Ingénierie Frugale Pour Les Bases De La Pyramide : Concevoir Des Produits Ouverts Pour Des Contextes Multiples Chloé Lecomte

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Ingénierie Frugale Pour Les Bases De La Pyramide : Concevoir Des Produits Ouverts Pour Des Contextes Multiples Chloé Lecomte Ingénierie frugale pour les bases de la Pyramide : concevoir des produits ouverts pour des contextes multiples Chloé Lecomte To cite this version: Chloé Lecomte. Ingénierie frugale pour les bases de la Pyramide : concevoir des produits ouverts pour des contextes multiples. Génie des procédés. Université de Grenoble, 2014. Français. NNT : 2014GRENI064. tel-01152729 HAL Id: tel-01152729 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01152729 Submitted on 18 May 2015 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. THÈSE Pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITÉ DE GRENOBLE Spécialité : Génie Industriel Arrêté ministériel : 7 août 2006 Présentée par Chloé LECOMTE Thèse dirigée par Eric BLANCO Préparée au sein du Laboratoire G-SCOP Dans l’Ecole doctorale I-MEP2 - Grenoble INP Ingénierie frugale pour les Bases de la Pyramide – Concevoir des produits ouverts pour des contextes multiples Soutenance publique le 01 décembre 2014, devant le jury composé de : Monsieur Jean-François BOUJUT Professeur à Grenoble INP, Président Monsieur Bernard YANNOU Professeur à l’Ecole Centrale Paris, Rapporteur Monsieur Martin STEINERT Professeur à la Norwegian University of Science and Technology Trondheim, Rapporteur Monsieur Philippe GESLIN Professeur à la Haute Ecole ARC Neuchâtel, Examinateur Monsieur Éric BLANCO Maître de conférences HDR à Grenoble INP, Directeur de thèse Monsieur Olivier BOISSIN Maître de conférences à Grenoble INP, Co-encadrant de thèse Vous voyez, repris mon professeur, c’est plus compliqué que vous ne le croyez… C’est le contraire d’une idée d’ingénieur, c’est une idée système, ouverte à l’imprévisible. Non, non, les choses commencent bien. Textbook case, mon ami, textbook case. Le « respect de l’indétermination », c’est ça qu’on enseigne à nos élèves ; partir des principes, des besoins, des systèmes et pas de la technique. C’est vraiment pas de veine. Bruno Latour Aramis ou l’amour des techniques 3 Résumé La globalisation des marchés, la croissance rapide des pays émergents, le défi de la conception durable des produits et services et les besoins des population à bas revenu sont autant d’enjeux qui incitent les entreprises à chercher de nouvelles formes d’organisation et d’innovation y pour répondre. La théorie de la Base de la Pyramide (BoP) s’inscrit dans ce contexte actuel et propose de contribuer à la lutte contre la pauvreté tout en suivant une logique économique. Bien qu’elle soit relativement récente, la littérature sur cette thématique est multiple et s’inscrit aujourd’hui principalement en sciences de gestion et sciences économiques. Les apports dans le domaine de l’ingénierie sont encore assez peu nombreux et de multiples interrogations restent en suspens sur la faisabilité et l’opérationnalité d’une telle approche. L’objectif de ce travail de recherche est de comprendre en quoi les dynamiques d’innovation orientées Base de la Pyramide demandent de repenser les pratiques de conception actuelles, plus particulièrement l’ingénierie frugale. Ce procédé de conception, qui intègre des économies d’usage et de dépense, est exploré comme moyen de concevoir des produits et des services dans le double enjeu de lutte contre la pauvreté et de rentabilité économique. Nos contributions se situent sur deux axes. Le premier s’appuie sur une étude de 215 cas d’innovation BoP relatés dans la littérature pour proposer une catégorisation des stratégies appelées BoP. Cette catégorisation donne lieu à une lecture à multi-niveaux et permet de dégager des constats importants : la difficulté de combiner impact social et impact économique dans une même approche, la dichotomie marquée entre les stratégies de marché et les stratégies inclusives, ainsi que l’existence de multiples contextes BoP qui rend compte d’une tension entre l’assouvissement des besoins (impact local) et la recherche d’un changement d’échelle (impact global). Le deuxième axe de contribution porte sur la conception frugale, prise comme une approche possible orientée Base de la Pyramide. Nous définissons l’ingénierie frugale par la recherche du juste-suffisant entre la proposition d’une valeur essentielle et la recherche d’un bas coût. La proposition de nouveaux concepts, tels que les « Non Trade Off » (éléments non négociables) du processus de conception et l’ « Adaptabilité » d’un produit, nous amène à interroger l’unicité de ce juste-suffisant. La valeur essentielle n’est pas un concept absolu et unique, mais se décline en une multitude de valeurs (re)définies par l’appropriation du produit lors de la conception, la fabrication et l’usage. Cette appropriation passe par des stratégies de focalisation sur des fonctionnalités essentielles, de façon à pouvoir répondre à un environnement pauvre en ressources et en infrastructures, réduire les coûts de production et d’assemblage et répondre à un besoin essentiel. La conception frugale s’inscrit alors dans une logique inclusive, où chaque partie prenante de la chaîne de valeur contribue à redéfinir le juste-suffisant d’un produit frugal en fonction du contexte. Ces résultats, issus de terrains empiriques en Inde et au Vietnam, permettent d’insister sur la prise en compte d’éléments de l’environnement contextuel dans la conception. Nous proposons de représenter ces éléments sous forme de Scènes, pour compléter les outils centrés-utilisateurs existants, et contextualiser la réflexion sur la valeur essentielle du produit. 