Above-Ceiling Land, 36, 52, 110, 216 Above the Poverty Line

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above-ceiling land, 36, 52, 110, 216 asprishya sudra caste, 199 above the poverty line (APL), 146 autonomous domain of subaltern con- Abu-Lughod, Lila, 237, 241, 251 sciousness, concept of, 10 addas, 22–23, 201, 205 auto-vans, 90 Adivasipara, 62, 86, 145 auxiliary group (AG), in CPI(M) party par- habitation space in, 108 lance, 77 landless people in, 63 tube well existence in, 146 Bagdi caste, 57 adivasis (tribal), 109, 111, 113–116 participation in CPI(M) party, 112 Agarwal, Bina, 219 Bagdipara hamlet, in Kadampur village, 67 agricultural labourers habitations of, 68 grievances in Kalipur village, 196 primary school newly built structure, 68 wages, growth of, 32, 151, 247 bajras, 54 agriculture, in West Bengal Balwant Rai Mehta Committee (1957), 39 annual growth rate between 1983–84 Bamunpara, 104 and 1991–92, 141 Bandyopadhyay, D., 29 Arun Kole’s views on development of, Bandyopadhyay, Krishna, 226–227 141 Bandyopadhyay, Sekhar, 27, 34, 36–38, 40– scenario of, 30–32 42, 45, 112, 160, 191 tenancy reform effect on, 33–34 Banerjee, Mamata, 164, 167, 189 Ahammad, 89, 118–119, 121, 136–137 Banerjee, Mukulika, 145 All Bengal Primary Teachers Association Banerjee, Pranab, 109 (ABPTA), 75, 137–138 Bardhan, Pranab, 2, 41 All India Krishak Sabha (AIKS), 48, 52. bargadars/sharecroppers, in West Bengal, See also Communist Party of India (Marx- 33, 36–37, 186, 191 ist) CPI(M) among SCs and STs, 38 Alm, Bjorn, 91, 96, 135 conditions under West Bengal Land anganwadi. See Integrated Child Develop- Reforms Act 1955, 195 ment Scheme (ICDS) and CPI(M) party, 143–145 Anthropological Survey of India, 197 eviction of land by, 39 Anthropologists, in post-colonial period, 20 of Kadampur village, 67 anti-land acquisition movement, 17 position in land acquisition, 170 leadership of, 167 rights of, 160 against Tata car project, 160–167 barga lands, 140, 144, 244 Appadurai, Arjun, 237, 250, 253 baroloks (the rich), 109

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baro neta (an important leader), 92 47, 74–76, 142–143, 150, 192, 235, 240, baudi (sister-in-law), 99 243, 251–253 bazar, 125. See also ganja Chattopadhyay, Raghabendra, 42, 98 below the poverty line (BPL), 86, 146 chhotoloks, 87, 100, 197, 238–239 Indira Awaas Yojana for, 181–182 civil society, 12, 156 ration cards, 61, 71 class and CPI(M) party, 136–140 benami lands, 36, 207, 216 collective enterprise, 110 Beneficiary committees, of CPI(M), 81 colonial history, study of, 10 bhadraloks, 87, 100, 197, 239 communist government, of West Bengal, 1 Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), 113 Communist Party of India (CPI), 52–53 Bhattacharya, Buddhadeb, 157 Communist Party of India (Marxist) Bhattacharya, Harihar, 1, 45, 48–49, 85, 92, CPI(M), 25, 49, 64, 75, 89, 112, 203 107, 253 and bargadars, 143–145 Bhattacharya, Moitree, 1, 14, 44–45, 50, benefits distribution and, 151–155 85–86, 106, 217, 253 elections and social groups, 145–148 Bhattacharya, Rabindranath, 168 and ethnicity, 75–77 Bhattacharyya, Dwaipayan, 1–2, 5, 46–48, interim parliamentary elections in 1971, 75, 134, 136–137, 245–246, 248, 250 52 Bhawmik, S.K., 33 and its control, 122–126 bidroha, 9 and its faction, 126–129 Birla company, 162, 176 Krishak Sabha of, 48 Biswas, Ranjita, 24 literacy mission implementation, politi- Block Development Office (BDO), 161, cal aim behind, 98 164 objectives of, 44 boro crop, 32–34 Pakhi Murmu’s decision to again join, Bose, Pradip Kumar, 214 113 Branch committee, of CPI(M), 80, 88, 245 and panchayat, 96–98 Brown, Jennifer, 221 panchayat benefits distribution, 46 burimatala, 62 party members of, 136–137 and politics of land acquisition, 168–172 caste(s) responsible for loss of interest in PRIs, 45 and CPI(M) party, 136–140 support to peasant movement, 47 and labour, 194–197 Tata Motors car project, in West Bengal and power, 206–209 (see Tata Motors small car project, in and social hierarchy West Bengal) in Kadampur village, 203–206 Communist Party of India–Marxist–Leninist in Kalipur village, 197–203 (CPI-ML), 226 Cernea, M.M., 177, 252 community, in rural spaces, 244–250 Chakrabarty, Samir, 96–, 97, 153 Congress party, 40 chashas (the cultivators), 201 dominance in Chatterjee, Naru, 74–75, 77, 92, 123, 136, 1962 assembly elections, 52 139, 146, 152 Hooghly district of post-colonial Chatterjee, Partha, 2–3, 5–6, 10–13, 15–16, period, 52

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food crisis in 1960s due to monopoly of, 30 Dhara, Dhiren, 177–178, 189–190 jotedar–landlord combination support from, Dhara, Niren, 190, 192 47 Dhar, Anup, 24 Mahishyas caste support to, 207 dharma, 113 Pakhi Murmu’s decision not to join, 113 Dharmashastra, 196 contemporary regime of power in India, dhing, 9 characteristics of, 11 didimani (mistress), 102 Corbridge, Stuart, 46, 92, 98, 106, 253 displacement, 5 crisis of governability, 107 Domes caste, 62 cultivation seasons, in West Bengal, 78 Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961, 220 Custers, Peter, 216, 226 Duflo, Esther, 42, 98 Dules caste, 57 Da Costa, Dia, 165 Durga puja festival, 62 Damodar Valley Corporation (DVC) Durgapur Expressway, 66 project, 55 Dutta, Manoj, 77, 123, 135, 147, 151, 202, Das Choudhury, Sujata, 221 211 Dasgupta, Abhijit, 2, 119, 122 Duyker, Edward, 243 Dasgupta, Rajarshi, 122 Das, Jagannath, 158 Early History of Ceylon (G.C. Mendis), 66 Das, Kalpana, 122, 131 East India Company, 11 Das, Kanika, 180 economic changes, 8 Das, Nirmal, 88, 122–123, 136–137 economy, of West Bengal Daspara hamlet, in Kadampur village agricultural labourers, increase in rate Mahishya houses in, 68 of, 30 origin of name, 67 basic household amenities, 28 Das, Subimal, 170–171 electrification facility, slow growth of, Das, Tarak, 92 28–29 decentralization, 78–84 growth rate of SDP between 1993–94 democratic, 1, 3, 7 and 2000–01, 27 impact on West Bengal, 19 landholding distribution pattern, 29–30 rural, 17 NSSO survey on employment condi- and VEC, 93–96 tions, 28 democratic process, in India, 5, 11 proportion of main male workers, de- Democratic Youth Federation of India creasing rate of, 28 (DYFI), 115, 118, 123 proportion of population below the pov- developmentled dispossession, 5 erty line in 1999–2000, 28 Dhaniakhali Thana Committee, 153 educated youths and its leaders, 132–135 Dhaniakhali Thana Cooperative Agricul- elite and subaltern domains, complex rela- tural Marketing Society Limited, 89, 153 tionship between, 10 Dhaniakhali village, in West Bengal Elster, Jon, 186 ethnographic research in, 21 Emergency rule of Congress, 52 Food for Work scheme utilization by, 97 Employment Assurance Scheme, 46 tribal people population in, 248 empowerment, of lower castes, 210–213

