Arabic Elements in the Bengali Language of the Barak Valley The language, Arabic is a Semitic one as mentioned in chapter-I in de­ tails. It is one of the oldest languages of the world spoken in all over the Arab-world and the best or mother Semitic language as well. Besides Arab- world, where there is Muslim there is Arabic throughout the world. It is the 6th international language of the UNO. Whereas Bengali is one of the most recent Aryan languages spoken in the west Bengal and Barak valley of India and Bangladesh or in the greater and undivided Bengal and also by the people migrated from these regions. It is a rich regional language of these regions of the Asian sub- continent. Thereby it is quite natural that an old, international as well as Islamic ruling class language, Arabic must have some contributions and influences on a recently developed regional language, Bengali. Before going through these contributions and influences of the Arab and the Arabic language to the Bengalese and the Bengali language let us attempt to find out some more reasons behind this. If we look behind, we see that Indo-Arab relation in trade and com­ merce is an old and earliest one. Arab navigators reached here for business first. Besides this relation of the Indo-Arab, the two is related to, in many other respects of life like culture and custom which can never be ignored. This relation of the two and the influences of Arab to Bengali is also because of the Muslim rules in India for decades after decades and their lordship and supremacy in every field and in every step of Indian life. The Islamisation of the people of Assam like that of India and specially the Bengalese of undivided India caused to enter many Arabic elements in the Bengali language. Islamisation of the people means Arabicisation of them. As soon as one accepts Islam he or she must have to study the Quran, the Hadith and such other purely and originally Arabic works. This is because none is called Muslim in Islam in proper sense without performance of the five time prayers after faith and no prayer can be performed without Arabic or recitation of the holy Quran from his memory. (67) Co-existence of the converted Bengali Muslims and the non-Muslims for decades after decades and the uses of the Quranic and Arabic terms by the Muslims to their day to day affairs and even to their non-Muslim friends and the Islamic culture and customs as well is not less important a reason for this. The sweetness of the Arabic tongue and the brotherhood of Islam have also some impacts causing to enter some Arabic words and Arabic manners into the Bengalese and the Bengali language. Bengali in comparison to Arabic as said earlier is a recently developed language and it is quite natural that a regional language borrows some words from the international and the older one. This, no doubt may cause to use some Arabic words in Bengali. A foreign international language, Arabic like anything else is a means of attraction of the people which is not less important a reason behind it The riches of the Arabs and the unemployment problems of a country like India caused many Indians even non-Muslims to know Arabic first and then to go to the gulf countries for earning livelihood. Many people of India as well as the Barak Valley of Assam, both Muslims and non- Muslims are living in the gulf countries and also attracting many others to be engaged there. This employment attitude compels many Indians to learn Arabic. This also helps to use Arabic to the non-Arab, Bengalese of this region. Mineral resources like petroleum and their paucity in India and their abundance in Arab countries compelled India for bilateral relations with the Arab countries and to develop the Arabic language in India for the smooth conduct of the bilateral relations. This also causes to enter some Arabic ele­ ments ultimately to the Bengali language. The prophecy of the Arabian prophet, Hazrat Mohd., Peace be upon him, made Arabic study compulsory to each Muslim of whatever nationality he or she belongs to and the Egyp­ tian civilization and the Arabian culture made a general attraction to study it and acquire knowledge from it. Arabic is a famous international language having mother tongue of most of the Arab nations who have some controls over most of the world nations economically and linguistically. The abundance of minerals especially pe­ troleum indebted many nations economically on the one hand and their lan­ guage, Arabic being the language of the Quran helped them on the other had (68) to create world brotherhood linguistically. The Arab navigators, travelers and specially the Sufis and their spread­ ing of Islam to the different non-Muslim world -nations helped them to come in contract of many. It is so that the Islamic religion came to India and to the Bengalese of Bengal and the converted neo-Muslims had to learn Arabic for the religious purpose. Gradually these Arabic elements learned for the reli­ gious purpose entered into the use of Bengali and the Bengalese. Bengali after being established a neo-Aryan language, the new culture the Bengalese came attached was the culture brought by the Muslims in the name of Muslim culture. It can easily be understood that the Bengalese could not comprehend the language of those Muslims when the former cam near the latter for the first time. Had those Muslims returned after defeating the Bengalese and looting their belongings without settling down here then the Bengalese would have no need to comprehend their minds nor could they have influenced the Bengali language. But as the foreigners not only settled but also ruled the land, the importance of comprehending the language of the Arab conquerors gained momentum which caused Bengali and the Bengalese to use many Arabic words and to enter many foreign terms in the Bengali language. As the *means of understanding of one s mind is language so the importance of learning the foreign Muslims language, Arabic increased. Now we, the Bengalese use many Arabic elements, words and the likes in our language, Bengali while most of us do not know the origin of these words. These words are the most important part of the foreign words used in the Bengali language. The Bengali scholars divided the Perso-Arabic words used in Bengali in different categories. Say for instance, many Perso-Arabic words are found to be used in Bengali with a Bengali word like Raja -wojir, Raja -badsha, Akkel-buddi, Kessa-kahini, Khabar-barta, Dhan-daulat,Niyam- kanun, Man-ijjat,Mute-majur, Lazza-sharam, Lok-laskar, Shikka-talim, Sala- pharamarsha,Shakki-shabud, Hashi-muskura and Hakim-baddi and so many more. The Bengali scholars named such Perso-Arabic words used with a Bengali word as Hybrid or Misra Shabda. > Of course, the Perso-Arabic words used in Bengali some time preceded the Bengali word and some time succeeded it. As in aforesaid word, Akkel- /. Bhasha Sahitya Samkriti, Calcutta 1986 PP.51-62 Chattopadhay Dr. Girindranath (69) buddi the Arabic word, Akkel preceded the BengaU word; Buddi.Again in Niyam-kanuii, the Perso-Arabic word, kanun succeeded the Bengah word, Niyam. In practice, the Perso-Arabic words used in Bengali with a Bengali word are very often quite different. Sometimes these two words, Perso-Arabic and Bengali are synonymous carrying same sense and same meaning while some other times not. As in Raja-badsha both the Perso-Arabic and Bengali words are of the same meaning while in words like Raja-wojir the two words, Perso- Arabic and Bengali are of different meanings. Here the Bengali word. Raja means king but the Perso-Arabic word, wojir means minister. A language is as valuable to humanity as a wealth to an economic man. This wealth-like language is used by mankind as soon as they need to do so. Inspite of having so many barriers to use a foreign word the scope of which is confined by a few scholars and philologists it ultimately results excite­ ment, disturbance and troubles at the time of any crisis economical, political or social. So, at present juncture, the prime duty of a philologist and a scholar is to make the language for the society and to make it scientific and logical. In this respect a philologist is to play an important role like a material scien­ tist. The physical scientists are quite impartial to investigate a thing in a laboratory and their discovery is always true and a fact and it ths serves the society impartially. The philologist and their findings should also be impar­ tial as well as universal and they should act in favour of the society. Of course, it is the main and the most important chapter under work. It tries to the display how the Arabic language contributes or influences the Bengali language in different possible ways and in different fields of activi­ ties due to the co-existence of the two for long. This chapter may be divided under the following sub- chapters for bet­ ter and systematic study. a) Arabic elements in the basic vocabulary of Bengali. It may again be studied under the following heads. i) Numerals: Though not many, some of the Arabic numerals are found in the use of Bengali and Bangalese of course, some of them are largely and frequently used while some others are in particular and special cases. Some such nu­ merals are as follows : (70) JJlalf alif thousand Jjl aw'wal awwal first, best, highest ^S£. a'dad adad number wali woli godlyman Jik thifl thifil baby

(7\ ) iii) Flora and Fauna : In case of natural animals, birds and trees, we find some such Arabic names and Arabic terms in the day to day use of the Bangaleese. Some of them may be noted as follows:

^J^ a'qrab akrob scorpion 6^ baqarah bokra cow u'.?^ haiwan haiwan animal Jj.Mjl aswad ach'od cobra ^Ltujl insan inchan human yj^ khinjir khinjir pig ^j-> •"•' shajarah shojor tree dir^J^ narjil narjil coconut li^ hai'ya haia snake

t^\ini qachob kasab bamboo

B) Arabic Elements in the Extended Vocabulary; This is the sphere in which most of the Arabic words and other elements are used in Bengali. Thousands of Arabic words are found to be used in Bengali and by the Bangalese in their extended vocabulary daily. Of course, it can be studied under following heads. i) Nouns: The feasibility and possibility of a foreign semetic language, Arabic to be used in an Aryan language, Bengali is easier and mostly found in the form and pattern of noun than in any other forms and cases. The Arabic words used in Bengali as nouns may be alphabetically listed overleaf :

(72) JLlud ustaj ustad teacher ^j^i aamm amon saieiy, security ^.1 aioier akner at the end jLii azan ajan prayer call istighfar istekfar seek forgiveness, asking the pardon of God itteia' itla information, making aware ikhtiyar akhtiar choice, free will, freedom of action, jurisdiction isharah ishara hint, indication, signal, sign Jus asl ashol origin, root insaf insaf justice, equity

j3,L« imam imam leader, religious leader, one who leads congregational prayers i^tL inqilab inkelab revolution, a sudden change, agitation ^%J islam ichlam peace. Islamic religion jLul iman iman faith, creed, religious belief J 1^1 iqrar akrar confession, agreement, promise, fixing, acknowledgement wumed womid wage, reward, pay, remuneration, 6^'' j^^ ajr, ujrat ajor, ujrot salary lj^\ akherat akherot here after iJl Uf woph woe

(73) Jlj.«l amwal amwal riches, goods, property, wealth JUlJl intiqal intekal death, transfer • • • 1 Gospal, the New Testament JjLa^jl injil injil oUJjl intekhab intikhab election Sjl-i.! ijajot izazot permission, sanction ^lj.a.1 ihram ahram respect h)\ ajiyyat aziyot troubles jliixl i'lan alan proclamation, announcement, advertisement jLxLol imtihan amtehan examination y>\ amr amor order ui^J».l ikhtelaf akhtelaf difference, difference of opmion \1\ aphat aphod danger, trouble, difficulty oL5jl awqat aokat time o^l ayyub aiyub name of a prophet Jjl aw'wal auyal first (_^LL1 ananas anaras pineapple jVjl awlad awlad children A*M1\ aqsam akcham kinds jLojkl akhbar akhbar news paper SjjukI akhirat akherot next world, hereafter

(74) ij\^\ aliwal ahwal condition, state, circumstance ^H^l ahkam akam religious injunction LjLa.! ahbab ahbab friends ±A^\ ahmad ahmod name of Hazrat Mohd. (S.M.) JUUI ijad ijad invention, creation ijlijl ittifaq ittifak event, happening, concord, chance jLoJl insan inchan a human being, a man jLkil iftar ifhtar break of fast hL\ imamot imamot leadership (jLyji.1 ihsan achan good deeds, charity, liberality, generosity 4^U1 ihanat ihanot be little, contempt lal ummat ummot followers, nation, community jialjici itirad atraj objection, opposition, criticism ^1^1 aerabiyy erabi desert people, beduin alxol imdad amdad help Sjljl iradah irada will, intention jinri i'tibar atebar faith, consideration, confidence 4^L5l iqamot akamot establishment, recital of the call to prayer jLiil inkar inkar denial, hate, rejection, disavowal jsLaJl in'am anam reward, gift, present, prize ^Lkljl intijam intijam arrangement, order (jA^I ikhlas akhiach sincerity ji>LxJl injam anjam end, accomplishment, termination tUjI awlia' awlia divotees, saints, holymen, friends of God

(75) LksLuul isti'fa ichtifa resignation i_jjl adab adob courtesy, politeness, good manner J.I3JI iljam aljam accusation, blame, censure, imputation LI abba abba my father LI amma amma my mother jjil akbar akbor greatest kjjiil aqarib akarib near relatives jliU.1 akhlaq akhlak character, moral ji^\ akhir akher final, end JLA.1 ahmal ahmal goods, belongings, immovable property, loads, burdens l».LI ayyam aiyam time, season jli^jl adkar ajkar remembrance, recital of the names of God j*.Lua.l ajnas ajnas kinds ailcl a'zam azam greater, greatest J^l ajal azol death, destiny oljl adaab adab politeness, greetings, salutation, I salute you u WJ^JI adab adab most humble compliments, most taslimat taslimat respectful salutation 6)\jl\ afwah afwa rumours JLvjl abdal abdal holymen, saints jLI aman amon safety, peace, security, protection PLUJI anoia amoia propneis

76) ashraf ashraf great men, aristocrates JJOU^LI ashkhas ashkhas persons oLa^l asbab asbab things, furniture, goods, articles of house oLaw^al ashab ashab companions, companions of the prophet UJL_'V1 ahbab ahbab friends (^i«j^l ahmaqi ammoki foolishness, folly ahmad ahmod most praised, another name of our prophet

(77) )l^\ izhar izar expression, information given to the police about the offences, statement made by the parties or witness islah ichla correction, reform, rectification jLuiLi^l istifsar istifchar question, statement, asking for explanation 6jl •\'y m istikhara istekhara asking for welfare, name of a muslim prayer

(Jl..fl«T I.U isti'mal istemal practice, use ihtimam ahtemam supervision, care ihtiyat ahteyat caution, supervision, care ihtilam ahtelam wet dream, nocturnal emission athar asar sign, mark itikaf atekaf retirement in a mosque for prayer and meditation.

(78) jUlcl i'tiqad ateqad confidence, belief, trust JU.JI ittihad ittehad union, being one s\jo\ umara umara leaders, chiefs, nobles J Lit iqbal akbal advancing, prosperity jkl^l ikram ackram honouring, respect Jj^l ijra ajra giving effect, execution ^if\ ittiham atteham accusation P\J1A\ imtina imtina prohibition, injunction ^j\ iram aram fabulous, gardens (j«LJI ilbas albas clothes, dress jl f ml ishtihar istihar publishing, notice, proclamation A^l uhd uhud a mountain near Medina Jj\ ula ula first, highest Jj.wal WUSUl uchul receiving, obtaining, collection, payment ^IjlSl iqtida akteda following, going after, following the Islam ioLI imamot imamoti leadership iill ulfat ulfot friendship uijJl aluf oluf very familiar, dedicate sL^I intiha inteha end, extreme, climax, final, last stage jLlaJol intizar intejar waiting, expectation j>jl ibn bin son (juxLI ibiis iblich devil, satan )L\ imla amla spelling tflj djl iyaka dafa iyaka daf a once, at one time

(79) ijjL bari bari God _> bazzaz bozaz dealer in clothes, draper J^ batul botul virgin, maid, nun ^jj bid'at bedat hersy, evils, inequity t^jdj badawiyy boddu nomad, bedoin, nomad Ai^ab

(80) *JLJ bay' bay sale <^l_i Ajtj baynama boynama sale deed, sale certificate 3ji barq bark lighting e^^ bazrakh borzokh lit. interval, barrier/period between death and resurrection Sljj bara'at borat immunity, privilege, lot, permit, passport jii^ bahr bahar sea, occean, navy (jkiAj ba'd baje some, useless, superfluous, extra jiaL batin batin interior, secret, hidden, mind, heart JLL batil batil false, untrue, null and void, invalid, cancelled, ineffective JAJ ba'd bade after, afterwards 4JU^ JJU ba'd juma' badui Friday afternoon, after the Friday jumma congregational prayer L»L <

(81) j)^ takrar tokrar repeal, controversy, dispute, quarrel tasbih tasbi glorification, to utter the holiness of God, rosary JjjjJ tabdil tobdil changing i.i-ki"; ta'ajjub tajjub astonishment, wonder, surprise LoLij taqaja takaja want, demand, requisition Jju-^aJ tahsil tahchil collection of revenue, tax, acquiring UL»^ ta'irif tariph Lit. defining, praise, commendation ^jLi ta'rikh tarikh history, date j^J.iu taslim toslim salutation, surrender, greeting, compliments 6j^ tilawat tilawot recitation, reading the Quran (J^jj tawakkul towokkul dependance, reliance on God SJLJ tizarat tizarot business, trade, commerce Ci-v'i takht tokht throne