5 Pour conclure, de ces résultats émergent les prémisses d’un modèle ouvert de la conception frugale qui laisserait d’avantage de flexibilité aux populations de la Base de la Pyramide à s’approprier la valeur essentielle du produit conçu. Concevoir des produits ouverts, adaptables à la variabilité des contextes, permet ainsi d’œuvrer pour un développement plus durable. 6 Abstract Globalization of markets, rapid growth of emerging countries, challenges of a sustainable design and needs of low-income populations trigger companies to look for new forms of organization and innovation. The Base of the Pyramid (BoP) theory takes root on these challenges and suggests fighting against poverty while generating economic growth. Although recent, the literature on this topic is diverse and today falls mainly in management and economic sciences. The contributions in the field of engineering design are quite few, and many questions remain on the feasibility and operability of such an approach. The goal of this research is to understand how the dynamics of the BoP-oriented innovation may require rethinking current design practices. We will particularly explore frugal engineering, a design process that enrolls economy of use and expense, as a means to design products and services within the dual challenge of fighting against poverty and economic growth. Our contributions take place in two areas. The first one is based on a review of 215 BoP case-studies related in the literature: the outcome is a categorization of the BoP-called strategies. This categorization allows a multilevel reading that generates significant findings: the difficulty of combining social and economic impacts within the same approach, the dichotomy between market and inclusive strategies, as well as the existence of multiple BoP contexts which reflects a tension between needs’ satisfaction (local impact) and economy of scale (global impact). The second area of contribution is about frugal design, taken as one possible BoP-oriented approach. We define frugal engineering as the search for a just-enough between a core value and a low-cost proposition. Our proposition of new concepts, such as the “Non Trade Off” during the design process and the “Adaptability” of the product, leads us to question the uniqueness of this just- enough. The core value is not an absolute concept; rather it comes in multiple values (re)defined during design, manufacturing and use phases of the product life cycle. This appropriation is made by focusing on key features of the product, in order to meet the environment, resource and infrastructure constrained, to reduce production and assembly costs, and to meet an essential need. Therefore, frugal design is incorporated in an inclusive logic, in which each stakeholder of the value chain contributes to redefine the just-enough of the product (and process). These results, obtained by empirical studies in India and Vietnam, emphasize the importance of contextual elements to take into account during frugal design. We propose the Scenes as a new tool for representing these elements. The Scenes complement the existing user-centered design tools, and help to contextualize the discussion on the core values of a frugal product. To conclude, the premises of an open frugal design emerge from this research. Such a model would leave more flexibility to the BoP users to appropriate the product themselves and define their own essential values. Thus, designing open and adaptable products is a way to nourish a better sustainable development. 7 Remerciements Au tout début de ma rédaction, je pensais que cette partie de remerciements serait vite expédiée : après avoir passé de longues heures, jours et mois, seule devant mon ordinateur, il ne me semblait pas avoir grand monde à remercier, à part peut-être ma chaise pour son agréable dossier, mon logiciel de musique pour l’ambiance, ou encore mon réseau social sur internet pour les vidéos de chat/chien/dauphin/plus belles plages du monde/descentes de ski freeride. Et je pensais : mais quelle hypocrisie de noircir des lignes de remerciement, alors que la rédaction d’une thèse est un exercice solitaire, d’introspection et de construction personnelle, où on est seul face à notre raisonnement et nos contradictions ! Si je devais remercier quelqu’un, ce serait moi.
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