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Long-Term Live Imaging of the Drosophila Adult Midgut Reveals
TOOLS AND RESOURCES Long-term live imaging of the Drosophila adult midgut reveals real-time dynamics of division, differentiation and loss Judy Lisette Martin1, Erin Nicole Sanders1,2, Paola Moreno-Roman1,3, Leslie Ann Jaramillo Koyama1,2, Shruthi Balachandra1, XinXin Du1, Lucy Erin O’Brien1* 1Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States; 2Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States; 3Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States Abstract Organ renewal is governed by the dynamics of cell division, differentiation and loss. To study these dynamics in real time, we present a platform for extended live imaging of the adult Drosophila midgut, a premier genetic model for stem-cell-based organs. A window cut into a living animal allows the midgut to be imaged while intact and physiologically functioning. This approach prolongs imaging sessions to 12–16 hr and yields movies that document cell and tissue dynamics at vivid spatiotemporal resolution. By applying a pipeline for movie processing and analysis, we uncover new and intriguing cell behaviors: that mitotic stem cells dynamically re-orient, that daughter cells use slow kinetics of Notch activation to reach a fate-specifying threshold, and that enterocytes extrude via ratcheted constriction of a junctional ring. By enabling real-time study of midgut phenomena that were previously inaccessible, our platform opens a new realm for dynamic understanding of adult organ renewal. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.36248.001 *For correspondence: [email protected] Competing interests: The authors declare that no Introduction competing interests exist. -
The Brill Typeface User Guide & Complete List of Characters
The Brill Typeface User Guide & Complete List of Characters Version 2.06, October 31, 2014 Pim Rietbroek Preamble Few typefaces – if any – allow the user to access every Latin character, every IPA character, every diacritic, and to have these combine in a typographically satisfactory manner, in a range of styles (roman, italic, and more); even fewer add full support for Greek, both modern and ancient, with specialised characters that papyrologists and epigraphers need; not to mention coverage of the Slavic languages in the Cyrillic range. The Brill typeface aims to do just that, and to be a tool for all scholars in the humanities; for Brill’s authors and editors; for Brill’s staff and service providers; and finally, for anyone in need of this tool, as long as it is not used for any commercial gain.* There are several fonts in different styles, each of which has the same set of characters as all the others. The Unicode Standard is rigorously adhered to: there is no dependence on the Private Use Area (PUA), as it happens frequently in other fonts with regard to characters carrying rare diacritics or combinations of diacritics. Instead, all alphabetic characters can carry any diacritic or combination of diacritics, even stacked, with automatic correct positioning. This is made possible by the inclusion of all of Unicode’s combining characters and by the application of extensive OpenType Glyph Positioning programming. Credits The Brill fonts are an original design by John Hudson of Tiro Typeworks. Alice Savoie contributed to Brill bold and bold italic. The black-letter (‘Fraktur’) range of characters was made by Karsten Lücke. -
Symbols & Glyphs 1