(82) (^jAAsJ takhmin takmin guessing, appraisement j^iJG toghyir toghir altering, change, removal, discharge Sj£ju tadhkira tazkira remembrance, memory jjj^ tajwiz tazbiz judgement, decision, plan, approval, examination (ji^>^^ tadfin todfin burial ji^^ tadbir todbir setting in order, managing, devise, care-taking CiljjLjju tadbirat todbirat steps for proper management djiju tadarak todarak watching, supervision, inquiry, inspection JjjA2 tafriq tofrik lit. seperation, difference, classification, analysis, subtraction ^^^jjiAj tafsir tofsir lit. expounding, commentary, explanation (specially of the Quran) djAj tabarruk tobomik looking for a blessing, gift, present, dignity, auspicious, elegant ,ja:i.lij tafahhus tofash investigation, inquiry, search AjJLJ tabligh tobligh preaching

(83) ^jLe2 tamanna tomorma desire, hope, wish (^jLu tamadi tomadi lit. continuing a long time, prescription, limitation

(84) Jjj^ tahwil tohbil lit. changing funds, cash, treasury 4AAJ tahmat tohmot false accusation, calumny, blame, censure i

(85) (JjLAiu tamil ta'mil carrying out, execution, performance jliiu tadad ta'dad counting, number, account, measure Qilh tolkin talqin instruction, initiation, prayer over the dead, funeral service ajtLsj talim ta'lim teaciiing, training, instruction, coaching jitj talluk ta'alluq relation, connection ^LJ tasir ta'thir effect, influence, impression JLj tazib ta'dhib modesty, civility, civilization and culture ^f taajjud tahajjud prayers said after mid-night d43u tahut ta'ahhud agreement, promise, rent CJLUJIJ tilasmat telesmat charm, spell, wonder hjfi tawjih touji statement, description, rolls of revenue paying proprietors tawhid towhid unification, unity of God, belief ^jl tawaqqu towokko expectation, hope, care, reliance (jiS^ takfin tokfin shrouding the dead body j4j^ takrim tokrim honouring, respecting

(86) J takbir takbir saying Allahu Akbar, magnifying God by saying Allah is great

J^JAI taqrir takrir assertion, lecture, fixation, deliveration ^^ taqlid taklid blind obedience, imitating uiKj takalluf takolluf taking trouble, delicacy, formality, ceremony, ^^ilij taqallub tokollub change, alteration ^ju^aj taqsim taksim division, distribution, partition taksir taksir fault, short-coming ujl^ thawab chowab reward, religious merit,correct, right cLiuj tana chana praise ^j.Aj taman chaman price ojAj tabut chobut surity, proof, testimony, firm ^ tarr chor watery place jjjj tartar chorchor prattle ilh talatah chalacha three oU^ janab jonab Mr., Sir, lord, your excellence olj^ jawab juab answer, reply, response ^OL jama' joma accumulation, to collect, together, collection jajia tax, tribute, poll tax cIjA jiza jeja reward, remuneration iutU. jalsa jolcha meeting, assembly, committee dLfc jildun jild leather, skin, binding, volume J 1^2. jihad jehad holy war, war, crusade jinch kind, short, thing, good, article

(87) 4xLa:a. jama'at jomat congregation, party, group, assembly

l..iJU^ ayb jeb collar of shirt, pocket

^j-^ arh jera rebutting an evidence, cross-question inn jin jinnee, spirit ahannam jahannam hell, perdition, ruin, annat jonnot garden, heaven, paradise, paradisical garden ihalat jahili ignorance abal jobol mountain alal jolal exalted amal jamal beauty ubbah jubba upper gown with full sleeve, a long outer garment aomn joDor lorce, compuiSiOii, viv^jwiw, oppression idal jidal quarrel irao jirao Dag f^J urm jurum crime, sin ^^>J azirah jozira island, peninsula

l\ •'•-^ asad josod body

f'f^ ^ ism jichim body (^J^J undi jundi soldier ^jl^J anaza jonoza funeral, funeral prayer Jij^} inzir j inzir chain jjKil y asus jachuch spy, emissary

(88) junun jonun jurmanah jurmana fine jawhar jawhar gem, jewell jawahir jawhorat Jewells, gems, jwellery jadhba jozba ecstacy iu:^ jabbar jobbar Almighty, Omnipotent jamhumiyyat jamhur^yat republic, a state acknowledging the supremacy of people jarib joriph field-measure, survey, mensuration julus julus ascension to the throne merriment, splendour IA^ jahmat johmot trouble, hardship AASk, jahad effort, entreaty, pressure kJJl janib side

J jahaz ja'j ship, sailing vessel, steamer jibra'il jibril gabriel juz juz part, part of a book jamm jam crowd, mass, multitude, gathermg jumla jumla whole, total, all, sentence jum'a jumma Friday, Friday prayer jihaz je-aj outfitting of a bride, dowry, whatever is given with a daughter at the time of her marriage julab gulab rose-water ha'iran heran harassment hekmot hekmot wisdom, art, skill, science iULia. hefajot hephajot custody, care, protection

(89) jj-a. hur boor fairy, virging of paradise ^jja. harb horb war iLa. hamlah ham la attack oLt^ hisab hishab accounts, reckoning jlkiia. haqdar hokdar rightful 5^ haj hoj pilgrimamge OJJL^ hadith hadich tradition, speech, saying of the prophet jjs. hadd hod boundary, limit, end jd^ hukm hukum order, decree, ordinance, authority JLA hal hal position, condition, situation, state ^3^ haqq hok true, right, truth, God 4«jA hurmat hurmot holiness, dignity, respect j^U. hajir hajir present jl^^iA haiwan haiwan animal jjj-kft. hujur hujur presence, sir, your honour ijy^ huquq hukuk rights d,(wa. hamd ha'md praise 6^j^ hayat hayat life kiiA. hifz hifz memorising u> huj'n hujun anxiety iLp. hilah hi la means, trickery jd )^ harir horir silk habib hobib friend SjA^ hujra hujra chamber, all, room, apartment f'^iA. halqum halkom throat (^^Ls. halwa halwa wseet meats

(90) hajat hajot necessity tJ^ harf horof letter hasil hachil outcome half holoph oath hammam hamam bathroom <^jA harkat horkot movement, behaviour, conduct ^j^ haraj horoj harm, narrowness, objection ,JA hall holl solution, gift 4iLLi. halqa holka circle of persons, ring, group S^^jjii^ hasrat hasrot grief, anguish, sorrow tjis^^i. hawd hawj tank, basin, reservoir ^J>^ hawas hous hope, passion, desire, eagerness sIjA hawa'i hawa air ^jjjs. hawdaj howda litter on the back of an elephant or camel VljA hawala hawala commission, custody, reference, trust, care

(j-'J^ hawas hawash desire, passion

(91) o"^l^ hawalat hawlat transfer, loan *\A hakimiyyait hakimati magistracy IAJ^^ hukumat hukumot government Xuu^ hasad hasod envying, malice i^La. hajat hajot necessity, want SjuiaU. hadirat hajirat invocations of spirits, exorcisms SJAA hufra hufr ditch, pit, low land, muddy place JJI^ habil habil Abel haya' haya shame, modesty J p. haram haram forbidden

(92) JMZ. husn hasan beauty Sjll:^, heqarat hekarot contempt, disdain jL^ hijar hijar screen, veil wjl^ik. kha'ab khab dream hLL khut'ba khutba lecture, sermon r\jL kharaj kheraj revenue, tax, tribute . khalq khalk creature, creation, people ^ji^ khinjir khinjir pig

(93) jLLk khitan khotian ledger book, records, account book fjLL khatn khotna circumcision (juLLk kharmas khomiach devil, naughty, mischievous khatib khatib reader, orator, reader or reciter of surmans in a mosque on Friday ij±i^ khandaq khondok ditch, pit Jlik. khalal kholoi gap, disorder, defect, deficiency (_y3^ khalas khalas deliverance, liberation, release aU. khas mahall khas moholI private apartment ji^ khayr khoir good, best, well, good deeds jiJx khayrunnessa khoimnnesa best of women Sl^^ khayrat khoirat anything good, good action, charity t_kjjjk kharif khorif autumn, autumnal crops JJ.LA Knaiii Knoiii uiena

(94) ^J daftar doftor record office Jjj dalil dolil document, title deed, proof, evidence

Ljj du'niya dunia world

Lcj du'a dua invitation, prayer, blessings, call

i^j daktur doktar doctor

C>"jJ dars doroch class ii.jj darja/daraja dorja grade / degree, rank, step, ladder j^jj dirham diram dirham / silver coin, price, value H dam dom blood, courage S^j da'wat dawot invitation, call

(^J£J da'wa dauwa claim, demand, charge

^>ij dafii dophon burying, burial

^LJ dimag dimakh brain

PIJJ dawa dowai medicine, remedy fJi^ din din religion, faith J^J dinar dinar golden coin, money

SjjJ dawrah doura rotation, movement, session, sessions court (95) JUJ dajjal dojjal anti-christ, a great imposter who will appear before the destruction of the world

^d dafr dofra strike, push, driving away, beating off

Sjj darra durra whip, scourage of twisted thong to

punish the offenders

6j5lj da'ira daira lit. circle, circuit, session-court

I^SIj da'im daim always jijLS 6jjb da'ira qaim dairaqaim everlasting, perpetual j5la da'ir dair revolving, sub-judice, pending, trial JVJ dallal dolal broker, a negotiator between two parties of a business

LJULIJJ diniyat diniyat religious matters, religious education, religious practices f^c?^-^ dini 'ilm dini ilm religious knowledge, religious education

u'^*^ diwan dewan court, council of state' tribunal of justice or revenue

LH'I dayn dein debt, loan, liability

JJ'^ dawr dour to move in a circle, revolve, walk around

^j dabh jaba blood sacrifice, slaughtering

SjJ dharaah jora atom, a little bit particle, jot

4jj dhillat jillot lowness, humiliation, baseness, insult

96) ^j dhikr jikr remembrance, invocation, recital of god's praises

6jjL^J dhakhirah jakira treasure, store, warehouse

^Ijj dira, jira arm, measure H jam jom blame

C^^ jaki'un joki brainy, sagacious tjjj zawq joyk taste, liking, appreciation t3>^ J dj*^1 zawk wa shawq joyk o sho^( eagerness, earnestness jl^jl^j dhikr adhkar jikr ajkar devotional recitation

(^j dhihn zehn memory, segacity, understanding

C^j mh ru soul, spirit c^b ra'y rai judgement, view, opinion, verdict Jj^j rasul rachul messenger, prophet, lit. sent, directed, despatched f^J rahm rohom mercy, kindness, favour, pity 3Jj rizq rizek livelihood, means of subsistence vj rabb rob master, protector, patron, guardian, Lord, god

<-4AJ rah'mah rohmot mercy, kindness, favour, pity

Jj radd rodd cancelled, cancellation, refutation J>^J rasum rachum legend, custom <^JJ rawdah rowja grave, garden, tombs

JL|J riyal riyal money

O^J ra'is ro'ich leader,chief, nobleman <*ij riaah rofa agreement, peace, compromise

(97) e^J raf rota lifting, decesion, settlement, termination, abrogation e^ daf dofa repelling l^l^^J rafa dafa rafa dafa deciding, settling, ruin, end, defeat,

destruction ieL ^j rafa' nama rofa nama deed of compromise, deed of settlement

<^J rafahiyyat rofhiyyat welfare, happiness, good, prosperity

J^i^J rafiq rofik friend, companion, associate, ally t^J rabi robi spring season

Li^J rabbana robbana 0 our Lord, 0! God

(jLukoj ramdhan romzan month of fast, month of Ramzan, ninth

month of Hijri calender

Joj ramal romol sand. tA!J risha rosha rope, string, large and thick rope j»^J rasm rasum custom, tax, toll, duty, ceremony

LJUjjJJJ rasumai rosumai cusioms,

u.j rasulullah rosulullah messenger of Allah, apostle of God, the

prophet Muhammad

Cy^j rahman rohman very merciful, all-merciful i4^j rahim rohim very mercifull, all mercifull

^j(f^b radiraghbat raziroghbot consent, with pleasure, approval with pleasure, free consent

(98) Jj'j raziq rajik provider, god JOJ razzaq rojjak great provider, god iajj ra'na rama fascinating, charming, lovely, beautiful

(^jb rawi rabi narrator JL-j rammal rommal geomencer, fortune teller, soothsayer l_jji.lj rahib raheb one who is free from worldly affairs, parson,

clergy man yj rofu rifu mending, darring

^J riya' ria lit. to show, to exhibit by poesy, dissimulation, to do something good only to show others

pardon, excuse hJ^J riyasat riyasot kingdom, governmernt, state

6>i»j rishwat rishwat bribe, illegal gratification

^jj rum rum Greece, Eastern Roman Empire

4jtjU.jj ruhaniyyat ruhaniyat Spiritually jrljj rewaj rewaj currency, custom, practice, usage, fashion

stir up of a horse

^jXa^j rada'i razai bed quilt, wrapper

(99) ^j rida reza consent, permission, pleasure, assent ^>^j rahn rehan mortgage, pledge (^j rukn rukun column, support, basis, foundation iai J ruq'a ruka' piece of paper, short letter, memo, receipt, billet itn\j rukhsat rokhsot farewell, parting, leave of absence y-s Vj zinjir zinjir chain l^j zakat jokat purity, alms, poor dues ^jj zawj zowj husband ia.jj zawjah zowja wife jl^j za'fran zaiforan saffron iiLj zamanah zomana period of time, age SjLj ziarah ziarot visit, visiting the grave jjljj zaitun zoitun olive tree, olive oil

SJLJ ziadah ziada excess, increase, abundance jAJ zahr johor poison ^y'j zamjam jomjom jomjom water, a famous well in Mecca jyij zabur zobur the Jabur, a revealed book, <£ljj zira'at zirat land for cultivation, agricultural lands Ij&j zahrat zahra flower

(100) J^-IM safr chofor journey, travel, voyage, tour

JUJILJUJ safarish chufaris pursue

,H^ safir chaphir ambassador Jlj^ sa'wal chual question, asking, begging

(jUaljLU sultan chultan king

Jir^ sair choir journey, travel, tour

dd^-U) sajda choijda prostration

C^LLO sa'il chail begger, applicant, questioner

^Lui sam sham sham

Jijoj sabq chobok lesson, example, pattern

Ja.Lui sahil chahil sea-shore ^1^ siraj chiraj lamp jljj^ sardar chordar supreme commandar

J*-* •" satr chottor line

Cij\jM sukut chukut silence

IJ^LM sakin shakin address, inhabitant, calm

<1 •••! .11 silsilah chilchila iron chain

AJLLO salam cholam peace, salutation

AJLUU salim chalim safe

<(JLJkU sunnat chunnot tradition, practice of the prophet

circumcision

JJLI.U sai'id cho'id Mir, chief, leader, syed

6jJ^ surah chura chapter of the Quran,

layer of stones in a wall

iSj^"-^/ / sehri cheri dawn, meal (before day break) / sultanat chultanot kingdom, emperorship, empire

(101) iJjM sann shon year

*je^ sirot chirot character Jjjl^^ saraawil silwar trouser jjjIjLjUl saylan choylan flowing, running, current, flood

'"' '^ ••• sahth chad roof, ceiling

•> "^ •" sahm chaham share, portion, part gold-coin, quarter rupee ^ sikkiyy shiki

SjL^-JLU sakhawat sokhawot generosity, charity, munificence

•^J-^ •" sajud sojud prostration jLui sitr sotor conceal, veil, modesty

u> t.,111 sanad sonod support, charter, certificate, diploma

A til ft III samsam somsam sword, sharped sword i_J jLuu) sailab soilab flood, overflooded, flow of water Jfw sahl sohol easy, plain, simple, soft

<£Lui sa'at sa'at hour

Ac-\ III sa'id sayid lucky

X&xu sa'd sayad goodman, happiness loXui salamat salamot safely, peace, health

S^p^ sah'ra Sahara desert, Sahara desert

4 III1JL.LU siyasat siasot administration, politics jjL-yui subhan suban praise, glorification

(102) 4jLLLui sultanah sultana empress, queen

djLui suluk suluk way of living, conduct, manner

JjM) sewa sewai except, same

^p^uj sihr seher magic

CjjMi saw't sota whip, rod

Jlj^ suwal sowal asking, begging, question

oljJk JI>UJ suwal sual juab question and answer

jawab

oijjii sarab shorab wine, drink, spirituous liquor

A^ shahr shahr month j^ shahar shohor town

^LZI shukr shukur thanks, gratefulness, gratitude

hjLJu shukriyya shukria gratitude

iJjiljUJ shamil shamil inclusive

L^ sarh shorah explanation, commentation ^LJaJuui shaitan shoitan devil, satan, mischievious spirit cLLui shifa shofa remedy, recovery from illness JLi sal shal shwal (jLi sa'n Shan condition, majesty, glory, dignity,

prestige

()n'\ HI shakhs shokch person, individual iaj^ sorth shorth condition, term tJJ-^ shuru' shuru' begining, start dj^ shirk shirk part, portion, polytheism.

