (sessions of the Supreme Council, government’s decisions) – Economy (news about production, work achievements) – News from abroad (first from brotherly countries, then from the capitalist ones) – Science news and culture – Sports – The weather. Outwardly,today’s news programmes “Vremya” and “The News” on channel 1 have preserved their original layout. – Der Spiegel (Brief news announcement) – The most important events in Russia – The most important international events – Events of social and cultural agenda – Sports news – Weather forecast[3]. What determines the layout of the program? First, planning: ’Tomorrow’must be thought out beforehand. And secondly, the information picture of the day. To compile this picture the following ways are used: – summaries of news agencies about the events taken place recently, announcements of upcoming events; – announcements (sometimes in the form of an invitation for shooting groups) of various institutions, primarily public, or those which are proceeding, from the general context of the last days, to become a source of news (for example, suppose some statement, which promises to be sensational, is being expected, and so on); – applications of correspondents from other countries, regions forthe topics which they are preparing[8]. The time when the programme appears on the air is essential . Often on federal channels the teams preparing morning news releases start workingat 2 o’clock in the morning, and the first broadcast isat 6 o’clock. Then new information starts to arrive. As for the evening news release, it is rich in analytics. It summarizes theevents of the day. The main news may be reported in severalscenes, which complementeach other contributing tospectators’ vision of the event. Before broadcasting,briefings and meetings are held where they decideon the sequence of subjects and composition of the information block. Also, the layout depends on editor’s preferences, the concept of the programmeand the style of the channel. Conventionally, there are three basic traditional stylesofprogrammes: classical, domestic and publicistic[13]. Classical style focuses on the events of the day. Domestic style may start with a story which is not necessarily online, but is of interest to the audience. Publicistic style is characterized by specific presentation of information, when one event or story can become the core of the whole issue.

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Not long ago there appeared yet another style - infotainment - a special style of presenting information using elements of entertainment, or show elements. This style is often employed in youth programmes. So, if you manage to identify correctly the audience of your channel and a particular programme, as well as choose the most appropriate style, you can achieve significant results in affecting the audience. An important role is played by dramatic composition of release. Since antiquity it has been known that a drama consists of three compulsory stages: outset, peripeteia and outcome. One newscast consists of a few dramatic scenes. The program itself has its own drama. The more intense a separate story or a separate release is, the longer the viewer will sit in front of the screen. For example, I. N. Kemarskaya, talking about dramatic compositionof a television programme, uses the image of a “bunch of sausages”, which, in her opinion, very clearly reflects the structure of any modern television product. “On average, every ten minutes there is a pause on air - an advertising insert. What is between the ads is a content bank - “sausage”. If the programme formatis designed for 26 minutes, it has 2-3 content banks. If the format is 52 minutes, then 5-6 banks”[7]. When preparing a news programme, you should also consider such factors as: – The concept of the programme andviewers involvement with it. For any TV company rating is always in the foreground. – Efficiency ofthe news service (the editorial staff like sayings: “Yesterday’s news is no longer news”, “news is the most perishable commodity”). – Priority of domestic events in Russia over other events, except extraordinary ones. – Where there are mysteries, victories and defeats, where you see the positive features of a negative hero, or vice versa - it is easier to put “hooks” for the audience and thereby to hold their attention to the screen. – The creative potential of the team, as well as talents of each member of the staff, the quality of scenes prepared for broadcasting, and planning. Strategies employed byfederal channels in arranging information programmes include: – The main news “opens” the newscast. – Minor, but still important news, goes between interesting news so that it can attract the audience attention. – Domestic news, which has a negative connotation, is not usually reported alongsidethose involving top government officials, so that the viewer does not have any unwanted associations. – “The rule of the edge”. People usually remember the first and the last. Therefore, the best position in the layout is at the beginning and at the end of the programme, which is widely used in newscasts. – It is always better to finish with something positive. During the newscast, viewers get a lot of negative information - reports of serious emergencies, problems, crime in the city etc., therefore, the newscast concludes with something pleasant, for example, a story about some unusual scientific discovery, or an exhibition, or the premiere of a film. – A significant share of audience attention is attracted by the so-called “der Spiegel”. The success of thisprogramme to a great extent depends on how interesting and intriguingthis kind of announcement is written. – There are twomoments when the programme isat risk of losing its audience: the beginningof release (if its contents seem boring) and the beginning of the ad unit (if there is nothing of interestleftthat could make the viewer continue watching the programme). Therefore, before these moments come, it is necessary to interest the audience with what will happen next. Modern viewers prefer the formin which the news is reported to the news itself.

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The layout of the news programme is an effective tool of information policy. And if it is properly used, it is possible to control the number of its viewers, as well as to manipulate public opinion. Live broadcast and ban of censorship lifted many restrictions imposed on journalists. This resulted in coarsening speech and spreading foul language. If earlier a journalist was considered a man who possessed perfect knowledge of language, now anyone can try himself in this profession. Unfortunately, Russian television is losing its national identity in pursuit of Western pattern. Today the Western way of presenting material is considered to be ideal for Russian journalists. It can be seen in the manner of speaking, manner ofshooting, manner of arranging scenes. It can clearly be traced by comparing the newscasts, for example, in 1980 and 2014. The difference in presentation of material is evident. In Soviet times, famous TV and radio presenters were distinguished by clear articulation with clear pronunciation. Today’s presenters can make wrong emphasis or make mistakes in texts. They speak very fast, use appropriate intonation with logical emphasis in the right places. But local TV presenters seem to have “mush mouth” and a wide variety of speech defects. As for manipulation, it may be of different types, ranging from withholding information to covert lies, while essential information is given in parts. So what can be done in order not to yield to manipulation? Firstly, you should not trust everything that is said on TV, written in newspapers or magazines or broadcast on the radio. Secondly, you should be critical to any information. And we must remember that “emotional and gullible viewer is an ideal object for manipulation”[12]. In this work we have considered some methods of influencing mass consciousness used by themedia. The media are becoming a major factor influencing people. And those politicians and businessmen, who understand this, buy whole mediaholding companies. Throughout the history of journalism there have been a number of intensive canvassing campaignswithin the media, sometimes developed into real struggle, to support the ideas of their owners. Moreover, this happens not only at Federal level, but also at local levels. Nowadays, we are witnessing worldwide information warfare. Thereby, we admit the fact that information can be equated to arms in terms of its impact on the audience. In the early 20th century, no one could imagine that the media would become such a powerful tool of handling people. But now we cannot but take into account this role of the media in modern society, in order to arrange the information flow with maximum effect.

References in English: 1. Bogatova M. I. Resources modeling TV reality//communication in the modern world. Materials of all-Russian scientific-practical conference Problems of mass communication - Voronezh: Publishing house of the faculty of journalism, Voronezh state University, 2008. - S. 6 2. Chernikova E. V. Literary work of a journalist: a textbook for University students. - M.: Gardariki, 2007, - p. 187 3. Zwick V. L. Television news service: proc. textbook for University students studying 030601 journalism. - M.: Unity-Dana, 2013. - 319 p. 4. Yermilov A. Live stream. - M.: Aspect Press, 2010, - 112. 5. Gavrilov K. V. How to make a news story. - SPb.: Amphora, 2007, - p. 299 6. Gurevich S. M. the Economy of the domestic media. - M.: Aspect Press, 2004, p. 288. 7. Kemarskaya I. N. Television editor. - M.: Aspect Press, 2009, - 191 with 8. Knyazev A. fundamentals of television journalism and television reporting.- Bishkek: Kyrgyz- Russian Slavic University, 2001, to 160 C. 9. Petrova N. E., Raciborska. The language of modern media. The means of verbal aggression. Moscow: Flinta: Nauka, 2011, - 200 p. 10. Prokhorov A. news as a hoax // the Art of cinema. - 2004, No. 4 11. Skorokhodov E. Yu. Language as a factor in the structuring of social space era: Monograph. – M.: globe, 2008, - 190 p.

