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The Kinematic Structure of a Hurricane with Sea Level Pressure Less Than 900 Mb

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The Kinematic Structure of a Hurricane with Sea Level Pressure Less Than 900 Mb JUNE 1999 DODGE ET AL. 987 The Kinematic Structure of a Hurricane with Sea Level Pressure Less Than 900 mb PETER DODGE,ROBERT W. B URPEE,* AND FRANK D. MARKS JR. Hurricane Research Division, AOML/NOAA, Miami, Florida (Manuscript received 7 January 1998, in ®nal form 18 June 1998) ABSTRACT A National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration aircraft recorded the ®rst Doppler radar data in a tropical cyclone with a minimum sea level pressure (MSLP) ,900 mb during a reconnaissance mission in Hurricane Gilbert on 14 September 1988, when its MSLP was ;895 mb. A previous mission had found an MSLP of 888 mb, making Gilbert the most intense tropical cyclone yet observed in the Atlantic basin. Radar re¯ectivity identi®ed the hurricane eye, inner and outer eyewalls, a stratiform region between the eyewalls, and an area outside the outer eyewall that contained a few rainbands but that had mostly stratiform rain. Pseudo±dual Doppler analyses depict the three-dimensional kinematic structure of the inner eyewall and a portion of the outer eyewall. The vertical pro®les of tangential wind and re¯ectivity maxima in the inner eyewall are more erect than in weaker storms, and winds .50 m s21 extended to 12 km, higher than has been reported in previous hurricanes. The inner eyewall contained weak in¯ow throughout most of its depth. In contrast, the portion of the outer eyewall described here had shallow in¯ow and a broad region of out¯ow. The stratiform region between the two eyewalls had lower re¯ectivities and was the only region where the vertically incident Doppler radar data seemed to show downward motion below the freezing level. Gilbert's structure is compared with other intense Atlantic and eastern North Paci®c hurricanes with MSLP .900 mb. Storms with lower MSLP have higher wind speeds in both inner and outer eyewalls, and wind speeds .50ms21 extend higher in storms with lower MSLP. Hurricanes Gilbert and Gloria (1985), the strongest Atlantic hurricanes yet analyzed by the Hurricane Research Division, had different outer eyewall structures. Gloria's outer eyewall had a deep region of in¯ow, while Gilbert's in¯ow layer was shallow. This may explain differences in the subsequent evolution of the two storms. 1. Introduction Paci®c (WNP) basin than in the Atlantic. For example, from 1958 to 1985 crews on reconnaissance aircraft The minimum sea level pressure (MSLP) of a tropical reported that 37 of the tropical cyclones in the WNP cyclone rarely falls below 900 mb. In the Atlantic basin (8% of the total) had MSLP ,900 mb (Joint Typhoon reliable estimates of the MSLP of named tropical cy- Warning Center 1958±85, hereafter JTWC). clones (those having sustained 1-min surface winds $18 Relatively little is known about the structure of trop- 21 ms ) have been available since 1944, the ®rst year of ical cyclones with MSLPs ,900 mb. Jordan (1961) ex- routine airborne reconnaissance of tropical systems. amined rawinsonde and ¯ight-level data collected in the From then through 1996 there were 522 named tropical eyes of eight WNP typhoons with MSLP ,900 mb. As cyclones [Neumann et al. (1993); and subsequent sea- these typhoons approached their most intense stages sonal summaries from the National Hurricane Center they had pressure falls .2.4 mb h21 for at least 12 h, (NHC, now called the Tropical Prediction Center)], but deepening more rapidly than Holliday and Thompson's only two had an MSLP 900 mb: Hurricane Allen of , (1979) threshold for ``rapidly intensifying'' typhoons 1980 (899 mb) and Hurricane Gilbert of 1988 (888 mb). (1.75 mb h21). At the time of the minimum MSLP, the Previously, the Florida Keys Labor Day hurricane of eye diameter was ,40 km, and the air in the eye was 1935 had an MSLP of 892 mb. Tropical cyclones of warm (700 mb temperatures .258C in six of the eight this intensity occur more frequently in the western North cases) and often dry (relative humidity ,50% in ®ve of the eight cases). Later, as the MSLP began to increase, the air in the eye cooled and moistened. * Current af®liation: Tropical Prediction Center, NWS/NOAA, Mi- The structure of less intense hurricanes and typhoons ami, Florida. has been studied in greater detail. For example, Wil- loughby (1990) examined ¯ight-level and radar data to determine the basic structure of hurricanes with maxi- Corresponding author address: Peter Dodge, Hurricane Research 21 Division, Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, mum sustained winds .45ms and MSLP .900 mb. 