4^^ shirkat shirkot fellowship, partnership,

(103) shak shok doubt, suspicious hesitation Jl^ shaki shokol shape, form, figure

4JJJ;, shabih shabi image, picture, portrait,similar, likeness, 5^ shuhrat shohrot publicity, fame, reputation, <^jiu shawkat showkot power, might

shajara shojra lit. tree, geneology; a record of descent from an ancestor ^jLJit shatranj shotranj chess, game of chess PjJi shar" shora lit. way, course, religious law Al\yij sharafat shorafat nobility, gentility, aristocracy

(104) hyi shurba shurba soup, broth

JJUui shiddat shiddot hardness, distress, trouble, suffering, harassment

UXJL shu'la shuala flame

L>^J^ shawqin shoiwin longing, yearning Libo safa chafay purity, innocence, free from guilt

]a\j^ sirat chirat al straight way, the Islamic way ijdLuLJI al-mustaqim mustakim jy^irt suhbah sohbat association, sexual intercourse, companionship

J>f^ sabur sobur patience, wait, endurance t^ sa' saya measure for grains Sjlti<^ sadarat sad a rati presidentship, leadership

<>A,LiO sahibah saheba lady, mistress

AM 11^ si'yam siyam lit. restraint fj-^ sawm sawm observe fasting, fast A^ ,n sihhat sihhot health, ease vJj^ sirf seref unmixed, pure (only/mere) ^X^ silah silah weapons, amis subhekadhib subekazib false dawn. 3>^l-<^ ^-H^> subhesadiq subesadiq true dawn t^^>^ sarahiyy sarahi wine bottle, flask r^j^ sarah sora pure

(105) j^^ sabr sobor patience, fortitude endurance ^jjiL^ sanduq shonduk box, chest .Lo ciiaheb shaib master companion, Mr. Sir

Cf^>^ chufi sufi saint

hjMO sawb chuba province, heap, a place of storage sulah ^ sule compromise, treaty, peace

^^.ua chadiq sadik friend fH-^ subh suba morning IJJJLQ chabun shabon soap ^ii->.r. sahih chohi correct, right, accurate, pure ^L..^ sahabi chahabi companion (j^j^ sahn chehen courtyard, yard Ahp^^ sahifah chohifa news paper, booklet jj^ sadr chodor lit. chest, breast, chief,

president, chaimnan c'ftua saff chof line, row, range, class

(106)

I «t 9,^ da'yef joyif weak

^ dila zjla district, tract of land

l^; -^ dabt zabt keeping in order, brought under control

^IjJa jidd zid obstinacy, stubborness

O^J^ tufan tufan flood, deluge, stomi, tempest, hurricane, typhoon .!il£J^ tawlkalam tulkalam prolongation of speech, long discussion, great tumioil, violent outcry, Jj^ tawl tul length Jl^ J^ tawl tawal tawal lengthening, prolongation jLL tayyar toyyar ready to fly, ready, prepared

3J^ tawq towk chain, collar, handcuff 1> turra tura forelock, hairlock, bunch, plume AljL tu'fa' tufa present, any fine and precious thing, excellent j^j^ tawadu tawaj to be modest, courtesy, hospitality, entertainment, reception

JJ^ tawr towr manners and education, etiquitte

^WJ^ tarbiyat toribat culture IjL turra turra wom in the turban crest

J^ tuhr tuhor lit. purity, period between two menstration salary, demand, seeking, summon, pay, uxlL talab tholob application 3^ thalaq thalak divorce, legal seperation between husband and wife

(107) jLL taq thak layer, stratum, arch, shelf, astonished, strange, surprised

^> tarf thoroph side, direction, party

1 ^ ^ ^ [** tabib thobib doctor, physician tay toi folding up, crossing, sunnounting c> tarh thor lit. throwing, method, way, like 3iJ^ tariq thorik path, way, mode, method, system 4ljjL tariqat thorika lit. path, spiritual path, way to spiritual perfection ^UL ta'am toam food 4L zuhr zuhar mid-day, mid-day prayer, time just immediately after-noon

(108) (Sjij^ azizi ajiji humility, weakness je^ 'abir abir perfume, a kind of coloured powder

•COLAC 'imamah amama turban, headband jJLc 'alam alom world, earth jj.a£ achor asor aftemoon, afternoon prayer, period

Luxe 'asa acha stick, staff, cudget, rod

6> izzat ijjot might, honour, modesty, chastity

SJ.

J^ umar umor age, life

(>J£ iwad iwaz exchange, substitution, compensation ^1- ilm jljm knowledge, science, culture

(^ ishq ishk love, fondness

Luic isha asha first part of the night and also the prayer of it. j^ udhr ujor excuse, plea, pretext

O"^ urs urus wedding, anniversary of a saint's death Sjjix aqidah akida tie, knot

d a t a <> aqiqah akika religious belief ceremony of sacrificing animals and distributing the meat on the occasion of the first shaving and naming of a baby lake ajmat ajmot greatness i.\'\r ajab ajib wonder, wonderful

• ' 'I -v f aja'ib ajaib wonderful things, curious things JAC a'amal amol practice, work, reign, administration (Jic aql akol intelligence

(109) J^y ard aroj, arji request, submission Al)U ilaqah alaka area, jurisdiction, relation, connection

6> ijjat ijjot prestige SjLc imarat amarot construction, palace, building, edifice

Ja£ atr athor perfunne

S^tx adat adot habit, practice

MLC 'ibadat abadot worship, service, devotion

Wjllc ajab ajab suffering, punishment

3J^ arq ark juice

±iX. •id id festival, Muhammadan festival

JjLc adi ado! justice

Sjld£ adayat adawot enmity, malice, spite, ill-will

J'J^ arsh arosh throne of god

£^ ilaj alaj treatment 1»!JIC alamat alamot mark, symptom aam common, masses, general people f^ aamm

UiJUC aib, ayb aib fault, defect

U**^ ayesh ayesh way of life, enjoyment of life, ease, comfort

j4-*-«^ ambar ambor ambor, a kind of perfume

j^ a'hd ahod period, promise, words, agreement

« 1 1-1 i(*vr ghadab ghojob anger, rage, punishment

(110) ^ji gharad gharoj purpose, aim, interest, eagerness f^ ghulam gulam slave, boy, servant JuiC gusi gucliol bathe kU ghaiat galoth error, mistake, defect, fault, slip ciliU ghilaf gilaph envelope, cover, wrapper, seath

Ji£ ghida kheja food, meal, a kind of sweets,

nourishment

^JJ^ ghurub kiiurub sunset

*^^ ghargharah gorgora gargling, a kind of huqqa

<

V^JJL£ gaib ghaib absence

^Ub^ ghaffar goffar the great forgiver, god

ghamm ghom sadness, grief, sorrow, thought (^

J^ ghamr ghumor secret, mystery, cover

6)kl£ ghiza gheja food, diet

^ ghayr ghoir other, different, prefixed as non, un, not, other than

*^ ghaymhu ghaira others, besides, etcetera and others

(111) ijj^ gharq gharak drowning, submerged, sunk M ghar ghara cave, pit jy^ ghawr ghour deep thought

(Jj^Ji:^ ghayrjari ghoir zari non-execution

J^^Ji:^ ghayr la'iq ghoir la-ik unfit, unworthy

6^^'V4^ gharibul watan ghoribuwotnl one away from one's native land 4li£ ghaflat ghaflot negligence, carelessness, indifference fj^^ ghayr ghoir muhrinn relation with whom marriage is not maharram forbidden jJi^^^ ghayr muqallid ghoir mukallid not blindly obedient to any authority,

not follower of any of the four Imams jtrA •\ JJLC ghayr hadir ghoir hazir absent vJU ghalib galib triumphant, conqueror, victorious,

over powering

^Lc ghanim ganim plunderer

Sdjli fa'idah faida benefit, gain, profit

Jjali fadil fazil superabundant, surplus, excess,

scholar tiJ^ fawj fouj anny, troop farq farak gap, difference, distinction,

seperation, distance

^pi fakhr fokhor glory, pride

> fikr fikir plan, scheme, thought

decision of a case

(112) nii fatha fota conquest,

victory,

success, triumph oji faut fowt loss,

destruction

(jj^ fatwa fotowa fotwa,

judicial pronouncement made by a Mufti

^ fajr fojor day break, dawn,

eariy moming,

morning prayer

^U fajir fajir sinner, debauchee,

naughty, wicked, talkative, worthless eldi fida fida sacrifice, ransom l^jl fursah fursot opportunity, leisure jc^ji fard foroj duty, obligation ^jU farig farigh not busy, free, release

(113) jLui fasad fosad turmoil, corruption, sedition, rebellion, riot, constant breach of peace a^li fasid fasid bad

^JyLuLi fasiq fasik deviator

cU^i fasi fosol chapter, season, crops, harvests

<)aa fiqh feka understanding, theology

o^U fulan phulana so and so, such a one.

6^ fann fonn subject / kind

(j^ faid foiz bounty

O^J^ furqan phurkan the Quran

(_jujjji firdaus firdauch heaven, paradise, highest heaven, JJ ferar pharar abscander, escape, running away

'^kj^ faryead for-yad appeal. Juki fadi fozol favour, bounty, grace, virtue cl ui'\ i fahsha fahesha vile deed

Cs^^ faji' paji wicked h^lil fatiha fateha prayers for the dead, introduction, praise

3J^ fawq fouk above, superior Aj^ fuqara fakra poormen, paupers, beggars Juii fisq fisk,fasik : cormption, wickedness

JJJAA fadul fazul anything superfluous, surplus, excess iaJLi fathah fotha vowel mark called nasab

(114) ^3^ futuhiyy futuhi jacket or vest without sleeves

JJ^ futur fotur langour, weakness, ruin, peniless

^ fahm fohm understanding, wisdom, skill, artifice, intelligence c!^ fa'ala foila agents, officers JJ farfar forfor flapping the wings, sound produced by the blowing of wind, words spoken in haste o"J farsh forosh carpet, mattress, floor-cloth, bed

CJL^J^ farhat forhat merriment, pleasure

U\j£ faraghat foragot widenes, ease,

freedom from anxiety

(jiaj^^ faraid foraiz ordinance, laws of inheritance

^J^ fard ford single, single sheet of paper, list, roll njjtL& faskh faska disjunction, annulling, loose Li fana fana annihilation, destruction, ruin

JLi fal fal omen, divination d •^•'v a fahsha faisha obsence 6^ fakh fak loose, gap, opening

Jj^ fil fil elephant

JL^'cf^ Tiinai Tiiuai Ctl pIV^OOIIl, llV^tftl

(115) U^-^ fir'awn feraun pharaoh, ancient king of Egypt Sjl^ fawarah foara fountain, spring

LS^J^ fawjiyy fowji military, soldier Ojl fawt tout death, destruction, ruin

CJUJI furqan furkan distinction between right and wrong, the Quaran

SjUi faqarat fakiri poverty tr^jL^ farsi pharshi Persian

C^ farj forz opening

3 qabr kobor tomb, grave

4uAx& qabda kobja capture, handle, wrist, hilt, possession llal qa'dah kajda custom, rule, fashion ijUuMJ^ qabristan kobristan grave yard (Ji^ qatil katil killed &Lli qati' kati cutter Ltli qil'ah kil'a fort iLij qabilah kabila tribe Jj4^ qabul kobul acceptance, approbation

(jj\l quari kari reader ajuiii qasm kochom oath

^Ai qadm kodom step, foot, trot

U>»^ qanun kanun rule, law, system, regulation

Ci^^ qadi Kaji judge

(116) cj5li qa'il ka'il speaker

dj^ qawl koul speech, word, utterence, message

fJ^jLAfi qamis komich shirt

^JS qaum kaum tribe, nation, community, people Sj5 qu'wat ku'wot power, strength 51^ qira'at kirat reading

w»ir>

jL?^ qurban kurban sacrifice, offering

A.>.afl qism kichim kind, sort, species

J:U qatil katil killer, murderer

JJLS qadir kadir powerful

^,>^ qarib korib near, close, almost Juoi quachd kasd intention

s.\,.^l qachida kosida ode, a long poem cl >A< qada' koja completion s^ qatrah katra drop

• 'la qaib kolb heart ^ qalam kolom pen, graft

i^^^l^ qanuni kanuni legal ^^LLLI^^ qabulotnama kabulotnama claim, confinement

^-^ quadir kadir all powerful qaychar koisor emperor c^J^ qawmiyy national, communal jj qadd figure, size, stature

(117) J'^ qadar kodor power, measure, worth, merit, honour appreciation

14 ai qadim kodim ancient

(j^ qabd qabz receipt, constipation, grasp, possession, seizure h^jj^ qabrjiyarat visiting the graves

^ qachur kasur defect, fault, error, guilt, shortcoming

•"'^ a qaht kahot famine, drought, death

^ qahr kohr violence, divine wrath, calamity, misfortune, dangerous

S^ qahwa kahwa coffee jSljS qawa'id kawaid rule, system, practice, prade J^>5 qawwal kawal very eloquant, singer in a religious gathering

SLolJI ^^1i qadi'l qudat judge of judges

2 qatran katran liquid pitch, tar, juice of the pine jULS qitar katar line rdi qadh kadah cup, kind of earthen bowl

a qabba kubba upper garment

C^J^ qawi kowi strong J.U qabil kabil able, worthy, fit

>»L5 qabu kabu opportunity, advantage, power jxllo jljli qa'im maqam kaimmukam representative, successor, lieutenant

(118) <^t^ qarabat kerabot nearness, affinity, connection, relationship Sjjjii qarurah karura glass, sick-urinal bottle ^.i^li qachid kasid messenger, courier iLi qibia kibia direction of Ka'ba

<^LLi qiyamat kiamot rising, rising of the death, resurrection, day of judgement

(_^IJL5 qiyas kias analogy, analogical deduction, sunnise, supposition nlk <»ll qilya fath conquering of a fort d A^.tfl qismat kismot share, portion, lot, destiny

Ja,>.afl qist kisti equity, portion, instalment

6JA2 qudrat kudrot power, ability, nature, providence Ji5 qufl kuluf lock, pad

<£LiLi qana'at kanayat contentment ^J qurba, pL of kuraba relation, a near one qarib

U^J^ qur'an reading, the Quran

JJLS-O (j>^ qura'n majid the glorious Quran

^j^u'^ qur'an sharif the holy Quran t^^^ qur'aniyy Quranic, belonging to the Quran cAiJ^ qurayshiyy Qurayshite 3J qurq kuruk attachment, confiscation (119) ^L5 qa'im kaim lasting, standing, stable,

permanent, durable

qa'ida kaida method, rule, system

kufr kufur disbelief, infidelity uii kafan kofon shroud, winding sheet for a dead body

C.lilA kasb kosob earning, profession

6j*tt£ kasrat kochrot fracture

^1^ Keramoti kiramoti nobility Ixs^ Kaiba kaba house of Allah oLi Kabab kobab roast

OLL^ Kitab kitab book, writing J.1^ Kamil kamil perfect, expert, complete ^K Kafir kafer infidel, disbeliever

kafi sufficient, enough c^^ Kafi kurchi chair, throne, stool (^^ Kursi J^ Kaphil kophil bail, granter ^ Kaph koph palm much ^ Kasir kociiir Ik£L£ Kagaj kagoz paper l^li Kamira kemera camera 6^ Cabtin cabtin captain A^ Kibad kibad liver

^ Kabir kobir great oJl^ katib katib writer

(120) oJL^ kagib kajib liar

(4j^ karim korim noble ^y^ kalam kalam conversation, word JL^ kamai kamal perfection.execllence.success, attainnfient,

6j^ kabira kobir great(sin),abomination,mortal(sin) <.ii^ kitabat writing, correspondence

<.u^ kifayat kefayot sufficiency, cheapness

^ kutub kutub books, leader of saints UE kulfat kulfa trouble, distress, vexation

JU^ kibar kibar greatness, nobles Uj^ karamat keramot miracle, power, nobility

^^ kawthar kowsor principal stream of paradise f^ karam korom generosity, liberality, kindness, mere Jd£ kalf kolof brown reddish colour, dye, hair dye iJ£ kalima kolima Muslim confession of faith

>, ^Ml^ kashf kasf revelation of secrets, revelation of the unseen

Sji^ kathrat kosrot excess j^^ kafur kofeir camphor

Sjli^ kaffara kofora penance, atonement, expiation

(121) J (j^U libas lebach dress, clothes, garments, u-J lehn len tune I^U lagij lojij delicious.