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12. Vladimirova M. B. Transformation of mass consciousness under the influence of the media (on the example of Russian television). Moscow: Flinta, 2011, - 144. 13. Zvereva N. School journalist. - Nizhny Novgorod: Publishing house Minakova, 2009, 272. 14. Kryukova E. M. Optimization of the management of the Corporation using web technologies.// Service plus. 2011. No. 4. pp. 102-108. 15. Kryukova E. M., G. V. Krasilnikova Directions of use internal corporate blogging in the activities of the companies.//Service plus. 2011. No. 2. pp. 96-104. 16. Kryukova E. M., Krasil’nikova G. V., Kulakova T. V. Social media: the real and potential sources of threats to economic security of the enterprise.//Bulletin of the Academy of economic security Ministry of internal Affairs of Russia. 2011. No. 3. pp. 53-57. 17. Maloletko A. N., Kaurova O. V., Kryukova E. M. Yukhin K. E. the Role and importance of modern media in marketing communications.//Proceedings of the Russian state social University. 2014. No. 3 (125). pp. 96-103.

References in Roman script: 1. Bogitova M.I. Resursy modelirovanija televizionnoj real’nosti//Kommunikacija v sovremennom mire. Materialy Vserossijskoj nauchno-prakticheskoj konferencii Problemy massovoj kommunikacii - Voronezh: Izdatel’stvo fakul’teta zhurnalistiki VGU, 2008. - S.6 2. Chernikova E.V. Literaturnaja rabota zhurnalista: uchebnik dlja studentov VUZov. - M.: Gardariki, 2007, - 187 s. 3. Cvik V.L. Televizionnaja sluzhba novostej: ucheb. posobie dlja studentov vuzov, obuchajushhihsja po special’nosti 030601 zhurnalistika. - M.: Juniti-Dana, 2013. - 319 s. 4. Ermilov A. Zhivoj reportazh. - M.: Aspekt Press, 2010, - 112 s. 5. Gavrilov K.V. Kak delat’ sjuzhet novostej. - SPb.: Amfora, 2007, - 299 s. 6. Gurevich S.M. Jekonomika otechestvennyh SMI. - M.: Aspekt Press, 2004, - 288 s. 7. Kemarskaja I.N.Televizionnyj redaktor. - M.: Aspekt Press, 2009, - 191s 8. Knjazev A. Osnovy telezhurnalistiki i telereportazha.- Bishkek: KRSU, 2001, - 160 s. 9. Petrova N.E., Raciburskaja. Jazyk sovremennyh SMI. Sredstva rechevoj agressii. - M.: Flinta: Nauka, 2011, - 200 s. 10. Prohorov A. Novosti kak mistifikacija // Iskusstvo kino. - 2004, №4 11. Skorohodova E.Ju. Jazyk kak faktor strukturirovanija social’nogo prostranstva jepohi: Monografija. – M.: Globus, 2008, - 190 s. 12. Vladimirova M.B. Transformacija massovogo soznanija pod vozdejstviem SMI (na primere rossijskogo televidenija). - M.: Flinta, 2011, - 144 s. 13. Zvereva N.Shkola telezhurnalista. - Nizhnij Novgorod: Izdatel’skij dom Minakova, 2009, - 272 s. 14. Krjukova E.M. Optimizacija upravlenija korporaciej s ispol’zovaniem veb-tehnologij.//Servis plus. 2011. № 4. S. 102-108. 15. Krjukova E.M., Krasil’nikova G.V. Napravlenija ispol’zovanija vnutrennego korporativnogo blogginga v dejatel’nosti kompanij.//Servis plus. 2011. № 2. S. 96-104. 16. Krjukova E.M., Krasil’nikova G.V., Kulakova T.V. Social’nye media: real’nye i potencial’nye istochniki ugroz jekonomicheskoj bezopasnosti predprijatija.//Vestnik Akademii jekonomicheskoj bezopasnosti MVD Rossii. 2011. № 3. S. 53-57. 17. Maloletko A.N., Kaurova O.V., Krjukova E.M., Juhin K.E. Rol’ i znachenie sovremennyh mediasredstv v marketingovyh kommunikacijah.//Uchenye zapiski Rossijskogo gosudarstvennogo social’nogo universiteta. 2014. № 3 (125). S. 96-103.

REFERENCE TO ARTICLE Skorokhorova, E.U. & Borodyanskaya, E. A. (2015), The impact function of modern mass media, Contemporary Problems of Social Work, Vol. 1. № 2. P. 122-128. DOI: 10.17922/2412-5466- 2015-1-2-122-128.

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Ziroyan M.A. Doctor of Economics, Russian State Social University, Moscow. E-mail: [email protected] Tusova E.A. Master of computer science, Russian State Social University, Moscow. Hovakimian A.S. Ph.D. in Physics and Mathematics, Yerevan State University, branch in Armenia. E-mail: [email protected] Sargsyan S.G. Ph.D. in Physics and Mathematics, Yerevan State University, branch in Armenia. E-mail: [email protected] УДК 681.3 DOI 10.17922/2412-5466-2015-1-2-129-137

Neural networks apparatus in biometrics

Receiving date: Preprint date: Taking to print date: 17.03.2015 30.03.2015 30.03.2015

Annotation: In the paper the problem of biometric identification via iris is considered, and the solution of the problem based on neural network of self-organizing map type is proposed. The software system to solve this problem is implemented. First, the system receives an image of the human eye as input information, then performs pre-processing by means of Sobel operator and Circular Hough Transformation to allocate the iris on the image, and prepares the preliminary input data for neural network. Next, via Principal Component Analysis methodology, the essential components in the input data are highlighted to be transferred to neural network to solve the iris classification problem. The configuration of the implemented neural network is performed on experimental basis. Key words: biometric identification, pattern recognition, neural network, network parameters, network configuration.

Over the past two decades, biometric identification technologies have made a great step forward and at present take a strong position in the security market, which are in great demand by various institutions and organizations: banks, airports, libraries, and others. In biometric identification system the identification is carried out of biometric parameters of a person and not by a clue or card. According to experts, the share of biometric systems in the coming years will become a significant part of the total security market [1], Biometric identification methods divert. They are based on static biometric characteristics of humans, such as fingerprints, facial geometry, retina, iris, hand vein pattern, as well as the dynamic characteristics, such as voice, handwriting, heart rate, gait. According to most experts, the main biometric characteristics that continue to be used for identification, fingerprints, face geometry and iris [2,3]. The iris is a unique characteristic of man: it does not change throughout his life. It is believed that the method of identification by the iris is the most accurate biometric technologies [1,2,3]. But today in the international market this method is used by only 6.9%, while the technology of biometric fingerprint recognition forms more than half of the market.

