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Kalojen Kuninkaan Tie Sukupuuttoon : Kemijoen Voimalaitosrakentaminen

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Kalojen Kuninkaan Tie Sukupuuttoon : Kemijoen Voimalaitosrakentaminen B 117 OULU 2013 B 117 UNIVERSITY OF OULU P.O.BR[ 00 FI-90014 UNIVERSITY OF OULU FINLAND ACTA UNIVERSITATIS OULUENSIS ACTA UNIVERSITATIS OULUENSIS ACTA SERIES EDITORS HUMANIORAB Kari Alaniska ASCIENTIAE RERUM NATURALIUM Kari Alaniska Professor Esa Hohtola KALOJEN KUNINKAAN TIE BHUMANIORA SUKUPUUTTOON University Lecturer Santeri Palviainen CTECHNICA KEMIJOEN VOIMALAITOSRAKENTAMINEN JA Postdoctoral research fellow Sanna Taskila VAELLUSKALAKYSYMYS 1943–1964 DMEDICA Professor Olli Vuolteenaho ESCIENTIAE RERUM SOCIALIUM University Lecturer Hannu Heikkinen FSCRIPTA ACADEMICA Director Sinikka Eskelinen GOECONOMICA Professor Jari Juga EDITOR IN CHIEF Professor Olli Vuolteenaho PUBLICATIONS EDITOR Publications Editor Kirsti Nurkkala OULUN YLIOPISTON TUTKIJAKOULU; OULUN YLIOPISTO, HUMANISTINEN TIEDEKUNTA, HISTORIA ISBN 978-952-62-0250-1 (Paperback) ISBN 978-952-62-0251-8 (PDF) ISSN 0355-3205 (Print) ISSN 1796-2218 (Online) ACTA UNIVERSITATIS OULUENSIS B Humaniora 117 KARI ALANISKA KALOJEN KUNINKAAN TIE SUKUPUUTTOON Kemijoen voimalaitosrakentaminen ja vaelluskalakysymys 1943–1964 Esitetään Oulun yliopiston ihmistieteiden tohtorikoulutus- toimikunnan suostumuksella julkisesti tarkastettavaksi Linnanmaan Kuusamonsalissa (YB210) 30. marraskuuta 2013 klo 12.00 OULUN YLIOPISTO, OULU 2013 Copyright © 2013 Acta Univ. Oul. B 117, 2013 Työn ohjaajat Professori Jouko Vahtola Professori Reija Satokangas Esitarkastajat Dosentti Ismo Björn Dosentti Jukka Nyyssönen Vastaväittäjä Dosentti Ismo Björn ISBN 978-952-62-0250-1 (Paperback) ISBN 978-952-62-0251-8 (PDF) ISSN 0355-3205 (Printed) ISSN 1796-2218 (Online) Kannen suunnittelu Raimo Ahonen JUVENES PRINT TAMPERE 2013 Alaniska, Kari, The extinction of the king of fishes. Kemijoki powerplants construction and the issue of the migratory fishes 1943–1964 University of Oulu Graduate School; University of Oulu, Faculty of Humanities, History Acta Univ. Oul. B 117, 2013 University of Oulu, P.O. Box 8000, FI-90014 University of Oulu, Finland Abstract The harnessing of Kemijoki-river became topical at the end of 1944 after the second world war when Pohjolan Voima Ltd, founded by industrial representatives, combined the re-building of the destroyed bridges and building of Isohaara power plant. The government eagerly supported the project. Kemijoki-river was the most important salmon river in Europe, and therefore the fishing issue concerned many. The power company and the politicians promised to handle the fishing issue after it had been thoroughly examined. At first fish transfers were attempted, for which the company expropriated the water areas below the dam. The fish transfers were managed by Lapin läänin Kalastuskuntain liitto. The transfers faced a lot of critique from the beginning, but no intervention took place. Most of the salmon were sold to cover the expenses. As the discontent increased, a fish lift was built in summer 1951. As expected, it could not meet the expectations. However, it could be considered to be the fish transfer device required by law. The next step was to