N^ lazim lazim requsite, compulsory (jLJ lisan lichan tongue 4iliJ lifafah lephafa envelope Lkl lafz lofz word, lit.casting, throwing,discharging oU laqab lokob title,degree, rank, occupation of a loU luqmah lukma person cy lail lail little piece, mouthful 6ll lajjat lozzat night

<^ lamha lohma glance, twinkling, moment V la la moment

QcJ IJSS luchcha decait, highwayman, lascivious, debouchee

OkJ lutf lutf kindness, divine mercy, grace, beauty, pleasure

6^ lekJn lekin but, moreover, however, neverthless JiLJ lehaf lef lit. wrapper, quilt

6>4^ lemun, lebu lemon, orange, citron i^U laymun lehaj consideration, care, respect (jLU lihaz lukman a famous philosopher known as luqman Yusuph's son SUJ lughat loghat language, dictionary

CJU luban luban olibanum

^ ma'na mana meaning, signification dL malik malik king mana' mana prohibit ^

4 I An mihnat mehnot labour

(123) (jlkitO maydan moidan field, hippodrome Je mil mail mile

cLLiLo mina mina port

i.ilnrt matlab motlob pursuit, intention (JLijL* marshal Marshal

J^ mitr miter metre

^ muta' muta enjoyment

JU madd mod elongation

SJL maddah mudda theme

J^j^ marad moroj illness, disease, sickness j^y' markaz morkoz centre

j^-^ maskhar moskura ridicule

i^l • ii A misk mushk musk

^ makr mokor cheating

ujibJU majhab mojob faith, religion

i\ irtin maqchad mokchud intention

I, nSo maktab moktob school olio makan mukan house jLa^ mahfil mohfil assembly, meeting, congregation, gathering

(__^ui&4 muflis muphlich bankrupt

(NSIIIO maskan maskan house, building

JjJJLo ma'bud mabud God

^LLO munafiq munafik hypocrite, hypocritical, dissimulating

UJ J > "\ 0 mahbub mohbub lover

(124) ^jko maghrib magrib west, time of sun set

6>io maghfirat magfirot forgivenness

^LLO munajat munajat confidential talk, supplication

J^^ mudabbir mudbir manager maudu' mouju subject ^J- mauqa mouka scope, chance Jj^ moula moula God

^LA« muqam mukam shrine d^j4^ meherba merba merciful

Ijin's. ft majlis mojiich meeting cK^ mahl mohol apartment, place, abode, quarter, bulding, chamber, palace JL mal mal riches, wealth

^^ marmar mormor marble

•^\ '^ t tt /\ masjid mochjid mosque, place of worship

JAL malmal molmol maslin j^ milad milad birthday of the prophet

/jLaljLUO musalman muchalman Muslim

JLLL^ mukhtar mukhtar lit. chosen/ agent, legal practitionar, pleader

4 tl tl '/S*r^ masibat mochibot disaster, calamity, trouble, difficulty o>« ma'ut mout death J>^ mutawalli mutowolli lit. one intrusted with an authority, trustee, administrator, superentendent of any religious or charitable foundation

(125) Jllo mithal michal example, instance Jid mithi michi similar, like, alike, equivalent, likeness

6JL« muddat muddot period, space of time, limit

JJA madad mudod help

(Jj^ manjil monjil house

6j>^ mashwarah moshora consultation

6jLijL4 minarah minar minaret

SjJaLLo munajara munajara debate

C>* mauz mouj wave <^dlo muqaddamah mukodma law-suit

^JULXA ma'ash maish livelihood jj/v>Ao madmun mazmun subject, subject matter

mani moni (> human sperm, seminal, fluid t^ i ^ ^ <> munib munib master, patron

AIJ^ mablagh moblogh total, sum, cash

LJ^^ mardiyy morzi consent, pleasure, will, approval, lit. agreeable

o^y maradul mawt marzul mawt last illness of one's life, disease causing death

^J^ marthiya morsia elegy, dirge

^jMijA marsum morshum lit. marked, usual, customary, mendate, stipend

CiJjA muruwat moru'at humanity, generosity, manliness, virtue

njLua.0 mashaikh mashaik elders, spiritual guides, holy men

(126) (JXULO mash'al moshal torch ijyuxa mash'q moshk practice, exercise yr t tiift masih mosih Christ, Mussiah

SjjU-o muhawara mohra dialogue, usage, idiom

<1^ muhlat muhlot respite, delay, time, leisure

J4^ mahr mohor marriage portion settled upon the wife at the time of marriage contract, seal,

stamp f>^ rmuharram mohrom first month of the Hijri year tJ^ mahram mahrom relation with whom marriage is forbidden jj^ muharrir morir, morib writer, clerk

Uj'^'^ " mahsul mashul tax, duty, excise, custom, postage j'> mazar mozar place of visit, shrine, tomb, grave oljjuj mirath miras heritage, patrimony

^L« ma'tam matom mourning, grief

^ mata' matta merchandise, goods, furniture t>±a madda madda matter, substance, subject, essence,

faculty, root

4_bujkLo madrassah modorsa school, college

^ mana' mana forbidding, prohibition, prevention uiuu ma'af maf pardon, forgiveness, exemption

J^^JJU ma'bud mabud worshipped, God, adorable one

dealing

(127) ii^ ma'rifat marfat knowledge, agency, by the hand of, knowledge of God, mysticism

LAJL marhaban marhaba lit. amplitude (to you) welcome, hail Jlj^lJL rnalamwal malamwal property, possessions, property left by a dead man iSL malika malika queen

^% mallah mala/mali boatman, crew, sailor, mariner, fisherman

Ji^ ma'bar malabor place of crossing JLVL malamal malamal malamwal, property, plentiful dS^U mala'ik malayek angels dUL malik malik owner, proprietor, possessor, God

^,l,B,o mu'allim muallim teacher, instructor, pilot ^L ma-liyyat maliyat wealth, finance C.UL maliyyat maliyat property, wealth ma'shuqa mashuka beloved woman, mistress, sweet heart j^j^ mizan mizan balance, pain of scales

6jLl« manara minaret, tower attached a mosque for calling people to pray

^ ''>• " mih'nat menot labour, drudgery

^H-" minbor membar pulpet, tower, dias jLxjui miyad miad time of promise, term, stipulated time, perion

(128) IJJLO mirath miras heritage, hereditary, property, patrimony,

inheritence

JXUO milad milad birth, nativity, birth day celebration of the

prophet Muhammad (SA) JUL. mithqal misqal weight

JLAUM mismar mismar reduced to nail, demolished, destroyed,

ruined

J4A« michr mishor Egypt olj^ mihrab merab niche, qibla-facing, projection of a

mosque

AJIO muqaddam mukoddom leader, chief, headman

IJUIIAA muqaddas mukoddos sanctified, holy, sacred

JAI* mukammal mukommol perfect, complete

muqabala mukabila meeting face to face, standing over,

against, encounter, proforma aJio muqalid mukallid blind follower of an authority

> muqirr acknowledgement, confession

^jj^ muqim mukim resident, one who remains at home

L fllTA^A mukhtalif mukhtolif different, diverse, various

* tys t -%. A mukhtachar mukhtosor abbreviated, abridged, belief, short, small

*,'dL?>.o mukhtalif mukhalif lit. contrary/opponent, enemy

A 1 t t * A musallam muslam admitted i$J^ majra mujra executed, deduction, remission

«. ^1 •>• ^ muzahim muzahim hindrance, obstacle, opposition, objection (>i^ mu'min mumin beleiver, orthodox Muslim <5 >il« mutafarraqah mutafarraka miscellonous, diverse, various, sundry

(129) 3J^ mutafarriq mutafarok separated, various f^j^ mutarajjim mutarjim transfer, interpreter muta' muta temporary marriage, prevalent among ^ the Shias

J^dA modkhal madkhal entrance, spacious, open

4jiij^ mudafa'at mudafot resisting, defending, one self, former owner or possessor of a land

^Ij^ mudam modam continual, propetual, always

,^AL« munshi munshi composer, clerk, tutor, teacher

{JMJ> munadi munadi crier, herald, proclaimer

(^JLLO munada munada proclamation

AiLlo munafi munafa profit, income

AXA mu'allim muallim teacher, instructor, tutor 6jj^ maruwwat murot manliness, virtue, ability, strength ij^r murabba murobba preserved, conserve of fruits, jam t^j^ murabbi murobbi one who brings up and protects, patron, guardian, well-wisher, educator kLui >4 murshid murshid director, spiritual guides jlj^ murad murad desired, desire, object, purpose, intention

^J^ murid murid disciple, follower

^S^J^ murtada murtaja one with whom God is pleased <5^L mulaqat mulakat lit. to come face to face, meeting, visit, interview

(130) dL mulk muluk sovereignty, reign, kingdom, country, dominion t/^ muchalla musalla prayer carpet, lit. place of prayer iS^J^ musa musa Mosses

4> fl muchafaha musaffa handshake

' < '^•l •-^'> muchahib musahib companion, associate, flatter jidle miqdar mekdar quantity, quality, merit, ability

Ql Ji/^O midrab mizrab lit. instrument for striking, musical bow

C'> mijaz mijaj temperament, mood, disposition, temper, pride, anger rl »Xo mi'raz merai ascension, prophet's ascension to the heaven

Olj^i-O mihrab merab parlour, bower, enclosure, place where Imam stands in a mosque and leads the prayer

^LJa^ mutabiq mutabek corresponding to, conforming to, answering to

ISJ^J^ muwaji muwaji parallel, sum, total J^'j^ muwafiq muwafik suitable, agreeable, according to iJlu, muraqabah murakaba lit. to watch, to fear God, meditation, contemplation of God

(131) SjjhLiw mushahada mushahida contemplation on God <1^ muhlat mohlot respite, delay, time ^y> mawda' mowza' place, village, a part of land having a seperate name in the land records ^j^ mawsim mousum season, proper time muhr mahor stamp

^U^ nizam nijam administrator, order, system, governor

»^J nazm nozom poetry

SjiJ nafrah nofrot distate, hate cHJ nafs nofs soul, self, sense, ego, desire Jii nafi nophol superogatory

All naqd nogod cash, cash payment, transaction J^ naqsh noksha painting, drawing, embroidery, map, picture

IjLuoH naqchan nuksan / loss, harm, waste Luksan

C^ nikah nika marriage jf nahr nahor river, stream, canal

JJ^ nur nur splendour, light h^ niyyat niyot purpose, intention, object i 1 I ,>-» \ nachib nosib destiny, luck, fortune, portion

^ najr nojor vision, glance, look, sight, evil eye.

(132) nabi nobi apostle, prophet, messenger of God ij^ Ji)^ najir nojir precident, similar, resemblance, alike

<>i na.l na.al horse-shoe

^^ nehayat nehayoth end, extreme, utmost, very, much

1 a.y^t nichf nisaf half Jj^ nazil najii revealation, coming down SUJ najat najat salvation, deliverance, liberation,

^•\ \ t nachiha nochiyot advice, admonition, sernion

^^ «~ * natijah notija result, effect, consequence

(^jl-^ nachara nasara christian f>^ na'um noam sleep Julj nasi nosol posterity, offspring, descendent, breed J^JLi riarjil narzil coconut

^>fi nabu'wah nobuyot prophecy, prophethood sacrifice ^ nahr nohor ^jLiu nishan nishan mark, sign

L>^ najas najis dirty, dirt Jjj^ nuzul nuzul coming down, revelation Jii nofl nofol devotional work, voluntary religious act observance of which is not compulsory, supererogatory

nabat nabat sugar candy, sweet meat plants nawab nobab deputy, vicegerent, lieutenant, governor, nowab, chief (133) t^^^,tf„f nasab nasob lineage, family

O''^ nahs nahas inauspiciousness, ill-luck, unluckiness JuiljL na-waqif nawakif unknown 6^ naqqara nakara drum, cymbol JK: nakal nokal chastisement, ashamed, harrased

^ nafa' nofa profit, gain, benefit, advantage JjLuL nama'qui namakul unreasonable, improper, inconvenient jlj^L namurad namurad disappointed, unfortunate, miserable

CLSU na't nayat praise of the prophet

(j^'jLJ narad naraj displeased, dissatisfied, discontented J^L na haqq nahok unjust, unlawful, unfair, wrongful (^LiJ niqash nikash taking account, auditing an account

PIAJ nida' nida voice, sound, calling to one, proclamation jUi nifaq nefak hypocrisy oLfiU nichab nesab course, syllabus, text book, amount of money or property which imposes the duty of paying legal alms

^l> 111 wasilah usila plea, means, medium, support (134) d^J wakil wokil pleader, lawyer agent, sub-title Ciij waqt wokt time, appointed time J>^J wchsu! wosul receive c/J^J wakaloti wokaloti pleading

JiJJ wazir wujir minister, vizier

>»J watr bitir odd

*^J wajha waja reason i^lj wahid wahid one cr^J wahi wohi revelation, inspiration c^jlj wadi wadi valley ^jb warith warich heir

wochi be quest

6^J watn woton native land, mother land 6d£j wa'da wada promise, pledge iiL^j wa'z woaj admonition

Jlj walid walid father Sjlj walidah walida mother

Jj wald walod child, son, daughter hi^j wajuhat wojuhot course, excuse Jalj waqf wokf stop, dedication of property to one before one's death

JijCj wa'z waj lecture, sermon, advice, instruction ui^Lk &JiXj wa'da khilaf wada khilaf breach of promise

(135) ikjuilj wasita wasta means, cause, medium liJJ waraq worok leaf

*^J waghaymhu waghayro and others, etcetera, besides UJJ wazn wojon weight, measure, measurement Sjjij wazarat ujarot ministership, ministry ^^f^J wazifa wozifa daily religious duty, daily allowance, booklet

J^J wadu wazu ablution, religious ablution before a prayer or recitation of the Quran

'^^^J wajud wojud existence, body, life .Lij wafa wofa fulfilment, faithfulness olij wafat wofat death

himmat himmot courage, spirit

6 >aJh hijrah hizrot migration, flight, departure

(136) ^JaMi hazm hojom digestion, d:^ halak halak destroy.perishing

(^AA huda huda guidance, direction J^ hawl hawoi terror, fear

6^ yaqin yekin firm belief, conviction yethim athim orphan jH^

,Hi^ yasir yesir motherless, easy, small ojiL yaqut yeakut ruby

LS^. ya'ni yeani it means, that is, to say, viz, namely u'-»Jd yunan yunan Greece

^.iiia.j L ya nafsi myself, oh, my soul! alas for my soul!