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Currently, the information technologies are of great help to achieve the objectives of biometric identification ensuring efficient and effective processing of biometric information. Biometric identification problem can be related to the recognition pattern, among which a special place occupies the problem of classification. In these problems, the classification under way to understand its relevance to one of the previously known classes of objects, formed on the basis of data on the master image. There are many ways to solve the problems of classification of images, among which we can note the technology of artificial neural networks [4]. The paper considers the problem of constructing and implementing a software system that takes as input a picture of the human eye, performs pre-processing of the input data on the allocation of the iris using Sobel operator and Huff transformation and represents the image of the iris as a binary vector. Before we apply the input vector to the neural network classification the system selects the essential components in the vector, thereby reducing its dimension. The designed neural network belongs to the type of self-organizing maps, coached by the method of “learning without a teacher” and recognized as enough satisfactory for solving image pattern classification [5, 6, 7]. Software implementation of the system has been implemented in Java. The system has been tested on a number of test cases for the purpose of the experimental setup used by the neural network. 1. Neural networks and self-organizing maps Artificial neural network (ANN) is a mathematical model of the biological neuron. It consists of neurons relating to each other. A neural network is subjected to learning by providing her input information in the form of numerical sequences. In the training process internal connections between neurons are set up through which the network endows the ability to recognize unfamiliar images. There are different types of neural networks that differ in both the topology and the learning algorithms. In classification problems, some of the images are the most effective self-organizing maps (SOC), which are trained to algorithms unsupervised [4]. SOC consists of two layers: the input and functional. In the functional layer the neurons are located on the grid composed of cells. Each neuron takes a single cell and is connected to all neurons of the input layer (Figure 1).

Fig.1. The structure of the self-organizing map SOC operates on the principle of “winner takes all”. That is, when a sequence of input vectors are applied to the network, all the neurons of the functional layer cause activation function, which reflects the relationship between the input data and the weights of these neurons. The winner becomes the neuron for which the activation function receives the optimal value,

130 VOLUME 1, No. 2, 2015 say maximum or minimum. In this case, as the activation function is selected the Euclidean distance between the input data and the weight of neuron function where an optimum value is considered its minimal value. If V_1, V_2, V_3, ..., V_n is the input vector, and the functional layer SOC consists of k neurons with weighting coefficient W_11, W_12, W_13, ..., W_1n W_21, W_22, W_23, ..., W_2n ... W_k1, W_k2, W_k3, ..., W_kn where W ij weighting coefficient of i-th neuron of functional layer associated with the j-th neuron of the input layer, then the winner will be the neuron for which

At the stage of learning the network some training sequence of data is presented. The essence of teaching is that at each step the neuron-winner is determined, and the neurons, located in a neighborhood of the neuron-winner move closer to him. As a result of training neurons closely located collect in the grid area, which are determined by the training sequence (Figure 2).

Fig.2. Neighborhood of the neuron-winner The radius of the neighborhood of the neuron-winner varies according to the formula:

Experiments show that as the initial neighborhood radius value it is appropriate to take

where the width is the width of the functional layer mesh, height, λ is time constant calculated by the formula

where n is the number of training iterations. Thus, the radius of the neighborhood is changing exponentially (Figure 3)

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Fig 3. Changing the radius of neighborhood of the neuron-winner During the training, a network of neurons and neurons winner of its σ- neighborhood change their weights as follows: W (t + 1) = W (t) + θ (t) L (t) (V (t) -W (t)) where t is the number of iteration, L (t) = L_0 exp (-t / λ), t = 1,2,3, ..., θ (t) = exp⁡ (- 〖〗 dist ^ 2 / (2σ ^ 2 (t))), t = 1,2,3, ..., dist –is the distance between neuron and neuron-winner on the grid of the functional layer. The function L (t) is called the learning rate, θ (t) reflects the influence of the location of the neuron on the grid. It is obvious that most of the weight change of the winning neuron (Fig. 4).

Fig. 4. Effect of the distance from the neuron-winner at changing the balance After training, the network is able to recognize the data, similar to those on which it is trained. 2. Recognition of the iris Iris recognition is the task of biometric identification. The iris is unique to each person and remains unchanged throughout his life. It is reliable characteristics of identification for it can’t be a subject to distortions caused by time or by direct contact with the capture of the sample. Currently, there are many software systems that recognize human by iris [2,3]. In this paper the problem is solved by using a neural network self-organizing map type. The problem of iris pattern recognition is divided into three subtasks: – detection of the circle framing the iris on the eye, – allocation of bandwidth to the iris and its pretreatment in order to isolate the iris essential characteristic information – iris recognition using a neural network type of self-organizing maps.

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There are various algorithms to detect contours and shapes in the image. The most effective algorithms among these are based on the transformation of Huff (Huff Transformation) [5]. In the current task considered, we apply to Huff transformation circle as far as the desired images in the image are the circles; one that limits the iris, and the other that limits the pupil. Huff transformation is performed more effectively when algorithms for detection and isolation of the desired shapes on the borders of the image are previously applied. In this case we used Sobel operator to solve this problem, [6]. This is a discrete differential operator that computes the approximate value of the gradient function, reflecting the brightness of the image at each point. Thus the magnitude and direction of increasing the brightness in each pixel of the image is detected, and hence marking the probability that the pixel is on a border of the image. Fig. 5 shows the result of the Sobel operator applied to the image of the human eye. The figure shows the selected borders of the eye.