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Estate Acquisition Act (EAA) 1953, 36 mandatory to conduct gram sansad (vil- ethnicity and CPI(M), 75–77 lage council) meetings, 43 ethnographic methods of enquiry, 18–20, number and percentage of won uncon- 24 tested, 45 ethnoscapes, meaning of, 250 seats as per landholding size class, 41 share of women and SCs–STs in total fituri, 9 seats, 41 Floud Commission Report, 191 with women and SCs–STs pradhans, 42 food crisis gram sabha, 11, 14, 42 in mid-1960s, 30 gram sansad (village council), 43–44, 82, peasants mobilization for food from 85–93, 210 government, 52 Gramsci, Antonio, 8, 10 Food for Work scheme, 97 Gram Unnayan Samiti, 40. See also Village foodgrain production Development Committee (VDC) growth of, 31–32 Green Revolution technology, 11, 30–31, stagnation, causes of, 34–35 34 Forward Block (FB), 52–53, 151 Guha, Abhijit, 162, 177 Foucault, Michel, 15, 17, 46, 240, 253 Guha, Ramachandra, 223 Guha, Ranajit, 9, 110–111, 115, 223 Ganatantrik Mahila Samiti (Democratic Guide committee, of CPI(M), 81 Women’s Association), 86 Gupta, Dipankar, 1–2, 7, 193, 250 ganja, 125, 148 garir kishan, 171 Harisabha, 87 Gazdar, Haris, 32, 34 Harriss-White, Barbara, 141–143 gender inequalities, 39, 219, 221 Hembram, Haren, 116 Ghatak, Maitreesh, 14, 32–33, 40, 43, 84, Hembram, Rina, 91 86, 217 high-yielding variety (HYV) seeds, 32–33 gherao, 164 Hindu Succession Act, 1956, 219–221 Ghoshpara hamlet, in Kadampur village, 67 historical transition, 6 families condition in, 68 Hobsbawm, E.J., 8 types of castes in, 67 Hooghly district Ghurye, G. S., 199 assembly constituencies of, 51 government-aided school education, for geographical location of, 51 Muslim boys, 119 industrial belt of, 51 governmentality, concept of, 13–17, 46. see political landscape of, 52 also Foucault, Michel hool, 9, 115 ‘governmentalization of the state,’ 11 Government of West Bengal (GoWB), 27, Indira Awaas Yojana, 63, 81–82, 97, 108, 75, 194, 221, 254 181 Gowala caste, 67, 71, 185, 199, 203 Industrialization for the Toiling Masses Gowalas, 199, 203 (Buddhadeb Bhattacharya), 157 gram panchayats institutionalization of political parties, 107 constitution in 1964, 39 insurgency, peasant, 9, 111, 251

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Integrated Child Development Scheme peasants involvement in state politics, (ICDS), 61, 64–65, 88, 94, 102–104, 131, 236 241 polarization of political forces in, 177– Integrated Rural Development Programme 178 (IRDP), 45, 82, 97 social hierarchy in, 203–206 International Women’s Day ceremony (8 study of, 22, 51 March), 104 village agricultural landholding in hands of different social groups, 70 jajman, 196 women’s committee in, 179–180 jami dewyar dale (a member of land-givers’ Kalipur village, 51 group), 184–185. See also Mandal, Santash average village agricultural land with Jana, Samir, 171 different social groups, 58 jatras, 204 CPI(M) electoral success in, 155 Jawahar Rozgar Yojana (JRY), 45, 82, 97 Dhaniakhali market in Jeffery, Patricia, 230, 232–233 woven goods production, 53 Jeffery, Roger, 230, 232–233 distribution and percentage of house- Jha, Manish K., 193 holds Jharkhand Disam Party ( JDP), 248 in each social group as per their pri- John, Mary E., 217 mary and secondary occupation, 60 joint pattas, 39 as per different landholding size Joshi, P.C., 7–8, 19 class, 57–58 jotedars, 47–48, 52, 216 as per landholding size classes in different social groups, 59 