(137) II Though not as many as the nouns, there are some Arabic adverbial elements and words used in Bengali language and literature. Some suffixes, in the form of Bengali are added with these and taking the noun forms of the adverb, they are used in Bengali. The suffixes in most cases are like do, give, and remain. Some such Arabic adverbial words used in Bengali and by the Bangalese are as follows

tjLaj) inchafan inchaf making justice

j\J\ iqraran ekrar confessing SjUl ijajatan ejajat taking pemnission 6jU.l ijaratan ijara leasing L)U\ ai'lanan ailan announcing Ulill^l ekhtelafan akhtelaph differing

LIJI adaban adab respecting LLxil in'aman anam awarding

ULUILAI ihsanan achan sympatheouly

SJIJ! iradatan irada intending

\j\£^\ inkaran inkar denying LUI ith'telayan iththela informing Ll^l ik'raman ekram honouring lu.1 achlan ashole actually l>\ akhiran akhere lastly LL|I imanan iman believing

(138;) i^Ua jahiran jahir openly Li^l^pLcl aiterajan ithraj objecting \jLl^\ akhtiyaran akhtar choosing <:UI ihanatan ihanot disregarding

LiLtAaJt thahqiqan thakik ascertaining

^y tharjamatan thorjoma translating Slij thofatan thofat distinguishing LiLu tha'alluqan tha'alluk relating

1 'v n I in thas'bihan thosbi admiring

1 (\\lii7i tha'liman thalim teaching

1 IT-*** tha'ajjuban tha'ajjub astonishing Li.^ tha'irifan tharif praising SjliU thilawatan thilawot reciting M£>; thawokkulan thowokkul depending L£^- thabarrukan thoborruk blessing

^JJ thaw'batan thowba repenting

'jnii^*? thafsiran thofchir explaining 1^- thakabburan thokobbur priding

'^J^ tajribatan thojorba testing LLb thabitan chabit confimiing

(139) ^^-H thartoratan chorchor chattering, prattling lUb thalisan chalicha thirdly y^L. jahilan jahil ignorantly h*'J-^ jawaban jawab replying

IjSU. jaijan jaij legally

^j^ jabran jobor by force, by oppression

1-jl.HP" heranan heran harassedly ilia. hukmatan hekmot technically

LLnfN hisaban hisab accounting

LIA hukman hukman ordering

VliU halalan halal legally

IjAeUA. hadiran hajir presenting u^ haqqan hok rightly

LL^IJ radian raji being pleased

PLOJ reda'an rejan pleasing

1^1: za'idan jaid exceedingly

SJL3 zi'adatan jiada excessively, more, much ilJjLO sawalan swal questioning dti^^JLU sajdatan sajda prostrating lilSLu sa'ilan sail flowing

L'U salaman salam peacefully 1>^ shukran shukr thanking (140) ijj^jjj shukriatan shukria thanking

)LUh shamilan shamil inclusively

\^\Jj sha'hidan shahid wittnessing

U^l m shafian shafi recovering li^ shirkan shirk taking partner

LL^ shartan shorth conditioning LLi shakkan shok doubting ijLl^ shikayatan shekayot complaining

SjLfiii shahadotan shahadot witnessing

^^H^ chubran sobor taking patience chahihan chohi correcting

L^ij.i^ charahan chorih in detail

ULOLO daminan jamin being grantor

A^luAJ^ damanatan jamanot being surety uu talaqan talak divorcing

LJLk julman julum oppressing l^Ua jahiran jahir openly

SJLC aadotan adot according to habit 1>L ajizan ajiz being in capable

SjljLc aadawatan adawot being enemy

LLiiLc ashiqan ashik loving

LALL atishan atishan being thirsty

LL aman aam commonly

(141) Lkl£ ghaltan galot mistaking

\j\±L ghaddaran gaddar treacherously b»> phararan phorar escaping

Ij^ fardan phordan singlely liji farqan forok differentiating

1^ fakhran fakhor boasting

phitnatan fitna making trouble b^ fautan fowut losing

L^> fordan forjan compulsorily UjLi fa rig an farigh completing

IJLU^ fasadan fosad creating turmoil

Sjjti fa'idatan fa id a benefitting

:ii5U qail ko'ul saying

L>ili qanunan kanun legally hjual qadi'atan kajia confronting ly quwatan kuwot showing strength

UL^ qurbanan kurban sacrificing

&d^U qa'idatan kaida according to rule

Uj^ keramatan keramoti showing nobility h\s<. kitabatan kitabatan writing

%.[<. kamilan kamil perfectfully

LpL^ katiban katib writing

1^ kasiran kochir amply

LuLJ libasan lebach as a dress

U^ lehnan len as a tune

(142) L^"^ laziman lajim necessarily ilad la'notan la'not cursing

LU laqban lokob as title

LfA sjA maridan morij as a patient Ul> mizajan mejaj showing temper buL mani'an mani prohibitting LUL malikan malik as a owner

I^L mahiran mahir being expert

'^ muh'latan mohlot respiting <1^ mihnatan mehnot labouring Like matloban motlob intending

'JAT^ mutakabbiran mutokobbir being proud

LAJLI^ muqiman mukim residing b>f=?-« majburan mojbur being compelled l,;fl\iifl majhaban majob by faith SL^Lx munajatan munajat praying

Lt tttWn munasiban munachib suitably

LJUa^ noqchanan nukchan losing y^ noqian nokol copying

4JU niyyatan niyot intending

(143) i'^ i -^'i nachihatan nosihot advising ill^J wakalatan ukaloti pleading

^jj wajnan ojon weighing l^J waidatan wada promising

4ijtjjjj wasiiatan uchila as a means

J^^ asir achir prisoner

^yiJb,) ahmaq ammak stupid J^^ achli asli original, genuine, real 6^^ amin amin faithful, safe

,>^' amir amir commander, rich, leader, prince, a respectable man ajnobi (j^' ajnabi stranger, foreigner c^' ilahiyy aiahi divine, Godly

CLLLCI aghnia agnia rich, wealthy JJ abrar abrar pious

(144) jL^ji anchar anser helpers, people of Medina who help the prophet.

Lf*^' a'jamiyy ajomi non-Arab ^1 ahliyy ahli domestic, indigenous, unmixed, real ^^1 islamyy islamj Islamic, relating to Islam u^^ ummiyy ummi illiterate, belonging to mother (y.Lul asamiyy asami criminal, prisoner, list of names

(SJ^^ akheriyy akheri last, ending jLLkl akhtiyariyy akhtiari voluntary ^Miii inqilabiyy inkelabi revolutionary tT'lj^' airabiyy airabi bedouin ^1^1 iljamiyy iljami accusative

^JS^'%^\ ichlahiyy is!ahi reforming

(^JL^I ittihadiyy ittehadi individual

,HP-^ akhir akher ending, last, final ^^Ik^t ichtelahi istelahi conventional ^101,1 ibtida'i ibtedai initial, primary ct^ bakhil bokkil miser JLL batil bathil rejected, cancelled, false baqi bakj balanced, what remains C^^ yL balikh balik matured, major, adult c/*^ baghiyy bagi rebel, outrage, wrong

(^JLJJLJ bunyadiyy buniadi basic, fundamental

JLL baqqal boukali green grocer ^x» badaniyy bodoni physical

J^ bashir boshir bringer of goodness

(145) iJJ^ badawiyy boddu bedouin, nomadic IJ^ boddu' boddu enemy

(Sj^ bahri bahri marine, naval ^L batin bathin inner, inward, hidden

>^^ tazir tajir trader, merchant, businessman

^Loj tamam tamam entire, all, whole, complete

^\2 tabi' tabe follower, obedient, subordinate,

dependant j-^ji^ft^l tahqiqiyy takiki verified, as certained

(Sy^S^ taqririyy tokriri deliverative

(Jji^ taq'diriyy tokdiri lucky ta'limiyy talimi educative tAI'^ tabdiliyy tobdili alternative, changeable

O^Jl'^^'' tah'schli tohsili collective t^jl^ tarikhiyy tarikhi historical

(,.ft,lLl.t1.ftj taqsimiyy toksimi distributive

(>^^ takhminiyy takhmini imaginative

CTHH^ tartibiyy tortibi systematic, methodical

CLJU tabit sabit fimfi, proved, established cfe^ taqil sakil heavy sani ^^ tani second oljj thawab soyab reward, right, virtuous i^J^ jarim jorim culprit, penalty, befitting fine

^ jald jold active, quick, fast j^U jallad jollad executioner t^jL?- jariyy jari current, circulated, executed j:^ jalaliyy jolaly glorious, majestic (146: iy^ jahannamiy jannami fit for hell, hellish, damned c/^>^ jaribiyy jorifi belonging to survey, connected with survey c^^>^ jawhariyy jowhori jweller JAU jahil ja-il ignorant

J-JJA jadid jodid new 3^1^ ja'iz ja-iz legal, permissible, lawful Je^ Jamil jomil beautiful ^L. jabir jabir violent

JW jabbar jobbar omnipotent t^Jif^ jumhuriy jomhuri republican (y*^ jismi jis'm physical

c^l- haji hazi pilgrim IkiU> hafiz habiz protector, one who memorised the Quran j^U hakim hakim judge f'>^ [laram haram illegal J^U halal halal legal

j^U. hadir hazir present

hakim haki'm wise f^ ioU. hamid hamid praise-worthy, praising

6d>' hajim hajin anxious

(Sjij^ haririyy hariri silk-made

Cf"^ habashiyy habshi Abissinian

u',>e»' hayran heran distressed, harassed, preplexed

^j^ harif horif colleague, rival, enemy humiyy hami protector <^^ J^^^ hambaiiyy hamboli Hambolite

(147) yr^'-P- haramiyy harami dishonest, thief A^ hamid hamid praised, God

JoU. hamil hamil bearer

ILU hamilah hamila pregnant woman iSj^ halwaiyy halwai confectioner l^U hafiz habiz guardian, care taker

Ji^ haqir hokir poor, mean J^ khaliyy khali empty, blank, vacant, unengaged u^U khach khas special, private, personal

EjLi khariz khariz outgoing, exterior, outcast >U khatir khatir dangerous, risky jJU khaliq khalik creator

'"''; '^ khabit khobis bad

|IJU, khadim khadam servant

^JAJU. khalich khalis pure, clean, unadulterated

1 flifl-V khafif khofif light

' ^y^"^ khatib khatib orator ^U khatiyy khati sinner

^ khayr khoyr good diniyy dini religious c^^ J^b dakhil dakhil inner, inside, coming in dewaniyy diwani civil t5^^^^ J'ij dallal dolal broker

(^JjltXlJ dasturiyy dasturi customary

Oi^^ dafin dofin burried ^jLuj duniyaiyy duniabi worldly

(148) ^l^J dukaniyy dukani shop-keeper

(SJJ^^ docturiyy doctori doctorship

^LJ dimaghiyy demagi brainy

^U daimiyy daimi eternal, continual J-J^ daliliy doiili documentary JV. dalaliy dolali brokery

(5jlij daftary doftori official J^^ dajjaliy dorjali devilish JJ3 jalil jolil humble ^ylj jamin jamin granter j^ jakiyy jaki brainy, sagacious ijiji'^ jehin jahin sagacious

^li jakir jakir rememberer

(_^d jillatiy jilloti humbly, mean

jimmiy rebel t^^ jimmi personal ^^^ jati jati ci^b radi raji agreed, contented i>b radin raji pleased, satisfied

(HP-J rahim rohim merciful

LA^J rah'man roh'man pitiful, merciful i$^J raddiyy roddi bad, worse cfcjj radii rejil mean, vile, wicked, low, base

(^•^JJ ruhaniyy ruhani spiritual, relating to the soul

Cf*>^v> rasumiyy rosumi legendary, customary

O^J ra'ich rois leader, rich raki' raki prostrating, bowing ^^^

(149) iS^JJ rumiy rumi Greek, Roman t^LiJ ruba'iy rubai quartrain j-j ramaliy romoli sandy v^b raghib rakhib desirous ^h rakib rakib riding c^b ra'yiy rai attentive, shepherd rabbani robbani spiritual ^^^

^s^^J rasmi rasumi formal, official 3i^j rafiq rofik champion

SJLSIJ za'idah zaida anything added, superfluous, surplus, iSj^J zahriy zohri poisonious t5^bj ziraiy zirai agricultural <^0 zaniah zani adultry t^'jj zewajiy zowazi regarding marriage tJ^^j zani zani adultry

Jir^j zahir johir beautiful

I^LLU sabiq sabik preceeding, previous

(y-^ sunniyy sunni a sect of muslims, sunnite

JJLLO sa'il sail begger, petetioner.

<^•%! til sajid sajid prostrating pJLuu salim salim safe tpLjjj sakin sakin calm, address.

^^jti^ safir sofir ambassador

^JLM sakhiy sokhi generous,liberal,bountiful,munificient

»lrl HI sa'id sayid lucky, happy

^LLLu. sultaniy sultani kingly

(150) cr^^ sunnatiy sunnati traditional sanniy sanni yearly ij^

^ ml V II) siasiy siasi political

(Sj^i^ sihriy sahri magical

^\ \ ^ ^^ sayid soyid leading c^'^ sharabiy shorabi drunkard

QALUJ shamii shamii inclusive

^\ \ A i^^t shahid shohid martyr d^jA sharik shorik partner, share holder, associate

JiJ^ sharir shorir wicked jtf>l ill shahid shahid present, witness 6^ shaikh shekh old, chief a tribe

Oi^J-^ shawqin showkin eager, fond of pleasure, desirous

Ji4^ shahir shahir famous ^U shakir shakir gratitude, thankful

^jUh sharih shari commentator

^Li sha'ir shair poet i_JL> >xl< Sharif shorif noble, gentle, polite, aristocrate xJLut shafi' shofi curer, one who treats a sick

(^^ shahriy shohri monthly ijj^ sharqiy sharqi eastern liJkLuj shad id shodid hard, distressed, strong, suffered

sharhi explanatory cr*'-^^ sharhiy

(jUsuuuj shaitaniy shoitani devilish c^ shaqiy shoqi wicked i^'^^ •''" shakhschiy shokhsi personal individual

(151) J^J^ shartiy shorti conditional

^jjui she'riy sheri poetic cy4j^ shariyiy shariyi legal in Islam iJLa chaf saf clear, pure, clean, transparant c^J^ chufiy sufi saint, mystic in Islam, lit. one who puts on an woolen garment

*r I'V .>^ chahih chohi correct, sound, right

(3^L<^ chadiq sadik truthful

^L^ chabir sabir patient nJL^ chalih chali good

AJLUO sa'im sa'im faster

I *>• in sahabah sahaba companion

^U^ sahabiyy sahabi companion

I 4t«,^ da'if zoif weak, feeble, in firm, old t^JJJ-^ daruriy jaruri necessary, essential, indispensible

>\«Li^ damin jamin guranter, surety, bail, accountable uJLL twalib talib seeker, searcher, student

' '' t^ tayyib toyyib good, sacred, fine dajL tu'fa tufa excellent, gift

JALL twahir tahir pure, sacred j,«> V l-> tabiyiy tabiyi natural

toriki methodical, systematic C5^> toriqi' jJQ^ ja'lim jalim tyrant, oppressive, cruel

^lii jahir jahir open, exterior, external, clear

LJ^ 'urf uruf famous, known, alias

» •• • a'jib ajib curious, strange, wonderful JLc aalim alim learnedman, scholar, theologiam (152) j^Lc aabid abid worshiper, devotee

CLLLC ulama ulama learned, scholars, theologians

J5U aaqil akil intelligent ij^^ a'jmiy ajami non-Arab J^L adil adil just iS^J^ arabiy arabi Arabic jljLuLc aashiq ashik lover

^Lc aam urn common

^JLLC alim alim learned

^J^ aziz ajij mighty, precious, honoured

<> t Ur azim ajim great, vast

S.ik.rJLc alaheda alada seperate, distinct, apart, different J^ ally ali high, sublime, lofty, noble, eminent iS'^J^ ibraniy ibrani Hebrew J^y" Iraqiy Iraqi Iraqi, inhabitant of Iraq JoL amil amil worker, labourer

V^U gha'ib ghaib absent, hidden, cancelled

^^ gharib ghorib poor, miserable, stranger ^jL£ ghaniy ghoni rich, independent

JJJ^ ghurur ghurur proud, cheater

J^^J¥^ ghair hadir ghoir hajr absent j\l£ ghaddar ghaddar treacherous iSJ^ ghazi ghazi warrior, hero, victorious jUc ghaffar ghoffar forgiving, forgive

(153) i3^^^ ghair la'iq ghoiria-ik unfit, unworthy ^U ghalib ghalib conqueror, victorious, triumphant, over powering

^L£ ghanim ghanim plunderer i_u^Lc ghadib ghajib angry fjAU^ JXC ghoirjamin ghair jamin unbailable

JJIISLII fahish fahish shameful, obscene

•iLsJi fahisha faisha indecent, foul, adultery cy^jLfl persi pharshi Persian :r^^ pajiy paji wicked j^j^ farar ferar escaped

Sdjii fa'idah faida profitable, profit

Jj^li fadil fazil excess, scholar j^ faqir fokir poor, destitute, begger, darvish j^La fazir fajir debauchee, sinner tjLa farigh farig free, not busy j^Li fasid fasid corrupt, vicious, bad jJjuulJ fasiq fasik deviator, sinner, transgressor, wicked

J5U qua'il ka'il speaker

V4^ quarib korib near

(^J^^ quanuniy kanuni legal JJIJ quabil kabil accepting, worthy iSp quariyy kari reader, reciter

(154) ^tJ qua'im ka'im standing, lasting iy>j^ quawmiy kowmi national, communal

(^bU5 quaydiy koydi prisoner, arrested

Xt^Li quachid kasid messenger, courier

L5^-^ quraisniy l\Ulai>:>i II VKCWII S^JXJt t%%,\^ J^J^ qurani kurani regarding the Quran c>l^ kahil kahil lazy, ill, weak, sicky,

faint, withered

^li kafi kafi sufficient, enough J^ kafil kofil bailer

^ kathir kosir much

^ kabir kobir great, big c^jli katib katib writer

^3li kajib kajib liar i^^ karim korim noble, kind, merciful, liberal >L^ kafir kafir infidel J.1^ kamil kamil perfect

S^ kabirah kobira great

^ kufw kufu equal, alike

<1 1 t A\ kaminah kamina hidden, secret,

bad, mean

,^« kalami kalami oral, spoken

JjU ladid lajij delicious,

tasty

(155) JSV la'iq la'yek worthy, fit, capable, competant fj"^ la'zim lajim requisite Lj\j\ lawazjmah lowajima necessary things, requisites,

luggage, zamindari records c^j"^ lazimiy lazimi compulsory, obligatory

IALLI latif lotif kind, merciful

XXLA mun-im munim benefitor

(JAO^ mufassal mufossol seperated, country side djLo mubarak mobarok blessed, sacred, happy r . mubah mobah lawful, allowable, left to one's discreation h>j^j^ marqumah morkum written, marked out, afore-said

(J AJLuLO mashghul moshghul engaged, busy, immersed

JJ4^ mash.hur moshhur famous, celebrated, noted

(jtr\'\ i\ muhassil moshil acquirer, collector, dum, importunate

(SJAA mushtari mostori buyer, purchaser, customer

musta'id mustad ready, prepared

JJ^ muharrir morir morib writer, clerk f'JJ^ mahrum mohrum deprived, excluded, disappointed jL-0 muhatliq mohollik shaven, scraped

k^Kn muhafiz muhafez protector, record keeper f4* muhimm mohim important, serious matter, adventure, fight, battle

JJ±XA ma'jur ma'zur excused, exempted, invalid

JjjL* ma'zul majul dismissed, discharged, displaced

(^dJLix mubtadi' mubtodi beginner

(156) Ji^^ mu'tabar mutabbor• honoured, trustworthy, respectable man, headman, leader, chief, genuine J^'j^ muwafiq mafik agreeable, suitable, resembling, like J>**« maimul mamul done, made, customary, custom, gratuity, fixed allowance Jy^ ma'mueliy mamuli superflous, customary, ordinary ^L malikiy maiiki proprietory, belonging to the owner

^jlxa malum malum known, appreciation, knowledge, experience, feeling

^JJUXA mashuq mashuk beloved, object of love

JM^ mashhur moshur well famous, well-known, notorious

(JJxOAjt mah'sul mashul realised, collected,

\J-^*1 ma'chum mosum innocent, chaste, sinless

^J^ muz'rim mazrim criminal ^L mahir maher expert, skilful, master.