Fig. 5. The result of the Sobel operator You can improve the efficiency of the Sobel operator, considering the fact that the iris region is surrounded by white, and it itself is of darker color. Consequently, there is a threshold luminance pixel value, where the pixels with greater brightness value lie outside the region of the iris, and pixels with lower luminance value in the iris area. Thus, if the pixel value is less than the threshold, it is replaced with zero, otherwise it is replaced with the maximum possible value. As a result of such replacement the image will be split into two classes of pixels - dark and light, converting the image from color to black and white and the increasing contrast and brightness of the pixels, owing to which Sobel operator will work more efficiently. Huff transformation is a method of finding the pieces on the image. This is a common mechanism by which you can find all kinds of shapes known in advance: straight lines, ovals, circles, etc. In this paper we apply the transformation krugovoya Huff (Circular Huff Transformation), designed to detect circles in the image that has been processed by Sobel operator. The data is stored in a three-dimensional matrix, where the first two dimensions define two-dimensional image, and the third dimension should take the value of the radius, where the circle is sought in the image [6]. Through all the boundary points, i.e. the points where the pixel value is not zero, the circles are conducted, and the values in the matrix for the appropriate pixels are incremented by one. As a result of the algorithm the point at which the circles intersect will be the center of the desired circle. We take the circle, the radius of which is the maximum in the matrix. In practice, usually circles with a fixed radius in advance are looked for . After detection of circles, limiting the iris and the pupil, the band is allocated between the circles,which contains information only on the iris. This information is represented as n-dimensional vector where n is sufficiently large. The aim is to transform the vector in order to isolate the main components that contain the most important information about the subject of pattern recognition. We have applied the method of principal component analysis, the essence of which is to identify similarities and differences in the values of attributes characterizing the 133 CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL WORK set of study data [7]. The method works with a certain set of the objects represented by vectors of n-dimensional space. By analysis of covariance matrix and finding its own vectors and own values, n-dimensional space is replaced by m-dimensional space (m≤n), elements of which contain the most important information about the object. Thus we can discard appropriately selected (n - m) components of the input vector, without losing the basic characteristics of the object. Vector processed with typical for iris information is input to the neural network,that solves the problem of recognition through classification. Neural network of software is designed and implemented in the type of neural network self-organizing map. The isolation of the major components in the input vector encoding the iris, has also led to a decrease in the input layer of neurons network that contributes to its effectiveness. The network is trained on a representative set of images and tested on test cases. Originally selected network topology and the values of its parameters have been refined as a result of experimental evaluation of the network. 3. Experimental setup parameters of self-organizing map A neural network for biometric identification on iris has been implemented in Java. A library of special classes has been developed, which provides parallel processing [8]. The network is trained on a certain training set of images, and tested on a number of test cases for the purpose of the experimental setup of its parameters characterizing the topology of the network and the details of its training. The self-organizing map has four parameters, the values of which depend on the efficiency of the network. These parameters are the number of internal neural network, the characteristic of the grid which expresses the ratio of the width of the grid on which the neurons are allocated, relation to its height, to the initial learning rate, the number of training iterations. On the basis of experiments to classify iris the values of network parameters have been found under which the network works most effectively. Efficiency is defined correctly with sharing images in the set of test cases. Fig .6-9 demonstrate the results of assessment of network parameters. Figure 6 shows the dependence of the efficiency of the network on the number of neurons in the functional layer. The dependence is expressed in a percentage. The number of neurons is taken of multiple number of training vectors. The abscissa represents the values of the coefficient of multiplicity, the vertical axis shows the percentage of correctly recognized images.

Figure 6. The dependence of the efficiency of the network by the number of neurons As the graph shows, network efficiency first increases sharply with increasing frequency factors. Then the efficiency of the network does not grow. This value limit is equal to the multiplicity factor 10. In other words, the network is most effective when the number of neurons is approximately 10 times greater than the amount of training data.

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Another parameter is the shape of a rectangle network mesh the functional layer. This parameter is expressed by the ratio of net height to its width. Figure 7 shows the efficiency of the network on the shape of a rectangle grid. The abscissa represents the value of the ratio of height to its width grid, the vertical axis shows the percentage of correctly recognized images

Figure 7. Dependence of the efficiency on the shape of the mesh network As can be seen from the graph, the network efficiency grows with an increasing net height to its width, and at a value of 100, it almost stops growing. This value is chosen as the best value for the parameter network. Two other network parameters are associated with network training. The first is the initial learning rate. Figure 8 shows the dependence of the efficiency of the network on this factor.

Figure 8. The dependence of the efficiency of the network from the initial learning rate As seen on the chart, at first the effectiveness of the network is growing, but after reaching the value of the learning rate of 0.1, it begins to decrease. Thus, the value of 0.1 for the initial learning rate is considered optimal for the problem. The last parameter of the network, which determines its effectiveness - is the number of iterations training schedule. Fig. 9 illustrates this relationship. The abscissa represents values of the number of iterations, and the ordinate shows percentage of correctly recognized images.

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Figure 9. The dependence of the efficiency of the network on the number of training iterations By plotting one can conclude that in the beginning, when the number of iterations increases, the network efficiency grows. But when it reaches a value of 100, it almost remains unchanged. We can therefore conclude that the number of iterations as the best can assume a value of 100. Thus, on the basis of experiments testing the self-organizing maps and analysis of the parameters under study, it can be stated that the efficiency of neural network like self- organizing map for the task of recognition of the iris with an appropriate choice of parameter values can form an average of 95%. The network was also tested for other classification tasks, and it has been found that the values of the parameters of the network obtained are also very satisfactory. The study and practical implementation of a software system to solve the problem of biometric identification of the iris using neural network technology have shown that the proposed mechanism can be applied successfully in practice. It is highly desirable that the network was trained on a larger number of images. This would provide an opportunity to better recognition. It can be asserted with a certain degree of confidence that the proposed mechanism is quite versatile and can be used to solve a wide class of problems for data mining.

References in English: 1. Kucharev G.A. Biometrical systems: methods and means of identification. St.Petersbourg 2001 2. Degtarev A. Methods of identification by iris. Computer graphics and multimedia. 2004. Issue № 2 (6) http://www.cgm.computergraphics.ru/content/view/61 3. Matveev I. Human identification by iris. Security systems– 2004. Issue №5. 4. http://www.secuteck.ru/articles2/sys_ogr_dost/human_recogn_ss_5_2004. 5. Anil K. Jain, Jianchang Mao, K. M. Mohiuddin. Artificial Neural Networks: A Tutorial. Computer – Special issue: neural computing: companion issue to Spring 1996 IEEE Computational Science & Engineering, Volume 29, Issue 3, March 1996. 6. Samta Gupta, Susmita Ghosh Mazumda. Sobel Edge Detection Algorithm. International Journal of Computer Science and Management Research. Vol 2, Issue 2, February 2013 7. Just Kjeldgaard Pedersen, Simon. Circular Hough Transform. Aalborg University, Vision, Graphics, and Interactive Systems. November, 2007. 8. Jolliffe, I.T. Principal Component Analysis (Springer Series in Statistics), Springer; 2nd edition (October 2, 2002) 9. Anna Hovakimyan , Siranush Sargsyan , Arshak Nazaryan. Self-Organizing Map Application for Iris Recognition. Journal of Commun. & Comput. Eng. ISSN 2090-623, www.m-sciences.com, Volume 3, Issue 2, 2013, pp 10-13

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References in Roman script: 1. Kuharev, G.A. Biometricheskie sistemy: metody i sredstva identifikatsii lichnosti cheloveka. SPb., 2001 2. Degtyareva A. Metody identifikatsii lichnosti po raduzhnoy obolochke glaza. Komp’yuternaya grafika i mul’timedia2004. – Vyp. № 2 (6) http://www.cgm.computergraphics.ru/content/ view/61 3. Matveev, I. Raspoznavanie cheloveka po raduzhke . Sistemy bezopasnosti. – 2004.Vyp. №5. 4. http://www.secuteck.ru/articles2/sys_ogr_dost/human_recogn_ss_5_2004. 5. Anil K. Dzheyn, Jianchang Mao, K. M. Mohiuddin. Iskusstvennye Neyronnye Seti: Uchebnoe Posobie. Komp’yuter – Spetsial’nyy vypusk: neyronnye vychisleniya: kompan’on vopros do vesny 1996 po standartu IEEE vychislitel’nyh nauk i inzhenerii, tom 29, Vypusk 3, mart 1996. 6. Samta Gupta, Nepal’skaya Gosh Mazumda. Sobel Algoritm Obnaruzheniya Kraya. Mezhdunarodnyy zhurnal vychislitel’noy tehniki i menedzhmenta issledovaniy. Tom 2, Vypusk 2, Fevral’ 2013 7. Prosto Kjeldgaard Pedersen, Saymon. Krugovoy Hafa. Ol’borgskogo universiteta, videnie, grafiki i interaktivnyh sistem. Noyabr’, 2007. 8. Jolliffe, i. t. Analiz glavnyh komponent (Springer Seriya v statistike), Springer; 2-e izdanie (2 oktyabrya 2002) 9. Anna Ovakimyan Siranush Sarkisyan , Arshak Nazaryan. Samoorganizuyushayasya karta dlya identifikatsii po raduzhnoy obolochke glaza. Vestnik kommun. & Komp’yut. Angl. ISSN v 2090-623, www.m-sciences.com, tom 3, Vypusk 2, 2013, str. 10-13

REFERENCE TO ARTICLE Ziroyan, M.A., Tusova, E.A., Hovakimian, A.S. & Sargsyan S.G. (2015) Neural networks apparatus in biometrics, Contemporary Problems of Social Work, Vol. 1. № 2. P. 129-137. DOI: 10.17922/2412-5466-2015-1-2-129-137.

