NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE HUMANITIES • VOLUME 1 NUMBER 5 • SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 1980

Labor History and the "Sartre Question'' by He r b e r t g u t m a n Some may be surprised to find American working-class history .defined as part of the humanities. What, they may wonder, can the study of changing employment patterns, work processes, employer practices, and trade union activities tell us about the human condition? Humanists, of course, vary in their inter­ ests. But their concerns often focus on those as­ pects of everyday experiences which deal with the quality or condition of being human. The changing work experiences of ordinary Ameri­ cans are central to such discourse. Jean-Paul Sartre tells us why. "The essen­ tial,” he observed, "is not what 'one' has done to man, but what man does with what 'one' has done to him." Sartre's emphasis redefines the important questions we should ask in studying the history of dependent American social classes: slaves and poor free blacks, immigrant and native-born wage earners, male and female blue- and white-collar workers, and union and non-union laborers. What such men and women experienced (that is, what "one" has done to them) retains interest, but how they interpreted and then dealt with changing patterns of economic, so­ cial, and political dependence and inequality becomes our major concern. Studying the choices working men and women made and how their behavior affected important historical processes enlarges our understanding of "the condition of being human." That has become very clear to me in the past few summers when I directed an NEH A meeting called to protest strikebreaking turned into Chicago's bloody Haymarket Riot, as this 1886 en­ seminar (Americans at Work: Changing Social graving from the Bettmann Archive shows. and Cultural Patterns) for trade union officials, mostly local and regional staff and officers. This Mario Puzo. A regular fare of historical writings what 'one' has done to him." summer, men and women from seven states fed each day's discussion, including works by Resistance to dependence and inequality representing workers in chemical, nuclear, tex­ Susan Benson, David Brody, Alan Dawley, has been an irregular but constant theme in our tile, and steel factories, in the building trades Nathan Huggins, Lawrence Levine, Edmund S. national history. "Dependence," Thomas Jeffer­ and on the docks, and in government employ­ Morgan, and E. P. Thompson. son warned, "begets subservience. . . and suf­ ment (teachers and unskilled public service These and related materials illustrate how focates the germ of virtue." Americans (espe­ workers) examined the "Sartre Question" by laboring men and women survived and some­ cially in this century), however, have associated studying American working-class history. times triumphed in changing American work the escape from dependence much too narrowly Discussions ranged from examining settings. We learn how new workers use old with possessive individualism. seventeenth-century English and African work cultures and how changing conditions of work Addressing the Sartre Question and re­ processes and cultures to the late twentieth- and life cause working men and women to re­ examining American working-class history re­ century worry over the decline of the so-called examine and change settled ways. These proc­ veals a constant if shifting tension inside and "Protestant work ethic." Earlier patterns of esses have been a constant in our history but outside the workplace between individualist working-class life and labor became vivid after have often been experienced anew by different and collective ways of achieving autonomy. visits to Pawtucket (Rhode Island), Paterson racial and ethnic groups. Sometimes a single individual revealed the (New Jersey), and New York City's Lower East For many reasons, we know too little of the shifting tension within himself. Abraham Cahan Side. The unionists explored the autobiog­ processes that helped shape the American captured that splendidly in his novel The Rise of raphies of Frederick Douglass and Nate Shaw, working class and the nation. Excessive em­ David Levinsky. Levinsky had come to America the poems of John Greenleaf Whittier, William phasis in the popular culture and in academic in 1885 to seek and find his fortune. A man of Carlos Williams, and e. e. cummings, and the history on "assimilation" and on "achieve­ wealth, Levinsky feared for himself as he aged: short stories of Lowell (Massachusetts) mill ment" trivializes explanation and meaning. So I can never forget the days of my misery. I women, Herman Melville, I. L. Peretz, and does the failure to probe "what man does with cannot escape from my old self. My past and present do not comport well. David, Eugene Debs, the young Tom Watson, Aunt the poor lad swinging over a Talmud vol­ Molly Jackson, Carlo Tresca, Nate Shaw, Fanny In this issue ... ume1 at the Preacher's Synagogue, seems to Lou Hamer, and Cesar Chavez. have more in common with my inner iden­ The recovery of this historic tension among 1 Labor History tity than David Levinsky, the well-known working people—individual vs. collective cloak manufacturer. and the "Sartre Question” solutions—should not be misinterpreted. It by Herbert Gutman Evidence of cooperative ways of achieving does not teach "lessons." Nor does it mean that independence regularly dots the national ex­ the past should be ransacked for new heroes. The Birth of the AFL/CIO 3 perience. The Philadelphia Journeymen Carpen­ Instead, it calls attention to the diverse and 4 Labor and the Humanities ters explained their opposition to their em­ competing traditions that have shaped the ployers in 1791: American working-class experience. "Groups," A Century of Working Women ,5 'Tis one of the invaluable privileges of our the British writer and historian David Caute by Mari Jo Buhle nature, that when we conceive ourselves points out, "who lack a sense of their past re­ aggrieved, there is an inherent right in us to semble individuals without knowledge of their Life and Times of Rosie the Riveter 6 complain. . . . Self-preservation has in­ parents—stranded, half-invalidated, insecure. The rediscovered past furnishes us. . . with a The Shoe Workers of Lynn duced us to enter into an indissoluble 8 union, in order to ward off the blows which diachronic pattern which provides an alterna­ 9 Dustjackets: Translations are threatened us, by the insolent hand of tive context for thought and action." pampered affluence:—We mean hereafter, Far more important than a "lesson," a con­ 10 State of the States: by a firm, independent mode of conduct, to text allows us to transform the given in our lives A Rural Odyssey protect each other. . . . into the contingent. Past and present then That theme was not a new one in 1791, and it merge in new ways and strengthen our capacity 12 Deadlines for Grant Applications would be echoed in later generations by men to overcome many of the inequities of late and women as different as Samuel Gompers, twentieth-century America. 13 History Day 14 Dialogue: What Should A College Student Learn? by Edwin J. Delattre and Eugen Weber 16 Humanities Education in the 80s by Geoffrey Marshall 17 An NEH Education Projects Sampler 19 Recent NEH Grant Awards 25 Myths and Realities: Getting an NEH Grant 26 Letters to the Editor 28 About the Authors In the Next Issue FOR INFORMATION ABOUT SUBSCRIPTIONS SEE PAGE 31 Photograph: Photograph: Slater Mill Historic Site

a bimonthly review published by the This issue's Dialogue asks the question "What arts degree. National Endowment for the Humanities should a college student learn?" but never More recently, the sciences have won a Chairman: Joseph D. Duffey raises the issue of "Who should go to college?" larger place in the curriculum, the social sci­ Director of Public Affairs: Barry D. Wanger The general assumption in late fwentieth- ences and arts have been introduced, and many Editor: Judith Chayes Neiman century America is that higher education is for forms of vocational and pre-professional train­ Editorial Board: everyone who may want it. The fact that such a ing have vied for the attention of students. Harold Cannon, Geoffrey Marshall, B.J. view is so widely held is unique. There is no consensus among humanities Stiles, Armen Tashdinian, Barry D. Wanger, Despite the projections of declining enroll­ scholars in various fields — or even within Judith Chayes Neiman ment, a higher proportion of young people do fields—about what should be taught and to Editorial Assistant: Linda Blanken attend college along with a new influx of people whom. To make choices even more difficult, en­ Production Manager: Robert Stock who traditionally did not seek higher education tire new fields and subdisciplines present alter­ Librarian: Jeanette Coletti in the past. Considering the enormous range of native values and competing claims that cannot Designed by Maria Joseph}/ Schoolman goals, preparation, and abilities in this hetero- be easily adjudicated. geneous group, questions about what should be Bioethics, women's history, ethnic studies, The opinions and conclusions expressed in Humanities learned are inevitable. popular culture, sociobiology, to name a few, are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect The early medieval definition of the liberal are founded on newly recognized ideas, meth­ Endowment policy. Material appearing in Humanities may be freely reproduced although the editor would arts curriculum included only seven subjects. ods, and source material. Each appeals to a appreciate notice and copies for the Endowment's ref­ The texts were few. And there was general vocal and influential constituency. Each en­ erence. Use of funds for printing this publication has agreement about the nature of knowledge to be riches the curriculum while making questions of been approved by the Office of Management and Budget. Send address changes and requests for sub­ mastered, as well as who should learn— a small choice and definition more perplexing. scriptions to the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. elite. While continuing to "do battle for Aris­ Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. Before long, there were questions about totle," practitioners of the humanities are also Subscription price, $7 per 6 issues. (USPS 521 -- 090) Other communications should be addressed to: Editor, content (a long struggle preceded the thir­ finding ways to incorporate the new scholarship Humanities, National Endowment for the Humanities, teenth-century incorporation of Aristotle into with the traditional—so that higher education Mail Stop 204, Washington, D.C. 20506. Telephone: the curriculum, for example) but no question continues to be a preparation for life, work, and 202/724-1840. ISSN 0018-7526. about the practical value of acquiring a liberal leisure. — Judith Chayes Neiman 2 With the intimacy that oral history affords, the of the AFL for control of the new AFL-CIO- His George Meany Center for Labor Studies is re­ loss brought Meany to the seat examining one of labor history's critical ques­ of power he held for twenty-five tions: What circumstances caused the American years. Federation of Labor (AFL) and the Congress of The interviews also revealed Industrial Organizations (CIO), the two giants other undocumented factors in the of the American labor movement, to become in merger, say Hoffman and University of 1955, the mighty AFL-CIO? Maryland labor historian Stuart Kaufman, The Center has recently completed an who evaluated the project for the Meany Cen­ NEH-supported oral history project that ter. scrutinized the historic merger through a series One was the ubiquitous influence of George of taped interviews with fifty-two labor leaders Meany himself. Many of those interviewed, active in both unions during the merger negoti­ Kaufman added, praised Meany's ability to as­ ations. Designed in part to show today's labor suage disgruntled parties in both groups. leaders the importance of chronicling the The interviews also uncovered the role of a American labor movement, the project has little-known, AFL-sponsored 1953 study which demonstrated the inevitable forces of the indi­ helped move the two forces toward unification. vidual personality that shape history as surely The 1953 study concluded that the expensive as the movements which produce them. and time-consuming “raiding" (attempts to en­ Lane Kirkland, current president of the roll another union's members) produced no AFL-CIO and an AFL staffer at the time of the positive results for either the CIO or the AFL. merger; Arthur Goldberg, supreme court justice These findings took many on both sides by sur­ and former U.N. ambassador, who was counsel to prise and weakened opposition to the merger. the CIO in the 1950s; and Douglas Fraser, presi­ The interviews reflect the general easing of dent of the United Auto Workers, are among differences on issues such as the role of the those who retold the drama of the merger. governing federation in organizing local unions Project director Alice M. Hoffman, associate and the question of communism in the union professor of labor studies at Pennsylvania State movement, as well as the lessening of tension University, says that original plans for the pro­ between personalities in the two federations. ject included interviews with several crucial The archrival leaders of the CIO and AFL; Phil­ merger figures, especially Meany himself, who lip Murray and William Green, died within two has since died. Former CIO president Walter P. weeks of each other in November 1952, three Reuther, A. Philip Randolph and James B. years before the merger. Carey, Secretary-Treasurer of the pre-merger According to Hoffman, oral documentation CIO, were also unable to be included. of the AFL-CIO merger is especially appropriate Hoffman observes that a pre-merger rift be­ because recollections of the participants provide tween the ruling factions of the CIO played a far insight into the personal confrontations and the more important role in bringing the two giant intense behind-the-scenes bargaining that labor organizations together than had been pre­ forged the merger; and because there was very viously thought. little contemporary reporting of internal causes Conventional textbook explanations of the of the merger, oral documentation is the only merger have focused on an apparent feeling way to retrieve and preserve this information. among labor leaders at the time that they would "The interviews are replete with fascinating have to unite to defend their interests against a personal anecdotes of the early days of the growing tide of political conservativism that American labor movement—of the hardship of was increasingly hostile to the labor movement. being out on strike, of efforts to organize par­ The interviews, however, conducted by a ticularly stubborn industries, and of th^ now- group of thirteen former and current labor famous negotiations in smoke-filled rooms," educators trained and directed by Hoffman, says Lawrence Rogin, long-time labor activist emphasized the behind-the-scenes power and a senior staff associate at the Meany Center. struggle within the CIO between president Wal­ The Meany Center is an adult education ter P. Reuther and David J. McDonald, presi­ facility providing seminars and institutes to dent of the United Steelworkers of America. trade union officials and staff. The nine-year- The interviews reveal that when autocratic old school offers courses on subjects such as CIO president Philip Murray died in 1952, a labor law, collective bargaining and psychology fierce conflict ensued between CIO's two of union leadership. biggest unions, the United Auto Workers The oral history project, says Fred K. (UAW), led by Reuther, and the Steelworkers, Hoehler, Jr., executive director of the Meany headed by McDonald. Reuther won a bitter and Center, is the first step in the creation of a labor close election for the CIO presidency over archives, and is intended to stimulate interest McDonald's choice for the job, Allan Haywood. among current labor officials for the archives Embittered, McDonald used the power of concept. his million-man union to disrupt the CIO. It apparently succeeded. The executive Reuther had difficulty governing the divided council of the AFL-CIO at its annual meeting organization and it lost some of its effectiveness this spring gave final approval to the archives as a united voice of labor. Many Reuther inti­ and, according to Hoehler, ground breaking will mates told interviewers how Reuther reasoned take place next spring. —Thomas Toch that merger with the AFL was the only way to Mr. Toch is a Washington journalist. strengthen the beleagured CIO. A second personality clash engaged "AFL-CIO Labor Movement Oral History Project” I Alice Reuther once the merger was completed. With M. Hoffman/George Meany Center for Labor Studies, what was characterized as fierce antipathy on Silver Spring, MDI$66,998ll978-1980IGeneral Research Photograph: Frank Alexander-Merkle Photographs: AFL-CIO News both sides, Reuther fought with George Meany Program, Division of Research Cast of T ake Care from District 1199's "Bread and Roses" project. New York's United Department Store workers celebrate a 1941 strike settlement. A new union between labor and the humanities A new union—between representatives from American institutions, and enriched their per­ ideas and social realities; they build bridges be- twenty-seven of California's major labor organi­ sonal lives with the literature of their native tween people. This is particularly important to zations and humanities scholars and countries. Herbert Gutman, labor historian, ob­ unions where the membership has changed and educators — has emerged from an NEH- served that "the gradual change occurred in the where prejudices can divide members. supported conference at the University of first decades of this century when corporate cul­ "We have had positive results with our Southern California's Center for the Humanities ture came to celebrate America by narrowly 'Threads' program for Spanish-speaking and Continuing Education. The result, it is identifying it with achievement and success." Panamanian and Nicaraguan laundry workers hoped, will give Southern California workers a Blue collar experiences were omitted from in New York City," said Vicki Leibovics, co­ sense of their place in American labor history American histories because their immigrant director of the "Threads" project. With NEH and of the collective character of the American status and backbreaking labor did not fit cul­ support, the Amalgamated Clothing and Textile working class. tural proscriptions. "The working class past Workers Union developed this major discussion Joyce Miller, vice-president and director of has. . . been denied to its descendants," Gut­ program to help ACTWU members examine Social Services for the Amalgamated Clothing man continued. contemporary issues and their own experiences and Textile Workers Union, opened the confer­ Today's social historians, however, with the vision lent by history and literature ence last spring with a reproach. "The assump­ searching anew old historical territory, are re­ and philosophy. "Those two ethnic groups, tion underlying our presence at this conference, charting a past that includes the lives of blue- who did not exchange one word before we insti­ is that the worker has made important contribu­ collar men and women. As a result, new kinds tuted our 'Threads' discussion sessions now sit tions to the. . .fabric of American life,” she of histories are being written, among them, the with one another at lunch," reported Leibovics. began. "But over time, the humanities have be­ long-denied histories of American workers. Historian Michael Gordon is helping the come alien and divorced from the lives of our Conferees wanted to know what "practical" United Food and Commercial Workers' Union, working people. Their study has belonged only difference, if any, this could make for them. an amalgam of the retail clerks and meat-cutters to people who could afford the leisure to par­ Leon Stein, editor emeritus of Justice, In­ unions, to collect a history of both unions and ticipate in university settings." ternational Ladies Garment Workers' Union, of their merger. The history will provide the This has not always been so. A strong re­ and member of the National Council on the basis for a UFCW effort to weigh and record fu­ lationship between workers and the academy Humanities, answered. ture decisions and achievements. In Gutman's existed during the early days of the labor There is a need to fill the void in working view, such efforts empower workers with a "so­ movement when immigrant workers struggled life, created by the retreat of handicraft and cial memory," the knowledge of their achieve­ to learn the English language and the history of the reassignment of control. . . in work to ments and contributions to society. They also non-human instrumentalities. That void is tell the public about the world of working being filled, but chiefly by devices that are people, and, by making accurate information distractions from the serious business of available, may encourage better representations life. Television, beer and bowling have their of workers, particularly blue-collar workers, in place, but they are no substitute for thought mass media. and history and beauty. . . . With such programs as models, the confer­ ence participants broke into small groups to dis­ Unions have found new working-class histories cuss history, media, occupational health and and humanities programs productive means to safety, labor studies, public policy, union ar­ stress the traditional trade union values of chives and basic education. In some cases, ex­ cooperation, solidarity, dignity, and worth of tended discussion of project ideas developed the individual. "Shared values create a sense of into preliminary proposals for continued associ­ solidarity," Miller observed. ations between workers and scholars: a perma­ Moe Foner, executive director of New nent regional advisory council on Humanities York's Local 1199 of the Union of Hospital and and Labor; research and development of pro­ Health Care Workers, agreed. Cultural fairs, gramming for a labor cable television network; historical exhibits, publications, and musical and revision of secondary school history books productions which characterize the NEH- to include the achievements of organized labor. supported "Bread and Roses" project have re­ —Deborah Grossman placed a former apathy among Local 1199 mem­ bers with energetic respect for their work and Ms. Grossman is the assistant director of the Uni­ themselves. "Before 'Bread and Roses' we had versity of Southern California's Center for the difficulty in attracting our membership to union Humanities. * meetings," Foner said, "but new-found pride in the role of the health-care worker, in our "Humanities for Labor Conference"/Rosalind Loringt union's heritage, and in our cultural programs University of Southern California Center for the (many of which are open to all New York City Humanities, Los Angeles, CAI$18,610/1979-1980IHigher residents) has reversed that trend." Education Projects-Regional and National, Division of The humanities make connections between Education Programs 4 A Century of Working Women What do women want? Or, to narrow the ques­ mated that men and women vied in equal por­ tion, what do American women want from tions as the mainstay of Philadelphia's leading careers and family life? Polls indicate that a industries. In other cities as well, young women majority might prefer to have children instead represented a new and important factor in the of careers, but the reality of their economic cir­ local economy. cumstances dictates both. And if they seek pub­ Much of the public reaction to this de­ lic policy changes, their demands are essentially velopment was unfavorable and associated the job-related in an attempt to improve their family rise of the working woman with an imminent lives: flexible working hours, a shorter work decline in family stability, as many do today. week, more sick pay, tax credits for working Some skilled workingmen and trade unionists mothers, and child-care programs. The very real predicted (disaster. They believed women, who problems of adjustment to a dual role, rather universally received smaller wages than men, than any supposed anti-family ideology of the would become fierce competitors for men's jobs "Liberated Woman," are a source of public and force male breadwinners out of work; or, anxiety—a recognition that the traditional be­ women would lower the overall wage scale and liefs in woman's undisturbed domesticity are make it impossible for a family to survive on a shaken by the financial facts of modern life. . husband's wage. Many ministers joined the Discussions about the impact of women's chorus, proclaiming women's unholy exodus wage labor on family life and morality are not from their Sphere a threat to the family, a God- unique to our own times. While no one would ordained institution. Educators and physicians deny that a major shift has occurred since often added the weight of authority to these World War II, we should be aware that our an­ discussions. They warned against possible cestors witnessed a comparable upsurge in the eugenic calamities, as women tested their numbers of working women almost a century physical and mental capacities in unnatural ago. callings and thereby threatened their most pre­ There is, however, a crucial difference. cious gift, the ability to bear healthy offspring. Whereas today older women, especially married Amid the clamor, a Boston woman, women with children, constitute the fastest- Caroline H. Dali, penned the first lengthy tract growing sector of the female labor force, in the defending women's right to work in 1859. She late nineteenth century young single women dismissed the -popular notion that women's women activists created a multiplicity of institu­ were the prime candidates for employment and place was solely in the home; she scoffed at the tions— clubs, schools, trade unions, homes — forced the most pressing questions about the opinion that physical and mental disabilities rarely examined by historians more traditionally meaning of their new roles. made women unsuited for the market place. attuned to the contemporaneous demand for As wives and daughters filled many posi­ Women were compelled by the necessity of women's suffrage. tions vacated by their menfolk during the Civil bread, by a natural ability and need to express Because the majority of women entering the War, discussion began in earnest. The debate their talents, and by the moral wont to abhor work force were young and single, their allies continued over the next decades as unpre­ idleness, Dali insisted. "Women want to work," sought to assure them the protection and guid­ cedented numbers of women, native- and she stated, "for all the reasons men want it." ance formerly provided by their families. They foreign-born, secured employment in new in­ From the Civil War until the turn of the cen­ most characteristically created the home for dustries flourishing during the post-war eco­ tury, hundreds of thousands of women working women, a boarding facility designed to nomic boom. Fleeing the countryside for poten­ gathered under the banner "equal wages for meet young women's physical needs, and tially rewarding urban areas, young women equal work." A genuine mass movement, simi­ simultaneously instituted an array of congregated in the major manufacturing centers lar in size, scope, and elusive organizational supplementary programs: employment bureaus, and became dominant in the textile and garment structure to the current women's movement, vocational classes, recreation and vacation trades; or constituted a welcomed servant gathered to consider bread-and-butter aspects of societies, religious services, and health-care population for the rising entrepreneurial women's advancement and rallied to aid all programs. classes. By 1890 a local labor statistician esti­ “self-supporting women.” In the process Although the Young Women's Christian Association, the "Y ," offered the most com­ prehensive set of services, secular organiza­ tions, including various working women's co­ operative societies and trade unions, contrib­ uted their share. The Jane Club, for example, a cooperative household affiliated with Hull House, served as a political and psychological home for Chicago's leading trade union women of the 1890s. At the turn of the century these various efforts culminated in a campaign shrouded by ambiguity: the protective legisla­ tion enacted during the Progressive Era. The troubled campaign for the Equal Rights Amendment speaks to this uncertain legacy amidst a drastically changed situation in the twentieth century. Singles apartments, commu­ nity colleges, state-run employment bureaus have replaced the former voluntary agencies, al­ though none has successfully met the continu­ ing problems of differentially low wages and oc­ cupational hazards. As a social factor, however, single working women stir little controversy. Indeed, the capable young woman who chooses not to earn her keep now seems odd. Today's questions concerning women's par­ Establishing wage rates for piecework by weighing A 1912 Boston woolen mill interior shows a young ticipation in wage labor focus on married wire and recording weights in 1919. woman operating a finishing machine. women. Although black women had since the Civil War rarely considered marriage a deterrent major opportunity for the overwhelming major­ the home—women have made permanent what to earning a living, they represented an excep­ ity of women seeking employment. Daniel Bell called "The Great Back to Work tional group; as late at 1940 only 30 percent of More recently sociologists have emphasized Movement" after World War II. all working women were married. World War II another consideration, the fact that the propor­ However, today's expectations are no less thus established a new standard, especially as tion of women in wage labor, especially married poignant than those of a century ago, and for many older women found relatively lucrative women, increases during periods of economic good reasons. Young wage-earning women jobs in war industries. Polls conducted toward crisis or stagnation. During the Great Depres­ gained a greater degree of autonomy from pa­ the end of the war indicated that the majority of sion, for example, women in paid labor grew by rental authority in choosing marriage partners, these "temporary” workers intended to remain 22 percent, the largest decadal increase known places of residence, and occupations. Today's in the labor force. And they did. Despite the in American history. During times of high un­ married working women obviously gam to some massive lay-offs during the reconversion to employment, women apparently take even extent greater freedom within marriage, more peace-time production, women between the low-paying jobs to help their families cope with control over individual decisions and influence ages of thirty-five and forty-four accounted for adversity. Especially for women with children, over family matters. the fastest rate of growth of the various groups the inability of their husbands to find employ­ If history is any guide, public policy is only seeking paid employment over the next decade. ment is the most decisive factor in their decision one and frequently not the most important ef­ Sociologists initially explained this surge in to enter the labor market. This hypothesis is fect of social changes. Yet, as the question of women's work force participation in reference quite suggestive, for it helps explain the im­ protective legislation demonstrates, policy may to growth in economic sectors typed as pressive 19 percent increase in the female labor have far-reaching implications for future gener­ women's or "pink collar" jobs, the clerical and force during 1965-1976, the period marking the ations. Laws can make the transition to paid service trades which expanded rapidly after the onset of "stagflation." work more or less difficult; they also reflect our war. Rarely unionized, these jobs paid consid­ Because of expanded opportunity, financial public process of learning about the implica­ erably less than the industrial jobs many necessity, and the sheer desire to experience a tions of women's labor, a process now one women held during wartime. But they were the satisfaction and sociability possible only outside hundred years in the making. —Mary Jo Buhle