(JS-CUO mashkil moshkil difficult

kLuij.0 murshid murshid guide

kil UILA mush'rik mushrik polythiest Jjf*^ maqbul mokbul accepted

Hjj^ mak'ruh mokru hated

iH^ muqim mukim resident

,>^^ mutakabbir mutokobbir proud

JUL^O mufid mufid benefitial JJ^J^ mawjud mojut existing j^Ltufl musafir musafir traveller

J>* muqarrar mukorror fixed mukh'tachar mokhtoasor short (157) maj'nun moznun mad marid moriz sick, ill muslim muslim muslim mutawalliy mutolli guardian mai'it moyit dead maz'lum mozium oppressed mas'ud masud happy miskin miskin pauper, indigent, poor, wretched, destitute, miserable ma'mf maruf well-known munafiq munafik hypocrite

munasib munachib suitable, proper, fit, appropriate makkar mokkar cheater, deceiver mu'rabbi murobbi guardian

mani' mani prohibitor, prohibiting mukhtar mokhtar pleader, chosen maz'bur mojbur forced muzahid mujahid fighter maz'hul mojhul unknown muntazir muntajir waiting, expectant * * munchif munsif administration of justice, munsif, righteous mufti mufti expounder of Mohammadan law, giver of religious or judicial judgement muflis muflich destitute of wealth, insolvent, bankrupt, needy, poor, pauper mubarak mobarok plentiful, blessed, holy, sacred, auspicious, prosperous (158) Cy>P mu'min mumin true believer, faithful, Muslim

Ja>A« mu'ajjal muajjol hastened, prompt muadhdhin muajjin one who calls to prayers mulki belonging to one's country, native c^ mulkiy

iSJ^ multawi multabi postponed, adjourned, delayed

j^L mulhid mulhid athiest, naturalist, one who disbelieves in the existence of God

JSHIO mushkil moshkil difficult, hard, staff,

cJ UIM mushrik mushrik polythiest, one who ascribes a partner with God

A 1 ^ ^1 (^ muslim muslim Musalman, Muslim, Mohammadan

c/^ musalli musolli lit. one who prays, namazi

vSLuM musafir musafir traveller, journeyer, sojourner, begger

4«QjUi.A musammat musammat named, lady, term prefixed to the name of woman

iU.y^fl mustafa mostufa chosen, prophet Mohd. is so called j^L^o muhajir muhajir one who makes hijrat, refugee tZi:\'\ 0 muhaddith muhoddis traditionist, one well-versed in Hadith t^ muntahi montai one who reaches the end, learned, one who has completed his studies djll« muqayyad mukaid bound, fettered, imprisioned

^^llao mutlaq motlok absolute, free, unconditional, at all j-iLu mutaqid muitakid believer, follower, friend, faithfull, supporter cHe*^ muta'ayyin mutayin fixed, particular, deputed, appointed, pointed out jixLo muta'alliq mutalak connected with, concerned, adjoining

(159) ^\^ mudam modam continual, perpetual, always claimed, desire, meaning, aim, sum and ^^ mud'daa mudda substance

^Jjlllift mansubah monsuba related, ascribed, attributed, addressed (J^^ muwakkil muyakil an agent or substitute, client

^Xo mulayim mulayem pliable, tender, soft, gentle

^JOBJJAA musta'id mustayed prepared, ready rLl^-0 muhtaz mutaj needy, poor, looking for the help of other

t^al^/- muhafiz muhafiz care-taker, keeper, record keeper

^j£^ mawquf moukuf postponed, suspended, abolished

'-j>^>« mawchuf mousuf described,, aforesaid, afore mentioned J^^J^ mawjud mojut lit. found, existing, present, ready, at hand, available, hoarded, instock dJUU mu'tad moutad accustomed, habitual, habit

'^JJ>» mawruth maurus inherited, hereditary, property got by right of inheritence

C^^J^ mawlawi moulabi lit. relating to a master, scholar, doctor of Muslim law, divine, j^j^ mawlud molud lit. born, celebration of the birth day of the prophet

^jl mamnu mamnu forbidden, prohibited ^L makir makir cheating, cheater, deceiving jjjllo muta-allim motallim student jJxo muallim mulim teacher, guide j^jiko majlum mojium oppressed

L I-VATA muta'ajjib mutaajjib astonished

AjJtJLO muta'ayyin muta-ayun fixed, definite (160) u^ muaiyin muaiyun definite

"-^Jj^ ma'ruf maruf famous

Ji^ maghmr mogrur proud

JJ^ rnukarrar mokorror repeated ijxt'N t) muhsin muhsin iiejper t^ manha munha prohibited JjJ^ mardud mordud scoundrel, outcast, apostate fJ^J* marhum morhum famous, favoured, dead, deceased, late u>*^ maFun malaun cursed, damned

JJ^ muharrir morir clerk

(jAxxji miyadiy miadi for a fixed period, conditional iSy^^ michriy misri Egyptian

(^dllft muqtadi muktodi follower, imitator, one who stands behind an Imam in prayer (iji« muqawwi mukawi tonic

0^4^ najis nojis dirt, filthiness. jJiL nazim najim one who regulates, governor, chief ^L nazir najir lit. observer, superintendent, inspector (yb>i nuraniy nurani luminous, bright

C^JsF nuriy nuri luminous, made of light

WOJLJ na'ib naib representative, deputy, sustitute, agent, lieutenant j^L na'qich nakis imperfect, defective, deficient

^JU na'dim nadim ashamed ^L; nafi' nafi benefitial j^ najir nojir precedent, similar, alike

(161) JLli nakkal nakal ashamed, harassed

ij^y^ nasraniy nasrany christian, belonging into chrristianity o^ nafis nofis lit. precious, fine, refined j^ nazir nojir observer, seen, example

(^JU hadi hadi guide

(Sj^ hijriy hijra Muhammadan era, hizri year J^J wakil wokil pleader, lawyer *r^b wa'zib wajib essential, binding, obligatory J^\j wahid wahid one, single c^J wah'shiy wohshi wild ^jb wa'rith waris heir Jj waliy woli near, guardian, devotee, saint i^lj wa'ij waij adviser, lecturer ^_k5lj waqif wakif aware, known, informed, acquainted with t^l^j wah'daniy wahdani unitary cj^'j waqi'yi wakiyi actual c^JJ wajni'yiy wajni weighty t5^J wath'niy wotoni native cyJ^J wakalatiy wukaloti pleadership

Lr*j'jj wajaratiy ujarati ministership UjiJJ wajiriy ujiri ministery (^^Jd yunaniy yunani Greek, Greco-Arabian system of medicine

(HH4 yeatim atim orphan

(^'^^ yahudiy ahudi jew c^ yaqiniy yekini certain, sure (162) Verbs: Just like the adjectives as shown earlier many Arabic Verbal words are found to be used in the Bengali dialect. Of course, most of these types of words are used as the nouns with the addition of verbal suffixes be, do, take, gives, want etc. It is due to the irrelevency and differences in between these two languages. But the need of time and necessity of the circumstances minimised or wiped out this gap and made possible what is not. Some of such words are as follows:

^ kolom to cut

6jLuil ishara to indicate

jLLki akhtiar to choose

• al-/^'>i inchaph to do justice

ol^l inqelab to agitate

^:iu,i islam to surrender aki' iman to believe ji^l akrar to confess

Ijl lli^^l ahchan to help

JUnI intikal to die

' 'l-^T'll intikhab to elect

SjUl izazot to permit

u^l alan to announce

^JU-LAI imtihan to examine

ui!ilLLl akhtelaph to differ

iiLI amanot to deposit

jLkSl eftar to break

^1^1 ekram to respect

(163) ^1^1 eteraj to argue, object

Sjljl iradah to intend

JLJLCI a'te'bar to consider loLil ikamot to establish jliil inkar to deny

^L&^l inam to award

^Q^l inthijam to arrange

lJs.\ akhaj to hold (enemity) t^l ithia to inform jU«j. 1.1)1 isthekhfar to seek forgiveness jl^l ijhar to show jUal ejad to invent

<:Lb) ihanot to be little

Jj^ tahqik to ascertain

/ 1 \ i/^ft S tafchil to describe in detail h^ji torjamah to translate jf^'^ todbir to manage djJJU tabiz to seek rescue

»«tKj tokliph to trouble . aKt tokalluph to bear trouble jl^ tokrar to repeat

JdJ^ tokrir to deliver jixJ ta-alluk to relate

^>H tojurbah to experience njLJuuU tosbih to glorify

(164) ta-lim to learn

tobdil to change

ta'ajjub to astonish

tahwil to alter

tahchil to get

tariph to laud

toslim to surrender

talim to teach

tajiah to condole

tadaruk to supervise

tilawot to recite

towokkul to depend toborruk to bless towbah to repent tofsir to explain ta-yin to fix toqchin to distribute tomij to distinguish tokobbur to boast tolkin to instruct thortib to place in order toroqqi to develop tha-bir to explain ta'jim to honour takrim to respect towojjuh to attend

(165) jolchah to sit jahilot to ignore hifj to memorise hamlah to attack hichab to keep account ha'md to praise holof to swear hachil to get khotom to finish khedmot to serve dua to call, pray dofon to bury jabahh to sacrifice, blood jikr to remember rohom to show mercy rodd to cancel jearot to visit chajdah to prostrate sukut to keep silence shorbot to drink shukur to thank shefa to recover shuru to begin shakk to suspect shekayat to complain chuleh to compromise tholob to demand

(166) j^ thalaq to divorce

^ julum to oppress

JAC amol to practise

SJLX a'badot to worship

Sjlxc adawot to be enveous

Ji«£ ghuchalj to bathe kU ghalot to err

6^^ gorgorah to gargle

C^ fotah to conquer

J^> pharar to escape

J^ pakhor to pride

^ fikr to think Alll phitnah to quarrel iij^ qabul to accept

AJULS qasom to swear

JaJ qaraj to borrow t,\j qirat to read

^ qatol to kill

A in<\ qachd to intend cLukfi qoja to complete

kolom to cut ^

J^ kufur to disbelieve SjU^ koforah to expiate f^ kaiam to conversate c^ kofon to shround JJAJ lehn to tune

(167) la'not to curse

muta to enjoy

modd to elongate

museh to wipe out mokor to cheat

mana to hinder, to prohibit mohor to stamp

&U.LL) munajat to pray for mowth to die

mudad to help

moshwarah to consult

muqarrar to fix, confirm

mokhtochor to cut short

muqabilah to encounter

mofrot to hate

nofa to be beneficial

noqchan to lose noqol to copy nikah to marry nio-ot to intend nojor to look najat to release nochihot to advise nohor to shed the blood wojon to weigh

('168) ochul to receive

ochiot to recommend

wadah to promise

wo'aj to admonish

woqf to stop

hijrot to migrate Dp/om to digest

halak to destroy

hubah to offer

hudayot to guide

yekin to believe V) Prefixes : Some mixed Perso-Arabic words with Arabic prefixes are often found to be used in Bengali and by the Bangales. Of course, most of these words are Arabic with Arabic prefixes. Only a few of them are persian used in Bengali with the addition of Arabic prefixes.

iiu ui wuiud die cad IUIIUW& .

Jjjoij^jiLc a'shikerasul lover of the messenger

4iJl^Lii fanafillah ruined for the sake of Allah ,

<£^

rasuluilah messenger of Allah

JLJJI JJ^ huququi ibad right of the people

IJA jjj nure khuda light of Allah c^'J^Lc aslhiqe alahi lover of Allah ld:i. J>u.J rosule khuda messenger of Allah

(169) ^J^\l^^ monsha'a alahi will of Allah

^ fikrullah thought about Allah

1^

<1JIJL^ kamalullah perfection by Allah c^»^^ barkote alahi blessing of Allah

|^J

^jb*^ la-waris heir less

^•^^ ghairhajir absent sabilillah in the way of Allah

silsila-ifaqir chain of phakir

6d'=^j^ fikre din religious thinking (^j

habibullah friend of Allah

hifjequran Memorisation of the Quran

qudratullah power of God

<«LLL£ amolnamah record of activities

44L

4u>Lj Tcll^ chulehnamah treaty of compromise

(^jbLij dunyadari wordly affairs jlj^ atordam stand of perfumes

(170) jll^Jil qobristan grave yard

^^UJjja^ qobulot namah record of acceptance

J\,XJJSJ& qarajder loanee ^Lj jLLk^ mukhtar namah list of Mukhtars jlJL malder Owner of riches «uLiJl^j wukalot namah bail form d J ^ A t t ft yethim khanah orphan-house

^L^ ).dLuto musafir khanah Guest house iSj^AljL torofdari partiality jIdlUj ta'allukdar relationship, owner of an area c^'Lii fana-e- alahi ruined for the sake of Allah 4ljll^ Abdullah slave of Allah ^U>: nofrote alahi hate, annoyance of my Lord

JJJUJJ

4JJI (3^ukC ishqe alahi love for Allah 4JI^JJ rijqullah livelihood given by Allah

L<4J'(>^ faize alahi blessing of Allah VI) Suffixes : There are some Perso-Arabic words with Arabic suffixes which are often used in Bengali dialect. Of course, nnost of these words are Persian used in Bengali with Arabic suffixes. Only a few of these are Arabic used with Arabic suffixes. Some such words are as follows : jjjj fiLijL badshah wajir king and the minister Lc J jj bod duwa prayer against ^Lail ^ bey inchaf unjust

(171) ^JLLi na balikh immature

L.^ c^ bey haya shameless j^^'^JJJ reje mahshor day of assemblage

^Je^ bey raham merciless ioLi (jj dine qiamot day of resurrection

JuJbJ^ bey bunyad baseless be!a wachilah without means

LJLOJI j-t bod inchaf unjust

6 tiAXJ beygharot shameless r'j^ AJ bodmijaz ill-tempered

J^l^^ ghairhajir absent t.i"\l in jXi^ chadr-chaheb honourable president

' 'l'^'^ C^ bey mothiab purposeless, fruitless, aimiSbo

<^^^ bey borkot without blessing jJii jj bod najor ill sight

bod hal bad condition

>i^c:» bey najir unique

JL"cJ bey misal having no equal, similar

(172) C:

Phonological changes in the shape of Arabic words used in Bengali. Arabic is one of the Semetic group of languages having major differences with the Aryan origin Bengali language. The rudimental difference is appeared vividly in the phonological changes of the Arabic words used in Bengali. Some of such words are

listed below:

t>^^ aahmaq ammok stupid cUl aachal aashol original, root

JLLLU) ustaj ustad teacher

(>' aamn aamon safety

^^\ inqilab inkelab agitation, change, movement j\j^ iqrar akrar confess, acknowledgement

fjtnly ibiis ibiich devil

6^1 i'alan alan announcement oljf adab adob greetings, courtessy

IjLuLi] insan inchan human being

Jc,\jLc\ aiteraj etraj objection, argument

j.Lul inam anam reward, prize

^uLJl ananas anarosh pineapple

jj' •••*>-' ihsan achan good deeds

jLlxl i'tebar atebar confidence

LL2I iqamat akamot establishment

fL^I injam anjam end OjUl aqarib akarib relatives

j^' akhir akher end ^\,ji\ alwida albeda farewell

(173) J^\ aahmaqi aammoki stupidity jL^I izhar ijar statement made by the parties cidlil Iqtida akteda following u.' ibn bin son

JLIJ bun-yad buniad basis, origin

U'^ bodn bodon body i?^ baqi baki balance, remaining, lasting 33^ bonduq bonduk gun JAJ baghl bogol armpit

(J^ ba'ad baj some baghi ^^ baghi rebel ^u barayat borat lot o^ bayan boyan description

Jj Jj baq baq bokbok prattle t^-^ buraqa burga veil l>ib^^ tahqiq takik ascertaining

-^dJ^ taqrir tokrir deliveration

->d^ taqdir tokdir lot, measurement ui-y 9*1 ta'ajjub tajjub astonishment ajiialt ta'lim talim teaching

^>^ ta'jiah tajia condolation J^>5 tawakkul towokkul dependence SjLij tafawot tofat difference

^>» tarjama torjoma translation, meaning ijy taraqqi torokki development, progress

(174) ^>^ tachwir taswir photo, picture , a.K" takliph tokliph trouble kjljj thawab choab reward, virtue, right 6^ thaman chomon price, cost

'^^ thabut chobut surity, establishment y thar chor watery place v'j^ jawab juab answer

' 'j^-^ jaib jeb pocket f>> jurm jurum crime

<^ V ^1 jism jisim body ft^LLa, janajah jonoja funeral

V4J^ jarib joriph survey oLL^ janab junab Mr.