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ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

Plocin D. S. Postgraduate student of the Russian State Social University , Moscow. E-mail: [email protected] Reutskaya V. V. Candidate of biological Sciences, Russian State Social University, Moscow. E-mail: [email protected] УДК 630.4 DOI 10.17922/2412-5466-2015-1-2-138-142

Species composition and structure of the complex of pests of woody plants in plantations of Moscow

Receiving date: Preprint date: Taking to print date: 18.03.2015 30.03.2015 30.03.2015

Annotation: Green areas and forests of Moscow are an integral part of the structure of the city and an essential part of its ecological condition. This article presents data on the species diversity and structure of the complex of pests of woody plants in plantations of Moscow. It shows the characteristic of wood pests specific to green areas of Moscow, it`s reflected the classification of pests on the zones and ways of influence. Key words: tree plantation, gall, leaf-mining insect , dendrophilous insects, species composition, insect pests, arthropods, sucking insects, stem pests, root pests.

Green plantations are the most important habitat forming and environment protection factor, providing comfort and quality of human habitat, and compulsory and essential element of the urban landscape. Green plantations perform many useful functions in the city such as soil protection, erosion control and sanitary- hygienic protection, they also provide the human need for rest, reducing tensions and conflicts of the urban environment, improving the living conditions of human habitat and promoting sustainable development of the city. Green plantations of Moscow constitute a single system of its life support, it composed of the same or similar complexes of species of living organisms, it influenced by the same or similar factors of adverse impact of the environment. A brief characteristic of some common and important pests of woody plants specific for green plantings and urban forests of Moscow is given below. SPECIES COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE OF THE COMPLEX PESTS OF WOODY WOODY PLANTS OF MOSCOW IN PLANTATIONS

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Table 1 Number of established species of herbivorous arthropods found in stands of Moscow Environmental groups Squad The total arthropod pests Acarifor- Homo- Hemi- Соleo- Lepidop- Нуmeno- Diptera number of mes ptera ptera ptera tera ptera species

Generative organs - - - 6 11 4 - 21 Open living needles - - - - 43 210 35 - 288 and leaf-eating , including

Skeletonize - - - 23 - 4 - 27 Forming a spider nest - - - - 14 1 - 15 Twirl list - - - - 36 1 - 37 Tube twirl - - - 5 - - - 5 Open living sucking 7 113 - - - - - 120 Private living sucking - - 1 - - - - 1 Gall-making 44 15 - - 1 22 27 109 Undermines - - - 8 79 11 10 108 With a mixed type of ----5 -- 5 damage Drillers (pests shoots) - - - - 4 - - 4 Stem - - - 84 6 4 - 94 Pests roots - - - 9 - - - 9 Total species 51 128 1 150 316 76 37 759

Analyzing the systematic composition of pests, it can be seen that the basic share of their proportion are insects. [5] The most varied and numerous in the plantations of Moscow presented two groups of insects: 1 - insects produce rough grazing or skeletonization of leaves and needles, 2 - mined leaves and needles insects. The richness and diversity of these two groups due to the fact that they both have favorable habitat and form a natural reserve in urban forests, whose plantations close in its properties to natural. Moreover, miners is further protected from exposure to its hidden way of life in the tissues of leaves and needles in the urban environment. [1] Among the significant with increased number of pests in local areas green plantations in Moscow are: sucking pests: aphids on linden, elm, maple, ash, poplar, honeysuckle and apple, birch and Elm psylla, Coccidae acacia, willow zapyatovidnaya and scale insects, spider mites on spruce and linden; miners: the most successful in urban plantings are living representatives of Private phyllophages. Mined insects, or miners is one of these groups. In general complex of leaf-mining insects in plantations of Moscow is significant and dissimilar, it is represented by 121 species, of which only one - Coleophora sibiricella Falkovitsh, develops on conifers (Larix spp.) Among the types of miners encountered in urban plantations of Moscow, 39.7% of the species are common, 27.3% - rare, 21.5% occur singly, and only 11.5% of the species are capable of producing miners outbreak or have permanently high numbers in urban plantations. [3]

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Rare species in conditions of Moscow are of Coleoptera - Trachys minuta Linnaeus, Zeugophora subspinosa Fabricius, Orchestes alni Linnaeus and Or. subfasciatus Gyllenhal, from Hymenoptera - Fenusa ulmi Sundevall and Heterarthrus aceris Kaltenbach, of Diptera – 5 species of the family Agromyzidae from Lepidoptera – 10 species of the family Stigmellidae, – 9 species of the family Gracillariidae, Coleophora ahenella Heinemann and C. milvipennis Linneus, and Bucculatrix bechsteinella Bechstein & Scharfenberg. Singly occur: Orchestes rusci Herbst (Coleoptera), Heterarthrus nemoratus Fallun (Hymenoptera), 12 species of the family. Stigmellidae, 5 species of the family. Gracillariidae and Coleophoridae, Coptotriche angusticollella Duponchel and Phyllocnistis sorhagenella Laders (Lepidoptera). In most cases, a low level of the number of these species is associated with a small fraction of their forage plants in the range of plantations of Moscow. Mass species are: Isochnus sequensi Stierlin (Coleoptera) and the following members of the order Lepidoptera - Stigmella aucupariae Frey, St. betulicola Stainton, St. malella Stainton (Stigmellidae), Cameraria ohridella Deschka, Dimic, Gracilapa syringella Fabricius, Phyllonorycter issikii Kumata, Ph. populifoliella Treitschke, Ph. sagitella Bj erkander, Micrurapteryx gradatella Herrich-Schaffer (Gracillariidae), Coleophora binderella Kollar, C. fuscedinella Linnaeus, C. sibiricella Falkovitsh and Tischeria ekeblandella Bjerkander. 4 species in this group are facultative miner which indicates that such lifestyle can be a key to successful reproduction in the conditions of the city. [3] It distinguished obligate (“permanent”) and facultative miners. The first group includes insects, complete larval development which takes place within the tissues of the plant chlorophyll. Their larvae do not change the leaf in which developing. The second - insects growing in the mines only for a few, but not all larval instars. In all cases, the first larval instars of miners must go inside plant tissues. Permanent miners in conditions of plantations of Moscow are 101 species of insects (83.5%); [3] gall-making pests: among insect gall known in several orders: Coleoptera (gall-making weevils of the family Curculionidae), Homoptera proboscidians (certain types of aphids superfamily Aphidoidea and Adelgoidea, psyllites of the family Psyllidae, coccidia suborder Coccoidea), Lepidoptera (gall-making of the leaf of the family Tortricidae ), Hymenoptera (gall wasps of the family Cynipidae, Chalcid superfamily Chalcidoidea), certain types of sawflies of the family Tenthredinidae), Diptera (fam. Cecidomyiidae, Chloropidae, Tephritidae, Agromyzidae, Anthomyiidae, Lauxaniidae, Lonchaeidae). A significant part of the gall complex (39.4% of the total number of species) constitute phytophagous mites from the order Acariformes of the family Eriophyidae. The first place in number of species of insects are among the Diptera family Cecidomiidae - 25,4%. The second place is occupied by Hymenoptera - 20.5%. In this case, 2/3 species in the order falls on the representatives of the family Cynipidae, and 1/3 represented by species of the family Tenthredinidae. [2] The third in the number of species is the order Homoptera proboscidians. Gall are representatives of two superfamilies Aphidoidea of the family Aphididae and Adelgoidea of the family Adelgidae and Pemphigidae. At the same time, more than 80% of the species of this order belongs to the superfamily Adelgoidea. Only one gall of the family Tortricidae from the order of Lepidoptera recorded in Moscow area. It is Laspeyresia servilleana Dup. - gallic willow leaf roller, damaging willow shoots. [2] In urban conditions the number of species in the complexes gall on different types of trees and shrubs, not equivalent. The greatest number encountered on the goat willow (20 species), due to a high content of proteins in the tissues of this plant, pedunculate oak (16) and linden (11 species).