During and after World War I women became welders as well as telephone operators, as evidenced in these photographs from the National Archives.

Life and Times of Rosie The Riveter

als, compelling. While other girls attend their favorite cocktail bar, cles in local newspapers around the country. In Sipping dry martinis, munching caviar, the San Francisco Bay area alone, where the "They're used in the film as people, and There's a girl who’s really putting them to shame. film project is based, 400 former Rosies called in not to make points," she says. Rosie is her name. to offer their reminiscences within a mere two But she did set out deliberately to portray a All the day long, whether rain or shine, weeks. After an interview that might last as Rosie who was typical of most of the women She's a part of the assembly line. long as four or five hours, the filmmakers who held wartime industrial jobs—women who She's making history, working for victory, would always ask the woman how she felt had come out of other, lower-paying jobs and Rosie the Riveter. about being part of the project. not, as the stereotype would have it, from Rosie may well have been making history, "And the thing that we heard over and over home. as the Four Sergeants sang, but until recently again was, 'I feel I'm important for the first Although 78 percent of the women who en­ her experiences— those of the six million or so tim e,"' Field says. tered the wartime industrial work force had women who flocked to the factories during Lola Weixel, a former riveter who appears held jobs before, wartime propaganda films— World War II— have gone largely unrecorded. in the film, recalls her excitement when she saw some of which Field is incorporating into her Now, however, at least five of those Rosies will an ad about the project because "I thought, gee, own film—were pitched at the housewife. "A get a chance to tell their own stories in "The we were nothing but a big joke to everyone I woman can operate a drill press just as easily as Life and Times of Rosie the Riveter," a knew. We were forgotten and never ap­ a juice extractor in her own kitchen," one film documentary film scheduled for release this fall. preciated." cajoled. And when the war ended and millions Filmmaker Connie Field and her co-workers Field chose the five women who appear in of women were laid off to make room for re­ interviewed about seven hundred women who the film carefully, looking for people who were turning veterans, popular magazines and responded eagerly to advertisements and arti­ both representative and who were, as individu­ documentary films told Rosie just as bluntly to return to the kitchen. now make in a week,"' she says. Force. Many women, however, stayed in the work Field was struck by the number of women "The men didn't like us at all," recalls force, doing less skilled work for lower pay. who told her that their wartime jobs were the Weixel. "They resented us because there was Gladys Belcher, who had grown up on a farm in best they ever had in their lives. The en­ this myth that you had to be an apprentice for Arkansas and had rushed to California to take thusiasm of Lola Weixel was typical, she says. five years." advantage of wartime employment opportuni­ Weixel remembers hearing a neighbor's son Juanita Allen had to battle just to get into ties, loved her job as a welder and had attended talking about his training as a welder with the the factory. She and the other black women in welding classes for four hours every day after National Youth Administration soon after Pearl the training program at the Murray body plant work at Kaiser Industries, "so that when I got Harbor. His description of the work— the fire in Detroit were not being hired as riveters, even out of there I could get another job at welding, and the machinery—made it sound so much though they had completed more than the re­ 'cause I really enjoyed it." But the only job she more important and exciting than the artist's quisite ninety hours of training. could find after the war was in the kitchen of modeling she was doing, she recalls. So when When the union shop steward asked for a the Seashell Restaurant, where she stayed for the neighbor's son mentioned there was a volunteer to bring charges of racial discrimina­ the next seventeen years. woman in his training program, Weixel sent off tion against the company, Allen was the only Black women, whose earnings had skyrock­ a letter immediately. one who stepped forward—the others were eted 1,000 percent during the war, were espe­ "They told me the woman there was a spe­ afraid that they would never get hired if they cially hard hit. Juanita Allen, a wartime riveter cial case—she was a protege of Eleanor made a fuss. So Allen sat in the employment at a Ford aircraft plant in Detroit, found herself Roosevelt's," Weixel says. "But they must have office day after day, counting the number of living with a sister in Chicago and trying to kept my letter because a while later they called white women who were getting jobs. After that, support her two children with her meager m e." the company began finding jobs for black earnings at a restaurant. The work more than lived up to Weixel's women—but not for Allen. Fortunately, she "I would come home from work and say, expectations. She loved the job and finally soon found a job at a Ford plant. 'You know I used to make this in a day, what I earned a first-class welding license from the Air Although Allen was laid off at the end of

the war, she was eventually called back to work hattan office building where she now works as a she says, "that this is a part of their history that on the auto assembly line at Ford, where she proofreader, compares her two job experiences was taken away." spent the next thirty years. The difference be­ and says almost without hesitation that she Field now speaks knowledgeably of the dif­ tween her wartime aircraft work, when the would have continued as a welder if she had ferences between welding and riveting, of the company was guaranteed a certain profit mar­ been given the chance. She did apply for a few satisfactions that can come from the power and gin, and her later experience, when she was welding jobs after the war, but women were no craft of the jobs and from the sense of collective working "on production," was "like night and longer considered suitable. effort. But, enmeshed in production and day," she says. "But some of the men who are doing con­ matching fund raising for the film project, she "It was faster, dirtier, more difficult, there struction in the office now," she says over the has not had the chance to try her own hand at was more pressure, more everything," Allen re­ sound of drills, "tell me they have a few women welding. It is one of the first things she'd like to calls. apprentices." do when the film is complete, she says. She would much have preferred a secretar­ Connie Field hopes that the film, which — Natalie Wexler ial job in an office atmosphere, even at a pay began as an NEH Youthgrant, will be shown to Ms. Wexler, a labor historian, is a student at the cut, she says, and she took night courses with union groups and high school students as well University of Pennsylvania School of Law. the hope of eventually finding one. But she as to a public television audience, and will give adds, "the secretarial jobs open to black women support to women who hold industrial jobs now "The Life and Times of Rosie the Riveter''/Connie FieldI within the plant were always the least desira­ and encouragement to younger women who Rosie the Riveter Filnt Project, Emeryville, CAI ble." may be considering nontraditional fields. $138,95111979-1980/Media Humanities Projects Pro­ Lola Weixel, sitting in the high-rise Man­ "They should know that it's an option," gram, Division of Public Programs 7 Lynn, Massachusetts, was once renowned for make the family's shoes. In the mid-eighteenth Lynn shoe industry began its decline. By 1975 manufacturing the finest of women's shoes. At century, Lynn‘became a center for making only two shoe factories were operating, and the turn of this century, nearly two hundred women's shoes when a Welsh shoemaker today, many of those old buildings stand in factories sent twenty million pairs of shoes to taught Lynn craftsmen how to divide the steps empty desuetude. fashion-conscious women here and abroad. of shoemaking and how to make their products In the exhibit, outsize photographs illus­ But beginning in the 1920s, one by one the fashionable. trate Lynn's history and the everyday lives of its factories closed. Some workers followed the At first shoes were made at home, the men people, and artifacts, including early hand­ shoe trade to new areas while others found em­ fashioning whole shoes, the women helping out crafted shoes made in Lynn, craftsmen's tools ployment in the growing electrical industry of between household tasks by binding or stitch­ and the machinery that revolutionized the in­ Lynn. Lynn became, in the words of poet Vin- ing the upper part of the shoe. Gradually, the dustry, depict the changes in the shoemaking cent Ferrini, " a graveyard of factories/ men moved their work into small buildings near trade. A "ten-footer," a Victorian parlor from Monumental tombstones accusing with broken their homes. Fathers worked with sons and fel­ the home of a manufacturer, and a kitchen from eyes." low shoemakers in these "ten-footers," as they a worker's apartment, are all furnished with The extraordinary story of the flowering were called, because they measured between such detail that one visitor said "I could really and fading of Lynn was told in an NEH- ten and fourteen feet square. The work required imagine what it was like to live then." supported exhibit entitled "Life and Times in little concentration and one contemporary ob­ Keith Melder, a social historian who was Shoe City: The Shoe Workers of Lynn" shown server wrote that every workshop was "a school guest curator, expresses other satisfactions. at the Essex Institute of Salem, Massachusetts. and an incipient debating club." "Although the exhibit was organized by profes­ The Institute, one of the nation's oldest and But between 1855 and 1865 several sionals from outside the Lynn community, the most venerable historical societies, has long machines were developed to do work which had ‘substance came from the people of Lynn," he enjoyed the patronage of New England's old previously been done by hand. The work place says. "They provided photographs and objects, professional and merchant families. But with now moved from home and backyard to noisy, and their words captioned the items on dis­ the story of Lynn, the staff was able to attract a crowded factories where men and women be­ play." Melder mentioned a section of the exhibit wider audience, the descendants of the came semi-skilled machine operators, each per­ illustrating how each of the diverse groups of nineteenth- and early twentieth-century immi­ forming a monotonous single task. immigrants set up its own community within grants who had come from Europe and Canada With industrialization came labor struggles. the city where language and tradition were to work in the then-burgeoning industries of According to labor historian John T. Cumbler, passed on through church and school. New England. The two-hundred-year history of Lynn shoemakers, rooted in the tradition of the Melder was also pleased to hear some old the Lynn shoe industry is their history. "ten-footers" where they had control over the timers say they had learned something that they By involving some of the old-timers who work process, fought to maintain independence had not thought of before—that "history is remembered working in the shoe factories, and and democracy. Beginning in 1860, with the na­ about plain working people as well as those arranging discussions between labor historians tion's largest strike to date, the Lynn shoe in­ who are more famous." — Anita Franz Mintz and union members formerly employed in the dustry experienced frequent unrest, resulting Mrs. Mintz is a Washington writer. industry, the exhibit served as a magnet at­ both from the labor-management struggles and from internal union dissension as the national tracting many additional artifacts and "Life and Times in Shoe City: The Shoe Workers of Lynn, memorabilia owned by shoe workers' families. union often placed the fight for consolidation 1850-1950"IAnne FarnamlEssex Institute, Salem, MAI The exhibit paid homage to the ancient above the local concerns of the Lynn workers. $69,510ll979-1980IMuseums and Historical Organiza­ shoemaking craft first practiced in colonial In the 1920s with changing consumer de­ tions Humanities Projects Program, Division of Public America by farmers working on winter nights to mands and competition from other markets, the Programs