<£LL?. jama'at jomat group assemblage

U^Jir^ hairan heran harassment rnJ >. hadith had is tradition

0:^ hadd hod limit, boundary f^ hukm hukum order iSJ^ halwa halowa sweet meats

^^ harf horof letter

1 al-v half holof oath 3^ haqq hok true, right jZi^ hashr hashor congregation v'j^ kha'ab khab dream khatm j^ khotom finish (_)lj.a. kharab kharaph bad

(175) >in; A, khabis khobich bad, wicked

^ khabar khobor news J^ khal khalu maternal uncle i^ khatt khot letter

(jl^ khatn khotna circumcision

^JULLL khannas khonnach naughty

^jl-iH^ khiarah kira cucumber JJ. dalil dolil document

^J daftar doftor office

JjlujJ dastur dochtur rule

0"J^ dars doroch class, chapter f^jJ dirham diram dirnam jij dafn dofon bury JVa dalal dolal broker pljj dawa dowai medicine

dimagh '&' dimakh brain Sjj darra jora atom JJj dalil join low, mean rahm rohom mercy i^J 3Jj rijq rijek livelihood c'jj rawaj rewaj custom

C^'ij radiy roddi bad f">^j rasum rochum legend Lojj raudah rowja grave, garden, shrine

2^j rabi' robi spring ijL^j ramdan romjan romjan month

(176) JLM safr chofor journey

Ji:^ safir chofir ambassador

JJL« sa'il chail begger jL^ satr chottor line, row a^Lo^ sakin chakin address t>j2,M) sah'ra chahara desert

^IJJI sharab shorab wine jS^ shukr shukur thanks eLLui shifa' shafa recovery

<4A^ shubha shuba doubt

^ shaki shokol shape >H^ shahd shohod honey

^\ * jl '*** shahid shohid martyr i^^ sharm shorom shame

*r l-Viy-s chahih chohi correct hj^ churat churot appearance 5-X^ chalah chola advice j^^ chabr chobor patience e^ chulah chule treaty t^ dila zila district ^a«U tabqah tobka layer pLii. tulabah taleba students

LJjJa tayyib toyyib good ILL tablah tobia drum flL julm julum oppression j^Lla jahir jair clear, open

(177) <1)U ilaqah alaka area

t^ ilm ilim knowledge

f' •'•*' isha asha first part of the night

0"J^ urs urus wedding Ji£ aql akol intelligence

(>J^ ard aroj request SjLt imarat amarot building

LPJ^ arsh arosh throne

E^ ilaj alaj treatment

J^ umr umor age

J^ ghair ghoir other Jili ghafil gafil negligent J-^ ghusi guso! bath (^uLf gha'ib gaib absent

iJ^ ghani goni rich

jlli ghaddar gaddar treacherous

(^^ faji paji wicked J-As fadi fozl favour

3j^ farq forok difference j^ fakhr fokhor pride j^ fikr fikir thought j^ fajr fojor dawn

(>^ fard foraj obligatory jLui fasad fosad tunnoil

3->^i-i fasiq fasik deviator

(178) 4li,Aa fadilah fojilot virtue

u^ fulan fulana so and so

d •Ti'^ a fahshah faisha obsecnc

J^ qabr kobor tomb

JS^ qachur kochur fault

A Ml

^J^JLAS qamich kamich shirt

si^ qira'at kirat reading

Ji5 qati katol killing

V^J^ qarib korib near t^li qadi kajj judge

J2 qalm kalam pen

±il qaid koid prison

jU:^ qitar katar line

<^^ qichsa kisa story

^L£ kafir kafer infidel

6^ kabtan captin captain Sjli^ kaffarah kofora expiation

^ kufr kufur disbelief

oL^ kabab kobab roast ud^ kalf kalof dye

(juLJ libas lebach dress

(179) 6-J lehn len tone 4iUI lifafah lefafa envelope

1 lal laqb lokob title o^ lisch luchcha deceit uflLJ lihaf let quilt dL mulk muluk dominion

Jf> mahr muhor stamp'seal

6JL maddah mudda theme t-Luo misk mushk musk

> iftiU majhab mojob faith

4LLL0 muqabalah mukabila encounter

^Jill's 0 majlis mojiich meeting

JLLL« mukhtar moktar pleader u>^ majnun mojnun mad

4.XUJX0 madrasah mudorcha school

Jia-o mahfil mofil assembly

JJ^ muharrir morir clerk' writer Jjiri'^ n mahsul mashul tax.duty

JLL naqd nogod cash JiJ naqi nokol copy ^ najr nojor sight d -v t t » natijah notija result

JjtoJ nasi nosol offspring

O**^ najas nojis dirty

6^ naqqarah nakara drum

(180) JAL nahaqq nahok unjust

uJJ wajn wojon weight

^jJaj watn woton native land

4^lv.oj wasilah usila means

j^j watr bitir odd

^bj wida Dioa Tareweii

^jj wazir uzir minister

JjL^j wakil ukil pleader

Sjljj wazarat unjarot ministry

|k.

Ljb hibah heba gift

Jir^ yeasir asir motherless

*********

(181) (jtg'v'i thahqiq to research ascertain

Jj,^ thaqdir to measure luck

Jjidj thadaruk obtain supervision bi^^ tharikh history date jt 111^7 thofsir explanation commentary

thobligh to cause to reach preaching '^ 'JkijMll thoshrif ennobling honourable presence

1.^ thawij cause to take refuge charm

JiJ^ thoqrir fixation deliveration ^^y thowab right reward f-^ jurum sin crime j^J^ hairan harassment tiredness IftLi. hekmat wisdom policy

6j.^_^ huzrah apartment room f^ khatam ending recitation ot the Quran JH^ khial fancy imagination

4l.y>»-v khachlot character habit hy^ khajanah treasury revenue

SIJJL^ khairat good action charity

Lcj dua call prayer

^J doftar record office office

(J^J dakhal entering possession

Jjlwj dasthur rule custom H dom blood courage SjCj da'wa call invitation

SjSlj da'ira circle session-court

(183) loj jimmah charge responsibility jij jikr remember rememberance of God ^h ra'i judgement opinion

^JJ rawja garden grave

^J raqam numerate sort h^j jiarot visit visit of the grave

CpL^ sakin inhabitant address

(Sj^^^ chehri dawn meal before day break

L>\^ sailan flowing flood sLuj sanad support charter o3u-ui sailab flow of water flood Jfw sahal soft easy lollul salamot peace safety

shorbot drink sweet drink 1 - shorab drink wine

(J/^'V Itl shokhch individual person

JJf*^ chabur patience wait

' '"vl -^^ saheb master Mr. jj^ suleh peace, compromise treaty

' g'^ saff class row

4JLA4

t-. tabiyat temper health

O"^ urus wedding anniversary of a saint's death

(184) J>d> ajij powerful friend JAC amol reign work

6jLc amarot construction building

J^isli fajil scholar excess i3> faraq seperation difference l^ qabjah capture, wrist possession

6JJ^ qa'dah rule, custom fashion (SP qariy reader correct reader of the Quran

41 .^s1 qajiah decision confrontation jy^ qachur shortage fault

A.iu.a£ qismot share luck cl iA

(^J^ kursi chair throne

CA^ kaff palm front part of the sleeve

*^ kabirah great great sin lol^ keramot power, nobility miracle

Liu luqmah little piece mouthful

J^ mahar seal stamp c'> mijaj temper mood >^-^ maskhar ridicule smile * mauqa scope chance js^ mahal building palace

JLLLO mokhtar chosen pleader

) >2kA muharrir writer clerk

(185) ^LUi nijam system govemor

Ji: naqa! shifting copy

LLfi nehayot end extreme

La^ nisha drunkness habit

V^^ nowab deputy govemor

^«'/^J wochiyat advice will

'^^r'-J wajud existence body Jj^J wachul reach receive

6j-\ft hijrat departure migration

It means a word having many senses and meanings in Arabic while it is being used by the Bangalese in a particular meaning with or without the possibility of the other meanings. Some of such words are noted below :

,bl adab courtesy, greeting, good manners, greeting politeness

^yd^\ ichtelah convention, use use J-l ashol origin, root origin olili:! inqilab movement, change, agitation agitation

i^jl adom firstman, man, skin man J^^ achr mark, sign, influence influence U ummat nation, community, followers followers

j[^\ inkar denial, hate, rejection, disavowal denial

.Lul inyam reward, gift, present, prize prize

(186) wjlo-jui) asbab things, furniture, goods, articles of house goods 3^'^ bonduq gun, missile, rifle gun

CJJL,? bait house, couplet, verse house

J^ bashar skin, people people ^u bra'at immunity, lot, permit, passport lot (jJaL bathin interior, secret, mind, heart secret JLL bathii false, invalid, inaffective, cancelled cancelled

.% bala' calamity, misfortune, evil calamity

^^ taqdir luck, measurement luck j^-^ tad'bir means, arrangement, managing means h^y tarjamah meaning, translation, interpretation translation

^>> thowbah return, repentance repentance

<^^ thojorbah experiance, trial experience

J:l>^ thachwir photo, picture, image picture

^JLLU tha'lim teaching, training, coaching teaching

•T*'^ thawab reward, right, virtue virtue

^>^^ thabut surity, proof, firm proof '''j^ zeja reward, consequence, result result ' ' " "^ zanib direction, side side

I^LL^ zanab Mr, Sir, Lord Mr. iU zild leather, binding, volume, skin binding

^ hiiah trickery, means means

>!•) >i< > hadith speech, tradition tradition hi^ hikmat wisdom, science, art, skill, policy policy

PLL.^ haya shame, modesty shame

4l.y-k-^ khachlat character, habit, nature habit

(187) JlA khalal gap, disorder, defect, deficiency defect La dua call, invite, prayer prayer

tTJ'^ daras class, chapter class JJa dalil document, proof proof

^JJ'^ dawrah rotation, movement, session-court, session tour

<^jj roujah grave, garden, shrine grave

^LU&LLU silsilah chain, relation relation Ji^ shakal appearance, shape, figure figure 6^^ sheikh old, greatman greatman (jLi shan condition, prestige prestige IjLLi shekayat accusation, charge, complain complain

Ui.3.L^ chahib companion, master, respected master person

JjLfi chadiq friend, truthful friend

chohifah newspaper, booklet booklet

Sjju/S churat shape, appearance appearance

5-X^ chulah soundness, advice, weapon advice

LLA chafa cleanliness, purity cleanliness

J>H^ chabur waiting, patience waiting

^u.<^ chulah treaty, compromise compromise

^ thalab search, demand, seek demand

^LL thalib seeker, acquirer, demander student uijL tharaf side, direction side

(188)

(jU^ thufan flood, storm, hurricane hurricane 3^ thaq layer, shelf shelf

j^^ jahir open, clear clear juhr mid day, mid day prayer midday prayer

L n-s. r ajib strange, astonishing strange

J-^ abir perfume, coloured powder coloured powder

J*£X£. achar period, afternoon, afternoon prayer afternoon prayer y^ umar age, life life ilm knowledge, science, culture knowledge ^ gham thought, sadness, thought ^ sorrow, grief

3J^ farq seperation, difference difference

>0 faichalah settlement, verdict, decision decission

^di qadam foot, step step

^JJi^ qasm kind, oath oath <1^ mehnat profession, work, labour labour jLl« mukan place, house house ijL^: nehayat end, much, very much / very

(189) e. IV!orphological Changes °

As said earlier Arabic and Bengali are basically two different languages of two different regions of the world originated from two different sources and are of two different classes of world languages. So, by nature it is obvious to have so many differences and changes in the case of morphology of these languages.

These changes may be summed up as follows.

Number:

In case of number there are three numbers in Arabic as against the two in Bengali. Besides the singular and plural numbers, there is a dual number in Arabic. Again Arabic plural may be with or without the letters of the singular or in other words. But in Bengali Plural, in most of the cases, carries the letters and shape of the singular number only with a rare exception.

Besides, the plural number which does not carry the letters and shape of the singular or the broken plural number is always regarded feminine gender. But this is not so in case of Bengali. Due! number is distinguishing characteristic of Arabic which is never found in Bengali. As to the gender there are two and only two genders in Arabic as against the four in Bengali. They are only masculine gender and feminine gender. There is no neuter or common gender in Arabic as it is found in Bengali. Besides, in Arabic unlike Bengali all the words are used either as masculine or feminine gender. In case of numericals there is no change for masculine and feminine. But in Arabic there are masculine and feminine numbers of the numerals and there are changes and rules for their uses. F. Socio-llnguistic changes of Arabic words used in Bengali :

Some of the Arabic words are found to be used in Bengali society

(190) along with the use of Bengali words. Some of the people living in a society use the Arabic words in their day to day life while soRie others use the Bengali words for the same thing. Thus both the Arabic and the Bengali words for particular thing or being is used side by side without any restriction. Some of such words are as mentioned below :

JUi:! inteqal death moron SjLiI isharah indication inggit J^\jlc\ atraj objection apatti

fjl nil. • ah'chan assistance sahajja

^^Aa.1 ammok stupid nirbud J^i ashal original mul jLluil ustaj teacher shikkak

>' akher end shesh

(—fli m tl inchaf justice niyai ^ui imam leader neta

^L^JLOI imtehan examination parikka ui^lJLkl akh'telaf difference motobed

,^j\ awlad children shantan jL^l akhbar news shangbad ^k^ bunyad basis bitti mul

4J^JLJ baidah egg dim u-^ bodon body shoril J^ baqi balance baki ^JL baiigh matured bayaska

Jiu baghal armpit bagal

(191) SUJ tofat difference partoikko 3J faraq difference partoikko ' a.*Kl thoklif trouble kasta t-kjjJU tha'rif laud, praise prashangsha ti^^ tharikh history, date itihas SJLJ thijarat business bebsha

Ci-sl thakht throne shinghashan

M'^ thawab reward punna hL^ hikmat skill dokkota ia^U hajat necessity dorkar iSJ^ halwa sweets misti

4LA hamlah attack akromon

JU hal condition obosta djx hod limit shima j^l^ hakim judge bicharok

\N^ hukm order adesh i^'^ haram illegal nishidda

JA hoq right shotto

J^U halal legal baido

Ij:^^ huzrah chamber room J^ khali empty shunna ^^J^ khab dream shopna

O^^ khach special bishesh H^ khatom finished shesh iodik khidmot service seba

41,^ A. khachlat character choritro

(192) 1 • ' kharab bad nasta JJ. dalJI document dolil, nothi

Ljj dun'ya world jagot

Lcj du'a prayer prarthona

(SJ^^ daw'a claim dabi cljJ dawa medicine owosod

4jljjj dewanah madness pagol n^j jaba bloodshed boli tP'j ra'i opinion mot y^b raji agree akmot i3Jj rijq livelihood khadda

>^j rad cancelled bati!

j^ sofor journey jatra

J^>*^ swal question prasna

c>f^ sabaq lesson shikka

(193) (JAM sann year shon

^J^ sharbot drink panio 1 ~ sharab wine mod

^J^ shorth condition shorto Jl^ shakol shape ruph jAjkQ chobr patience doirjay jjjiu^ chonduq box bashko

I^LA chaf clear pariskar e^ chulah treaty chukti ai^L^ chabun soap shabon

«- '*>• -^ chahih correct shudda uAbA chaf row shari

^Ji^ churot appearance shakal fjALuS jamin grantor jamin

(SJJJ^ jaruri necessary dorkari jila' district zila ^ 3^^ talaq divorce bichched <5LL taqot power, strength bo!