Kadampur Pally Unnayan Sangha, 177 as per social groups, 56 Kadampur village existing wage rate in, 247 anti-land acquisition movement in, 178 geographical location of, 53 caste-wise distribution households in, 55–56 and percentage of households, 70 infrastructure of, 64–65 and percentage of sharecroppers, 71 intertwined with Madhupur village, 54 distribution and percentage of house- Kayastha caste families, construction of holds temples by, 54 as per different castes, 68 link with river Damodar river, 54 as per different landholding classes, localized traditional system of produc- 69–70 tion of foodgrains, 193 division into hamlets, 67 Muslim dwellings made of mud walls, geographical location of, 66 62 history of, 66 Muslim minorities in, 61 localized traditional system of produc- Muslims vote for CPI(M) in, 122 tion of foodgrains, 193 peasants involvement in state politics, mud road connects village with other 236 neighbouring village, 66–67 population as per SSA of, 61 new kind of peasant mobilization in, social hierarchy in, 197–203 251–254 tribal people aggrieved towards depriva-

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tion from governmental benefits, 147 Land Reform Act (LRA) 1955, 36–37, 52 VEC packed with sympathizers of land reforms, 40 CPI(M) party, 94 features of, 37 Kamar caste, 196 history of kam selai, 120 phases of, 36–38 karmadhaksha, 124, 139 land rights and gender, 219–222 karmadhashas, 87 lathials (people who fought with sticks), Kaviraj, Sudipta, 143 110 Kayastha castes Left Front rule, in West Bengal, 5, 27, 48. women awareness about gram sansad see also Communist Party of India (Marx- meeting, 87 ist) CPI(M) youth support to ruling party, 132 emergence of, 4 Kayasthapara, 104 market strategy of, 141 Keck, Margaret E., 253 Panchayati raj introduction by, 40 khas lands, 36, 52 seventh government intention for in- khet majoor (agricultural labourer), 79 dustrialization and urbanization pro- Kohli, Atul, 48, 107 grammes, 35 Kole, Arun, 141 transformation of power, 238–244 Kole, Kamal, 172 unusual stability of, 1–2 Kole, Naren, 89, 153–154 utilization of governmental technolo- Kole, Timir, 87, 139 gies for mobilizing people, 13 Koran, 119 Lieten, G.K., 1, 19, 40 Krishak Sabha, of CPI(M), 48, 80, 115, 160, Lindberg, Staffan, 235 168 livelihood and land movement, 172–177 kulaks, 77 local self-government Kumors caste, 196 and empowerment, 84–85 nature of operation of, 75 labourers problems, during Left Front rule, and women, 104–105 142 lower castes, 86–87, 100, 139, 196, 199, 202, Lacan, J., 24 209 Lalgarh movement (2008), 248 efforts to move up in ritual hierarchy, Land Acquisition Act, 1894, 157, 160, 167, 200 222, 254 empowerment of (see empowerment, of land acquisition, for Tata project lower castes) aftermath impact of, 185–192 mobility in socio-religious hierarchy, and land givers, 184–185 200 movement/resistance against, 172–177 role in social function, 200 politics of, 168–172 landholding distribution, pattern of Madhupur village, 54 from 1961–81, 29 infrastructure of, 64–65 from 1985–96, 30 Muslim minorities in, 61 landowner and CPI(M) party, 143–145 population of, 61 land pattas, 39 Madrasa education, for Muslim girls, 119