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It should be noted that linden is of paramount importance and widespread both in typical urban and in the plantations, close to the natural conditions in Moscow. On linden dominated phytophagous gall-making mites, on the willow goat - gall-making sawflies and gall midges, in an oak pedunculate - gall wasps.

Table 2 Systematic composition of arthropod gall Squad Kind Number of species, % Arachnida Acariformes Eriophyidae 39,4 Insecta Homoptera Aphididae 2,5 Adelgidae 3,3 Pemphigidae 8,1 Lepidoptera Tortricidae 0,8 Hymenoptera Tenthredinidae 6,6 Cynipidae 13,9 Diptera Cecidomyidae 25,4

Gall complex of poplar represented by 8 species, aspen and birch - 7, elm, alder and rowan - 6, maple and apple - 5 species. On poplar dominated Homoptera proboscidians, while on an aspen equally represented gall-making phytophagous mites and midges. In other kinds of plants mentioned above predominate phytophagous mites gall-making from 50% (elm) to 83.3% (alder) of total species in the complex. [2] Spruce and larch Hermes on Norway spruce, ticks on linden, bird cherry, birch, causing felt and corniculatus Gauls, gall-making aphids on poplar and apple, willow sawfly thick-walled; the most dangerous group is stem insects, mass reproduction of which was prevented in a timely manner as a result of large-scale sanitary measures undertaken in the summer of 1997 in Moscow; among the most common pests include stem Scolytus - striated Elm and destroyer, on apple - wrinkled Scolytus, on the oak - oak and birch - birch Scolytus on birch - bark beetle Trypodendron ladder, withering on the poplars - gray aspen barbel, live on the branches of poplar - small and on the trunks and roots - a large poplar Sesiidae on linden trees withering - linden bark krifal on living trees spruce barbed revealed a large spruce beetle dendrokton, on the branches and trunks of oak, aspen, birch - ash borers. [4] Green areas of Moscow greatly affected by the activities of harmful insects. Insect pests in plantations Moscow constitute a large and diverse group of dendrobionts. Species composition, structure and the occurrence of pests of different types in Moscow plantations depending on their resistance to the negative impact of the urban environment and conditions conducive to or hindering their resettlement, as well as, the biological characteristics of the species. Among them there are species capable of periodic increases and the number of outbreaks in these periods they completely destroy or damage the leaves and needles of woody plants, thereby causing great damage to the complex.

References in English: 1. Belov D. A. Ecology, monitoring and environmental management // Scientific. Tr., vol. 302 (1). – M.: Moscow state forest University, 2000. – S. 26 – 33. 2. Belov D. A. Ecologia, monitoring I racional’noe prirodopol’zovanie // M: MGUL. - 2000. - No. 302 - S. 26 – 33.

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3. Bulletin Of Moscow State Forest University - Forest Gazette / / No. 1. – Belov, D. A.: MSFU, 2008. – P. 73 – 78. 4. Vestnik Moskovskogo Gosudarstvennogo Federal Lesa – Lesnoy Vestnik / / No. 1. – Belov D. A.: MGUL, 2008. – S. 73-78. 5. Bulletin Of Moscow State Forest University - Forest Gazette / / No. 7. – Belov D. A.: MSFU, 2012. Pp. 105 – 110. 6. Vestnik Moskovskogo Gosudarstvennogo Federal Lesa – Lesnoy Vestnik / / No. 7. – Belov D. A.: MGUL, 2012. – S. 105-110. 7. Bulletin Of Moscow State Forest University – Forest Gazette / / No. 2. – Mozolevskiy E. G., Belova N. K., Kulikova E. G. – Moscow: Moscow state forest University, 2000. – Pp. 14 – 28. 8. Vestnik Moskovskogo Gosudarstvennogo Federal Lesa – Lesnoy Vestnik / / No. 2. – Mozolevskaya E. G., N. K. Performed, Kulikova E. G. – M.: MGUL, 2000. – S. 14-28. 9. Monitoring the state of forest and urban ecosystems / ed. by B. C. Shalaeva, E. G. Mozolevskiy. – M.: MSFU, 2004. – P. 196-208. 10. Monitiring sostoyania lesnyh I gorodskih ecosystem / [Pod red. V. S. Shalaeva, E. G. Mozolevskoy]. – M.: MGUL, 2004. – S. 196-208.

References in Roman script: 1. Belov D. A. Jekologija, monitoring i racional’noe prirodopol’zovanie // Nauch. tr., vyp. 302 (1). – M.: MGUL, 2000. – S. 26 – 33. 2. Belov D. A. Ecologia, monitoring I racional’noe prirodopol’zovanie // M: MGUL. - 2000. - № 302 - S. 26 – 33. 3. Vestnik Moskovskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta Lesa - Lesnoj Vestnik // №1. – Belov D. A.: MGUL, 2008. – S. 73 – 78. 4. Vestnik Moskovskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta Lesa – Lesnoy Vestnik // №1. – Belov D. A.: MGUL, 2008. – S. 73-78. 5. Vestnik Moskovskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta Lesa - Lesnoj Vestnik // №7. – Belov D. A.: MGUL, 2012. – S. 105 – 110. 6. Vestnik Moskovskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta Lesa – Lesnoy Vestnik // №7. – Belov D. A.: MGUL, 2012. – S. 105-110. 7. Vestnik Moskovskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta Lesa – Lesnoj Vestnik // №2. – Mozolevskaja E. G., Belova N. K., Kulikova E.G. – M.: MGUL, 2000. – S. 14 – 28. 8. Vestnik Moskovskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta Lesa – Lesnoy Vestnik // №2. – Mozolevskaya E. G., Belova N. K., Kulikova E. G. – M.: MGUL, 2000. – S. 14-28. 9. Monitoring sostojanija lesnyh i gorodskih jekosistem / pod red. B. C. Shalaeva, E. G. Mozolevskoj. – M.: MGUL, 2004. – S. 196-208. 10. Monitiring sostoyania lesnyh I gorodskih ecosystem / [Pod red. V. S. Shalaeva, E. G. Mozolevskoy]. – M.: MGUL, 2004. – S. 196-208.