focus on the fish farming, which was widely advertised. But unfortunately also those results were meager. A state-run Kemijoki Ltd, founded in 1954, built also the other power plants of the river Kemijoki. The outlook of Kemijoki Ltd to the fishing issue was similar to Pohjolan Voima Ltd; it was simply inessential for the nation. Fish ladders were not considered necessary, and officially not even credited. The politicians and other authorities also agreed with this view. The local fishing spokesmen still insisted on demanding fish roads, or at least proper compensations for the losses of salmon fishermen, but the issue seemed to be delayed indefinitely due to various problems. In 1964 the Isohaara power plant received the final planning permission. Simultaneously, it also defined the compensations, which raised discontent and started a thread of complaints. The main reason for the disappearance of salmon in Kemijoki-river can be concluded to be due to the unofficial alliance of the industry and the politicians; the water power of Kemijoki-river needed to be harnessed quickly to serve the development of the society. It was advertised especially for the advanced well-being of Lapland. Furthermore, this action was supported specifically from the point of view of the local employment. Pohjolan Sanomat, the organ of Maalaisliitto, strongly supported the power plant building of northern waters argumenting the regional policy. This dampened most of the criticism. It can be stated that all the other functions of Kemijoki-river were underestimated. The function of the river was only to produce electricity, which quickly led to the extinction of migratory fish by the 1960s. The salmon in Kemijoki-river had become history. Keywords: fishing, Kemijoki Ltd, migratory fish, Pohjolan Voima Ltd, power plant building, salmon Alaniska, Kari, Kalojen kuninkaan tie sukupuuttoon. Kemijoen voimalaitos- rakentaminen ja vaelluskalakysymys 1943–1964 Oulun yliopiston tutkijakoulu; Oulun yliopisto, Humanistinen tiedekunta, Historia Acta Univ. Oul. B 117, 2013 Oulun yliopisto, PL 8000, 90014 Oulun yliopisto Tiivistelmä Kemijoen valjastaminen tuli ajankohtaiseksi loppuvuodesta 1944, kun teollisuuden edustajien toimesta perustettu Pohjolan Voima Oy yhdisti tuhoutuneiden siltojen ja Isohaaran voimalaitok- sen samanaikaisen rakentamisen. Valtiovalta kannatti hanketta nopeasti. Kemijoki oli Euroopan tärkein lohijoki, joten kalakysymys huolestutti. Voimayhtiö ja poliitikot lupasivat hoitaa asian, kun sitä olisi ensin tutkittu. Aluksi kokeiltiin ylisiirtoja, joiden järjestelyjä varten yhtiö pakkolu- nasti padon alapuolisen vesialueen. Ylisiirrot sai hoitaakseen Lapin läänin Kalastuskuntain liit- to. Toimintaa arvosteltiin alusta pitäen, mutta siihen ei puututtu. Suurin osa lohista myytiinkin kulujen kattamiseksi. Tyytymättömyyden lisääntyessä rakennettiin kalahissi, joka valmistui kesällä 1951. Kuten oli arveltu, se ei kyennyt täyttämään odotuksia, mutta sen voitiin katsoa ole- van lain edellyttämä kalansiirtolaite. Seuraavaksi päätettiin tehostaa kalanviljelytoimintaa, jota mainostettiin laajasti. Myös sen tulokset jäivät kehnoksi. Vuonna 1954 perustettu valtiojohtoinen Kemijoki Oy rakensi joen muut vesivoimalaitokset. Kemijoki Oy suhtautui kalakysymykseen kuten Pohjolan Voima; asia