Minnie Worth super­ vises the shoeworkers of Lynn, M assachussetts, from a 1915 photograph exhibited in "Life and Times in Shoe City." 8 DUSTJACKETS— OTHER VOICES FROM OTHER ROOMS Translation is a form of teaching. The translator mythic Chinese novel Hsi-yu chi, titled Monkey, tance of divination to ancient Mesopotamians in begins with an assessment of the ignorance of did the same for Chinese literature. But since understanding and controlling their world. his readers as they approach the work in ques­ World War II, most of Waley's successors have These three projects will consider and tion, and attacks that ignorance with all the been scholars in the United States, both Orien­ interpret many fragments of clay held in librar­ weapons available, anticipating difficulty and tal and Western. The demand for, and the sup­ ies and collections round the world; textual un­ avoiding condescension. Where the English ply of, faithful translations of highest quality certainties will be resolved and obscurities version cannot clarify fully, there must be lucid has increased immensely. Instead of Waley's clarified in extensive notes. Thus the work of annotation. There should be some preliminary thirty-chapter adaptation of "the Hsi-yu-chi we the archaeologist will inform the historian, and interest in the mind of the reader, and the may now read Anthony Yu's full version, a bring into clearer focus life in that cradle of translator must struggle to nourish and increase 100-chapter translation, The Journey to the West. civilization until now so uncertainly described. that interest throughout the work. The reader One reviewer called it "an impious Buddhist Five thousand years later, the Middle East should be left with a sense of mastery and un­ version of The Pilgrim's Progress.” is still supplying texts for translators. In modem derstanding, with a feeling that the experience But even area studies experts—to say Egypt there are itinerant minstrels performing has been novel but not strange, demanding but nothing of our national interests—are re­ popular ballads in colloquial Egyptian Arabic. not impossibly obscure. strained by a language barrier in cultures where Professor Pierre Cachia is engaged in transcrib­ If all this can be achieved, then the reader English translations do not exist. The very ing and translating this "literature of the will have been introduced to a new and exciting names of principal authors and the titles of their people," which differs considerably from that of world, as was the poet Keats when he first works are meaningless for most of us: the Popol the educated Egyptian elite, not only in word looked into Chapman's translation of Homer: Vuh of the Quiche' Maya, the Memoirs of Was- usage, style, and subject matter, but in its re­ Then felt I like some watcher of the skies ifi, the Divan of Yunus Emre, Jamalzadah’s Sar u flection of different ethical, social, political, and When a new planet swims into his ken; Tah-i Yak Karbas, the Book of Chan K'in, Sijel- religious values. Mr. Cachia has been collecting Or like stout Cortez when with eagle eyes masi's al-cAmal al-Mutlaq. and recording this material for fifteen years, but He star'd at the Pacific—and all his men These are all examples of translations sup­ his translation will be of value to scholars and Look'd at each Other with a wild surmise— ported by NEH grants. Obscure? Certainly. But general readers for decades to come. Silent, upon a peak in Darien. when we add that the last-named work is a pri­ A little closer to home, but just as "foreign" Today the Homeric world is known to mil­ mary text on Islamic legal practice, the impor­ to most of us, is the literature of the Tlingit In­ lions of English readers through the translations tance of having an English translation is obvious. dians of Southeast Alaska. Nora Dauenhauer, of Lattimore and Fitzgerald. Chapman's version The Endowment's program is designed to one of the elders of the clan, and her husband is probably no longer obtainable and, if it were, put new tools of scholarship into the hands of Richard have recorded and transcribed exam­ we would not prefer it. experts; but it may well create fascinating new ples of Tlingit Oratory texts. These "memorial The literature of ancient Greece and Rome reading for the general public, where the appe­ potlaches" are the clan's property, and it is has been well served by new translators in this tite and need for direct experience of other cul­ thanks to the trust and cooperation accorded to century, and this is generally true of the major tures is already considerable and growing daily. the Dauenhauers by the clan's older members primary works of Western Europe. Stendhal Since 1977, the NEH has been making some that this translation, which promises to be a and Flaubert are as accessible as Dickens or fifty translation grants each year, many.of them major literary and anthropological event, is Melville. Russian novelists and Scandinavian just reaching the publication stage now. Some underway. playwrights cannot be excluded from discus­ examples of the riches soon to be uncovered' The writings of W.B. Yeats are not so un­ sions of the novel or the drama, thanks to will illustrate the range, both in space and time. known or obscure, but his sources may be. His translators. Three translators are currently working on play, The Death of ChuChulainn is based on an But what about the rest of the world? Do various texts from the ancient Near East, from eighth-century Irish saga of the same title. Pro­ we know any more about the Middle East and the kingdoms between the rivers Tigris and fessor Maria Tymoczko has just completed her its literature than a few tales from the Arabian Euphrates (Mesopotamia), where Noah's ark work on this epic, which belongs to the group Nights or some verses of Omar Khayyam? floated. The texts are written in cuneiform on of medieval "death tales," such as the Song of The literature of China and Japan was clay tablets found in Sumer, Akkad, and As­ Roland and Beowulf, which celebrate the feats broached in translation by the pioneering Eng­ syria, dating from the second and third millen­ and mourn the last defeat of a great hero. The lishman Arthur Waley. When his translation of nia B.C. One large compendium of Sumerian original text is in archaic prose and cryptic al­ the Tale of Genji appeared after World War I, the literary works, being translated by Professor literative verse. The translation promises to en­ excitement of English readers was certainly Thorkild Jacobson, will relate the kingdom's able comparatists to broaden their understand­ Keatsian. In his book Japanese Literature (Grove history through Epic and Lament, its political ing of this genre and to give students of modern Press, 1955), Donald Keene remarks: "When the ideals through Royal Hymns, and its under­ Irish poetry access to the source of Yeats's first volume of Arthur Waley's translation of standing of the universe through Myths. drama. The Tale of Genji appeared in 1923, Western cri­ Professor Jerrold Cooper is working on It is hard to choose examples that will be tics, astonished at its grandeur and at the un­ another corpus, Mesopotamian Royal Inscrip­ typical when the range is so great, but all these suspected world which it revealed to them, tions, which contains the primary documents for translators have in common the quality of great searched desperately for parallels in more that region's political history. Sally Moren, a teachers who can unlock for use those "realms familiar literature. The Tale of Genji was likened resident scholar at the University of Pennsyl­ of gold" that staggered Keats's imagination. to Don Quixote, The Decameron, Gargantua and vania, is translating a collection of nearly ten — Susan Mango and Harold Cannon. Pantagruel, Tom Jones, even to Le Morte d'Arthur; thousand omens known as the Shumma Alu (the in short, to almost every major work of fic­ title is taken from the opening words of the first Ms. Mango and Mr. Cannon are Endowment staff tion. . line of the Akkadian text— "If a city is set on a members whose responsibilities include the Transla­ Waley's excerpted version of the great height. . ."); these texts illustrate the impor­ tions Program (Division of Research Programs). 9 >

it lege and university in the state, and periodically holds a state-wide conference where scholars can share ideas about working with the public. In Vermont, where the total population is 500,000 and the largest city (Burlington) has only 40,000 people, the image of the state as nothing but a "peaceful, rural landscape" is challenged by the Vermont Council on the Humanities and Public Issues. The state has di­ verse ethnic groups, including 20,000 French- speaking citizens and 3,000 Spanish-Americans, as well as thirty-six newspapers, an unusually high number per capita. But although Executive Director Victor Swenson admits that "There is some truth to Vermont's image as a place of ref­ uge from the rigors of urban life," the Council funds a wide variety of activities that show the very worldly interests of citizens, such as a pro­ gram on "Our Towns/Our World: A Symposium on Environmental Interdependence." Montana has the fourth largest land area in the country, exceeded only by Alaska, Texas, and California. Its population is only 750,000, while rural areas are sometimes naively as­ City Man: "Hello boy." fewer than six people per square mile. The state sumed to be peaceful, perhaps boring, Country Boy: "Hello yourself." has only seventeen towns with populations homogeneous, pastoral landscapes, distin­ City Man: "Where does this road go?" over 5,000, and only twelve institutions of guished only by the type of terrain, mountain­ Country Boy: "Hain't never seed it go nowheres. higher education, most of them in or near the ous or flat, arrid or rich in vegetation. Then too, It alius stays right where it's at." major population centers. But Montanans are city dwellers may assume that space-age com­ City Man: "How far is it to the next town?" fascinated by their own local history, and al­ Country Boy: "Don't know. Never measured it." munication and easy mobility have erased or at most every one of the state's fifty-six counties least blurred the distinctive character of remote City Man: "You don't know anything. You're has a small museum staffed by local volunteers. certainly the biggest fool I ever saw." communities. But the diversity of projects The state has no educational television system, Country Boy: "I knows I don't know nothing. I funded by the state humanities councils no adult education association, and no state­ suggests that rural communities have not dis­ knows I's a fool. But I ain't lost." wide extension education organization for the solved into a homogenized mass anymore than For Barbara Allen, scholar-in-residence in humanities, except for the Montana Committee have the nation's great cities and metropolitan Yazoo City, Mississippi, story-telling is a "basic for the Humanities, which makes about fifty form of communication," a way for Yazooans centers. grants each year for public programs. proud of their rural and small town ways of life Congress has expressed special concern "to laugh at themselves" and "express a sense that the Endowment's programming reach citi­ of pride in themselves through stories in which zens who, because of geographical limitations, they get the best of strangers." Allen spent a might not otherwise benefit from Endowment year in Yazoo City, helping local citizens programs, a call to which the state humanities explore their own culture, through a grant from councils have responded with unique success the Mississippi Committee for the Humanities. and vigor. Composed of citizens from through­ State humanities councils have funded out each state, from rural and urban areas, the numerous activities that focus on the special councils are ideally situated to identify diverse richness of rural America. "It is a paradox of population groups in each state and tailor pro­ American life that its most obscure people con­ grams by, for, and about each of them. stitute the nation's largest single minority— Yet programs for rural audiences remain a rural Americans," Larry Van Goethem wrote in special challenge. Separated by great geo­ the New York Times. Although making up about graphical distances from universities, colleges, 20 percent of the population, "They have no and scholars in the humanities, rural areas may lobby, reduced political leverage, an antique lack the mammoth institutional resources, the patina and few spokesmen." Yet, he observed, great libraries and museums, of more populous "Wherever they live, these Americans seem to areas. In rural areas, however, the human in­ have preserved some of the character of this stitutions of schools, community groups, Because most of Montana's small historical country before most of its people marched churches, and families have proved a rich societies and museums lack adequately-trained lockstep into the cities." source of ideas, values, and talents which rural staffs, have very limited financial resources, and Perhaps too readily stereotyped, rural citi­ communities use to explore their own special are often located great distances from any col­ zens have identities as diverse as their urban heritages and cultures. lege, the Committee has established a special cousins, though they may be more difficult to In South Dakota, where 60 percent of the funding program to assist them in using their understand because of their relative isolation. population of 690,000 is "rural," there are only local collections to provide interpretive exhibits Cities, readily accessible, are assumed to be fifteen institutions of higher education. To par­ and programs for residents. The Montana bustling hubs of cultural wealth and diversity, ticipate in a program in Martin (population: Committee also responded to the great interest 1,248), the nearest scholar must travel three of its local citizens, especially the many Native hundred miles round-trip. No towns in the vast Americans in the state, in preserving their tradi­ mid-section of the state have populations of tions through the use of oral history. The Com­ more than ten thousand; there are few libraries, mittee conducted a series of five workshops museums, or local newspapers of any sort. Still, around the state in 1979 to help people under­ .he South Dakota Committee for the stand and use the potential of oral history. Humanities has succeeded, through diligence, Another effort by the Montana Committee in making about a hundred grants each year in to assist citizens in remote areas of the state was all areas of the state. The Committee uses col­ the recruitment last year of seven “field lege professors during the summer as program humanists," scholars at colleges across the development consultants who travel to rural state, who are available to travel to assist citi­ communities to help local groups plan projects zens' groups in developing local humanities and write proposals for funding. To work with programming. scholars in developing public programming, the The same land that presents such immense Committee has an advisory Council of obstacles to travel, the land that separates rural Humanists, with representatives from each col­ citizens from their neighbors, is still valued 10 vision. At a two-day conference in Glendive, role of women in rural society and the effect of Montana, local residents, mostly farmers, dis­ changing society on their work roles, marriages, cussed "The Family Farm: Endangered Species" and family life. Residents of Eagle Butte, South with eight scholars. Citizens of Fairburn, South Dakota, discussed "Violence in the Family” and Dakota, and a historian discussed the problems the impact of changing family roles on the of urban sprawl, and how to balance the need American family. for growth with the desire to maintain a quiet, The strengths of the American Indian fam­ rural lifestyle, and contemplated the experi­ ily were the subject of a project in Spearfish, ences of other areas faced with sudden growth. South Dakota, with scholars contributing to the In Flandreau, South Dakota, at programs on consideration of the cultural heritage reflected "Farming: Get Big or Get Out?" and "The Ef­ in the family life of the contemporary Dakota fects of Industrial Development on a Small Indian, the history of the Indian family, and the Community," residents discussed the history of reflection of Indian values in Native American family farming, and the shifts in lifestyles and literature. The role of rural women in a chang­ values that accompany economic development, ing world was also the topic of a series of six with scholars in history, cultural geography, programs in rural Manitowoc county in eastern and sociology. Wisconsin, "The Farmer, the Housewife, and At a major Arkansas state-wide conference the Consequences of Powerlessness." The pro­ on the "Farm Family" earlier this year, such grams "made clear to the women ideas they had i topics as "Farm Family: Image and Fact" were already felt," according to Pat Anderson, execu­ discussed with philosophers, historians, an­ tive director of the Wisconsin Humanities thropologists, literary scholars, rural citizens, Committee, which funded the initial series and and government officials. Constantina several follow-up programs. "Farm women Safilious-Rothschild, a sociologist at Pennsyl­ have been liberated for a long time, working as vania State University, addressed the pressure partners with their husbands, and the law is of current economics on the "very traditional values of small farmers." She noted that "inde­ above almost all else. Perhaps because of the pendence was great in the pioneer days for sur­ closeness to the land, the "sense of place" vival, but maybe now what we need is a little throughout rural America, and the close ties to diminution of independence. Nobody anymore family and traditions, rural citizens share a can live completely on his own, even countries strong love of their own history, a longing to can't anymore. They have to find ways of col­ know of sources and beginnings. laborating with each other in order to stay inde­ Typical of the many modest grants made by pendent, and maybe that's what the small farm­ state committees was a grant of $300, which ers have to learn how to do also." made it possible for residents of Dalesburg, In Morton, Mississippi, five state committee- South Dakota, to meet with a literature profes­ funded programs were held last spring on "Rural sor to examine their culture and language in Community in a New Age." In Glasgow, Mon­ depth on Scandinavian Heritage Day. In Moun­ tana, local residents explored the impact on local tain City (population: 1,300), in the easternmost rural communities of proposed industrial de­ beginning to recognize this for all women in the county of Tennessee, local residents discussed velopment" at the Glasgow Air Force Base. country. Farm women treasure being rural Americans. They have a great deal of power, "Appalachian English: Reality and Myth," with Traditions of independence and the all- even if it is sometimes indirect." professors of English and linguistics, a project important links to the land and the family may The links to family and land, and the im­ funded by the Tennessee Committee for the have helped rural citizens resist shallow fads, Humanities. Participants said it was "wonderful extremism, and desperate searches for escape, mediacy of the fruits of human labor may con­ tribute to the exaltation of the human spirit in to hear some words I haven't heard since I was but they are struggling with the same tidal wave rural Americans, the still-strong faith in the a child." "I'm proud of my old mountain of social change that has swept America in re­ strength of the people, the belief that they are speech, but now I understand more about it," cent decades. At programs on "The Roles of said another. "This is the first time I understood Rural Women in a Changing Society," audi­ basically good, basically rational, and strong in mind and body. Conservatism for rural citizens the difference between dialect and good old ences of rural citizens in Onida, Gettysburg, seems less like a pro-business free enterprise King's English." In Montana, "suitcase and Watertown, South Dakota, examined with conservatism, than just the view that govern­ exhibits" are bringing historical artifacts and in­ professors of jurisprudence, literature, com­ terpretive materials on frontier schools, parative religion, and sociology the historical ment should share in the pioneer values of long blacksmiths, and Montana immigrants to re­ ago: working hard, staying solvent, and en­ mote areas of the state. abling all people to take care of themselves. Rural citizens, continually confronted with Government should function mainly just to wide expanses of soil and plains, with endless keep people from getting in each other's way, a horizons, boundless space and clean air, still view shared by the philosopher Immanuel Kant, fully comprehend today's shortages. It may be among others. easier there to share, even now, a pioneer's con­ Suspicion of outsiders and especially of fidence in the wealth of the land and in the un­ scholars was encountered by Miles Orvell, a limited potential of the people who came to professor of American studies at Temple Uni­ versity, Philadelphia, who served as an adviser conquer the frontier. It may be easier to have an for the project, "Pennsylvania Potato Farmers: intimate understanding of the ideals and dreams sometimes forgotten in cities torn by ra­ Portrait of Change," funded by the Public cial and economic strife, and by severe dispar- Committee for the Humanities in Pennsylvania. Three rural grange associations cooperated in ties in poverty and wealth. Yet rural America is coming to grips with shortages, economic pres­ the project which examined the shifting eco­ sures, skyrocketing costs for fertilizer and fuel, nomic and cultural environment of potato farm­ ers in the Lehigh Valley through a discussion and the ever-tenuous gamble of relying on the series and the collection of ninety photographs A sixty-minute film funded by the Montana of three generations of farmers. "The fact of a Committee, "Montana Agriculture: The Eco­ dialogue taking place between the farmers and nomics and The Myth," examines the concept of scholars was the most significant outcome of the Western individualism which has both plagued project. The more the clash, the more the even­ and given meaning to rural life and agriculture tual understanding," Orvell observed. "Jeffer­ in the state. The program, narrated by K. Ross son, with his sense of the farmer as the ultimate Toole, a respected Western historian, and co­ humanist, must have smiled in his grave." sponsored by Women Involved in Farm Eco­ —Julie Van Camp nomics (W.I.F.E.), was aired on state-wide tele­ 'Pennsylvania Potato Farmers: Portrait of Change. Ms. Van Camp is an Endowment staff member. 11 I

Deadline in For projects Please note: Area code for all telephone numbers is 202. boldface beginning after

DIVISION OF EDUCATION PROGRAMS— G eoffrey Marshall, D irector 724-0351

Elementary and Secondary Education— Francis Roberts 724-0373 November 1, 1980 April 1981 Higher Education/Individual Institutions Consultant— Janice Litwin 724-1978 December 1, 1980 March 1981 Pilot— Jam es Jon es 724-0393 April 1, 1981 October 1981 Implementation— Lyn M axwell White 724-0393 June 1, 1981 January 1982 Deadlines Higher Education/Regional-National— Blanche Premo 724-0311 January 2,1981 July 1981 DIVISION OF PUBLIC PROGRAMS— Martin Sullivan, D irector 724-0231 Humanities projects in: for Libraries— Thomas Phelps 724-0760 January 15, 1981 July 1, 1981 M edia— Stephen Rabin 724-0318 January 8, 1981 July 1, 1981 Grant Museums and Historical Organizations- - Cheryl M cC lenney 724-0327 January 15, 1981 July 1, 1981 DIVISION OF STATE PROGRAMS— 8 J . Stiles, D irector 724-0286 Applications Each state group establishes its own grant guidelines and application deadlines; therefore, interested applicants should contact the office in their state. A list of those state programs may be obtained from the Division of State Programs.