REFERENCE TO ARTICLE Plocin, D. S. & Reutskaya, V. V. (2015) Species composition and structure of the complex of pests of woody plants in plantations of Moscow, Contemporary problems of social work, Vol. 1. № 2. P. 138-142. DOI: 10.17922/2412-5466-2015-1-2-138-142.

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In the scientific paper should set out the author’s private study. But it is important at the outset to show that the authors are aware of the studies that are made by scientists before them, and how the newly obtained results fit into existing knowledge. Therefore, in the Introduction should reflect the results of previous studies scientists, they man- aged that requires further study, what are the alternatives. Methods. Please describe research methods, procedures, equipment, measuring parameters, etc. to be able to evalu- ate and / or to reproduce the study. Note that in the English language journals, these data are allocated to the section “Materials and Methods» («Materials and Methods»). Here the authors present the assumptions and deviations, as well as the procedures used to reduce them. The results describe very accurately and informatively. The basic theoretical and experimental results, the evidence found and the relationship patterns. This preference is a new long-term results and data values, important discoveries, findings that refute existing theories and data that, according to the author, are of practical importance. Discussion. In this article the authors describe the significance of their work, primarily from a subjective point of view. They can interpret the results based on the combination of his experience, knowledge base and scientific poten- tial, resulting in a number of possible explanations. In this section, the scientific article should also display not only the selected tool and the results obtained, but also the process of investigation or the sequence of arguments, the result will be the theoretical conclusions. The scientific- practical paper should describe the steps and stages of experiments or tests, the interim results and justification of the total output in the form of physical or statistical explanation. It is also necessary to present data on experiments with negative results. Here, as elsewhere, it is appropriate to declare that “the result is also negative results.” Effort exclude conduct similar tests in the future and reduce the path for the following scientists. It should describe all the types and number of negative results, the conditions for their preparation and methods of their elimination. Ongoing studies are available in visual form, and not only experimental but also theoretical. This may be tables, charts, graphics models, graphs, charts, etc. The formulas, equations, figures, photos and tables should have captions or titles. When their design is recommended to follow the provisions of GOST R 7.0.5-2008 that recommended by analogy in the part devoted to the issues regulated. The conclusion may contain recommendations, evaluations, proposals on the subject of the article. Authors may give an interpretation of the results obtained in accordance with the intended objectives of the study. Thanks. This section is needed if you want to specify that the article was prepared under a grant, thank the col- leagues who are not the authors, but with their assistance surveyed, etc. 4.2. Review (Review). The review should be analyzed, compared and identified the most important and promising areas of science (the practice), some of its activities, events, events, and so on. The material should have a problematic character, display different views on the development of scientific (practical) knowledge, contain conclusions, gener- alization, summary data. 4.3. Review of the monograph, a textbook - analysis, critique, evaluation of scientific work (except dissertation research) in the genre of newspaper and magazine journalism. Title Reviews allowed to replace the bibliographic prod- uct under review. Bibliographical description is made according to GOST 7.1-2003. 4.4 Review of the scientific article - to review scientific work before publishing it. The review, which is sent to the data RSSU scientific publications by mail, e-mail (in scanned form), by fax or in person, must disclose the relevance, importance and scientific-theoretical methodological and practical value of the article, include an evaluation, job characteristics, findings and the following mandatory sections . – Subject or title of the book under review. – The author. – The relevance of the topic chosen. – The degree of development of the topic. – Scientific novelty. – Completeness of the disclosure issues. – The results of the theoretical and practical testing. – Have clear conclusions. – The use of theoretical and methodological basis of research and information.

144 REQUIREMENTS FOR ENGLISH-LANGUAGE MANUSCRIPT

– Quality of design work. – Shortcomings in the work. – Conclusion on the possibility of admission of the manuscript for publication.

5. Specifications Font Times New Roman, 14 pt, normal spacing between letters, line spacing 1.5; margins 2 cm on all sides, Space before - 0 pt, after paragraph 0 pt. The font size and line spacing should be the same throughout the text. Paragraphs (a “red line”) should be entered automatically, not by pressing “space.” Text alignment is performed in width. Do not use the Auto Wrap. For registration of the text does not use special fonts and styles. Roman numerals are denoted by Latin letters. The text in square brackets indicates the serial number of links in accordance with the list of literature. To indicate a long dash, press both keys [Ctrl] and [-] (the last button in the upper right corner of the keyboard). Illustrations are performed in graphic editors in the form of black and white image files with a resolution of 300x300 dpi in real size printing. All the illustrations are accompanied by captions (not repeat the phrase, references to figures in the text), including number, name and illustration, if necessary - symbols. The drawings are executed in accordance with the following requirements: 1) zoom - the smallest (subject to legibility); 2) letters and numerals in the figures in shape and size must comply with the symbols in the text; 3) image size - less than 15x20 cm, only in portrait orientation; standard graphics are not less than 8.5 cm wide; 4) text and symbols are removed from the picture in the text or captions. Illustrations (charts, tables and figures) may be included in the text file, but, in addition, they should be presented as a separate file with a resolution of 300x300 dpi in real size printing. Terms and definitions, physical units that are used in the paper must comply with national or international stan- dards. The formulas should be numbered in parentheses, literary references - in square brackets, subscript notes are issued in the form of footnotes. Formula expression are performed only in the equation editor MathType or Equation Editor. In the formulas, the Latin and the Greek lowercase letters should be typed in italics, while the Greek capital - right. Vectors and matrices should be typed in bold straight; “E” in the value of the exponent - straight light font. The indices reduc- tion of Russian and English words should be typed font.

6. Requirements for tables and figures The text can contain tables, signatures which must be given above the table with width alignment. Making text in tables: single spacing, font 10 Times New Roman. The text must be given a reference to the figure indicating the number of the figure. Note. Avoid abbreviations tables, figures and equations (ie Tab. 1, Fig. 2, Eq. 3) in the caption or text. Do not write “in the table above / below” or “in the figure on page 2”, because the position and page number of the table or figure may vary in layout. All components of the formulas must be made in macro «Microsoft equation» (program Word). Graphic drawings must be of good quality. If there is a line, the text should be displayed clearly. The number of tables, figures and formulas are not limited. Please send files with articles in the format .doc, or else in the publication may not be displayed correctly the draw- ings and formulas.