Symbols & Glyphs Content Shortcut Category ← leftwards-arrow Arrows ↑ upwards-arrow Arrows → rightwards-arrow Arrows ↓ downwards-arrow Arrows ↔ left-right-arrow Arrows ↕ up-down-arrow Arrows ↖ north-west-arrow Arrows ↗ north-east-arrow Arrows ↘ south-east-arrow Arrows ↙ south-west-arrow Arrows ↚ leftwards-arrow-with-stroke Arrows ↛ rightwards-arrow-with-stroke Arrows ↜ leftwards-wave-arrow Arrows ↝ rightwards-wave-arrow Arrows ↞ leftwards-two-headed-arrow Arrows ↟ upwards-two-headed-arrow Arrows ↠ rightwards-two-headed-arrow Arrows ↡ downwards-two-headed-arrow Arrows ↢ leftwards-arrow-with-tail Arrows ↣ rightwards-arrow-with-tail Arrows ↤ leftwards-arrow-from-bar Arrows ↥ upwards-arrow-from-bar Arrows ↦ rightwards-arrow-from-bar Arrows ↧ downwards-arrow-from-bar Arrows ↨ up-down-arrow-with-base Arrows ↩ leftwards-arrow-with-hook Arrows ↪ rightwards-arrow-with-hook Arrows ↫ leftwards-arrow-with-loop Arrows ↬ rightwards-arrow-with-loop Arrows ↭ left-right-wave-arrow Arrows ↮ left-right-arrow-with-stroke Arrows ↯ downwards-zigzag-arrow Arrows 1 ↰ upwards-arrow-with-tip-leftwards Arrows ↱ upwards-arrow-with-tip-rightwards Arrows ↵ downwards-arrow-with-tip-leftwards Arrows ↳ downwards-arrow-with-tip-rightwards Arrows ↴ rightwards-arrow-with-corner-downwards Arrows ↵ downwards-arrow-with-corner-leftwards Arrows anticlockwise-top-semicircle-arrow Arrows clockwise-top-semicircle-arrow Arrows ↸ north-west-arrow-to-long-bar Arrows ↹ leftwards-arrow-to-bar-over-rightwards-arrow-to-bar Arrows ↺ anticlockwise-open-circle-arrow Arrows ↻ clockwise-open-circle-arrow -
Section 24.1, Character Names List Are Used
The Unicode® Standard Version 12.0 – Core Specification To learn about the latest version of the Unicode Standard, see http://www.unicode.org/versions/latest/. Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trade- mark claim, the designations have been printed with initial capital letters or in all capitals. Unicode and the Unicode Logo are registered trademarks of Unicode, Inc., in the United States and other countries. The authors and publisher have taken care in the preparation of this specification, but make no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of the use of the information or programs contained herein. The Unicode Character Database and other files are provided as-is by Unicode, Inc. No claims are made as to fitness for any particular purpose. No warranties of any kind are expressed or implied. The recipient agrees to determine applicability of information provided. © 2019 Unicode, Inc. All rights reserved. This publication is protected by copyright, and permission must be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction. For information regarding permissions, inquire at http://www.unicode.org/reporting.html. For information about the Unicode terms of use, please see http://www.unicode.org/copyright.html. The Unicode Standard / the Unicode Consortium; edited by the Unicode Consortium. — Version 12.0. Includes index. ISBN 978-1-936213-22-1 (http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode12.0.0/) 1. -
Unicode Latin and IPA Characters Version 0.41, February 17, 2011 / by Pim Rietbroek
Alphabetic List of Unicode Latin and IPA Characters Version 0.41, February 17, 2011 / By Pim Rietbroek Instruments for Authors 1) Purpose of this document With the implementation of Unicode on practically every computer sold today we have gained access to a huge character set, which is also robust in that it transfers very well across computer programs and platforms. But finding a way to input a specific character carrying an accent or a diacritic, ḥ for instance, is sometimes not so easy. The character charts found on the Unicode website are for the most part not arranged alphabetically. And computer manufacturers have at the moment of this writing not supplied a generic input method or keyboard file that gives easy access to all Latin and IPA characters which are to be found in the Unicode Standard. In the absence of such solutions I have compiled an alphabetic list of Latin and IPA characters encoded in the Unicode Standard with their corresponding hexadecimal code point value (hexadecimal – or ‘base-16’ – numbers run from 0 to 9 and then up from A to F). 2) Accents and Diacritics: ‘Precomposed’ versus ‘Decomposed’ In the previous paragraph the word ‘character’ was used loosely to mean both a single letter like a and an accented letter like á. Without going into the details of the Unicode Standard it is important to note that while many accented letters are encoded as separate so-called ‘precomposed’ characters (like á) they are just as validly encoded in an analytic way (‘decomposed’) as ‘base letter plus combining diacritic(s)’, like a plus ◌́ (the latter character being ‘combining acute accent’, Unicode hexadecimal 0301; the dotted circle is only displayed here to show that the accent will be combined with the previous character). -