DIVISION OF FELLOWSHIPS AND SEMINARS— Jam es Blessing, D irector 724-0238 FELLOWSHIP PROGRAMS— Maben Herring, 724-0376 Fellowships for Independent Study and Research — David C oder 724-0333 June 1, 1981 January 1, 1982 Fellowships for College Teachers— Karen Fuglie 724-0333 June 1, 1981 January 1, 1982 Summer Stipends for 1982— M ollie Davis 724-0376 October 12, 1981 Summer 1982 SEMINAR PROGRAMS Summer Seminars for College Teachers— Dorothy Wartenberg 724-0376 Participants April 1, 1981 Sum m er 1981 Directors July 1, 1981 Summer 1982 Residential Fellowships for College Teachers— Morton Sosna 724-0333 November 10, 1980 Fall 1981 Fellowships for the Professions— Julian F. M acDonald 724-0376 Fellowships for Journalists March 2, 1981 Fall 1982 ,-fp Seminars for the Professions April 13, 1981 Sum m er 1981 Seminars for Law and Medical Teachers March 2, 1981 Summer 1981

Centers for Advanced Study— Morton Sosna 724-0333 February 1, 1981 Fall 1982

DIVISION OF RESEARCH PROGRAMS— Harold Cannon, D irector 724-0226

General Research Program— John Williams 724-0276 Basic Research April 1, 1981 December 1, 1981 State, Local, and Regional Studies March 1, 1981 September 1, 1981 Archaeological Projects— Katherine Abram ovitz 724-0276 October 15, 1981 April 1, 1982 Research Conferences— David Wise 724-0276 November 15, 1980 March 1, 1981 February 15, 1981 June 1, 1981 Research Materials Program— George Farr 724-1672 Editions October 1, 1981 June 1, 1982 Research Tools and Reference Works October 1, 1981 June 1, 1982 Publications— Richard Koffler 724-1672 November 15, 1980 March 1, 1981 Translations— Susan Mango 724-1672 July 1, 1981 March 1, 1982

Research Resources— Margaret C hild 724-0341 June 1, 1981 March 1, 1982

' DIVISION OF SPECIAL PROGRAMS— Carole H uxley, D irector 724-0261 Challenge Grants— Steve G oodell 724-0267 Applicant's Notice of Intent March 15, 1981 Formal Application May 1, 1981 December 1981 Program Development/Special Projects— Lynn Sm ith 724-0398 January 15, 1981 June 1981 YOUTH PROGRAMS— Marion C. Blakey 724-0396 Youthgrants Applicant's Preliminary Narrative October 15, 1980 May 1, 1981 Formal Application November 15, 1980 May 1, 1981 NEH Youth Projects Major Project Grants—Applicant's Preliminary Proposal December 1, 1980 July 1, 1981 Formal Application January 15, 1981 July 1, 1981 Planning and Pilot Grants April 15, 1981 October 1, 1981

OFFICE OF PLANNING AND POLICY ASSESSMENT— Arm en Tashdinian, D irector 724-0344

Evaluation and Assessment Studies— Stanley Turesky 724-0369 February 1, 1981 June 1, 1981

12 In the crowded, noisy Georgetown University effort,"said John Moe, one of approximately when he discovered the Justice for Thomas gymnasium, Lisa Marks, a sixth-grader from sixty historians and teachers who judged the Crapper Society, an organization formed when Commack, New York, sat shyly but proudly be­ contest entries, as he surveyed the gymnasium the Greater London Council refused to put up a side a towering display labeled, "Solomon lined with display boards and scale models. plaque honoring Sir Thomas on the grounds Marks: My Grandfather's Rise to the Top." "The Science Fair was a response to Sputnik, to that he was not a worthy inventor. Across campus, in an equally crowded a crisis. But History Day is a response to some­ "If it weren't for him/' Kent said, sitting classroom building, Elizabeth Galloway, a thing else— perhaps to the need for a national near a scale model of what he described as a tenth-grader from Mackenzie,Tennessee, sat heritage." valveless water closet, "we'd still be going to nervously adjusting her vintage 1920s clothes Many of the students participating in His­ the outhouse." and hat, preparing to deliver a monologue in tory Day took advantage of the themes to trace Apparently the History Day judges agreed, which she, as Edith Wilson, would explain how their personal heritage as well. While a number because Kent walked away with third place in she had felt as First Lady in the years during of students focused on well-known historical the junior individual project division. and after World War I. individuals like Leonardo DaVinci or Joseph The judges spent the long and sometimes Lisa and Elizabeth, along with about five Stalin, almost as many documented the lives of stiflingly hot day listening intently to the stu­ hundred fifty other secondary school students hometown heroes (like Adolphus Dake Cole, a dents' explanations of their projects—which and their parents and teachers, had traveled to country doctor in Loretta, Tennessee) or of an­ were often delivered in breathless and excited Washington last May to display their projects cestors and relatives (like Solomon Marks, tones—and asking probing questions that occa­ and perform their skits in NEH Youth Projects' whose "rise to the top" took him to a district sionally held the students' enthusiasms in H I S TO RY DAY

...... _» ______' ______History Day contestants prepare for judging. Sven Erik Pihl, a seventh-grader from Minneapolis, constructed a display of family artifacts about his great-aunt and great-uncle, now in their nineties, who emigrated on the Lusitania through Ellis Island. first annual National History Day, which had as directorship of the Immigration and Naturaliza­ check. its theme "The Individual in History." All of the tion Service). One troupe of high school, students from students who came to Washington had already Heidi McQueen, a tenth-grader from Memphis, Tennessee, gave a polished and pro­ won prizes in local and regional contests in Winona, Minnesota, explored the life of R.D. fessional performance called "FDR and the twenty states. Cone, a local merchant and community leader, ABC's," in which they set acronyms for various The program, which originated on a re­ because he founded the store her family now New Deal agencies to music and interspersed gional basis in Cleveland, Ohio, in 1974, is de­ owns. As she gathered information and took appropriate songs with a running commentary signed to rekindle what its organizers see as a pictures of the store and other buildings as­ on the Depression. waning interest in the study of history—much sociated with Cone, she said, she began to see After they had finished with a rousing as the national Science Fair has tried to do for Winona in a new way. chorus of "Happy Days are Here Again," and the sciences. "It's a very small town with a lot of his­ the applause had subsided, one of the judges "The discipline of history has been disap­ tory," she said. "A lot happened there." asked soberingly, "Did the New Deal really pearing into social studies in the secondary Ingrid Brunk, an eighth-grader from Bar- solve the Depression?" schools," said Dr. David D. Van Tassel, a pro­ nardsville, North Carolina, discovered much But for the most part, the judges seemed fessor of history at Case Western Reserve Uni­ that had happened in her own backyard. Her delighted by the students' eagerness. versity who conceived National History Day paper, which won first place in the junior high "Do I wish I had students like these in my and now serves as its president. "Half of the school division, reconstructed the life of a Pis- classes?" one judge, a secondary school teacher, students in my classes usually have had no gah Indian woman based on pottery shards and muttered to himself. "You bet I do." European history at all. They don't know the other archaeological finds she had discovered Van Tassel said that History Day alone is difference between World War I and World War on the site of a pre-Columbian campsite behind not enough to improve the quality of history II. And they haven't even heard of Korea!" her family's house. courses at the secondary school level. But he History Day, with its emphasis on projects "My father's been interested in the history sees it as a device that teachers can incorporate and dramatic presentations as well as more of our farm," she said. "He's researched it back in their planning, and he says that it has already standard written reports, "gives the student to 1825 when (white) people first came here. But encouraged some students to delve further into some feeling that there is something more to the this made me realize that history goes back be­ the study of history. The "fair" format, he said, study of history than just taking exams," Van yond that, back to 900 B.C." might very well be extended to other disciplines Tassel said. Kent Glendening, an eighth-grader from —perhaps culminating in a Humanities Fair. Dr. Lois Scharf, executive director of His­ Chillicothe, Ohio, had also chosen a relatively "Why not?" he said. "I started it in history tory Day, said that the contest format — al­ obscure historical individual as the subject of simply because I am a historian." though "very easy to critique philosophically" his project—Sir Thomas Crapper, a nine­ — Natalie Wexler because of its emphasis on competition—"really teenth-century inventor who designed the first does get the kids working. And when they all flush toilet. "National History Day"IDavid D. Van TassellNational get together, they learn from each other." Kent admitted that at first he had taken on History Day, Inc., Cleveland, OHI$254.141 OR; "They're obviously responding to some­ the project because he thought it was funny. $114,398 G&MI1979-1981INEH Youth Projects, Division thing— these kids are willing to invest a lot of But he changed his mind, he said earnestly, of Special Programs 13 Dialogue: What Should a Col StudentL

With few exceptions, American universities circumstances, the question I am asked to ad­ of work as witness to one's will; of reason (there have long served as remedial institutions dress smacks of the utopian. One is tempted to is no honor in stupidity or self-made lim­ (among other things) for the failures of earlier inquire, rather, what could a college student itations!); of responsibility—however ill-made schooling. Now they are also asked to make up learn, when so many college students are ill- the world, the law . . . or the committee. for the failures of family and society. Not only prepared to learn anything that really higher Above all, we must try to moderate the ex­ do too many of their students not know how to education has to offer; and when more of higher treme of that "individualism" which Tocque- read and write and reckon, they also lack the education's slim resources are diverted to jobs ville thought peculiar to democracies, and espe­ habits of work, discipline or logical thought that others have failed to do. cially of Americans who "form the habit of could help them remedy their imperfections. Instruction is about skills. Education is thinking of themselves in isolation and imagine Having done our share to advance the pro­ about knowledge. Colleges now have to incul­ that their whole destiny is in their own hands." cess, we sit by the waters of Washington and cate the skills without which the knowledge The children of parents fitting this descrip­ cry. Yet the legislation and the poor schools we they offer cannot be acquired, let alone tion should be offered at least the opportunity rue are, in part at least, the fallout of our analyzed and assimilated. Ill-reconciled, and for a critical appreciation of their inescapable teaching. Rather than cry over spilt curricula, rightly so, to our remedial role, we are ill at ease relation to their land, their vested interest in a let's see what we can do to mend them. with the educational one, because we have lost common destiny: All this not unexamined but, Three score and sixteen years ago that any clear sense of what it is. Hence the trend to on the contrary, placed in historical and social thoughtful maverick, Charles Peguy, argued buffet-offerings, and its uneasy counterpart: the context, in the broad perspectives we are that a crisis in education is more than just edu­ return to “cores.” equipped to give. Nor is there reason to be cation in crisis, but the signal and witness of a Curricula should not be left to students, ashamed of that, or argue against going back. much wider and deeper crisis in society. When nor, indeed, to "innovative" committees likely What I suggest would be a going forward. a society cannot teach, it is because that society to steer a middle course between contending Socrates too, in his campaign to tidy up cannot teach itself, cannot present or re-present phantasies. Innovation is necessary and natural, slovenly minds, began by talking about simple itself; it is because the society is ashamed or but not when it loses contact with its base, and things. The operative word here is "beginning": afraid to teach itself. To teach, in all societies, not when practiced for its sake alone. It may be we court frustration when we offer the best we means essentially to teach yourself: to pass on time to admit that the most innovative course have to classes ill-equipped to assimilate the what you are, what you think, what you be­ would be to stop calling for innovation, and to lyrics along with the mutually lulling song. We lieve. A society that does not teach is a society reaffirm fundamentals as the inescapable social skirt disaster when we ignore the vulnerable or that does not like or respect itself. That is pre­ and intellectual base for high endeavors. the absent values of the society on which our cisely what has happened in our society, where We should look first to the language and fragile work depends. We must begin some­ one can see it in the fact that, like the nickel on culture of the nation we live in, to its history, where. Why not at the beginning? which it is engraved, E Pluribus Unum has be­ and to its place in time and space. We should The other principle we must keep in mind come a token of increasing anachronism. supply those points of common reference by is equally straightforward. In the most general Cultures are systems of common refer­ which members of a society recognize each sense, higher education is the pursuit of knowl­ ences, and no society can hold together without other and on which their commonalty is based. edge to its farthest boundaries, the communica­ a common fund of knowledge and of values. And we should expose students to the kind of tion not only of findings but of the excitement Traditional school systems, in this country as knowledge (and approach to knowledge) that of seeking, the private satisfactions and public elsewhere, were meant to develop citizens enables its recipients to see themselves and the profits such enterprise can bring. equipped to use the national language, basic situations they encounter in context: the context Ideally, the widest possible public should skills needed to function in the economy, and that only history and literature can begin to pro­ be welcomed—but not at the expense of those with those crucial attitudes and commitments vide. A flimsy identity cannot produce a vital standards that maintain quality and refine it. without which the civitas could not survive. pluralism. Appreciation of other cultures is best We occasionally forget that universities are Clear aims like these have been abandoned, to based on a firm sense of one's own. Chaos may (also) about standards. We may not be very be replaced by nothing very much. come naturally. A national history, a national good at applying them, but we must never Relativism does not a country make, nor culture are inculcated. Once inculcated, they cease to affirm them. Good enough is not good keep a family together. It does not even fit the provide a firm base from which to proceed. enough. For ultimately, higher education is individual it (de)forms to look after himself with No monument can rise without foundation. about quality. Cut-rate culture at the college any sense of consequence or responsibility. It can be fairly argued that basics are not the level can only perpetuate existing cultural ghet­ Healthy relativism includes firm understanding province of higher education. But that has been tos. of a non-negotiable core: enlightened self- argued long enough and it begins to sound like Higher education is not democratic, not interest extending in concentric circles from me the evasion it is meant to be— if only because egalitarian, not about the intellectual leveling to the history and the society that made me, and the teachers of the lower schools, and the par­ that makes for intellectual irrelevance. It is without which I am left to rattle in a practical ents of their students, are formed in colleges about excellence — as aspiration, if not as and intellectual void. and universities. If lower schools do not or can­ achievement; and, if it leaves a hint of this to Nations that lose sight of this, that shun a not do their jobs, could we have failed in ours? those exposed to it, that must be counted profit. clear cultural personality, that encourage bi- or Where are the Schools of Education situated? So, whilst all should be afforded the opportu­ multilingualism, are headed for trouble or are Quis custodiet ipsos custodes? nity to approach it, its operation must remain deep in it already. In the United States we have It is high time to reaffirm some of the sim­ selective. Failing that, it will neither attract nor abandoned the culture-affirming role of educa­ pler virtues for doubt of which everything sags deserve respect— perhaps the reason for our tional systems, with results that are intellectu­ around us and, sometimes, within: the value of present morose self-evaluations. ally flabby and socially shattering. Under the effort, which alone can make great things, and — Eugen Weber 14 ege earn?