oli toisarvoinen. Kalapor- taita ei pidetty tarpeellisina, eikä niihin virallisesti edes uskottu. Myös poliitikot ja muut päättä- jät asettuivat samalle kannalle. Paikalliset kalastuksen edustajat vaativat yhtä kalateitä tai aina- kin kunnollisia korvauksia, mutta asia tuntui erilaisten ongelmien takia aina vain viivästyvän. Vuonna 1964 Isohaaran voimalaitos sai lopullisen rakennuslupansa. Siinä määriteltiin myös kor- vaukset, jotka herättivät laajaa tyytymättömyyttä ja saivat aikaan valituskierteen. Tärkein syy lohen katoamiseen löytyy teollisuuden ja poliitikkojen epävirallisesta liitosta: Kemijoen vesivoima haluttiin nopeasti valjastaa palvelemaan yhteiskunnan kehittämistä. Han- ketta markkinoitiin erityisesti Lapin hyvinvoinnin edistämisellä. Toimintaa kannatettiin nimen- omaan työllisyysnäkökulmasta. Myös Maalaisliiton äänenkannattaja Pohjolan Sanomat tuki voi- makkaasti pohjoisen vesirakentamista aluepoliittisin perustein. Tämä oli omiaan vaimentamaan kritiikkiä. Voidaan todeta, että Kemijoen kaikkia muita käyttöarvoja aliarvioitiin. Joen tehtäväksi jäi vain ja ainoastaan sähköntuottaminen, joka johti vaelluskalakantojen nopeaan sukupuuttoon 1960-luvulle tultaessa. Kemijoen lohesta oli tullut historiaa. Asiasanat: kalastus, Kemijoki, Kemijoki Oy, lohi, Pohjolan Voima Oy, vaelluskalat, voimalaitosrakentaminen Esipuhe Tutkimuksen alku liittyy kalastusharrastukseeni, joka sai miettimään, miksi Ke- mijokeen ei aikanaan rakennettu kalaportaita. Vuonna 1993 aloitin Oulun yliopis- ton silloisessa historian laitoksessa Suomen ja Skandinavian historian opintoni, jolloin kiinnostukseni asiaan kasvoi. Isohaaraakaan ei päivässä tehty ja sama koski omaa tutkimustani, joka poiki kun poikikin lopulta väitöskirjan. Ensisijaiset kiitokset osoitan emeritusprofessori Jouko Vahtolalle ja ma. professori Reija Satokankaalle, jotka erinäisistä vastoin- käymisistä huolimatta uskoivat kärsivällisinä onnelliseen lopputulokseen toimien samalla työn ohjaajina. (Oletan aiheuttaneeni varsinkin Reijalle ylimääräistä ilta- puhdetta.) Kiitokset myös esitarkastajina toimineille dosentti Ismo Björnille ja dosentti Jukka Nyyssöselle arvokkaista kommenteista. Edelleen kiitän Pohjolan Voima Oy:tä, Kemijoki Oy:tä ja Tornionlaakson maakuntamuseota mahdollisuu- desta käyttää heidän arkistojaan. Työn toteutin lähes kokonaan peruskoulun opettajan toimen ohessa. Kouluyh- teisöön liittyen kiitollisuutta on osoitettava rehtori Helena Niemitalolle, jonka järjestelyt edesauttoivat tutkimusta merkittävästi. Kiitokset kieliasun tarkastukses- ta lehtori Arja Korhoselle, filosofian maisteri Hanna Littowille ja filosofian mais- teri Pirjo Ylimaulalle. Vuonna 2000 sain Lapin Kulttuurirahastosta apurahan väitöskirjan aloittami- seen. Myös historian laitos on avustanut tutkimusta pienimuotoisesti. Kiitokset näistä. Erikoismaininta kuuluu puolestaan filosofian tohtori Pia Nybergille, joka kannusti (tai paremminkin välillä patisti) laiskuuden tms. iskiessä takaisin sorvin ääreen, ja on lisäksi jaksanut suhtautua ymmärtäväisesti hieman aikaa vievään harrastetoimintaani. Lyhyestä virsi kaunis: lopuksi kiitän – varmuuden vuoksi – kaikkia, jotka ko- kevat jotenkin vaikuttaneensa vuosien saatossa enemmän tai vähemmän ponte- vaan uurastukseeni.
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