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Ath Acta Translatologica Helsingiensia Vol. 3 HELSINGIN YLIOPISTO HELSINGFORS UNIVERSITET UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI NORDICA / SUOMEN KIELEN, SUOMALAIS-UGRILAISTEN JA POHJOISMAISTEN KIELTEN JA KIRJALLISUUKSIEN LAITOS/RUOTSIN KÄÄNTÄMINEN NORDICA/ FINSKA, FINSKUGRISKA OCH NORDISKA INSTITUTIONEN/SVENSK ÖVERSÄTTNING NORDICA / DEPARTMENT OF FINNISH, FINNO-UGRIAN AND SCANDINAVIAN STUDIES/ SWEDISH TRANSLATION STUDIES RITVA HARTAMA-HEINONEN & PIRJO KUKKONEN (EDS.) ATH ACTA TRANSLATOLOGICA HELSINGIENSIA VOL. 3 Pax ACTA TRANSLATOLOGICA HELSINGIENSIA (ATH ) is an international series and a multilingual scientific journal with full-length refereed articles published by Swedish Translation Studies at Nordica, Department of Finnish, Finno-Ugrian and Scandinavian Studies, Uni- versity of Helsinki. The goal of this publication is to promote interdisciplinary theoretical, empirical, and applied research on questions related to the pro- fessional fields of translating and interpreting as well as Translation and Interpreting Studies. The series is primarily an open access electronic publication. EDITORIAL BOARD Professor Lothar ČERNÝ, University of Technology, Arts and Sciences, Cologne (Köln), Germany Professor Peeter TOROP , University of Tartu, Estonia Professor Cecilia WADENSJÖ , University of Stockholm, Sweden Professor Ebba WITT -BRATTSTRÖM , University of Helsinki, Finland Professor Jan-Ola ÖSTMAN , University of Helsinki, Finland Volume 1: Kiasm (2010; http://helda.helsinki.fi/handle/10138/17463) Ritva Hartama-Heinonen & Pirjo Kukkonen (eds.) Volume 2: Inter (2013; http://helda.helsinki.fi/handle/10138/42361) Ritva Hartama-Heinonen & Pirjo Kukkonen (eds.) Volume 3: Pax (2015; http://helda.helsinki.fi/handle/10138/135533) Ritva Hartama-Heinonen & Pirjo Kukkonen (eds.) Acta Translatologica Helsingiensia Volume 3 Pax Edited by Ritva Hartama-Heinonen and Pirjo Kukkonen Ruotsin kääntäminen , Nordica Suomen kielen, suomalais-ugrilaisten ja pohjoismaisten kielten ja kirjallisuuksien laitos Helsingin yliopisto Svensk översättning , Nordica Finska, finskugriska och nordiska institutionen Helsingfors universitet Swedi sh Translation Studies , Nordica Department of Finnish, Finno-Ugrian and Scandinavian Studies University of Helsinki Helsinki – Helsingfors 2015 Acta Translatologica Helsingiensia (ATH) Vol. 3: Pax Published by: Department of Finnish, Finno-Ugrian and Scandinavian Studies Nordica, Swedish Translation Studies P.O. Box 24 FI-00014 University of Helsinki E-mail: nordica-kansli(at)helsinki.fi Cover design: Päivi Talonpoika-Ukkonen Cover photo: Pirjo Kukkonen ( Ara Pacis Augustae , Rome, Italy) © 2015 Department of Finnish, Finno-Ugrian and Scandinavian Studies and the authors ATH (e-publication): http://helda.helsinki.fi/handle/10138/17462 ATH vol. 3 (e-publication): http://helda.helsinki.fi/handle/10138/135533 Helsinki 2015 Printed in Finland by Unigrafia Helsinki University Printing House 2015 ISSN-L 1799-3156 ISSN 1799-3156 CONTENTS Promoting peace 7 Towards a culture of peace INGEBORG BREINES The culture of peace – a necessary utopia? 17 Eight approaches to peace RITVA HARTAMA -HEINONEN Evolutionary hope A Peircean reading of war and peace 35 BEN HELLMAN Five Russian plans for peace From Leo Tolstoy to Alexander Scriabin 49 HELGA HILMISDÓTTIR Friðr in the sagas of Icelanders 60 MAARJA LÕHMUS Rauhan kieli mediassa – dominoivasti utopia vai realistinen suunta? 78 IRMA SORVALI Fred och fredens språk 93 VIVAN STORLUND Human rights update – from sovereignty to coexistence 107 SUSANNA VÄLIMÄKI Musical representation of war, genocide, and torture Treating cultural trauma with music 122 EBBA WITT -BRATTSTRÖM Underjordisk kvinnokamp Kvinnosaken och freden enligt Siri Derkert 137 Peaceful r eflections PIRJO KUKKONEN Humanister utan gränser Dialoger i och mellan mångstämmiga semiosfärer 149 MIRA NYHOLM Om fred och frid i fraser 189 Authors 205 Promoting peace s researchers of the arts and of other disciplines, and as human beings, our A mission is the “cultivation of our humanity”. This is what Martha C. NUSS - BAUM , the Ernst Freund Professor of Law and Ethics at the Philosophy Depart- ment, the Law School, and the Divinity School of the University of Chicago, maintains in her book Cultivating Humanity: A Classical Defense of Reform in Liberal Education published in 1997. The book features a quotation from SENECA ’s On Anger as its motto: “While we live, while we are among human beings, let us cultivate our humanity”. Our global ethical mission is par excellence to “cultivate peace” while we cultivate humanity, and to promote “the right to peace” (UN, General Assembly, Human Rights Council 20/15). This right to peace belongs to every human being. Ingeborg BREINES , co-president of the International Peace Bureau, and a former director of the UNESCO