What a college student should learn is a scribes the need for "the universal distribution lectures do not encourage or even permit pas­ group of questions that are inseparable when of critical intelligence, a minimum intellectuality sivity. Writing is imperative, for it demands taken seriously: What should a college student which can distinguish between fact and fiction, confrontation with a visible record of one's own become? What should a college student study? between principle and case, between opinion claims. Translation uniquely calls attention to Under what circumstances should the study be and insight,, between propaganda and instruc­ the features of language itself. Demonstration in conducted, and with what kinds of teachers? tion, between truth and falsity. This degree of logic and mathematics should be studied for the These questions cannot be addressed well with­ intellectual training is absolutely necessary for sake of a firm grasp of the use of symbols. Sci­ out a further question: Is the fact of individual the highest activities of . . . democratic society entific experimentation deserves attention, for it n differences among human beings the most im­ broadens imagination, displays the place of portant for education; or is sameness among To achieve such critical intelligence is to theory in human discovery, and exhibits proce­ human beings the overriding consideration? Is learn the arts by which human beings come to dures of empirical testing. The creative and per­ there anything which all undergraduate be objective, rigorous, precise, and to have in­ forming arts reveal major avenues of expression students—irrespective of background, age, sex, tellectual integrity. In practice, such learning is open to the human intellect, and should be in­ ability, interest, and aptitude—ought to learn? the acquisition of the power to learn for oneself, cluded in the curriculum. These activities and The answer to the question of individual with the measure of reliability possible for falli­ studies are fundamental means to critical intel­ differences and human sameness is the key­ ble beings, and to be minimally at the mercy of ligence; in fact, when conjoined with the ex­ stone in the arch of every considered position ill-considered discourse, however fashionable. perience of living generally, they are the ac­ on the subject of what education ought to be. Education at its best always stands unequivoc­ tivities in which critical intelligence comes to be. The issue is ancient, it is timely, and it has par­ ally for such intellectual standards. The circumstances in which studies should ticular force in America. If this kind of intellectual integrity and be conducted are dictated by the human condi­ The American dream is partly informed by power are a part of what the college student tion itself. Learning is best served by member­ a conviction that the literacy of the citizenry is a should come to possess, what ought to be ship in a community of students and faculty, a necessary condition of the well-being of indi­ studied; what kinds of exercises should be in­ community of steady and serious companion­ viduals and of the democratic state. From the cluded in the course of study? ship, united by recognition that critical intelli­ limited notion of Thomas Jefferson that three Whatever is studied, whether in introduc­ gence has a tradition and a future. Membership years of instruction, including reading and tory courses, in a departmental major, in service in such a community must entail preparedness writing, should be provided at no charge to the courses, in electives, or in a totally prescribed to accept one's share of the responsibility for children of free parents in Virginia, to the con­ curriculum, students deserve access to the best, learning through study. temporary vision of education for all, literacy as Matthew Arnold observes, that has been The community should also provide oppor­ has been a principal goal of education— thought and said. They should be expected to tunities for play, as in intramural athletics. And something every student should achieve. But study only what can survive the trial of our above all, it must deliver the message that edu­ the hazards of mere literacy have become abun­ most abiding and penetrating questions. This cation cannot be received like a gift. Each stu­ dantly clear. places the responsibility for knowledgeable dent must, as Edward H. Levi explains so Dorothy L. Sayers says of these hazards in judgment squarely on teachers—an ordeal of eloquently, "reach for it with himself." Such a The Lost Tools of Learning: judgment which, if students are treated with re­ community is a place where intelligence has a . . . We let our young men and women go out spect, simply cannot be shirked. Of course the chance to learn how to turn itself to sound ac­ unarmed, in a day when armour was never so objects of study which are chosen on the basis tion. necessary. By teaching them all to read, we have of such thoughtful judgment are likely to be The faculty, to make such a community left them at the mercy of the printed word. By demanding, much more demanding than the possible, must know that teachers worth having the invention of the film and the radio, we have trivial and frivolous materials now used in should embody the courage of decisiveness, the made certain that no aversion to reading shall many courses. humility of finitude, and the self-discipline of secure them from the incessant battery of words, Specifically, student thinking has a better civilized intelligence determined to continue to words, words. They do not know what the chance to mature in the study of texts which learn. words mean; they do not know how to ward display mature thought than in any other set­ If human sameness is the central considera­ them off or blunt their edge or fling them back; ting. A student who has learned to read the tion in what a college student should learn; if they are a prey to words . . . Crito, Madame Bovary, The Federalist Papers, or A the development of critical, honest intelligence Sayers' insight reveals that while literacy Distant Mirror with real understanding has en­ is the overriding goal of education; if the ac­ may be a necessary condition of the well-being tered a world where the relation between ideas tivities of rigorous study of the best materials of the individual and the public order, it is not and human conduct comes vividly to life. and instructive, joyful play in a community educationally sufficient. And even though the Students should be expected to accept— united by friendship and shared commitment to best education for everyone cannot entirely and colleges and universities should be ex­ learning are the foundations of such critical in­ overcome human frailty and gullibility, the pected to provide—the opportunity to partici­ telligence, what should a college student learn? principal safeguards against the hazards of mere pate in dialogue, which hones skills of disci­ Above all, to recognize, love, and aspire to literacy, let alone illiteracy, militate in favor of plined speaking and listening through the can­ excellence and to shun less than one's very best the view that human sameness, rather than in­ did, cooperative pursuit of truth. Preparatory in the authorship of personal, social, vocational, dividual differences, is the most important fact reading should be required, in order to promote and civic life. All of which is to learn to ap­ to be taken into account in undergraduate edu­ skills of comprehension and reflection and es­ prehend and to live by informed, considered cation. tablish a common ground of discourse. Lectures standards of thought and conduct. In these les­ These safeguards are vaunted in the catalog ought to be included, to invite careful listening sons, colleges and universities have their educa­ of St. John's College (1940 and 1941) which de­ and thinking; contrary to popular dogma, good tional reason to be. — Edwin J. Delattre 15 In the original legislation creating the Humani­ Judging by the applications that come to the which law is examined as a window into his­ ties Endowment, Congress authorized the new Endowment, humanities teachers have re­ tory, philosophy, and cultural change, are ap­ agency to "initiate and support. . . programs to sponded to these difficult times in direct and pearing from coast to coast. Programs in public strengthen the . . . teaching potential of the imaginative ways. They have sought to stir new history and applied philosophy are rapidly ap­ United States in the Humanities." This is a student interest by finding new ways to explain pearing— programs in which students are pre­ good deal easier said than done. How does an the significance of the humanities. Educators pared for nonacademic careers that will employ agency of the federal government go about have faced up to the fact that there will be very the skills of the historian or philosopher. Public strengthening teaching? few new teaching positions and have shaped history and applied philosophy both often in­ The answer is, of course, that we do not new and more cost-effective ways to teach. Our volve student internships with government or know with certainty what strengthens teaching, impression is that they have made more careful corporations. and so we have shaped and reshaped our pro­ studies and decisions about what we mean by Self-study has not been limited to liberal grams by drawing on our experience in making education and what students "ought to know" arts programs. Colleges of medicine have also grants and on the advice of our applicants, re­ than at any other time in the nation's history. been examining their curricula and have begun viewers, and panelists. These programs now Throughout the country, in institutions of vigorous development of humanities courses for concentrate on three related activities: provid­ all sizes, the past few years have been charac­ medical students. There are now humanities ing humanities teachers with new information terized by intense self-study. Often this has re­ departments in many medical schools, includ­ and good ideas; developing materials for exist­ sulted in re-design of the "general education" ing the University of Pennsylvania at Hershey ing humanities courses, and designing and im­ component of an undergraduate curriculum, and the University of Texas at Galveston. plementing new courses and curricula. and Endowment support has helped shape a The Endowment has been able to assist fac­ Operating on the belief that many of the garden of new courses, including freshman ulty in the creation, of history, philosophy, best ideas come from successful applicants to seminars on themes ("The Hero" or "Revolu­ ethics, and literature courses for premedical NEH, the Endowment has supported such ac­ tion and Reform") and year-long courses on students, for business majors, for engineers, for tivities as the development of new resources for world civilization (involving, often for the first nursing and other health science students, for teaching about the world of Islam as well as the time, substantial attention to Africa, Asia, and vocational/technical students in community production of slides showing in detail the art nations south of the Mediterranean). Many new colleges, and for men and women who have and architecture of classical Rome; the de­ courses bring several disciplines of the full-time jobs and also are interested in return­ velopment of humanities courses for students in humanities together in a single offering, often ing to school—perhaps for a degree, perhaps a vocational community college; the creation of team-taught. Traditional introductory courses not. Encountering the working adult student is an elementary school curriculum that makes use have been modified, and only rarely now is a new experience for many humanities teachers, of a nearby museum collection; and creating a "Freshman History" taught as though everyone and we are only in the first stages of discovering new major in "Language and Mind" at MIT. in the class is meant to grow up to earn a Ph.D. what sorts of courses are most challenging, Some other ways to strengthen teaching lie in history. most substantial, most satisfying for them. beyond us, such as regulating the number of Secondary schools, colleges^-and univer­ The "facts" of the next decade—fewer stu­ students a teacher sees each day, which is a sities have made many imaginative efforts to dents, older students, older faculty who stay matter of local decision and control. Others, use their immediate surroundings to introduce with one institution throughout their careers, such as helping young people with the basic the general concepts of fields like history, an­ incalculable inflation, economic pressure on skills of reading and writing, are the responsi­ thropology, and literature. A number of schools students to be practical in their studies and vo­ bility at the federal level of other agencies. Still and districts have created programs based in cationally relevant—all suggest a series of chal­ others, such as providing public respect and local history, in the study of neighborhoods, lenges to humanities education and to the En­ suport for study of the humanities, are beyond and in family history. dowment. the reach of legislation or grant making. In Boston, for example, a project studies the Limited funds will have to serve to find The past few years have been hard ones for history-rich local architecture; in Appalachia, new ways to use existing resources, both humanities teaching. Economic uncertainties students explore the local craft and cottage in­ human and material; to help develop and then have led students away from history and Eng­ dustry; in Maine, students probe the Franco- share ideas, materials and courses that incorpo­ lish and philosophy to major in fields that seem American culture. In higher education,. too, re­ rate new information, address a new student to make them immediately employable. The gional interests have led to such programs as body, and improve the capacity to teach the number of humanities majors was cut at least in Great Plains studies, Southern studies, and traditional subjects that are the heart of the half between 1970 and 1980. A decline in the black Francophone lanaguage studies. humanities. total student population is making its way Whole new fields are emerging as well. Endowment support is a minor fraction of through the elementary and secondary schools Programs of women's studies are being shaped the more than $150 billion America spends an­ and will soon reach the nation's colleges and nationally, often in the context of a strong de­ nually on education. To be coherent and useful, universities. Inflation has touched schools, col­ bate about whether it is intellectually more NEH must help activities that are exemplary leges, teachers and scholars as it has spread sound to integrate the experience of women and critical— that are important to do now and through society. There is broad public dissatis­ into the curriculum (as for example into a course unlikely to take place without federal support. faction with the quality of education many in the history of the novel) or to develop free­ —Geoffrey Marshall young people receive, whether that education is standing women's studies courses: "The measured by standardized test scores or by per­ Woman Novelist: 1900-1970." Mr. Marshall is the director of the NEH Division of formance on the first job. Undergraduate legal studies programs, in Education Programs. Photograph: july Taylor, University of Maryland, Baltimore County PROJECTS EDUCATION NEH OF SAMPLER A language enrollmentlanguage in increasepercent 30 A ug cuss lmee. n 97 te lan­ the 1977, In plummeted. courses guage interested in reading Racine or Goethe in the the in Goethe or Racine reading in interested the Although place. took program language enrollments. higher generate to way a found in requirement foreign-language County, its Maryland-Baltimore abolished of University the admit that students apparently were no longer longer no were apparently students to hard it that found admit literature, in trained all faculty, they unless faculty lose to stood lan­ units foreign guage in enrollments result, a As 1970. cec, itr, oiis per, hlho and childhood poetry, politics, history, science, or languages two language, one of in choice the have specializing lan­ Students modern Spanish. in or German offered is B.A. omnibus one rgnl te cnwegd htteod "tradi­ old the that acknowledged they original, Politics," and "Dictionaries and U sage," are are sage," U and "Dictionaries and Politics," re­ taboos cultures. social various of the language the are in as flected treated, are magic consid­ it itself, language of concept introduc­ the An to tion Language." of World "The survey, While English. interna­ in an available is from perspective culture tional lan­ and treating literature courses of guage, core A studies. literary French, in majors separate of place in guages tional" approach simply would not work. Now, Now, work. not would simply approach tional" mn te ois icse. Wrd f Lan­ of "World discussed. topics the among well. as non-majors to appeal to are courses designed the majors, language all for required tion—from slang toJformal usage. The idioms of of idioms The usage. toJformal communica­ slang everyday tion—from and machine animal, ers i, sos o tere ad ehius of techniques and theories how shows sis," guage" has turned out to be one of the most most the students. enrolling of 100 least regularly one at campus, be on to courses out popular turned has guage" uaiis icpie ad e porm hv been have programs new and disciplines humanities i is I tee ae, h mac bt een betw atch m the cases, grants. NEH by fostered these In ties. h eig are country the across illustrate universities to and serve colleges examples how following The note: Ed. eomn o hmnte courses." humanities of velopment the of challenges unprecedented the to responding Clee o mdcn . . ae eu vgru de­ vigorous begun have . . . medicine of "Colleges Like many colleges throughout the country, country, the throughout colleges many Like A total overhaul and restructuring of the the of restructuring and overhaul total A The basic core course is a two-semester two-semester a is course core basic The Lnug ad rjdc, "agae and "Language Prejudice," and "Language h scn cr cus, Txul Analy­ "Textual course, core second The

Humanities at the core of a of core the at Humanities ua Values, Own, Human One's of Room A rsiiu sae olg sse, dl voca­ adult system, college the to state on move to prestigious eager graduates school high Five team-taught core courses systematically systematically courses core team-taught by Five exemplified mission a intellectual college, an the as for serve focus to developed Sci­ was and ence Letters in inter­ program An studies peripheral. disciplinary seemed study humanities mechanics, auto nursing, programs— pational tirem en t com m u nity th at is v irtu a lly at at lly a irtu v is at th nity u m com re­ t en citi­ 18,000-person senior the tirem and World, Leisure bases, from military zens nearby education, from their personnel expanding or pleting every outstripped has serve rate to growth 1968 phenomenal in founded was a is Viejo, college Mission community the institutions, year curriculumcollegecommunity di­ is unities"— m om C Language orld — "W state's college population is enrolled in two- two- in enrolled is population college state's imagination, of bit a and says work hard Rosenthal with majors. that there language and sixty percent now 30 are some grown en­ has language rollment began, Ro­ program the Alan Since stantial. co-director, project's the concludes and identity ethnic diversity, linguistic cusses the of metaphor The historical, of issues. social context and broad political language a of within studied phenomenon is The sciences.) the in dctd ad o e be o think." to to are able be they not afford and presume can't educated, degrees, e get "W people our program: have the chairs who integrity. academic of un­ standards reach maintain and to compromising body to student designed entire the are to out fundamental They study. concepts humanities intellectual Ideas." of present Pursuit "In — motto program's the hich w to — n catio u ed d oo h ild ch early adeaks doorstep. Saddleback's com­ are who women veterans, students, tional enroll­ 15,000. years, than more ten to In 1,500 from jumped California. ment of whose area other County, Orange southern and central in College, Community Saddleback life. of way majors. non-language of audience an at rected ing," the reading list includes Virginia Woolf's Woolf's Virginia includes Mean­ list for reading Search the the ing," "Individualism: For ing. Hoy, Jody says curriculum, the down watering humanities "any campus could adopt the process." the adopt could campus "any sub­ and provocative are they when senthal, courses, language by captivated be can Students Belgium. and Quebec as conflict guage dis­ which course, the informs Babel of tower specialize students UMBC's of half than (More prose, medical literary poetry. as and well drama, as documents, writing, historical scientific arti­ and and newspaper legal including cles, texts, of apply can kinds all to interpretation and reading analytical sions" uses the concepts of time, space and and space time, of concepts the uses sions" h rl o blnuls i sc aea o lan­ of arenas such in bilingualism of role the deities to see how different civilizations have have civilizations different how see to deities extra­ and engineering genetic on pre­ sentations videotaped as well as Apollinaire, of poetry sought to interpret the universe. The course is a is course The universe. the interpret to sought Vi­ and Clocks "Gods, intelligence. terrestrial The diverse student body includes recent recent includes body student diverse The h cus mtra i sld n demand­ and solid is material course The In California, where 90 percent of the the of percent 90 where California, In year this introduced course core third A Telling students that "you "you that students Telling Many of Saddleback's students are in occu­ in are students Saddleback's of Many No one now talks about cutting faculty. faculty. cutting about talks now one No are for everyone," does not mean mean not does everyone," for Thoreau's Thoreau's Bronowski's Bronowski's ii Disobedience, Civil are capable; the the capable;

cec and Science

Lear) calendar, Aeschylus and the Greek vision of of vision Greek the and Aeschylus calendar, by a marine biologist and a literature professor, professor, literature a and biologist marine a by Camus' in pressed ( worldview Renaissance the order, moral and prehistoric includes that survey blockbuster in Mariner, cient assignments of poetry ranging from from ranging poetry of assignments Mayan the Stonehenge, art, Egyptian ancient ay ie" hc aaye cret sus in­ issues current analyzes which Contempo­ in Time," Earth rary "Planet the and life porary sea as depicted in myth and literature. Reading Reading literature. and myth in the depicted with as sea sea the of view scientist's the compares fect of media on everyday life. Enrollments in in Enrollments life. ef­ everyday the on and media study, of fect biological of frontiers expansion the the of movement, women's the cluding realm. pelagic the and sharks communities, Coleridge's to sagas Norse and iul A pecal eci f ls glish n E of n ctio se l cia e sp A . m lu ricu read, to learn must "Students that (ap­ insists Hoy complaint student high, perennial a consistently been despite have program IDS the intertidal navigation, and currents about tions linked to the work in the IDS core courses. core IDS the in work the to linked reason." and write, Jody Undaunted, required. that is reading evaluations) much too course enthusiastic to pended erature and women's studies.) Working in the the in Working studies.) women's and erature are ear­ assignments is and students Adjunct— IDS for Writing marked The composition— IDS program, she says, is well worth the time time the worth well is says, she program, IDS lit­ French are fields own (Hoy's fields. pational xeinefrmn uaiis eces . new . a is teachers student humanities adult many for working experience the "Encountering n effort. and occu­ in students Saddleback more reaching on academy curricula. academy studentsnon-traditional universityteaches A tia dcsos ht n un r sae b at­ by shaped are turn in that decisions ethical police of shallowness intellectual the moaned advised to "go by the book" or rely on veteran veteran on rely or book" the by "go to advised techni­ exclusively police almost Yet are courses values. ethical academy own officer's police a etig aiy ipts daig ih rambunc­ with dealing disputes, family settling in inherent dilemmas moral and ethical The cal. as well as opinion, public and law about titudes iu engr, rcpn ihtesca, medi­ social, the with coping or teenagers, tious streets. the on guidance for officers are recruits new as overlooked are work police cal, and legal problems of the indigent in an an in indigent the of problems legal and cal, "The Sea: Structure and Symbol," taught taught Symbol," and Structure Sea: "The rtn i a itga pr o te D cur­ IDS the of part integral an is Writing Jody Hoy and her colleagues are now bent bent now are colleagues her and Hoy Jody contem­ in city the on focus courses Other n rltvt ad oa abgiy ex­ ambiguity moral and relativity and Police work often means making instant instant making means often work Police be­ long have training police of Observers Much police work, how ever, involves involves ever, how work, police Much lent wt fcul presenta­ factual with alternate The Stranger. The