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Mahabharata, 113 Mitra, Utpal, 89 Mahila Samiti (Women’s Committee), 95, Mookherjee, Dilip, 2, 19–20, 41–42 115, 130, 202, 241 moram road, 55, 159 Mahishya castes morhol (chief ), 116–117, 237, 248 in Kadampur village, 67 Mother–Teacher Association (MTA), 105 in Kalipur village, 56, 61 Muchipara, 90 land movement and, 172–177 Muchis, 49, 57, 62, 90, 194, 196, 199 support to Congress party, 207 Muchis caste, 57 youth support to ruling party, 132 Mukherjee, Suman, 109, 114, 128–129 Majhi, Bishu, 136 Mukherji, Aditi, 35 Majhi, Ganesh, 138 multidimensional agrarian poverty, 141 Majumdar, Manabi, 2 muri (puffed rice), 63, 119 Malik, Kanak, 90 Murmu, Chand, 116 Malik, Khagen, 78, 80–84, 88, 92, 96, 124, Murmu, Pakhi, 79–81, 86, 108–113, 128– 129, 136, 152 129, 137, 145, 209 Malik, Lakhi, 91 Muslim leaders and CPI(M), 118–122 Malik, Pritilata, 129–131 Muslimpara village, 62–63, 89, 119–121 Malik, Rina, 91 Mandal, Bidhan, 81, 85, 99, 109, 112, 124– nabasakha castes, 199 126 Namasudra movement in Bengal (1872– Mandal, Mohon, 180–181 1947), 112 Mandal, Puspa, 100–102 Nandigram village in West Bengal, people’s Mandal, Santash, 184–185 movement/resistance in, 5, 157, 188, 190 Mandi, Bimala, 90 Napits, 196, 199 marginal groups, 85–93 nari bahini or women’s ‘semi-militia’ Marketing Society, of CPI(M), 153–155 nari bahini (women’s ‘semi-militia’), 226 Marxists National Rehabilitation and Resettlement criticism against theories of, 8 Bill, 2011, 254 views on development, 157 National Rural Employment Guarantee Matthews, Jessica T., 253 Act (NREGA), 182, 196 Mayer, Adrian, 193 National Rural Employment Programme Mendis, G.C., 66 (NREP), 97 mid-day meals scheme, in primary schools, National Sample Survey office (NSSO), 28, 82 30 Miller, Jacques-Alain, 24 Situation Assessment Survey of Farm- minimum wage rate, for agricultural la- ers (2003), 154 bourers in West Bengal, 151 nayeb, 54 Mishra, Surjya Kanta, 45 neo-liberal economic reforms, since 1990s, Mitakshara system, 219 127 Mitra, Ira, 160 neo-liberalism, 5 Mitra, Sandip, 2 neo-rich jotedars dominance, 47 Mitra, Sudhir Kumar, 51, 53–54, 66 Newman, Katherine S., 196 Mitra, Swapan, 133 new style of leadership, 135

276 | Index

Nielsen, Kenneth Bo, 162, 192 Survey of India, 197 Nigam, Aditya, 175 Planning Commission, 28, 156 political campaigns, 22 ‘opening up a line,’ 121–122 political mobilizations, 13, 22, 179, 245 Operation Barga, 27, 32–33, 37, 67, 160. See political parties, 107 also Left Front rule, in West Bengal characteristics of, 13 organized party politics, in India, 20 people’s interaction with, 3 Other Backward Castes (OBCs), in Kalipur reading of people’s demand by, 3 village, 55–60 securing credibility of providing government benefits to population, 12 Pal, Jiban, 201 treatment to people as per ethnic iden- Pal, Khetra, 140–144 tity, 4 Pal, Manabendra, 135–136, 140 political power, 46–50 Panchayat Act in 1957, 39 political relationship, of domination and Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs), 1, 11, subordination, 9 14, 27, 31, 40, 50, 77, 215 political society, concept of, 5, 12 panchayati raj system contemporary politics of peasant analy- amended thrice during Left Front rule, ses through, 74 39–40 governmentality and, 13–17 and caste, 98–102 politics and CPI(M), 96–98 changing pattern in rural areas, 21 elections in 1978, 40 of land acquisition, 168–172 and gender, 98–102 operating at margin of domain of organ- and people, 180–182 ized politics, 5 reservation policy in, 139–140 politics of middleness, 47, 136 routing of resources with involvement of post-colonial