1. Introduction There Are Two Parts of the ISO/IEC 9995 International Standard Series Which Devise Keyboard Symbols
Universal Multiple-Octet Coded Character Set International Organization for Standardization Organisation Internationale de Normalisation Международная организация по стандартизации Doc Type: Working Group Document Title: Proposal to incorporate the symbols of ISO/IEC 9995-10:2013 into the UCS Source: ISO/IEC JTC1/SC35 Authors: ISO/IEC JTC1/SC35/WG1 Status: Liaison Contribution Action: For consideration by JTC1/SC2/WG2 and UTC Date: 2013-02-22 1. Introduction There are two parts of the ISO/IEC 9995 international standard series which devise keyboard symbols. While ISO/IEC 9995-7 devises symbols for keyboard functions, ISO/IEC 9995-10 devises symbols for characters which cannot be identified by their shape only. E.g., an engraving of a dash on a keyboard does not indicate its character identity by its length, which is to be regarded in relation to similar characters, or its height relative to the baseline, as the engraving is done on an area which does not necessarily present any clues about this. ISO/IEC 9995-10 resolves this issue by defining symbols for some common characters which consist of a representation of the character itself, augmented by special symbol parts which give a unique optical hint for the identity of the character. Moreover, ISO/IEC 9995-10 provides placeholders for base characters. By these, diacritical marks can be shown in the relative position to their base character. These placeholders also indicate in which way the diacritical mark has to be entered: A dotted circle (known from the Unicode code tables) indicates that the diacritical mark has to be entered after the base character, while a flat rectangle indicates that the diacritical mark has to be entered has to be entered before the character. -
Proposal to Incorporate the Symbols of ISO/IEC 9995-7:2009
Universal Multiple-Octet Coded Character Set International Organization for Standardization Organisation Internationale de Normalisation Международная организация по стандартизации Doc Type: Working Group Document Title: Proposal to incorporate the symbols of ISO/IEC 9995-7:2009 and its Amendment 1 and of ISO/IEC 9995-10:2013 into the UCS Source: ISO/IEC JTC1/SC35 Authors: ISO/IEC JTC1/SC35/WG1 Status: Liaison Contribution Action: For consideration by JTC1/SC2/WG2 and UTC Date: 2017-02-28 Replaces: L2/12-302 = ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 N4317 L2/17-047 1. Introduction This proposal is based on the ISO/IEC JTC1/SC35 resolutions 2012.53 (done 2012-08-31 at the Paris meeting of ISO/IEC JTC1/SC35) and 2017.08 (done 2017-02-09 at the Berlin meeting). 1.1 Introduction of the symbols from ISO/IEC 9995-7:2009 and its Amendment 1 (2012) The symbols devised in ISO/IEC 9995-7:2009 and its recent Amendment 1 (2012) are to be used not only as engraving on physical keyboards, but in the light of current technical developments also on on-screen keyboards. Also, they are intended for use in plain text, especially instructions how to use a keyboard, or how to enter specific texts. Therefore, software must have access to all these symbols. Thus, it is advisable to have all these symbols encoded in Unicode. This was already done for the 1994 version of ISO/IEC 9995-7. Since then, ISO/IEC 9995-7 was developed further. The last version of the complete standard dates from 2009. Thereafter, an amendment was released in 2012 with several new symbols reflecting the need of multilingual keyboards in support of the cultural diversity. -
Indesign CS4 Special Characters