7. Literature (sources list) Bibliography of the unit is the article must be submitted bibliographic references and bibliographies at the end of the material. References in the text are in parentheses. Sources indicated by author and year (for example, in the case of one author - Muralidharan, 2010, in the case of two authors - Muralidharan and Bor, 2010, in the case of three authors or more - Muralidharan et al., 2010). All sources of bibliography should be cited in the text. References is made in strict alphabetical order. Allowed minimum number - 20 sources. When you borrow material from other sources link to this source. All sources of bibliography should be cited in the text. At least 2-3 sources - is the work published in the last 5-10 years. It is recommended, but not required, to have been the sources, published in English. Self-citations are not more than 1-2 springs. In accordance with the ethics of scientific publications database Scopus recommends the degree of self-citation in the range of 0-10%. The author is responsible for the accuracy of the information, the accuracy of quotes and links to official documents and other sources. Foreign spelling given in brackets, except for references. The bibliography does not include: – Articles from intrahigh collections; – Regulatory and archival documents; – Statistical abstracts; – Reference books; – The newspaper notes without the author; – Links to the home page. These materials are made in the descenders of bibliographic references (footnotes at the bottom of the page). To insert footnotes used sequentially numbered.

145 CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL WORK

References made as follows: References: Journal article (printed) Calik, P., Yilgora, P., Ayhanb, P. and Demir, A.S. (2004). Oxygen transfer effects on recombinant benzaldehyde lyase production. Chemical Engineering and Science, 59 (22-23), 5075-5083. DOI:10.1016/j.ces.2004.07.070. Journal article (electronic) Mellers, B. A. (2000). Choice and the relative pleasure of consequences. Psychological Bulletin, 126, 910-924. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.126.6.910 Cooper, A., & Humphreys, K. (2008). The uncertainty is killing me: Self-triage decision making and information availability. E-Journal of Applied Psychology, 4(1). Retrieved from http://ojs.lib.swin.edu.au/index.php/ejap/article/ view/124/129 Book Bernstein, T. M. (1965). The careful writer: A modern guide to English usage (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Atheneum. Source with two authors: Beck, C. A. J., & Sales, B. D. (2001). Family mediation: Facts, myths, and future prospects. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/10401-000 EBook Anderson, C. A., Gentile, D. A., & Buckley, K. E. (2007). Violent video game effects on children and adolescents: Theory, research and public policy. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso /9780195309836.001.0001 Note: Place of publication and publishing information about the replaced DOI. Digest of articles Gibbs, J. T., & Huang, L. N. (Eds.). (1991). Children of color: Psychological interventions with minority youth. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. If the authorship of the organization: American Psychological Association. (1972). Ethical standards of psychologists. Washington, DC: American Psycho- logical Association. Book without attribution or the editorial staff Merriam-Webster’s collegiate dictionary (10th ed.). (1993). Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster. Translated and reprinted source Laplace, P. S. (1814/1951). A philosophical essay on probabilities (F. W. Truscott & F. L. Emory, Trans.). New York: Dover. Chapter from the book Bjork, R. A. (1989). Retrieval inhibition as an adaptive mechanism in human memory. In H. L. Roediger III, & F. I. M. Craik (Eds.), Varieties of memory & consciousness (pp. 309-330). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Article from the Encyclopedia Guignon, C. B. (1998). Existentialism. In E. Craig (Ed.), Routledge encyclopedia of philosophy (Vol. 3, pp. 493-502). London, England: Routledge. Report Forastieri, V., 1999. The ILO Programme for Occupational Safety and Health in Agriculture. International Labour Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. Material conference McKay, G. (1999). Self-determination in Aboriginal education. In L. B. Muller (Ed.), Changing the climate: Proceed- ings of the 1998 Conference for Graduate Students in the Social Sciences and Humanities (pp. 1-11). Saskatoon, Canada: University of Saskatchewan. Herculano-Houzel, S., Collins, C. E., Wong, P., Kaas, J. H., & Lent, R. (2008). The basic nonuniformity of the ce- rebral cortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105, 12593-12598. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/ pnas.0805417105 Thesis Jordan, J. J. (2005). Psychosocial effects of gifted programming (Unpublished master’s thesis). University of Sas- katchewan, Saskatoon, Canada. Hiebert, R. W. (2006). The education of children from poverty: A descriptive case study of a public school and a com- munity school (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertation & Theses: Full Text (NR18185). Richet, E. (2007). The citizenship education system in Canada from 1945-2005: An overview and assessment (Master’s thesis, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada). Retrieved from http://library2.usask.ca/etd Internet resource Geography of Canada. (2009, September 29). In Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved September 30, 2009, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Canada The official source Sheng, T.C. (1989). Soil Conservation for Small Farmers in the Humid Tropics. FAO Soils Bulletin No. 60. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Rome, Italy. United Nations, 2001. Indicators of Sustainable Develop- ment: Guidelines and Methodologies. United Nations Press, New York, USA It is advisable to quote the sources (journal articles, conference proceedings, chapters, technical reports, working papers, dissertations, etc.), which have DOI. If the source has a DOI, you need to specify it. The format of the reference design: http://dx.doi.org/+DOI Example links: http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/2.901164 For information about the source DOI can be found using the resource: http://www.crossref.org/SimpleTextQuery/. 8. Supporting Documents Together with the author’s original author must submit: 1. Cover letter - application;

146 REQUIREMENTS FOR ENGLISH-LANGUAGE MANUSCRIPT

2. The author’s profile: Full Name Information Contact phone and fax numbers (including area code) E-mail address Scientific direction of the article (UDC) 3. Certificate from the place of study (for full-time post-graduate students).

9. Materials can be sent: – By mail (registered mail or by post), by courier: at the address: 129226, Moscow, st. Wilhelm Pieck, d. 4, p. 2, office. 408. Tel. / Fax: (495) 255-67-67, ext. 17-92, ip: 17-92 or at the following address: 107150, Moscow, Russia. Losinoostrovskaya, d. 24, BR. 106. Tel. / Fax: (495) 255-67-67, ext. 30-15, ip: 30-15; – E-mail: [email protected]. Note. When you send a print author’s original post or sending it to the sector must also send (deliver) an electronic version of the material on a magnetic storage medium (flash card (USB), CD-ROM, etc.).

10. Check to borrow text from other works Accepted for publication materials are not intended for publication elsewhere. When reviewing, the text of the English language is being tested by the number of borrowings from other works. Verification is done by the program «iThenticate». Two parameters are taken into account if one of them is detected above normal - the article is not adopted. Norm: 1 parameter - fragments of borrowing (in an article or a fragment of borrowing should not be higher than 6%); Option 2 - the total amount of debt (the sum of all the fragments of borrowing should not exceed 20%). At the end of the article to be published for the first time Article inscription. Checked System “Anti-plagiarism” (for the Russian version, 80% of the author’s text) «iThenticate» and uniqueness of the text ....% - Put the date and signature of the author (s). On the last page of the manuscript should be signed by all the authors. Article students, graduate students and ap- plicants, moreover, must be signed by the sponsor. 11. The decision on publication The final decision on the approval or rejection of the material presented in the sector adopted Editorial Committee RSSU and final. In case of rejection of article sector to the authors reasoned refusal. After the adoption of the material for publication sector directs the author documents, without which the submitted material may not be published. The sector does not make known to the authors of the changes and reductions in the manuscript with an editorial in nature and do not affect the fundamental issues. Articles sent to Gaza without the requirements of these terms of publication, are not considered. Fee with post-graduate and doctoral students for publishing articles will be charged.

147 The certificate of registration of mass media in the Federal service on supervision of legislation observance in sphere of mass communications and cultural heritage protection PE №FS-77-61246 from 03.04.2015.

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