period political parties, 46 rural scenario after, 11 panchayat pradhan, 21 study of history, 10 Patnaik, Utsa, 235 post-colonial phenomenon, 12 Patra, Ajit, 121 post-1977 West Bengal Patra, Kanti, 177–178 uninterrupted rule of Left Front gov- Patra, Swarup, 89 ernment till 2011, 107 pattadars, 38–39 potato trading, in rural West Bengal, 142 pattas (legal ownership papers), 38–39, Prabahaman Sikhsa Kendra, 127 221–222 pradhan (chair of the gram panchayat), 40, peasant insurgency, 111, 251 42–43, 57, 77 peasant masses, participation in state insti- Scheduled Castes, 78–84 tutions, 236 pre-political phenomenon, 8–9 peasant movement, in rural areas, 47 private sector banks, in rural areas, 154 peasant movements/rebellions, 4, 6 puja mandap, 22, 62 in colonial period, 8 Pushpendra, 193 new kind of, 251–254 Putnam, Robert D., 248–249 ‘People of India’ project, of Anthropological

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rajniti, meaning of, 80–81 Santhal community, 62, 108, 115, 220, 238, Ramayana, 113 243 Rampura village, changes in, 1 Santra, Kamala, 182 Randeria, Shalini, 220 Santra, Santanu, 126–128, 144, 147 Rawal, Vikash, 31–33 Sanyal, Kalyan, 6, 15–16, 251 reservation of seats, legislations for, 11 Sarkar, Abhirup, 2 Revolutionary Socialist Party (RSP), 108, sarkari, 9 112, 116–117, 128 Sarkar, Mrinal, 85, 94–95, 107 Risley, H.H., 199 Sarva Siksha Abhiyan (SSA) project, 23, Roy, Bidhan, 140 61, 68, 210 Roy, Dayabati, 4, 62, 85, 148, 166, 214, 253 Save Agricultural Land Committee Roy, Singha, 234 (SALC), 158, 162–164, 171–172, 177–180, Rudolph, Lloyd I., 143, 156 186, 223, 226–227, 249 Rudolph, Susanne Hoeber, 143, 156 scapes, meaning of, 250 Ruidas, Benu, 90 Scheduled Castes (SCs), 11, 14 rural power, structure of, 140–143 CPI(M) treatment to, 49 Rural Restoration Scheme (1978), 97 in Kalipur village, 55 rural society(ies) pattadar and bargadars among, 38 changes in, 7 pradhan involvement in organized state study of, 7 domain, 242 rural West Bengal pradhans, in gram panchayats, 42 devising of development programmes of share in gram panchayat seats, 41 state by people, 3 Scheduled Tribes (STs), 11, 14 dynamics of changes, 2–3 benefits of government welfare pro- governmental intervention in policies grammes, 82 of, 1 in Kalipur village, 55 institutional politics role in, 214–215 leaders involvement in organized state people’s resistance in Singur and Nandi- domain, 242 gram, 5 pattadar and bargadars among, 38 potato trading in, 142 pradhans, in gram panchayats, 42 sociological changes in, 2 share in gram panchayat seats, 41 state and political parties influence in Scott, James C., 192, 222, 225 life of people, 107 Searle–Chatterjee, Mary, 193 Ruud, Arild E., 3–4, 9, 14, 19, 49, 112, 203 Self Help Group (SHG), 82, 86, 123 Malikpara women joining of, 129 sabhadhipati (president), of zilla parishad, womenfolk organized in, 131 168 Sen, Amartya K., 232 sabhapati (president) of panchayat samiti, Sengupta, Sunil, 32, 34 168 Shah, Ghanashyam, 197, 206 Saha, Kripasindhu, 151 shallow tube wells (STWs), 32 sahukari, 9 Sharma, Ursula, 193, 220 Saikat, 133 sholo ana, 199–200 Samanta, Sunil, 95, 149–151 Sikkink, Kathryn, 253