ie f h An­ the of Rime The Odyssey The King 17 ad

Photograph: Courtesy of American University, Washington, D.C. hoc fashion. Formal rules may not tell an officer mice injected with the drug developed cataracts portance of community in Southern life is ines­ how to defuse a family fight without making an were deleted from a report to the FDA. What capable; perhaps nowhere else in the country arrest or render justice in a gang feud. should be done? What ethical principles are in­ are the palpable links to the past so reverently At the Law Enforcement Trainer's Institute volved? Other cases ranged from international maintained— from Civil War cemeteries to fam­ at Boston University's Metropolitan College, the bribery, to deceptive advertising to whistle ily records to folklore traditions. kind of urban campus where not long ago stu­ blowing. The project is designed to help classroom dents were demonstrating against the "pigs,” The rigorous teaching of business ethics teachers show their students how to make their police academy instructors learn how to inte­ represents a new role for a humanities disci­ own regional heritage and history come alive. grate humanities material into their own class­ pline in a professional school. The courses suc­ But first the teachers need to recognize and room teaching. History, literature and philos­ ceeded in bringing the study of philosophy to a learn how to use the rich panoply of cultural re­ ophy are brought to bear on the daily dilemmas new audience, although the introduction of sources that are all around them. police officers face. large doses of ethical theory did not always Professor Huhta and his colleagues com­ The format is a series of workshops on such work the way the philosophers had anticipated. piled bibliographies; collected and inventoried topics as "Working Ethics for Police Officers," Some business school students tended to see church records, diaries, census records; located the roots of Fifth Amendment rights, a historical different ethical theories as handy alternative unpublished manuscripts illuminating local survey of the evolution of police power and au­ tools for solutions to specific moral problems. legends and traditions. They prepared guides thority, and an examination of cultural The temptation was to memorize a definition of for doing oral history and working at ar­ stereotyping. Michael Feldberg, a historian who Utilitarianism or Kantianism and apply a theory chaeological sites. Local libraries, historical as­ directed the project, now completing its second uncritically to the case under discussion. sociations, folklorists, newspapers and civic year, says that everyone— humanities instruc­ After evaluation, the philosophers recom­ groups were asked for help and gladly gave it. tors and police trainers— have been gratified by mended that future courses stress ethical All this was turned into curriculum mate­ the high level of intellectual attainment. concepts—justice, duty, obligation—rather rials, demonstration projects and summer insti­ Feldberg's initial expectations had been much than pre-defined doctrines. tutes to bring teachers to Murfreesboro for a lower. "I needed to take a stereotype course However, those involved in the project crash course that includes learning about family myself," he observes. agreed that it was salutary and refreshing to history, exploiting local archives, using historic Howard Cohen, chairman of the Philos­ concentrate on businesspeople as moral actors. sites as pedagogical tools, combining history ophy Department at the University of "To revive the ancient vocabulary of virtue," and literature, and studying rural and urban Massachusetts/Boston, who led the ethics work­ one philosopher reported, was "a stunning ex­ preservation. shop., reports it was the best class he ever perience for students infatuated with language A resource guide prepared for Rutherford taught—better even than his graduate-level coated in chrome and formica. The very word County, Tennessee, distills the methods and classes. Bringing humanities disciplines to a 'virtue' hardly squeezed through their lips at goal's of the project. Lively and chock full of in­ new audience of men and women who work first . . ." But, he went on to say, "Virtue was formation, it makes the distinction between with ethical concepts every day, but have not not born in the modern corporation, and many primary and secondary sources at the outset, had the vocabulary to analyze what they do, has students soon realized that neither were they." outlines the county's history from the Indian been enlightening for everyone. By the end of past and eighteenth-century settlement, the institute, one instructor wrote, "it was hard Revitalizing history and literature through the early nineteenth century when to tell just who was teaching whom what." for secondary schools Murfreesboro was the state capital down While historians lament the erosion of his­ through the civil war era and into the twentieth Philosophy in the tory courses in public schools and English century; the guide lists place names, a wealth of professional schools teachers complain about the decline of interest local resources, historic sites to explore and Recently, ethical issues—bribery, product in writing and literature, an ambitious cur­ write about, and includes a quiz on family his­ safety, the quality of the environment, truth in riculum development project for English and tory and the origins of family names. It is advertising— have assumed a high priority on history teachers in high schools and community printed very simply, with only a few line corporate agendas. colleges has been launched at Middle Tennessee drawings. But the gap between philosophers, business State University at Murfreesboro. Using the guide and other course materials school professors, and businesspeople remains. Using community resources of the ten-state as models, teachers can pull together all that Stereotypically, the philosopher is seen as a mid-South region, the project has sparked the they need to teach an entire course in their own theoretician who could "never meet a payroll/' study of history, as well as the practice of writ­ communities for less than $50. while the philosopher views the business school ing, in schools throughout the area. As students do local history, families are as "crass and tainted." The ideal way to teach American history, brought together. When a sixteen-year-old who If philosophy departments have been iso­ says Jim Huhta, who conceived and directs the is assigned to write about family origins goes lated from the corporate world, business project, is to get students working at the local home and interrogates her parents, and they schools have not made business ethics central to level to examine their cultural heritage. The im­ don't know, the whole family is likely to be­ their curricula, nor have businesspeople been come involved in exploring the past. concerned with theoretical foundations for The Mid-South Humanities Project, says dealing with ethical questions. Huhta, is "trying to create a sense of time, place In response to these circumstances, a group and belonging" which too many local com­ of philosophers, business school professors, munities have lost. Thus far, the project has re­ and businesspeople, under the auspices of the ceived hundreds of inquiries from teachers and American Philosophical Association, produced institutions across the country about duplicating curriculum material for a pilot course on busi­ the techniques that make history important to a ness ethics. The course, taught mainly by new generation of young people. philosophers, was tested — and warmly — Barbara Delman Wolf son received— at three colleges and three business Ms. Wolfson is a Washington editor and historian. schools, including the Wharton School of Fi­ nance, the University of Delaware (where Nor­ "Pilot Core Program for B.A. in Modern Languages”1 Claud DuVerlie/University of Maryland, BaltimoreI man Bowie, the project director, teaches philos­ $50,00011979—81IPilot Grantl“An Interdisciplinary ophy), and the School of Business Administra­ Studies Proposal"INancy ]o HoylSaddleback Community tion at California State University, Long Beach. College, Mission Viejo, CAI$98,480I1979—80I "At Delaware," according to Bowie, "the course Implementation Grantl"Institute for the Humanities and regularly enrolls over a hundred students even Lazo Enforcement"/Michael Feldberg/Boston University, when I schedule it at unpopular times." MAI$144,629/1980-81/Higher Education-Regional and Grounded in the case method familiar to National Grant/"Ethics in Business and the Public business students, the courses require students Enterprise"/Norman E. Bowie/American Philosophical As­ to consider hypothetical situations— to imagine, sociation, Newark, DEI$75,000/1977-79IHigher Edu­ for instance, being a lab technician at the cation-Regional and National Grantt"Mid-South Humanities Project"/James K. Huhta/Middle TennesseeN Goodhealth Drug Company, producers of a State University, Murfreesboro/$158,675/1980—82/ very profitable anticholesterol drug. The em­ "First I'm going to read you your rights, then I'm going to Elementary and Secondary Education Grant/Division of ployee discovers that lab tests showing that read you a brief passage from 'The Merchant of Venice.’" Education Programs 18 EDUCATION PROGRAMS FOR 1981 For complete information, write to: Division of Education Programs, Mail stop 202, NEH, Washington, D.C. 20506

Program Description Funding Eligible Applicants

ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY EDUCATION

Extended Teacher Institutes increase teachers' knowledge in their disciplines Average grant: $75,000 for 50-60 Any nonprofit educational organiza­ and acquaint them with the best materials and approaches through intensive teachers; cost-sharing commitment tion, institution or association, indi­ summer programs conducted to help teachers improve courses and curricula. required. vidual school or school system.

General Projects strengthen the teaching of a traditional subject, such as history No fixed amounts; grants range from Any nonprofit educational organiza­ or a foreign language, or experiment in new areas of study, such as interna­ $5,000 to $150,000 or more, depend­ tion, institution or association, indi­ tional studies, in one or several school systems or nationally. Often projects ing upon the project. vidual school or school system. entail collaborative efforts among schools, higher education institutions, and cultural institutions. HIGHER EDUCATION/INDIVIDUAL INSTITUTIONS

Consultant Grants provide an institution with experienced assistance in plan­ Average grant: $5,800. Two- and four-year colleges, univer­ ning new programs or reconsidering existing curricula either to strengthen the sities, and professional schools. entire humanities program or a specific area of the curriculum.

Pilot Grants support the final planning, initial implementation, and evaluation Maximum grant: $50,000 available Two- and four-year colleges and uni­ of new humanities courses. over a one- to two-year period; versities, and professional schools. cost-sharing commitment required.

Implementation Grants help to integrate an already-tested humanities program, Average grant: $200,000 over a three- Two- and four-year colleges and uni­ either a group of related courses or an ordered program of study, into the per­ to five- year period. Cost-sharing versities, and professional schools. manent curriculum. 50% over the life of the grant. HIGHER EDUCATION/REGIONAL AND NATIONAL

Humanities Institutes bring together college and university faculty to participate No fixed amounts; grants vary ac­ Any nonprofit organization, institu­ in seminars and to collaborate in the development of humanities courses to cording to the size of the project tion or association. translate recent scholarship into curricula. ranging from $5,000 to $200,000 or more.

General Projects may develop curriculum or curriculum materials, promote in- No fixed amounts; grants vary ac­ Any nonprofit organization, institu­ terdisiplinary teaching, or bring a new audience to a humanities classroom or cording to the size of the project tion or association. undertake any other m odel activity that will strengthen humanities teaching. ranging from $5,000 to $200,000 or m ore.

