INDONESIAN SOCIOLOGICAL STUDIES Selected Writings o f B. Schrieke P A R T ONE 2 nil- edition '■p ,,s u nt 1113 b a n ô u n q” formerly, Mij Vorkink-Van Hoeve, Bandung. r ~ ¿ ? o I Ç c h / d K ) 2 T Z . v í £ o h o l ° ( h 1 • sum r ' ■ ; ILMU PENGE1/ : )ONE°>IA OLEH : R.M. JMETG ^ m , A D i-O. D! ; PURWG-... ■ : gau- ■ ■ ................... -.... ... r.. -- rrw.^1fT ,..r-fr^..„. < p rice K p .4 0 0 ,— INDONESIAN SOCIOLOGICAL STUDIES % SELECTED STUDIES ON INDONESIA By Dutch Scholars V O L U M E T W O Editorial Committee JOHANNA FELHOEN KRAAL. W. F. WERTHEIM, Chairman G.H. van der KOLFF P. W . van M IL A A N , Secretary F H. van NAERSSEN C. C. BERG H. OFFERHAUS C. Tj. BER TLIN G F . R- J- V E R H O E V E N Th. P. G A L E ST IN Published for THE ROYAL TROPICAL INSTITUTE - AMSTERDAM Under a grant from THE NETHERLANDS ORGANIZATION FOR PURE RESEARCH T H E H A G U E INDONESIAN SOCIOLOGICAL STUDIES Selected Writings ____ B. Schrielce P A R T O N E PERPUSTAKMEL. f a k u l t a s h u k u m u .i . g ) Q . 6 S > n o o TANOOAt. : ■ ■ ■ f t f - r s y — ------------ ------- ;— ........ ..................... - - - - a ,.l b u k u • .... .... ” __ _ t 1 ^ ^ . v .:,iA f O l EH ; ' ( i ■ i*.M . H1E7U ■- q s h . AD P. A Dl ; PURWOiv 1j v TEN GAJI sumuR Ban6unq” formerly N.V. Mij Vorkink-Van Hoeve, Bandung. , . 1960 Toko Buku *SO EN ‘ Pjalan Raya 147 PURWOKERTO Copyright 1955 by N.V. Uitgevery W. van Hoeve T H E H A G U E / PRINTED IN INDONESIA FOREWORD T n her obituary notice for Professor Schrieke,1 Dr Lindgren A wrote : Schiiekes ethnographic and historical publications have won respect, but can only adequetely evaluated by specialists in the South-East Asiatic field, and when all his unpublished work is available.3 In projecting the publication of this volume of a few selected articles in English translation and a companion volume now in preparation containing a portion of the study on the Hindu- Javanese period on which Schrieke was working at the time of his death in 1945, the editors hope thus to expand the circle of specialists able to evaluate his writings. Schrieke was a pioneer in many respects. He had more foreign contacts than most of his colleagues in the Netherlands East Indies administration, a good deal of his work has appeared in English,3 and - more important - he was in the first rank of those who recognized the need for a scientific approach to the problem of what is nowadays called acculturation. Those who read the articles presented in this volume should bear in mind that they all were written in the ’twenties’. They have been selected both for their theoretical sociological approach and for their practical application of it. The editors are aware that some passages have been overtaken by more recent research; they have, however, not deemed it necessary to state this explicitly at every occasion. Insiders will be able to deduce it from the data of the several articles. An historical study written in 1925 on ’’The Shifts in Political and Economic Power in the Indonesian Archipelago in the Six­ teenth and Seventeenth Century” was - as the original title indi­ cates - meant to serve as an introduction to a projected special study on the peoples of Sumatra. The study was never written; vj INDONESIAN SOCIOLOGICAL STUDIES in point of fact, however, one may consider as such the 1928 report on ’’The Causes and Effects of Communism on the West Coast of Sumatra” , which Schrieke submitted after the communist-inspired uprisings in that area in 1926. He reported to the government on behalf of the investigation committee ap­ pointed immediately after the ’troubles’ ; part of the report was confidential, the actually published part starting with a summ­ ary of the first sections. This summary is given as an introduc­ tory chapter in the translated version, which contains only the first volume of the report. The reader will notice how much criticism from a government civil servant on matters of administration was tolerated and even invited by the Netherlands East Indies government at the time. The Government Bureau for Native Affairs, which grew out of the policy of appointing experts such as Snouck Hurgronje as advisers to the administration, was as a matter of fact nothing less than an official body for checking up on civil service policy. The Batavia Law School, in which Schrieke served as a profes­ sor from its foundation in 1924 until his appointment as Director of Education in 1929, was equally a stronghold of scholarly cri­ ticism. The address given to the Batavia Law School by Schrieke in 1928 on ’’The (Javanese) Native Rulers”, an address contain­ ing a number of critical remarks, provides a good specimen of the