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siksha sahayika, 94 tenancy reform on agriculture, effects of, Singha Roy, Debal Kumar, 234 33–34 single pattas, 39 Thorat, Sukhadeo, 196 Singur village, in West Bengal three-tier system of local government, 39 connected with two railway lines since Tili caste, 54 colonial days, 66 transformation of power, 238–244 CPI’s victory in first elections of 1952, transpositional assessment, 20 52 tribal community and its leaders, 108–117 ethnographic research in, 21 Tribal Sub-plan (TSP), 97 peasant movement, 156 Trinamul Congress (TMC), 52–53, 113, peoples resistance in, 5 128, 157, 162–164, 184, 188, 218, 223. See resistance against Tata Motors car also Banerjee, Mamata project, 160–167, 190 Tudu, Sanatan, 79–80, 86, 88, 111–112, Singhas migration from, 66 112, 114–116, 136–137 Tebhaga peasant movement in, 52–53 women and, 217–219 Ugrakshatriya caste, 54 social groups and CPI(M) party, 145–148 ulgulan, 9 Socialist Unity Centre of India (SUCI) Uni partir lok (he is a party functionary), 92 party, 162, 171, 178–180, 223 United Front government, 37, 115 sonar chand (golden moon), 173 Universal Elementary Education (UEE), sonar chand jami (most precious land), 173 104 Special Component Programme (SCP), 97 universal literacy mission (1988), 98 Special Economic Zones Act, 2003, 254 upa-pradhan (deputy-chief ), 81, 99–100, Special Economic Zones (SEZs), 5, 157 210, 227 Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty, 8, 10 Utilization Certificate (UC), 82 sraddha (last rite), 117 Srinivas, M.N., 1, 7–8, 193, 196, 200, 205 Varshney, Ashutosh, 143 State Domestic Product (SDP), 27 village club and leader, 177–179 State Institute of Panchayats and Rural De- Village Development Committee (VDC), velopment (SIPRD), 39 14, 40, 114. See also Gram Unnayan Samiti state-led politics, 107 Village Education Committee (VEC), 14, state, notion of, 5 22, 82–83, 125, 131, 210. See also Malik, statization of society, in India, 15 Pritilata subaltern consciousness, ideas of, 8–13, aim of, 93 235–236 decentralization and, 93–96 Sumanta, 187–189 education and, 93–96 Swaminathan, Madhura, 31–33 villages, Indian changes taken place in, 1 Tata Motors small car project, in West methodology for study of, 17–24 Bengal, 156–157 social groups existence in, 4 forms of resistance against, 160–167 Visaria, Leela, 220 women’s resistance against, 217–219 Tebhaga peasant movement, 52–53, 216 water-extracting machines (WEM), 35

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Webster, Neil, 1, 19, 43, 47 and party, 129–132 ‘well-wisher of the panchayat,’ 92 pradhans, in gram panchayats, 42–43 West Bengal reservation in panchayat for, 98 division of castes in, 198 resistance against land acquisition, 228– study conducted in 2003-06, 2–3 232 West Bengal Industrial Development Cor- right to agricultural land in Kadampur poration, 157 village, 219 West Bengal Land Reforms Act 1955, 160, in Santhal community, 115 195, 224 share in gram panchayat seats, 41 West Bengal Panchayat Act, 1973, 39 and Singur movement, 217–219 West Bengal Panchayat Act amendment, worker, small industry and big capital, 2003, 40 182–183 West Bengal Panchayat Joint Committee, World Institute for Development of Eco- 97 nomics and Research (WIDER), 32 white-collar jobs, 151–155 Williams, Glyn, 14, 45–46, 49, 106, 108, youths 126, 155 association and its leaders, 132–135 women’s joining of political parties for benefits, committee in Kadampur village, 179– 152 180 discrimination in VEC, 94 zamindari, 9 land movement and organized domain, zilla parishad, 39, 42, 94, 104, 168 222–228 Zilla Parishad Act, 1963, 39 local state and governance, 104–105