RECENT NEH GRANT AWARDS

present crisis of~VTeques Island, P.R., native American culture. PN $48,194. To establish a tribal archive for the focusing on the uprooting of cultural be­ Michigan State TJ7,—EasF Lansing: J.W . community to build a collection of primary havior in a community accustomed to a tra­ Myers; $70,000 OR; $23,000 G&M. To pre­ and secondary sources on the tribe's history ditional way of life. PN pare materials for an atlas of ancient Crete and cultural identity. AD East Tennessee State U ., Johnson City: which will combine balloon photography of Transformations Film Project, Santa Bar­ Richard M. Kesner; $15,881. To preserve, archaeological sites with site plans and bara, CA: Brian M. Fagan; $56,725. To de­ African-American Exchange Program, Inc., copy and disseminate the "Burton Manning commentary. RT velop a documentary script for a one-hour Chicago, IL: Ivan V. Sertima; $27,000. To Collection" (158 audio- and ten video­ Michigan State U.— The Museum, East television program on the radical transfor­ plan the script development of a film, "Af­ tapes) and the "Broadside Television Col­ Lansing: Marsha L. MacDowell; $78,803. To mation of the land and the native peoples in rican Presence in the Art of the Americas," lection" (400 videotapes) on the traditions, support a three-year program of competi­ six world-wide locations as they came into that will demonstrate the significance of Af­ crafts, and culture of southern Ap­ tions among local 4-H clubs in Michigan for contact with Europeans. PN rican influence through anthropological and palachia. RC grants to conduct innovative local folklore Tule River Reservation, Porterville, CA: Joe historical interpretation of art and ar­ Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, projects. AZ Carrillo, Jr.; $2,500. To plan a youth project tifacts. PM IL: Carolyn P. Blackmon; $11,600. To pre­ Middlebury College, Middlebury, VT: to develop historical resource kits on Asia Society, Inc., NYC: Ted M.G. Tanen; sent interpretative programs for the Field Ronald E. Rucker; $1,200. To provide con­ California Indians, Native American reli­ $100,000. To support an exhibition of sev­ Museum's "Bronze Age” exhibit to be sultants to examine the Flanders Ballad gion, philosophy, and traditional survival eral thousand craft objects juxtaposed with shown in Aug-Sept, 1980, to correlate the Collection of New England folklore and skills to be used by Indian youth in work­ the craftsmen and performing artists to il­ museum's existing collection with the folksong to advise on its care and cataloging shops and special outdoor camp set­ luminate the world of the child in Indian exhibit. PM to make it more accessible to scholars. RC tings. AZ culture through craft, music and ritual ac­ Foundation for die Promotion of the State Native American Center for the Living U. of Arizona, Tucson: Charles W. Polzer, tivity. PM Cultural Heritage, Providence, RI: William Arts, Niagara Falls, NY: Richard W. Hill; S.J.; $33,548. To continue developing a Baltimore Zoo, MD: Stefan H. Graham; H. Janowski; $36,100. To study folklife in $256,155. To support an interpretive exhibit computerized index of 10,000 entries on $10,360. To plan museum exhibits exploring three representative communities in Rhode entitled "Voices from the Turtle Island" at documents in foreign and U.S. archives re­ the relationship between people and ani­ Island. AP the Center's new museum facility on Native lated to the history and anthropology of the mals for display at the Zoo dealing with Indiana U., Bloomington: Richard M. Dor- American Philosophy, Use and Significance Southwest. RT such topics as the history of zoos and the son; $77,331 OR; $100,000 G *M . To provide of Cultural Symbols, Traditional Lifestyles U. of California, Los Angeles: Wayland D. nature of animal societies. PM Indiana residents with a better under­ and Values, and Iroquois History and Ar­ Hand; $9,480. To hold a three-day confer­ Carnegie Museum of Natural History, standing of folklore and oral history and chaeology. PM ence on American folk custom which will Pittsburgh, PA: James B. Richardson; their use in local projects through Indiana Oregon High Desert Museum, B en d : begin a comprehensive survey of folk cus­ $47,864. To implement interpretive pro­ and community libraries, historical Donald M. Kerr; $95,443. To implement 12 tom and usage in North America. RD grams in conjunction with the traveling societies, museums, and ethnic associa­ permanent orientation exhibits on the cul­ U. of California, Los Angeles: Wayland D. exhibit "Hopi Kachina, Spirit of Life." PM tions. AP tural traditions and related natural Hand; $42,000 OR; $10,000 G&M. To collect Ctr. for Adv. Studies for Puerto Rico and KAET-TV, Arizona State U., Tempe: Pat­ phenomena of the desert regions of the and classify entries for inclusion in a dic­ the Caribbean, San ]uan: Amilcar Tirado; ricia Barey; $250,000. To produce a pilot Pacific Northwest. PM tionary of American popular beliefs and $10,000. To write a three-part television program for a public television series Sokaogon Chippewa Community Tribal superstitions, a major resource in the study script on the cultural anthropology and exploring the Navajo, this nation's largest Council, Crandon, WI: Robert P.W. Gough; of American cultural history. RT 19 U. of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia: Alan M. for Research in Black American Music. RC interpret rock art at Zuni Pueblo, N.M. AP Numismatic Society to aid researchers of Cook; $94,357. To organize and preserve Founders Society Detroit Institute of Arts, St. Louis Art Museum, MO: Nora D. the ancient world who use coins as the archives of the University Museum in­ MI: Joseph A. iielloli, IV; $25,000. To plan Wiseman; $14,042. To plan a program of documentary evidence. RC cluding the records of anthropological and an exhibition showing the impact of the courses on "Correspondence in the Arts," Catholic U. of America, Washington, DC: archaeological research and expeditions Cranbrook Art Academy on arts and art in three contexts: historical, technological, Thomas P. Halton; $6,000. To continue en­ over the past 100 years. RC education in the U.S. and the counter­ and social. PM tering into the computer and editing mate­ U. of Texas, Austinr Elizabeth W. Fernea; influence of the first generation of students Arthur H. Scouten; Phila., PA: $15,500. To rial for Martin McGuire's Classical Scholar­ $120,772. To produce three 18-minute at the Academy on post-World War II revise and expand volume one of The Lon­ ship: an Annotated Bibliography, a revised documentary films and a 50-page cur­ European art. PM don Stage, 1660-1800 to provide researchers Edition of an earlier work. RT riculum guide on political and social change French-American Foundation, NYC: Arthur with a calendar of performances, casts, Rutgers State U., New Brunswick, NJ: in the Middle East from the perspective of K. Peters; $25,410. To plan a major mul­ box-receipts, and contemporary comment Christoph W. Clairmont; $100,000 OR; three women revolutionaries. EH timedia exhibition planned for 1982 on the for plays from the Restoration period, $71,976 G&M. To complete the American Wesley Community Center, Great Falls, French avant-garde, 1915-65, as seen 1660-1700. RT contribution to an international project to MT: Linda Walker; $2,500. To plan a project through collected works of Jean Cocteau Seattle Art Museum, WA: Cathy E. Stieg; publish a pictorial dictionary of classical to teach 50 Native American youths to re­ and others. The exhibit will include theatri­ $17,410. To plan a "Courses of Study" pro­ mythology (700 B.C.-A.D. 400). RT search and compile data on traditions, art, cal film, ballet and musical events and lit­ gram that will depict the lives of artists as U. of California, Santa Barbara: John P. religion, and history of Native Americans in erary objects. PM reflected in their works. PM Sullivan; $6,000. To support the first com­ M ontana. AZ Christraud M. Geary; Medford, MA: John T. Spike; NYC: $28,900. To produce plete English verse translation of the classi­ YMCA of Metropolitan Chicago, IL: Ernest $14,000. To translate and annotate scholarly an illustrated revision of volume six of cal Roman poet, Martial, providing versions R. Jenkins; $12,458. To help 250 disadvan­ German monographs and studies by Drs. Adam von Bartsch's Le Peintre Graveur pro­ of poems drawn from translations of the taged Black, Puerto Rican, and Chicano Himmelheber and Fischer on West African viding scholars with convenient access to all 15th-20th centuries. RL youths in Chicago's inner city understand Art. RL known engravings and etchings, many of U. of North Carolina, Chapel Hill: Philip A. their cultural heritage and roots through Handbook of Latin American Art, New them previously unpublished, by 51 17th- Stadter; $14,485 OR; $35,200 G&M. To ex­ basic historical, anthropological, and Haven, CT: Joyce W. Bailey; $105,500 OR; century Italian artists. RT pand a computer system enabling scholars audio-visual techniques. AZ $42,000 G&M. To prepare for publication a U. of California, Berkeley: Philip Brett; to study diction and syntax in the works of 10-volume critical encyclopedic guide to $50,000. To complete a critical edition in 17 classical Greek and Latin authors. RT Latin American art. RT volumes of the work of 16th- and 17th- Jean K. Herrmann; Richmond, CA; $16,845. century composer William Byrd which will To further edit and prepare for publication replace a long out-of-print and inaccurate a scholarly, annotated edition of Songs of the edition of Byrd's music. RE People, containing over 650 songs and bal­ U. of California, Los Angeles: Jack B. Car­ American Committee for South Asian Art, lads gathered by Sam Henry between ter; $16,923. To plan a traveling exhibition Columbus, OH: Susan L. Huntington; 1923-29 in North Ulster, Northern Ire­ and catalog on the social/artistic history of Alfred U., Alfred, NY: Evelyn T. Ehrlich; $85,162. To produce a microfiche archive of land. RE Yosemite Valley landscape photog­ $12,236. To catalog a collection of about 700 11,000-12,000 photographs of Eastern In­ Illinois State U., Normal: Jacqueline F. raphy. PM books and related materials on Nazi Ger­ dian art for students and scholars. EH Bontemps; $35,000. To develop an exhibi­ U. of Iowa, Iowa City: Rudolf E. Kuenzli; many and to prepare a subject guide to the American Institute of Architects Founda­ tion catalog for a diverse audience inter­ $35,000. To expand the University's Dada books, many of them rare, with titles tion, Washington, DC: Susan S. Ganelin; preting African-American women's art. PM Archive by microfilming and photographing translated into English. RC $8,746. To hold a conference that will be the Indianapolis Museum of Art, IN: Yutaka original documents from this early 20th- American Council of Learned Societies, first step toward establishing standards and Mino; $7,500 OR; $5,000 G&M. To hold a century artistic movement. RC NYC: Frederick Burkhardt; $54,328 OR; guidelines for collecting, preserving, ar­ symposium, in conjunction with the In­ U. of Kansas, Lawrence: Charles C. El- $40,000 G&M. To edit the correspondence ranging and accessing architectural rec­ dianapolis showing of an exhibit of Tz'u- dredge; $64,253. To present a temporary of Charles Darwin, 1846-65. RE ords. RD chou type stoneware, featuring lectures and exhibition, "Tokaido: Adventures on the Antillean Project, Urbana, IL: John O. Anthropology Film Center Institute, Santa papers by leading authorities on Chinese Road in Old Japan," that interprets travel Steward; $60,000. To produce a script and Fe, NM: Carroll W. Williams; $20,000. To ceramics. RD along the old Tokaido Road in that country twelve treatments for a television series on produce the script for a film on historic and Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston, through woodlock prints of 19th-century the Antilles starting with the Neolithic contemporary architecture in the Indian MA: Stephen S. Prokopoff; $11,860. To plan artist, Ando Hiroshige. PM period in Caribbean cultural history. PN Pueblos of the U.S. Southwest. PN an exhibition depicting the interrelationship U. of Michigan, Ann Arbor: Richard Craw­ Brown U ., Providence, RI: Michael Y. Kau; Architectural History Foundation, NYC: between the visual arts and dance, espe­ ford; $10,000. To present two contrasting $62,000 OR; $5,000 G&M. To complete Julianne J. Griffin; $10,000 G&M. To pub­ cially in 20th-century culture. PM performances of and a symposium on editing and preparation for publication of lish a translation of the first of four volumes Jones Memorial Library, Lynchburg, VA: Handel's "Messiah," including panels of the post-1949 writings of the People's Re­ of the architect Le Corbusier's sketchbooks Samuel A. Chambers; $9,100. To describe, scholars, critics, and performers discussing public of China leader Mao Tse-tung which covering the years 1914-1948. RP preserve, and arrange 2,000 architectural the history, significance and performance of will comprise 16 chronological and thematic Asia Society, Inc., NYC: Ellen P. Conant; drawings by two 20th-century Virginia ar­ the work. RD volumes with annotations, indices, glossary $10,000 OR; $35,000 G&M. To hold a sym­ chitects for a guide to the collection and a U. of Minnesota, Minneapolis: Thomas G. and bibliography. RE posium on Korean art and culture, to be manual for incorporating additional mate­ Plummer; $50,000. To present exhibitions, Fairleigh Dickinson U., Rutherford, NJ: : held in conjunction with the New York rial. RC lectures and symposia as part of an inter­ Margherita F. Marchione; $100,000 G&M. showing of the exhibit, "5,000 Years of Ko­ Latin American Community Enterprise, disciplinary, inter-institutional festival on To produce a two-volume edition of rean A rt." RD In c., Yonkers, NY: Margarita C. Solano; socially critical aspects of German art, selected, annotated, and translated corre­ Aston Magna Foundation for Music, Inc. $2,500. To plan a project involving 100 1918-33, reflecting the political and eco­ spondence of Italian merchant and diplomat NYC: Raymond Erickson; $274,699. To sup­ youths ages 5-21 in activities focusing on nomic instability of the Weimar Repub­ Philip Mazzei, important to the study of the port a series of three Aston Magna the origin and history of Puerto Rican lic. PM relationship between the American and Academies on music and other arts of the music. AZ U . of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis: French revolutions. RE 17th and 18th centuries arid their relation­ Vera B. Lawrence, NYC: $35,000. To inves­ Lindsay Waters; $5,256. To publish a book Harvard U., Cambridge, MA: William H. ship to their respective cultures. EH tigate and document the evolution of music on 17th-century English musical renditions Bond; $50,500 OR; $20,000 G&M. To con­ Athenaeum of Philadelphia, PA: Roger W. in New York City between 1824-75. RS of lyric poetry. RP tinue revision of Pollard and Redgrave's Moss; $40,928 OR; $13,600 G&M. To com­ Massachusetts Institute of Technology, U. of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia: Michael Short Title Catalogue, a bibliographic guide pile and publish a Biographical Dictionary of Cambridge: Linda I. Solow; $29,558. To W. Meister; $51,000 OR; $17,000 G&M. To to England from the introduction of print­ Philadelphia Architects containing narrative support a model program to collect and support archival and editorial work for the ing to 1640, first published in 1926. RT sketches of builders and architects working document the primary sources of jazz and first volume of the encyclopedia of Indian Knox College, Galesburg, IL: George F. in the region prior to 1930, along with bib­ art music by some 200 contemporary com­ temple architecture. RT Steckley; $28,078. To produce a scholarly, liographies and lists of their known build­ posers in the Boston area. A group of li­ Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, Richmond: annotated edition of letters written between ings. RT braries will prepare a bibliographic Susan E. Strickler; $39,303 OR; $20,000 1648-58 by John Paige, a London merchant. Brooklyn Museum, NY: Sarah C. Faunce; catalog. RC G&M. To study southern painting, 17th The largest collection of letters by an Inter­ $36,200. To present an exhibition examining Keith N. Morgan; Raleigh, NC: $30,466. To century to the present, to illustrate its de­ regnum merchant, the work will be an im­ the Realist school of painting in 19th- compile a bibliography of all architectural velopment and describe its relationship to portant source for studying the growth of century France focusing on the principal books published in the U.S. between social, historical and economic factors. RS British trade. RE figures in French realism. PM 1895-1941. RT Wichita State U., KS: Douglas A. Lee; Lutheran School of Theology at Chicago, Children's Museum of Boston, MA: Elaine The Museum of Modern Art, NYC: Ad­ $3,504. To complete an index of the source IL: Arthur Voobus; $30,000. To research and H. Gurian; $43,113. To support an interpre­ rienne J. Mancia; $111,486. To present a materials underlying the works of the Early unearth new manuscript sources for the tive exhibit of an authentic, two-story three-part program on the historical, cul­ Classic German composer Franz Benda Greek, Roman, Syrian, Byzantine, and Is­ Japanese artisan's shop, home and gar­ tural and aesthetic developments in the (1709-1786). RT lamic cultures in the areas of the humanities den. PM cinema of India. Lectures, symposia, and a Henry Francis du Pont Winterthur to result in the publishing of catalogs of Willene B. Clark; Kingston, RI: $15,500. To brochure will accompany Indian films in six M useum, Winterthur, DE: C.F. Hummel; manuscripts and editions of the most valu­ plan committees and guidelines for a census to eight cities nationwide. AP $85,660. To support joint planning by the able sources. RT of stained glass windows in America, N ew Y ork U., NYC: Flora S. Kaplan; Museum and the Philadelphia Museum of Princeton U., NJ: David P. Billington; 1840-1940, to be used by historians in the $15,076. To prepare an exhibition on the art Art for a major traveling exhibition of the $32,000. To research and write the second fields of art, architecture, culture and tech­ work produced at the Royal Benin Court arts of the Pennsylvania Germans. PM volume on the life and works of Robert nology. RT (Nigeria) that show the significance of vis­ Yale U., New Haven, CT: Vivian Perlis; Maillart (1872-1940). The volume will study Community Action and Research, Miami, ual arts in defining parameters of political $65,000 OR; $151,086 G&M. To continue Maillart's personality and its relation to his FL: Fred S. Licht; $13,000. To develop a power and the complexity of African “Oral History, American Music" which work as a structural engineer in Switzer­ one-hour script for a film designed to en­ societies. PM collects and preserves memoirs of distin­ land between 1914-1940. RO hance appreciation of the values, ideas, be­ New York U., NYC: Jan LaRue; $102,131 guished men and women involved in 20th- Research Foundation of CUNY: Donald liefs and moral judgments expressed by OR; $34,000 G&M. To produce a catalog for century American music by means of tape- Light; $7,984 OR; $33,531 G&M. To trans­ monumental sculpture and the ambivalent the identification of 18th-century classical recorded and videotaped interviews. RO late and annotate a collection of essays on concept Americans have of monuments. PN symphonies. Over 25,000 entries, including the social history of the German health care Fisk U., Nashville, TN: Samuel A. Floyd, musical notation, will be typeset by com­ system from its origins to the present, with Jr.; $9,158. To hold a two-day national con­ puter. RT an emphasis on the division of services ference on the state of black American Old Salem, Inc., Winston-Salem, NC: under a communist and non-communist music today in historical research and Frank L. Horton; $57,500 OR; $19,500 G&M. government. RL music business and education. RD To compile an index of early Southern art­ Research Foundation for Jewish Immigra­ Fisk U., Nashville, TN: Samuel A. Floyd; ists and artisans to be a companion volume American Numismatic Society, NYC: Fran­ tion, NYC: Herbert A. Strauss; $135,077 $1,000. To provide consultants to examine for the Catalogue of Early Southern Decorative cis D. Campbell; $18,567. To complete up­ G&M. To complete the International Bio­ and evaluate the music collections of Fisk Arts Prior to 1821. RT grading and expanding subject headings for graphical Dictionary of Central European University comprising the principal re­ Pueblo of Zuni, NM: Mary J. Young; specialized numismatic collections, based Emigres, 1933-1945, providing 8,000-9,000 search source for the University's Institute $19,420. To continue a project to record and on the card catalog of the American biographies of emigres from Nazi Germany, 20 post-1934 Austria, and post-1938 Czecho­ Appalshop, Inc., Whitesburg, KY: Helen Dubuque, IA: Jerome A. Enzler; $16,000. To duce a series of half-hour radio documen­ slovakia. RT Lewis; $98,795. To research seven films on plan interpretative exhibits for a major new taries, "National Unity and Social Conflict Tulane U., New Orleans, LA: Munro S. the history of the Appalachian region and museum in the Upper Mississippi focusing in post-World War II America," on the Edmunson; $23,000. To produce an to develop a script for a pilot dealing with on the cultural history of the Upper Missis­ movement for racial integration. PN annotated and poetic translation of the Book the history of images of the region in the sippi River. PM L afayette Natural History Museum, LA: of Chilam Balam of Chumayel (Spokesmen of minds of Americans, mountain people in Eleutherian Mills Historical Library, Wil­ Beverly D. Latimer; $12,920. To involve the Jaguar), a well known Yucatecan Maya particular. PN mington, DE: Hugh R. Gibb; $64,160. To young people in archival and field research manuscript assembled from the 16th to the Assn. for the Preservation of VA An­ process the Pennsylvania Power and Light on the social history of Lafayette Parish, 19th century as a running chronicle of tiquities, Richmond, VA: Ransom B. True; archival collection of some 850 preceding LA, to result in a traveling exhibit and a Mayan history. RL $31,500 OR; $10,600 G&M. To prepare and merged companies that served 700 workbook detailing the research methodol­ U. of Arizona, Tucson: Stephen H. West; 100,000 additional entries for inclusion in communities from 1850-1950. The records ogy and data. AZ $17,877. To translate the Tung-ching meng- the Biographical Dictionary of Early Virginia, will be of use for studying energy issues Los Angeles 200 Committee, CA: Doyce B. hau lu, a comprehensive account of the cus­ 1607-1660 and Subject and Source Guide to and economic, technological, and social his­ Nunis; $148,000 OR; $71,127 G&M. To de­ toms and practices of the citizens and court Early Virginia, 1607-1660. RT tory. RC velop a major photomural exhibit and a of Pien-liang, the capital of Northern Sung, Avery Inst, of Afro-American History & Essex Institute, Salem, MA: Ellen D. Mark; smaller mobile exhibit with interpretive China from 1119-1126. RL Culture, Charleston, SC: Lucille Whipper; $39,569. To evaluate, arrange, and conserve programs and guides on the 200-year his­ U. of California, Los Angeles: Robert I. $55,130. To research the architectural and manuscript collections documenting the tory of Los Angeles. AP Bums; $10,000. To hold a conference on the social history of Avery Normal Institute, a history of the shipping industry in Salem Maryland Historical Society, Baltimore: parallel reigns of Alfonso the Learned and historic three-building site in South and Essex County, MA, before and during Stiles T. Colwill; $22,470. To reinstall the Jaume the Conqueror in 13th-century Spain Carolina, to determine its contribution and the height of this region's commercial ac­ Radcliffe Maritime Collection of the Mary­ to consider the historical significance of the significance to Afro-American life in S.C. tivity, 1790-1840. RC land Historical Society which interprets the balance between a militaristic and a cultural and the surrounding low country. PM Feminist Radio Network, Washington, DC: maritime history of Maryland. PM monarch. RD Balch Institute for Ethnic Studies, Jane M. Deren; $35,000. To produce a series Metropolitan Museum of Art, N Y C : U. of California, Santa Barbara: Peter H. Philadelphia, PA: Roy H. Tryon; $59,374. of eight programs for the Feminist Radio Charles T. Little; $100,338. To present a Merkl; $60,000 G&M. To study the role of To arrange and describe 11 manuscript col­ Network focusing on the lives of women major exhibition to re-examine the cultural government and politics in the economic lections dealing with immigration history immigrants to the U.S. in the 19th and 20th and artistic significance of the Vikings, in­ change of post-war Japan and the Federal and ethnicity relating to nine ethnic groups. century in a format combining oral his­ cluding over 500 objects depicting Viking Republic of Germany to be conducted by an RC tories, readings of journals and diaries, live culture between A.D. 800-1500. PM interdisciplinary team of about 30 spe­ Battle Ground Historical Corporation, Bat­ interviews and professional narrations. PN Mid-Menominee Bicentennial Commis­ cialists from the U.S., Japan, and Federal tle Ground, IN: D. Clarke Evans; $46,428. Film Arts Foundation, San Francisco, CA: sion, Inc., Stephenson, MI: Terrance F. Germany. RO To develop and