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149. He concluded that these hurricanes usually have a con- E-mail: [email protected] vective ring outside the eyewall that contains a local Unauthenticated | Downloaded 10/01/21 10:01 AM UTC 988 MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW VOLUME 127 maximum in tangential wind. Often the convective ring velocity between Alicia and Norbert may be related to contracts, the eyewall weakens, the MSLP rises, and the intensity change. Alicia was slowly strengthening but convective ring becomes a new eyewall. Willoughby et Norbert was weakening. al. (1982) referred to the convective ring as an outer Franklin et al. (1993) incorporated airborne Doppler eyewall and proposed that its contraction is part of a data in a kinematic analysis of Hurricane Gloria of 1985, concentric eyewall cycle. WNP reconnaissance crews one of the most intense hurricanes observed in the At- noted concentric eyewalls in 58% of the typhoons with lantic basin. When the Doppler aircraft was in Gloria's MSLP ,900 mb (JTWC), even though they were not eye, the hurricane had an MSLP of 919 mb, 3 mb higher required to report this pattern. than its lowest value. Gloria's three-dimensional wind In one of the ®rst descriptions of the vertical structure structure differed somewhat from that in Alicia and Nor- of strong hurricanes, Hawkins and Imbembo (1976) es- bert, because the RMW did not slope outward with timated wind ®elds in the intense stage of Hurricane height below 500 mb, and the maximum wind was at Inez (1966) by combining ¯ight-level data recorded at 550 mb, well above the boundary layer. Franklin et al. ®ve different levels, from 950 to 150 mb. They showed suggested that the difference in the vertical structure of a vertical ring of winds .50 m s21 extending well above the vortex occurred because Gloria was in the early the 500-mb ¯ight level. Flow into the eyewall was con- stages of a concentric eyewall cycle; in¯ow that resulted ®ned to some layer below 750 mb. Knowledge of the from subsidence inward of the outer eyewall caused vertical structure of tropical cyclones was greatly en- tangential winds in the midtropospheric part of the inner hanced after the Aircraft Operations Center (AOC) eyewall to increase, thus reducing the slope of the RMW. mounted a prototype airborne Doppler radar in the tail This paper presents analyses of data from a recon- of one of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Ad- naissance ¯ight in Hurricane Gilbert on 14 September ministration's (NOAA's) WP-3D research aircraft. Since 1988, when its MSLP was ;895 mb, a few millibars the summer of 1982, the Hurricane Research Division higher than the minimum MSLP the previous day. The (HRD) has collected airborne Doppler data with this NOAA aircraft assigned to the mission had the prototype radar during research and operational reconnaissance Doppler radar and recorded the ®rst airborne Doppler ¯ights in several tropical cyclones and has developed radar data in a storm with MSLP ,900 mb. The goal techniques to calculate reliable wind ®elds throughout was to provide forecasters at NHC with information for the troposphere, wherever there are suf®cient radar scat- operational warnings and prediction, rather than to re- terers. cord research data. Operational reconnaissance required Based on analyses of airborne Doppler radar velocity ¯ight tracks that were not optimal for post¯ight Doppler data, Marks and Houze (1987) described the three-di- analyses, and the prototype Doppler data system did not mensional wind ®eld within 40 km of the center of record the Doppler velocities continuously. After the mature Hurricane Alicia of 1983 (MSLP 5 962 mb). ¯ight, the incomplete datasets from Gilbert's core were These analyses showed that the radius of maximum combined to estimate the axisymmetric components of wind (RMW) sloped outward with height and corrob- the three-dimensional wind ®eld. The analyses of the orated the outward slope of the RMW in composites of airborne Doppler data are compared with those of pre- ¯ight-level data (Willoughby et al. 1982; Jorgensen viously analyzed hurricanes and Willoughby's concep- 1984a,b) and numerical simulations of hurricanes (Wil- tual model of hurricanes with concentric eyewalls. loughby et al. 1984). Willoughby (1988) presented a conceptual model of the axisymmetric part of the core 2. Storm history and the reconnaissance ¯ight in which the radial and vertical motions de®ne the sec- ondary circulation. The radial motion is inward at low Hurricane Gilbert developed from a tropical wave that levels and outward in the upper troposphere, and the was ®rst identi®ed in satellite imagery near the African rising branch of the secondary circulation is located coast on 3 September 1988 (Lawrence and Gross 1989). along the inner edge of the eyewall. The Doppler winds The wave became a depression and then a tropical storm from Alicia provided the ®rst observational evidence on 9 September near Martinique and a hurricane south from a single tropical cyclone of the secondary circu- of Puerto Rico a day later. Gilbert devastated Jamaica lation. The updraft cores, deduced from vertically in- as it moved west-northwestward across the northwestern cident Doppler radar data, occurred most frequently on Caribbean Sea, then strengthened rapidly, reaching its the inner edge of the eyewall and tended to be strongest lowest MSLP to the east of the Yucatan peninsula.
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