sociological-historical approach which was Schrieke’s forte. ’’Some Remarks on Borrowing in the Development of Culture” , an article originaly published in 1927 in the journal of the Java Institute Djawa, develops the thesis Schrieke had already taken up in a paper read at the Third Pan-Pacific Science Congress 4 on the evolutionary theories of the German. and Manchester Schools of Social Anthropology. Schrieke’s general attitude may be summarized in a quotation from the report on communism on the West Coast of Sumatra : To estimate the political significance of these grievances it is of no use to try to decide whether the conditions, as compared with the conditions elsewhere, justify them or not in our opinion. For the only aspect which is important in this connection ia how the people co n ccrn e d regard them.s FOREWORD vii The Ann ° transIation for this volume has been done by Miss j^r ^ eeuw, Mr J. T. Brockway, Mr James S Holmes, and van Marie, the last of whom has also given liis assistance to ex0PariU§ Vo^ume in its final form. The editors would like o express their wholehearted thanks to these persons and Mme for their active cooperation. ne P lica tio n of this volume has been made possible through a giant of the Netherlands Organization for Pure Research , wo) the Royal Tropical Institute, for- which the series is being published. THE EDITORS Amsterdam, Autumn 195k Notes 1. Ethel j. Lindgren, ’’Obituary, Bertram Johannes Otto Schrieke: 1 QOQ I ’ > M an: a Monthly Record of Anthropological Science, (1948), article 131 {pp 113.117). 2. Ibid., p. i 15 o. The following- articles may be selected from the bibliography ac­ companying Dr Lindgren’s obituary: ’’The Evolution of Culture in the ( 331 10 in delation to the Teories of the ’Kultur-Historische’ and the Manchester Schools of Social Anthropology”, paper presented at the Thiid Pan-Pacific Science Congress, Tokyo, 1926, and published in the Proceedings of the congress, It, 2423-2441; ’’Native Society in the Trans­ formation Period”, paper presented at the Fourth Pan-Pacific Science Congress, Batavia, 1929, and published in B. J. O. Schrieke, editor, The Effect of Western Influence on Native Civilisations in the Malay Archip~ elago (Weltevreden, 1929), 237-247; ’’The Colonial Question”, paper presented at the International Studies Conference, Paris, 28 June— 3 July, 1937, and published in the Proceedings of the conference; ’’The Educational System, in the Netherlands Indies”, Bulletin of the Colonial Institute (Amsterdam), II (1938), 14-24; and the book Alien Americans: A Study of Race Relations (New York, 1936) written on the invitation of he trustees of the Julius Rosenwald Fund. Posthumously appeared a Report of the Scientific Work Done in the Netherlands on Behalf of the Dutch Overseas Territories During the Period Between Approximately 1918 and 19J/3, published by the Werkgemeenschap van Wetenschappe~ lyke Organisation in Nederland (Association of Scientific Organizations in the Netherlands) and compiled by the late Dr B. J. O. Schrieke (Amsterdam, 1948). 4. See n. 3 above. 5. Below, p. 160. CONTENTS v Foreword by the Editors The Shifts in Political and Economic Power in the nesian Archipelago in the Sixteenth and Seventee 1 Century 3 INTRODUCTION CHAPTER ONE 1300-1500: Javanese Trade and the Rise of Islam in the Archipelago CHAPTER TWO The Sixteenth Century: Java 37 Trade in the Portuguese Era CHAPTER THREE The Seventeenth Century . 49 Downfall of Javanese Trade 80 APPENDIX Central Java : 1500-1625 • 4-1,0 Wpcf Coast The Causes and Effects of Communism on th 83 of Sumatra ' INTRODUCTION The Development of the Commun 85 Movement on the West Coast of Sumatra 95 CHAPTER ONE Minangkabau Society 144 CHAPTER TWO The Government and C o m m u n is m 167 The Native Rulers EXCURSUS The Position of the Regents f r o m th Days of the Dutch East Indm Company to the Con- ^ stitutional Regulation of 185 Some Remarkson Borrowing in the Development o£ Culture 225 Notes 291 Glossary 297 Index V MAPS Indonesia inside front cover Asia and Adjacent Regions inside back cover West Coast of Sumatra inserted inside back cover THE SHIFTS IN POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC POWER IN THE INDONESIAN ARCHIPELAGO IN THE SIXTEENTH AND SEVENTEENTH CENTURY The following: study was originally published in Tijdschrift voor Taal-, Land- en VoUcenhtuvde uit- gegeven door het Koninklijk Bataviaasch Genoot- scliap van Künsten en Wetenscluvppen (Journal of Philology, Geography, and Ethnology Published by the Royal Batavian Society of Arts and Sciences), LXV (Batavia, 1925), 90-207, under the title "Prolegomena tot eene sociologische studie over de volken van Sumatra, deel I (A.