Office, Director of Women and Culture of Peace, responsible for questions related to peace culture, states the following with reference to the UNESCO Constitution: “That since wars begin in the minds of men, it is in the minds of men that the defences of peace must be constructed”. BREINES argues that we all must learn to use the language of peace. In brief, peace is the path to dialogues on globalisation, development, equality, education. It inspires us to understand the Other, reducing misunderstandings and promoting self-understanding for the well-being of humankind. The culture of peace, the processes of peace, and mediation are relevant for all of us on many levels, both locally and globally. As researchers in the arts and sciences, we must constantly develop scholarly networks that have social and global impact between actors such as researchers, diplomats, and negotiators. Furthermore, we need to adopt the best practices to show that communicative, linguistic, cultural, and even world-view-derived misunderstandings can be solved wisely with human knowledge and with human will, with words and not with weapons, or rather with “the word as the best weapon”, in the words of Jan ELIASSON , a UN diplomat and negotiator. In his 2012 speech in Finnish (http://formin.finland.fi/public/default.aspx? contentid=263259&contentlan=1&culture=fi-FI; a passage from the speech is translated below in English), the Finnish Minister for Foreign Affairs, Erkki TUOMIOJA , discussed how to analyse peace and conflict processes and media- tion: Ritva Hartama-Heinonen & Pirjo Kukkonen (eds.) Pax Acta Translatologica Helsingiensia (ATH) Vol 3, 7–14. 2015. Helsinki: University of Helsinki, Nordica, Swedish Translation Studies. Pax Conflicts are natural processes in our changing world. But it would be for the best if peace pro- cesses would start before violent conflicts have become a reality. These are the goals of peace mediation and other means of preventive diplomacy. In these cases, human suffering would be lesser and the costs of the conflicts lower, and we could concentrate on central development measures, such as decreasing poverty and improving the situation of women in the world. President Martti AHTISAARI , the 2008 Nobel Peace laureate, has observed that many conflicts in the world are due to communicative problems, and that all problems can be solved if we only have the will to solve them. The efforts to write and talk, to conduct research on peace, as well as the problems that lead to conflicts all belong to our daily life. As for the various modalities of peace, we can refer to certain passages in President Martti AHTISAARI ’s Nobel Prize speech from 2008, which expresses the essential modalities of peace-making: “All con- flicts can be resolved” and “Peace is a question of will ”. THE RESEARCH PROJECT AND THE SYMPOSIUM HUMANISTS WITHOUT BORDERS Humanists without Borders , an interdisciplinary research project with societal impact, was established in 2012 by twelve Finnish researchers from the Univer- sity of Helsinki. Through its name, this project is a tribute to such international organisations as Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF 1971–), Reporters Sans Frontières (RSF 1985–), Traducteurs Sans Frontières (TSF 1993–), and Teach- ers Without Borders (TWB 2000–). Professor PIRJO KUKKONEN is the researcher who took the initiative to create the researcher network and who planned and chaired the first symposium of the project. This symposium was held in Helsinki on 22–23 November 2012, with a follow-up discussion at the Tiedekulma – Tankehörnan – Think Corner at the University of Helsinki, on 19 December 2012. The main focus of interest and discussion in this symposium was one of the most local and global concepts, the concept of peace: Humanistit ilman rajoja Tieteidenvälisiä näkökulmia rauhan kieleen: käsitteitä, modaliteetteja ja metaforia Humanister utan gränser Interdisciplinära aspekter på fredens språk: begrepp, modaliteter och metaforer Humanists without Borders Interdisciplinary Approaches to the Language of Peace: Concepts, Modalities and Metaphors Promoting peace The preliminary questions that the symposium and its follow-up considered were the following: ° How do we, as researchers in the arts, see the language of peace? ° How do we conceive of peace as a concept, as modalities, and as metaphors? ° What types of interdisciplinary approaches can we create, what types of bor- ders can we transcend, and what types of bridges can we construct in the context of peace? ° How do we cherish our humanism and all that is good from the perspective of all humankind? ° How do we speak and write about peace within our disciplines in order to also promote it? The symposium was held in Helsinki, Finland at the Merikasarmi, Martti Ahtisaari square, in Ritarikatusali
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