^ tolob demand chawa

^ julm oppression ottachar ^Lt jahir dear sposta eiji^f. ajib strange achanok Ji£ a'qol intelligence buddi jjx ujor excuse apotti

45^ aiaqah area onchal

^> ijjot prestige shamman

(194) SjLr imarot building dalan

Sjix adot iiabit obbash H- ilm knowledge ghian jL^ ator perfume aator

SjljlC adaot enmity shot-ruta ^u aam common shadaron

(>u£ ghusi bathe sinan kl£ gholt error bhul

^«^ gharib poor doridra ghoniy rich dhoni (^

Jj>^ ghazi lyric gazal shoinik cr^i^ fauji soldier dusta c^"^ fa'ji wicked j'> farar escaped playon JjaU fazil excess otirikto

6d^li fa'idah profit labh

J^ faqir poor ghorib C^ fauj army shena

^ fikr thought chinta ^l./^<.a faichalah decision rai

LAJ£ furchot opportunity shujug

(195) J^ fakhr pride gorbo

J^ qabr tomb shamadi

^•^iCi qabjah capture greftar

4jdl qil'a fort durgo J^ qabul accept grohon J>^ qachur fault dus'h

^junl qosm oath shapath u^Li qanum rule niom ^n qaji judge bicharak Jj5 qaul speech kata

4 t .^a qajiah dispute bibad t>^4^ qamich shirt kurta

^ A.^/^g qismot destiny bhaggha JU qati killing hotta v^^ qarib near nikot ^ qalm pen kolom oL^ kobab roast kobab

(>^ kofn shround kophon U<. kolimah holy word shabda oLi^ kitab book boi

>^ kafir infidel obishshashi

.^^ kafi sufficient kafi c^^ kursi chair kedara OK kalf dye kolof Ik£l^ kagaj paper kaghoj Sjli^ koffara expiation kofora

(196) f^ kalam coversation kotha Joii kamil perfect shampurna u"M iibas dress pushagh fj'^ lazim requisite darkari

>" mitor metre mitar i^.>^ morkoj centre kendrow dLtux mosk musk mushk dJL malik owner malik

^ mahar stamp seal

(jljjtA moidan field mat i_Jjla.A nriotlob intention matlob

4 {,/],'> mehnot labour parisram j.>4^ mash'hur well known mosh-hur

(JS.UM moshkil difficult kotin

• '"N" mok'tob school school uLl- makan house jaigha

SL^LLO munajat confidential talk prartana

UJ.111I [A munachib suitable joighgha ^J^J^ moasum season mousum JL mal riches dhan mashgisl busy besta

(197) J^LM> musafir traveller musafir JLLL« mukhtar pleader mokhtar

j^j^ mujrim criminal mujrim ^^ mo'aj wave deo iojlo mukaddama^! law-suit mamla

4ASU nimot blessing ashirbad

6> i noftot ditaste, hate grina

^ s nofa benefit labh

dl » naghad cash nogodh

O "^^ ) nukchan loss khoti Jl » nakol copy nokol

W>U.b£». . nachib luck bhaggah

11 U\ > nojir similar shodrish

Jo. > nojor sight nojor nachihot advice upodesh JjL^j wokil pleader wukil Ciij wokt time shamoy

uJ)J WOJOR weight ojan jTtJj wujir minister manthri Sd£j wada promise protigga iaSlj wakia incident ghatana Sj^ hijrot migration nirbashan ^^.iiA hojom digestion ojom

*******

;i98) g. Literature It may be classified again into: i) Written Literature: It is a literary work found prevalent in black and white and preserved for the future generation in the form of books, manuscripts, records etc. It may be basically of two kinds which are Prose and Poetry.

It is a literary work expressed to communicate fi-ankly and clearly with­ out linguistic beauty, metre or simile but with the beauty of sense and mean­ ing. In it there is a beauty in its inner contents and way of expression and communication. It is a fact that Islam and the Muslims are inseparably re­ lated with the Arabic language as it is mentioned earlier in detail. As soon as Islam is embraced Arabic language is started to learn for the Islamic cause. The neo-Muslims learn Arabic fi-om the preachers of Islam or the Sufi saints to whom they embrace Islam through "KALIMA TAYYIBAH" the holy words in Arabic expressing the unity of Allah and admitting the Prophet Mohd., SM as His messenger. Tlie neo-Muslims are to read this Kalima in Arabic understanding its meaning in their mother tongues as the Prophet Mohd. SM did and taught the one who embraced his religion during his life time. Then they are taught the Quranic chapters and some cannons of Islam so that they may perform five times namaj or prayers. Then Hadith is taught to the new Muslims for broader knowledge about Islam. Thus, the Quran and the Quranic chapters, the Hadith and its various chapters came to India as well as Barak valley as soon as Islam spread here due to religious requirements. In course of time when the number of Muslim population increased these prose works in the form of the Quran and the Hadith are translated into Bengali fi-om either Arabic or Urdu so that the neo-Muslims of this Bengali dominated region may know the requisite cannons and principles of Islam. These translated works based on Arabic Islamic knowledge here. At present there are so many Bengali prose works based on Arabic and Islamic sources and Arabic elements. We fmd now many such works on many subjects ablution, namaj, fasting of Ramjan, theology, grammar, marriage, divorce, law of inheritage, correct recitation of the holy Quran and even on stories. Of course, some of these works came into Bengali directly from Arabic while most of them entered into Bengali via Urdu or Persian. The reasons behind this are clear as because the Persian kings and sultans ruled India first and that they spread Islam mostly and firstly in Urdu dominated area from Peshawar to North India. So, most of the Arab based Islamic books were translated into Urdu either directly from Arabic or Persian. Then Islam spread in Bengali dominated greater Bengal and the converted Muslims translated Arab based Urdu or Persian books into Bengali. Later on they directly trans­ lated Arabic books into Bengali only when the Muslim population increased rapidly leading to establish formal Arabic educational institutions to pro­ duce many Arabic scholars. Some Arabic based Bengali prose-pattern works found here are Karbala, Kesasul Ambia, Fajail-e-Namaz, Fajail-e-Hajj, Siratun Nabi and a lot of such may other books prevelant everywhere in this valley. It may also be mentioned that some stories of the Arabian knights are translated into many international languages and in Bengali or by electronic media they reached to the Bangalese. In this connection mention may be made of Alf Laila wa Laila and Laila wa Majnu which are now prevalent even among the children of the Bangalese. Thus prose works of the Arabs have great influence on the Bengalese in general and on the Bangalese Mus­ lims in particular.

Poetry s It is defined as a rhymed sentence with the same measure. According to J.W.Mockel, "Poetry is an interpretation of life and the interpretation must like the thing interpreted be organic from point to point and moment to mo­ ment." It represents the life of the contemporary period and thereby can work as the history of that time. Accordingly pre-Islamic poetry is called the reg­ istered record of the then Arabs, l

Dr. All Chand Mohd, A Study of Literary History of the Arabs, Guwahati 1996 pp. 32-3 3 Arabic language and literature made its appearance and began with the poems and proverbs of the Arabs of the 5th and 6th centuries A.D. Before the advent of Islam and revelation of the Quran nothing is known about the written Arabic literature. Arabic as an extent work began from the early sixth century in the Arab world. Though there is no historical evidence of the earliest existence of the Arabic literature, Arabic poetry makes its appearance as a developed and well evolved language long before the advent of Islam and evoke of written Arabic literature. It can be said without any hesitation that it must have had a long carrear of growth before the fifth century A.D. The historians are of different views as to the origin of poetry and com­ mencement of traditional oral poetry. The pre-Islamic Arabic literature that has come down to us, belongs to a period of about a century and a half before Islam. 1 Again Nicholson has observed that the Pre-Islamic poems which have come down to us belong to the centuries preceding Islam. These poems were preserved by oral traditions for hundred of years and were committed to writing by the Muslim scholars between 750 and 900AD. It is a fact that the language of these poems is one and the same. 2 Like almost all the world languages Arabic is originated from poetry. Arabic is an outburst of poetry. Of course, the poetry of the Pre-Islamic Ar­ abs is of two types which are Qasida and Qatya. The former is a long ode from 60 to 100 verses while the latter is a shorter occasional poem of 2 to 20 lines. In almost every Arab tribe there had been a poet who represented its sentiments, feelings, sorrows and happiness. A poet possessed the most dig­ nified position among the Arabs especially during the Pre-Islamic period of ignorance. But Arabic came to India as well as here in the Barak valley not through poetry rather thiough Islamic prose-works like the Quran and Hadith and also through foreign Muslim conquerors, preachers of Islam and fraders. Is­ lamic elements and Arabic came here first through the traders and then for the administrative influences and religious requirements.

1. A History of Arabic Literature, K.A.Fariq 2. A Literary History of the Arabs, p.xx, Nicholson

(201) No Arabic poetry traced its mark here in the Barak Valley as and when Islam spread here first. Day by day the number of Muslim population in­ creased which led to the establishment of formal Arabic Islamic institutions like Madrasas and schools to impart Islamic Arabic knowledge to the con­ verted Bengali Neo-Muslims. The subjects taught and learned in these newly established formal educational institutions were the Quran,the Hadith, the theology and the Arabic language through prose first and poetry thereafter. Though the Arabic poetry of the Arab poets is taught and learned in these newly established Arabic teaching institutions no poetry in pure Ara­ bic was composed here in the Barak valley even after that. But in course of time Islam spread more and number of Muslim population increased in geo­ metrical process and many Islamic poems expressing the unity of Allah, Hamde Alahi, Nayate Rasul, Madhe Nabi, Excellency of the Sufi-saints, Jikrullah, Fakiri ghan and so were composed in different local languages specially Bengali by the poets of this valley. These poems followed the contents and inner sense of the Arab-Islamic poems of the Arab poets like Umayyah bin Abis-Salat, Ahmed al-Bari, Abul Atahiya and Hassan bin Thabith. Thus poetry, though not directly has influenced the Bengali Muslims indirectly by introducing a new pattern, new style and new sense of Bengali poems expressing the unity of Allah, admiration of Him, admiration of the messengers and specially the prophet Mohd SM and also the Sufi-saints of Islam. The composition of the poems by the Muslim poets, most of whom were illiterate is worthy of high regard. Their mentality and sense were in­ comparable assets. In this regard mention may be made first the name of the Dewan poet, Hasan Raja Choudhury. He was an inhabitant of the village Rampasha under Sadar subdivision. He was bom in the village Lakkanshri of Sunamganj in 1261 B.S.and died in 1329 B.S. His book on poems called Hasanudash was published during his life time. His second book published in 1333 B.S.contains his206 songs. The world-poet Rabindra Nath Tagore used some composition of Hasan Raja in his Hebert Lecture. He praised him in the presidential lecture of the Indian Philosophy Shava saying that an ever truth fact is found in his song. Taukulia Premer Mitai is a song-book of 46 songs composed by Wahid Ali and published fi-om Sylhet in 1342 B.S. Ashke Dewana, Fanaye Jan and Jaubon Bahar of Akbar Ali; Hakikate Sitara of Arkum consisted of 94 songs, (202) Hakikate Marifot of 58 songs of Usman and Hashar Taran and Bhab Taran of Wahab are some other song-books of the Muslim poets published from Sylhet. Tarikote Hakkani of 69 songs of Sawalshah, Ratna Sagar of 74 songs of Kalasha alias Abdul Rajjak, Nurer Janker of 308 songs of Ibrahim Jasna, Ashkeguljar and Burhane Ragini of 71 songs of Najir Husain alias Burhane, Premer Dewan of Abdul Malik, Piriter Deo of Abdul Hussein, Ashikey Baram of Ashaf Ali Shamsul Islam, Ashker Bagan of Umar Ali, Ashik Nama of Khatisha, Khabar Nishan of Velasha, Nutun Prembhander of Miadon, Nur Nachihot of Shah Nur, Prem Shati of Mxmshi Hasan Ali, Bichched Shangit of Abdul Rauf Choudhury are some other Muslim poets and their works based on Islamic theme. Over and above these, Shitol Shah of Karimganj composed more than hundred religious songs, Irfan Shah of Udarbond com­ piled Marifoti Udash Baul of 31 songs, Motahir Ali of Badarpur published Ridoy Bina part-1 consisted of 21 songs in 1939 AD and also Murshidi Bhatiali & Cathan Jaluar Geet of Rajab Uddin are some more works of Mus­ lims of the Barak Valley on the Arab- Islamic themes. ^ II) Oral Literature: The Arabic language is a foreign and strange one to the common and converted Muslims of this region as of India. They are to study and know some Arabic words and verses due to religious compulsion and performance of prayers. They also know the Arabic words entered into Bengali due to Muslim-rule of the country for many decades. It is not possible to have pure Arabic proverbs, folks and riddles in Bengali. Of course, many Arabic-mixed Bengali proverbs and riddles are found especially among the Muslims of this region. Some of such proverbs may be mentioned to have an idea of these and their sweet sense to remember. Biyar ack kotha Nikar nobboi kotha It means a widow marriage is hard some and more difficult than a sim­ ple marriage because of the different formalities in Islam and in the Muslim society. It is used when something difficult is attempted to perform to alert one to be cautious and vigorous. Here Nikah is an Arabic word meaning

1. Bangla Sahitye Assamer Bangalider Abadan, Bangiya Sahitya Parishad, Gauhatipp. 37-40

(203) marriage and so it is used in Bengali too. Kundin morchiia Rahmat Aaij tan kabar jiarat It means it is too late to do the work and duty of the concerned fellow which he ought not to do. In Muslim religion as well as in Muslim society, as soon as a dead body of a Muslim is buried his grave is visited and performed prayers and some formalities for his forgiveness as done this off and on. Kabar and Jiarat are two Arabic words meaning grave and visit respectively. Of course, Jiarat here means to visit a grave and pray for the dead according to Islamic rules. Tata phori baag moree Fokirer keramati baare It means a tiger dies for thunder-fall but in spite of it the superiority of a Fakir or saint enhances. It is used to mean the superiority and fearlessness of a saint, honest and great one is in every situation. Here Fakir is an Arabic word meaning poor. But in the proverb Fakir means saint and pious man. Haji aar paji Akoi kajor kaji It means the good and the bad- all are the equal in doing something undesirable. It is used to mean that a so-called good man does a thing unex­ pected from him like a bad man. Here Haji and Kaji are two Arabic words meaning one who visited Kaba, the house of Allah and a judge respectively. Dine munshi Raite chur

It means one is good during day-light but thief in the darkness of night. It is used to mean a man of double and opposite nature. Munshi is an Arabic word meaning expected but used as a good man here. Shorkaro khao Mosjido ghumao

(204) It means one who depends on others for both livelihood and shelter. It is used when one eats and sleeps without doing a thing. Here Masjid is an Arabic word meaning mosque. Motlobor Fakir Sajona It means not to be a saint for the solution of the problem and completion of the purpose. It is used to mean a cheating person. Here Motlob is an Ara­ bic word meaning purpose and Fakir means good fellow. These and the likes are oral literature found in the Bengali dialect preva­ lent in the Bengali Muslims specially of the rural areas of the Barak Valley and they serve as a good example of Arabic influenced Bengali oral litera­ ture.

#fc ^ ^ ^ )(S ^ 9ft

(205)