Special Characters and Metacharacters InDesign CS4/CS5 1/3 METACHARACTER GLYPH INDESIGN NAME TEXT GREP UNICODE SpecialCharacters ID [version] hexa SYMBOLS • Bullet character ^ 8 ~8 U+2022 (BULLET) bulletCharacter [3] 53426C74 … Ellipsis ^ e ~e U+2026 (HORIZONTAL ELLIPSIS) ellipsisCharacter [3] 534C7073 SCRIPTING An affectation like ¶ Paragraph Symbol ^ 7 ~7 U+00B6 (PILCROW SIGN) paragraphSymbol [3] 53506172 txt.contents = SpecialCharacters. bulletCharacter has the same effect than § Section Symbol ^ 6 ~6 U+00A7 (SECTION SIGN) sectionSymbol [3] 53736E53 txt.contents = "\u2022". But keep in U+00A9 (COPYRIGHT SIGN) copyrightSymbol [3] 53437274 mind that in this case, txt.contents will © Copyright Symbol ^ 2 ~2 return a Number (the SpecialCharacters id, ® Registered Trademark Symbol ^ r ~r U+00AE (REGISTERED SIGN) registeredTrademark [3] 5352546D like 0x53426C74) and not the actual String. ™ Trademark Symbol ^ d ~d U+2122 (TRADE MARK SIGN) trademarkSymbol [3] 53546D6B ° Degree Symbol ° ° U+00B0 (DEGREE SIGN) degreeSymbol [3] 53446772 DEGREE SYMBOL Curiously, this not- ◌ Dotted Circle <25CC> \x{25CC} U+25CC (DOTTED CIRCLE) dottedCircle [7] 53647463 so-special character is enumerated inside the SpecialCharacters class. ^ Caret Character ^^ \^ U+005E (CIRCUMFLEX ACCENT) \ Backslash Character \ \\ U+005C (REVERSE SOLIDUS) DOTTED CIRCLE Introduced in ( Open Parenthesis Character ( \( U+0028 (LEFT PARENTHESIS) ID CS5 for whatever reason… ) Close Parenthesis Character ) \) U+0029 (RIGHT PARENTHESIS) GREP SYMBOLS Those symbols are not “special” from -
UC Irvine Unicode Project
UC Irvine Unicode Project Title Brief Guide to Greek Unicode Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/99x2f5z9 Author Thesaurus Linguae Graecae Project Publication Date 2003-03-10 eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California TLG Beta Code Quick Reference Guide Revised: March 4, 2003 This document provides a quick reference to Beta Code and its Unicode equivalents. For a comprehensive overview of Beta Code, please see the TLG Beta Code Manual. Unicode equivalents are correct as of Unicode 4.0 (Alpha). Table of Contents: Greek Alphabet............................................................................................................................................2 Latin Alphabet.............................................................................................................................................2 Coptic Alphabet...........................................................................................................................................3 $ and & – Font Shifts...................................................................................................................................4 ^ and @ – Page Formatting ..........................................................................................................................5 { – Textual Mark-Up ...................................................................................................................................5 < – Text Formatting.....................................................................................................................................5 -
Unicode Characters and Corresponding Latex Math Mode Commands
003DC Ϝzϝ Ϝzϝ\digamma Unicode characters and corresponding LaTeX math mode commands Active features: literal. Used packages: amssymb, amsmath, amsxtra, bbold, isomath, mathdots, stmaryrd, wasysym. Due to (8-bit) TeX’s limitation to 16 math alphabets and conflicts between some packages, not all symbols can accessed simultaneously. [na] in the math symbol column indicates that the symbol is not available with the currently selected packages. No. Text Math Macro Category Requirements Comments 00021 ! ! ! mathpunct EXCLAMATION MARK 00023 # # \# mathord -oz # \# (oz), NUMBER SIGN 00024 $ $ \$ mathord = \mathdollar, DOLLAR SIGN 00025 % % \% mathord PERCENT SIGN 00026 & & \& mathord # \binampersand (stmaryrd) 00028 ( ( ( mathopen LEFT PARENTHESIS 00029 ) ) ) mathclose RIGHT PARENTHESIS 0002A * ∗ * mathord # \ast, (high) ASTERISK, star 0002B + + + mathbin PLUS SIGN 0002C , ; , mathpunct COMMA 0002D - mathbin t -, HYPHEN-MINUS (deprecated for math) 0002E . : . mathalpha FULL STOP, period 0002F / = / mathord # \slash, SOLIDUS 00030 0 0 0 mathord DIGIT ZERO 00031 1 1 1 mathord DIGIT ONE 00032 2 2 2 mathord DIGIT TWO 00033 3 3 3 mathord DIGIT THREE 00034 4 4 4 mathord DIGIT FOUR 00035 5 5 5 mathord DIGIT FIVE 00036 6 6 6 mathord DIGIT SIX 00037 7 7 7 mathord DIGIT SEVEN 00038 8 8 8 mathord DIGIT EIGHT 00039 9 9 9 mathord DIGIT NINE 0003A : : : mathpunct -literal = \colon (literal), COLON (not ratio) 0003B ; ; ; mathpunct SEMICOLON p: 0003C < < < mathrel LESS-THAN SIGN r: 0003D = = = mathrel EQUALS SIGN r: 0003E > > > mathrel GREATER-THAN SIGN r: 0003F -
The Unicode Standard, Version 5.0, Provided for Online Access, Content Searching, and Accessibility
Electronic Edition This file is part of the electronic edition of The Unicode Standard, Version 5.0, provided for online access, content searching, and accessibility. It may not be printed. Bookmarks linking to specific chapters or sections of the whole Unicode Standard are available at http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode5.0.0/bookmarks.html Purchasing the Book For convenient access to the full text of the standard as a useful reference book, we recommend pur- chasing the printed version. The book is available from the Unicode Consortium, the publisher, and booksellers. Purchase of the standard in book format contributes to the ongoing work of the Uni- code Consortium. Details about the book publication and ordering information may be found at http://www.unicode.org/book/aboutbook.html Joining Unicode You or your organization may benefit by joining the Unicode Consortium: for more information, see Joining the Unicode Consortium at http://www.unicode.org/consortium/join.html This PDF file is an excerpt from The Unicode Standard, Version 5.0, issued by the Unicode Consortiu- mand published by Addison-Wesley. The material has been modified slightly for this electronic edi- ton, however, the PDF files have not been modified to reflect the corrections found on the Updates and Errata page (http://www.unicode.org/errata/). For information on more recent versions of the standard, see http://www.unicode.org/versions/enumeratedversions.html. Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trade- mark claim, the designations have been printed with initial capital letters or in all capitals. -
Recommended Unicode Characters for Digitizing Wakashan Languages
Adam Werle, University of Victoria revised 24 February 2010 Recommended Unicode characters for digitizing Wakashan languages Introduction This document recommends Unicode characters for writing Wakashan languages by computer. These recommendations are motivated by the need to ensure that electronic resources written in and about Wakashan languages are easily sharable across programs and operating systems, and are are readable far into the future. For each symbol, we give its common name, Unicode code and subset, and our favourite keyboard shortcut for typing it in word-processing programs. Codes are in hexadecimal numbers—that is, base sixteen rather than base ten. Shortcuts are chosen as much as possible to consist of the ALT key, plus simple keystrokes in Languagegeek electronic keyboards. We include only orthographic characters used in offical writing systems. Narrower, phonetic transcription should use characters from the IPA subsets of Unicode. No codes are described for the usual twenty-six letters of the Latin alphabet, as these are completely standardized already. We include digraphs like ʣ, ʦ, ʧ, though these are recommended only for phonetic transcription, and not for orthography. Note that many characters consist of two or more Unicode symbols. For example: k ̓ consists of k plus ◌̓ x̱ consists of x plus ◌̱ š consists of s plus ◌̌ č ̓ consists of c plus ◌̌ plus ̓ 1 Adam Werle, University of Victoria revised 24 February 2010 Stand-alone symbols These are symbols that can stand alone to represent a phoneme, or single language sound. Most are based on letters of the Latin and Greek alphabets.