test a pilot exhibit at Tip­ Howard R. Petrick; $100,000. To produce a Reichardt; $11,075. To plan interpretive U . of Chicago, IL: John H. Coatsworth; pecanoe Battlefield on the history of Native 58-minute documentary film on the de­ programs at the Reichardt Pioneer Farm $9,500. To hold a conference on "Intellectu­ American people in the Old Northwest and velopment of the Cold War and the domes­ Museum depicting daily life of a farm fam­ als and the State" in Mexican history in­ to illustrate the cultural changes resulting tic loyalty investigations that followed. PN ily living along the shores of Green Bay. PM volving 300-500 historians from Mexico, the from their contact with Europeans, and the Fisk U., Nashville, TN: Jessie C. Smith; Monroe County Public Library, Blooming­ U.S., and Europe. RD resistance led by Tecumseh. PM $293,666. To present lectures, demonstra­ ton, IN: Don R. Smith; $73,417. To train U . of Hawaii, Honolulu: G. Raymond Brigham Young U., Provo, UT: Paul Hyer; tions, and media programs on the life, cul­ 1,500 youths through a series of workshops Nunn; $131,694. To complete a guide to $15,251. To translate and annotate a key ture, and contributions of black Americans to explore their local family history through American archival and manuscript sources section of Chang Mu's Meng-ku yu-mu chi to the shaping of the nation. PL examination of family archives and artifacts relating to Asia and Oceania. The work, published in Peking in 1867. The work pro­ Fisk U., Nashville, TN: Jessie C. Smith; and the collection of oral histories from part of a series of archival guides, will in­ vides insight into the tribal confederations $37,753. To process four manuscript and ar­ family members. AZ clude reference to 36,000 collections. RC of 19th-century Mongolia and their re­ chival collections on the history of civil Morris County Park Commission, Morris­ U. of Michigan, Ann Arbor: Charles O. lationship with China. RL rights for the Race Relations Institute at town, NJ: Joseph R. Hovance; $19,235. To Hucker; $60,000. To complete a historical California Historical Society, San Fran­ Fisk. RC develop an interpretive program master dictionary of Chinese official titles and re­ cisco: Natalie J. Cowan; $30,292. To process Franklin Institute, Phila., PA: Harvey S. plan for recreation of an 1880-1900 living lated nomenclature as a reference aid for the records of 14 citizen, community, and Miller; $35,296. To plan a permanent historic farm. PM scholars and students who work in pre- social groups involved in social change in maritime transportation exhibition at the Mountain Plains Library Assn., Vermillion, modern Chinese materials. RT California to help scholars interpret and Franklin Institute to include a special tem­ SD: Andrew J. Gulliford; $259,375. To pro­ U. of Michigan, Ann Arbor: Charles Tilly; document 20th-century social history. RC porary exhibit, possibly dealing with duce films, exhibits, oral histories, semi­ $90,000. To study how changes in the geog­ California School for the Deaf, Berkeley: Philadelphia and the China trade. PM nars, and discussions on the rural one-room raphy of London affected the character of Ralph F. Neesam; $24,200. To appraise and Gibby Productions, Inc., Marina del Ry, school experience involving 188 public and demonstrations, marches, brawls, and preserve a unique collection of research ma­ CA: Mort R. Lewis; $43,927. To develop a academic libraries in North and South other contentious gatherings, 1755-1835. terials concerning the hearing impaired and script for a two-hour documentary based on Dakota, Colorado, Kansas, Nebraska, Ro the development of education for the the books. The Life of Johnny Reb and Life of Nevada, Utah, and Wyoming. PL Ehsan Yarshater; NYC: $112,940 OR; handicapped. RC Billy Yank, dealing with the common soldier Museum of New Mexico, Santa Fe: Thomas $37,500 G&M. To produce a six-volume en­ Center for Migration Studies of NY, Inc., in the U.S. Civil War. PN J. Caperton; $43,785. To plan and research a cyclopedia of Iranica dealing with the his­ Staten Island: Olha T. della Cava; $36,285. Global Village, NYC: Julie M. Gustafson; historical interpretation of Lincoln, a re­ tory and culture of the Middle East. RT To microfilm the records of the Office of the $20,000. To plan a public television series stored 19th-century western frontier town, Commissioner of Emigration, 1901-1927; exploring the idea of the "pursuit of happi­ focusing on the interaction of Hispanic and and the records of the Emigration Office of ness" in America. PN Anglo communities there. PM the Italian Episcopate, 1920-1952. RC Hadassah, NYC: Steven Bayme; $25,000. To The Museums at Stony Brook, NY: Nancy Chicago Metro History Fair, IL: David N. research and publish for public education S. Howard; $66,894. To involve physically Ruchman; $62,900. To conduct two pilot the 70-year history of the Hadassah, a vol­ handicapped, blind, and deaf children in programs for training representatives at untary women's organization of 370,000 learning about the horse-drawn era in Adams County Historical Society, H ast­ large metropolitan areas to establish history members in 50 states. AP America through caring for a horse and ings, NE: Barbara J. Minshall; $24,480. To fairs, where high school students present Hannibal Arts Council, MO: Christine J. wagon and studying historical events. AZ introduce up to 3,000 12-16-year-olds to the original research projects. AZ Vincent; $14,562. To plan an exhibition enti­ National Maritime Museum, San Francisco, Dust Bowl era by Great Plains historians Cleveland Public Library, OH: Russell A. tled "Hannibal as History," on Hannibal's CA: John Maounis; $18,452. To catalog four and instruction in specific oral history tech­ Hehr; $15,000. To plan community study of historic buildings. PM photo collections documenting Pacific Coast niques. AZ the historical causes that have led to Cleve­ Historic Augusta, Inc., GA: Lee Ann maritime history from the Gold Rush to the Adirondack Museum, Blue Mountain Lake, land's decline despite its wealth of cultural Swann; $4,260. To research and plan in­ present day. RC NY: Craig A. Gilborn; $11,240. To study the assets to include lectures, discussions, dis­ terpretation of 25 historic sites in the Au­ National Trust for Historic Preservation, economic and cultural history of mining in­ plays, and multimedia presentations. PL gusta area, including 15 sites related to Washington, DC: Earl D. James; $15,000. To dustries on the Adirondacks and to develop Columbia U., NYC: Richard B. Morris; black history. PM study the Woodrow Wilson House for a a plan for a permanent exhibit. PM $13,336 OR; $40,000 G&M. To complete a Historical Society of Western Pennsyl­ reinterpretation around the theme, "Wood­ Afro-American Historical & Cultural four-volume edition of the selected unpub­ vania, Pittsburgh: John G. Labanish; row Wilson, the Washington Years." A Museum, Phila., PA: Charles Blockson; lished papers of John Jay, American diplo­ $8,250. To plan an interpretative exhibit of theme narrative will be developed for a tour $172,550. To present a historical exhibition, mat, jurist, humanitarian, and Founding the Pittsburgh Historical Society's 600-piece guide and orientation film. PM "The Black Experience in Pennsylvania over Father. RE glass collection. “Glass in the Life of New Hampshire Farm Museum, Inc., Mil­ Three Hundred Years." PM Committee for a New England Bibliog­ Pittsburgh" will depict the impact of the ton: W. Ross Fullam; $26,320. To plan for James Agee Film Project, Johnson City, TN: raphy, Inc., Boston, MA: Thomas D. S. glass industry on the economic, political the Museum and the Farm and Forest Ross H. Spears; $25,000. To produce a Bassett; $71,000 OR; $38,000 G&M. To con­ and social life of the community. PM Museum to obtain expert guidance in de­ two-hour color film covering 50 years of the tinue editing the multi-volume B ibliog­ Illinois State Historical Society, veloping and conducting their programs Tennessee Valley Authority's history raphies of New England History, which will Springfield: Roger D. Bridges; $99,266. To and interpretive exhibitions. PM focusing on the nature of reform in Ameri­ make accessible virtually all of the printed provide a consultant to organize the un­ The Newberry Library, Chicago, IL: Robert can politics. PN historical writings on New England. RT processed manuscript collections of the W. Karrow, Jr.; $33,000. To prepare a sub­ Alexander Graham Bell Assn. for the Deaf, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH: Philip State Historical Library and to prepare a ject, and title index of 130,000 entries to be Washington, DC: Salomea A. Swaim; N. Cronenwett; $15,738. To organize and guide to the materials. RC used as a companion volume to the Midwest $1,000. To provide a consultant to restore prepare guides to the papers of members of Institute for Research in History, NYC: Map Catalogue. RT and reorganize the existing historical mate­ the Cornish Colony of New Hampshire, in­ William Kahn; $21,785. To research, or­ Newport Historical Society, RI: Wilbur T. rials housed-in the Alexander Graham Bell cluding the manuscripts of conservationist ganize and design an interpretative histori­ Holmes; $17,574. To plan improved in­ Memorial Library, including a rare book Benton MacKaye and sculptor Augustus cal exhibition on the Pittsburgh Jewish terpretation of permanent Newport collec­ collection on deaf education and Bell’s cor­ Saint-Gaudens. RC Community, 1848-1979. PM tions and to prepare an introductory exhibit respondence and genealogical research. RC Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH: Charles Jewish Historical Society of New Haven, on the town's social history. PM Allentown Public Library, PA: Loisann M. Wiltse; $30,005 OR; $30,000 G&M. To CT: Judith A. Schiff; $36,550. To organize North Carolina A & T State U., Greens­ Oakes; $55,000. To present a series of mul­ produce a scholarly, annotated edition of archival collections containing manuscripts, boro: Sandra C. Alexander; $2,500. To plan tidisciplinary lectures, exhibits, films, and selected papers of American statesman and photographs, and other materials dating a project to train young people in re­ performances on the ethnic and cultural orator Daniel Webster which will be keyed from the first permanent settlement of Jews searching, interviewing, and writing skills heritage of Allentown, Bethlehem, and to a complete set of Webster papers on mi­ in New Haven in the 1830s. RC and to engage them in compiling a bio­ Reading, PA (1910-1945). PL crofilm. RE Kiowa Tribe of Oklahoma, Carnegie: Gus graphical directory of outstanding blacks American Jewish Historical Society, Wal­ Dirksen Center, Pekin, IL: Marie S. White; Palmer, Jr.; $3,650. To plan and construct a who have made significant contributions in tham, MA: Ellen J. Smith; $141,014. To pro­ $11,555. To research, design, and plan an Brush Arbor to depict the ways and cus­ the humanities in the Triad area of North duce a traveling exhibit on the history of interpretive exhibit on the concept of Con­ toms of the Kiowa People through oral tra­ Carolina. AZ the Boston Jewish community, 1649-1980, gressional leadership from the 73rd Con­ dition processes. PM Old Salem, Inc., Winston-Salem, NC: interpreting interaction between a minority gress to the 90th Congress. PM KPFK-FM/Pacifica Foundation, Universal Paula A. Welshimer; $10,300. To plan per­ and a majority culture. PM D ubuque County Historical Society, City, CA: Joel Kugelmass; $12,000. To pro­ manent interpretive exhibits at the Vierling 21 House, dealing with the history of medicine Swedes in the U.S., 1840-1950. RC duce public programs on continuity and minute film that documents folk and popu­ in Wachovia, the Moravian Administrators Teaneck Public Library, NJ: Hilda Lipkin; change in a rural county. PL lar musical heritage shared by the U.S. and of Salem, and horticulture in Salem. PM $9,633. To plan a program of oral history, Visual Communications, Los Angeles, CA: Cuba and explores Afro-Cuban and Euro- Old Schwamb M ill, Arlington, MA: Patricia videotapes, and a guide on the history of Steven J. Tatsukawa; $40,000. To prepare Cuban roots of music popular in the U.S. C. Fitzmaurice; $12,548. To plan a Teaneck's response to population growth scripts for a four-part television drama on today. PN guidebook, wall texts and slide program in­ and change. PL the life and work of Philipino American Eastern Washington U., Cheney, WA: terpreting 19th-century culture and indus­ Temple U., Philadelphia, PA: Fredric M. novelist Carlos Bulson focusing on his Elizabeth L. Cook; $20,000. To plan ap­ try at this historic wood-working and Miller; $56,242. To locate, survey, and ac­ novel America Is in the Heart which treats proximately 10 half-hour television pro­ picture-frame manufacturing mill, still in quire records relating to labor and business 20th-century American history during the grams to inform the scholarly community, operation. PM in 20th-century Philadelphia to be part of a early period of immigration to the U.S. PN American Indian communities and the pub­ Oral History Assn., North Texas State U., comprehensive documentation of the social Volunteers of America, Los Angeles, CA: lic of the American Indian viewpoint on is­ Denton: Nancy N. Whistler; $13,335. To history of the major urban center. RC Marta Melendez; $2,500. To plan a project sues and problems. PN survey existing activities in U.S. oral his­ United Negro College Fund, Inc., NYC: in which 200 youth will be involved in re­ Fred C . Nelles School, W hittier, CA: tory to determine what oral history training Gregory S. Hunter; $25,250. To conduct an search, production, dissemination and Marie I. 0'Donnell;_$71,953. To involve are services available and how the Associa­ intensive one-year oral history project to evaluation of materials on regional Califor­ young people in the production of a tion can help improve the field. AP collect, transcribe, and process interviews nia history, especially the migratory pat­ guidebook and a series of videotapes nar­ Panhandle-Plains Historical Museum, with between 16 and 24 elderly individuals, terns of west coast urban populations. AZ rated in the barrio language on the contri­ Canyon, TX: Bobby D. Weaver; $16,439. To important in the 35-year history of the Waioli Mission House & Grove Farm butions of Chicano art arid culture to develop a temporary traveling exhibit on United Negro College Fund. RC Museum Project, Lihue, Kauai, HI: M ar­ American society, language, customs and the lives of German, Russian, Polish and The U. of Alabama, University: Adolph B. garet R. O'Leary; $10,800. To prepare and communities. AZ other European immigrants who estab­ Crew; $2,500. To plan a project to involve print a descriptive record of the papers of New Jersey State Museum, T re n to n : lished "folk islands" in northwest Texas youth in researching and developing in­ Elsie H. Wilcox (1878-1954) and Mabel I. Suzanne Corlette; $14,224. To plan an and to research their histories. PM terpretive materials, tours, and events for Wilcox (1882-1978) to supplement the ar­ exhibition dealing with the role of mass Portland Museum, Louisville, KY: Nathalie the Tannehill Historical State Park on the chives of the Grove Farm Plantation owned media in shaping American attitudes to­ T. Andrews; $20,000. To produce four cultural heritage in west central Ala­ and operated by a single Yankee family wards parts of Asia and Africa between exhibits interpreting historical themes at the bama. AZ since the mid-19th century. RC 1880-1925. PM Falls of the Ohio River, the only natural U. of Baltimore Educational Foundation, Washington State U., Pullman: David H. Oakland Museum Association, CA: L. obstruction to river traffic between Pitts­ MD: Adele M. Newburger; $62,274. To as­ Stratton; $9,986. To hold a symposium of 18 Thomas Frye; $75,995. To present an burgh and New Orleans. PM semble, process, preserve, and index with a leading regional specialists to assess the exhibit, "Vamos Celebrar," depicting Providence Films, Baltimore, MD: Susan J. computer the records of major housing- current state of Pacific Northwest historiog­ Portuguese-Americans in California and Douglas; $31,000. To research and develop related organizations in Baltimore. RC raphy and identify future priorities for re­ their cultural counterparts in the Azores, a script for an hour-long documentary on U. of California, Berkeley: Samuel Haber; search to result in a collection of essays for presenting religious rituals as a way of un­ the changing image of women in popular $9,394. To plan a traveling exhibit presen­ publication. RD derstanding culture. PM culture, 1940 to the present. PN ting the history of women in science in the Wellesley College Museum, MA: James F. Nuevo Santander Museum, Laredo, TX: Providence Public Library, RI: Christie V. U.S., 1850-1980. PM O'Gorman; $39,625. To implement a tem­ Kenneth A. Wolfe; $2,500. To plan a pro­ Sarles; $15,000. To plan exhibits, tours, lec­ U . of California, Berkeley: Albert porary exhibition, "The Railroad in the gram involving 750 youths in workshops, tures, discussions, and media presentations Lepawsky; $28,736. To complete docu­ American Landscape" which through audio-visual presentations, preparation of in Rhode Island's public libraries on the menting, through oral history interviews photos, paintings, prints, and publications, printed material, and presentation of skits state's history and ethnic diversity. PL and the collection of papers, accounts of will show how the transformation of the on the contributions of Hispanic/ R am sey County Historical Society, St. political activity and leadership roles of 28 wilderness resulting from the railroad was Mexican/Mexican-American culture to the Paul, MN: Russell R. Menard; $12,995. To prominent California women who began reflected by artists in images of the Ameri­ Laredo region. AZ study urban fringe farming, 1850-1920, to careers in politics between 1920-65. RC can landscape. PM U. of Wisconsin, Milwaukee: Rodolfo J. provide insight on the relationship between U. of Colorado, Boulder: John A. Brennan; Westem Carolina U., Cullowhee, NC: Wil­ Cortina; $72,500. To produce a series of cities and farms as part of an analysis of $31,576. To provide a consultant to arrange liam L. Anderson; $73,340. To provide a videotapes on Hispanic minority ethnic farming and farm family structure. RS and describe the papers of the Women's In­ consultant to continue to locate, microfilm, studies for use by university students and Rice U., Houston, TX: Lynda L. Crist; ternational League for Peace, including ma­ and prepare a guide to documents in Euro­ social service agencies. EH $60,000 G&M. To collect, edit, and publish terial on the international peace movement, pean archives recording English, French, WGBH Educational Foundation, B o s­ volumes four and five of a planned 12 vol­ human rights and feminism. RC and Spanish dealings with Cherokee In­ ton, MA: J. H. Maldonado; $20,000. To umes of the papers of Jefferson Davis. RE U. of Colorado, Boulder: William M. King; dians in colonial America. RC plan a major documentary series entitled St. Bernard Parish Police Jury, Chalmette, $25,210. To continue collection, analysis, Winona County Historical Society, MN: "The Asians" for public television focus­ LA: Frank M. Fernandez, Jr.; $13,298. To ar­ and dissemination of documentary evidence John S. Wozniak; $48,885. To research and ing with cultural emphasis on present-day range, microfilm, and index the late 18th- and oral histories on the National Institute plan permanent exhibits for the Upper Mis­ Asians from different regions and social and 19th-century manuscripts of the Clerk of Science, responsible for many develop­ sissippi River Interpretive Center on three backgrounds and on the history of Asian of Court's Office of St. Bernard Parish, ments in science and science teaching at themes: River Transportation, Lifestyles, civilizations. PN which details the history of this post in the traditionally black institutions. RO Commerce and Industry. PM colonial era. RC U. of Florida, Gainesville: Michael V. Gan­ Yale U., New Haven, CT: Alan Shestack; Schubert Club, St. Paul, MN: Bruce P. non; $92,532. To develop a research guide $26,916. To plan an exhibition and catalog Carlson; $30,188. To present an exhibition to the Spanish Florida Borderlands Collec­ of selected American cultural artifacts from of keyboard musical instruments to illumi­ tion, containing copies of documents on 1790-1815, which will help provide an un­ nate the social history of the American colonial America gathered worldwide, the derstanding of society at the time people. Pianos will be shown as an illustra­ largest collection of its kind in the U.S. RC furniture-making underwent vast African Studies Association, Brandeis U., tion of the business, technological, cultural U. of M aine, Orono: William H. Pease; changes. PM Waltham, MA: Jean E. Gosebrink; $15,100. and family life of America particularly in $88,638. To compare the responses of Bos­ To complete a 300--400 page directory the 19th century. PM ton, MA, and Charleston, to the crisis-filled which will provide up-to-date and concise Selma U. Jr. College, AL: Henry O. Dixon; decade of the 1830s. The similarities and statements describing libraries, special $28,840. To involve youth in assessing the differences in the cities' internal structures collections and resources, and information emergence and course of the civil rights will be considered. RS services for African Studies in the U.S. RC movement in Selma, AL., in 1965 through U. of Nebraska, Lincoln: Gary E. Moulton; Amer. Assoc, for the Advmt. of Slavic interviewing, researching, and collecting in­ $72,107. To collect, edit, annotate, and American-Scandinavian Foundation, NYC: Studies, Columbus, OH: Jan S. Adams; formation and materials for the develop­ publish the journals of the Lewis and Clark Mark B. Lewis; $250,000 OR; $400,000 $91,500 OR; $30,500 G&M. To continue ment of a brochure, archive, and a book on expedition to include an atlas of maps and a G&M. To support symposia, exhibitions, editing three volumes (1980-1982) of the civil rights history in the area. AZ volume of natural history notes. RE films, and performances in several U.S. American Bibliography of Slavic and East Sierra Club, San Francisco, CA: Ann Lage; U. of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia: Jerre cities on Scandinavia. "Scandinavia Today" European Studies, the only comprehensive $87,493. To collect and transcribe 40-60 Mangione; $70,000. To study the Italian- is the sixth in a series of international sym­ listing of U.S. and Canadian publications taped interviews of Sierra Club citizen- American experience of the past century posia. AD in Slavic, Soviet, and East European activists and other environmental leaders of along historical, demographical, sociologi­ Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, HI: studies. RT the 1960s and 1970s for manuscript re­ cal and cultural lines to determine what Barbara A.C. Hunt; $10,000. To plan a pro­ American Council of Learned positories nationwide. RC triggered the mass migration of Italians and gram on the life of a three-generation Societies, NYC: Robert M. Lumi^nsky; Smith-Zimmermann State Historical to what extent their traditions and customs Hawiian family, exploring their attitudes $2,000,000 G&M. To support programs of Museum, Madison, SD: Deborah W. Stra- persist in the New World. RS toward Hawaiian customs and language the American Council of Learned han; $9,567. To support six consultants who U. of South Carolina, Columbia: David R. and the pressures of modern society on Societies, a federation of professional and will address problems of planning, evalua­ Chesnutt; $50,000 OR; $17,000 G&M. To Polynesian culture. PN honorary associations with a constituency tion and management of the Smith- develop a computerized text processing sys­ Black Filmmaker Foundation, NYC: Henry of some 250,000 scholars. RC Zimmerman State Historical Museum. PM tem for an edition of the papers of South L. Gates, Jr.; $76,850. To develop a pilot Arizona Westem College, Yuma: Barbara State Historical Society of North Dakota, Carolina statesman, Henry Laurens. RE script and treatments for a series on "The McCracken; $33,099. To use library re­ Bismarck: Larry R. Remele; $41,593. To de­ U. of Texas, Dallas: Larry D. Sail; $100,000. Image of the Black in the Western Imagina­ sources, lectures, films, performances, and velop and publish a long-range plan for as­ To process, arrange, and prepare guides to tion" exploring how blacks have been exhibits for community education pro­ sisting the Society's Education and In­ the manuscripts and archives in the History viewed in Western art and literature from grams on the fictional and historical as­ terpretation Division reach potential as the of Aviation Collection at the U. of Texas at classical antiquity to the present. PN pects of the Old West and its relation to state's historical interpreter. PM Dallas. RC Chinese Historical Society of America, San America today. PL State Historical Society of WI, Madison: U. of Verm ont, Burlington: Connell B. Francisco, CA: Him M. Lai; $19,504 G&M. Aspen Institute for Humanistic Studies, F.G. Ham; $9,973. To hold a conference on Gallagher; $67,564. To process Vermont To hold a three-day, multidisciplinary na­ Washington, DC: Stephen P. Strickland; the development of regional archival net­ business records in archival collections at tional conference on Chinese-American $350,000 G&M. To prepare papers by lead­ works focusing on improving cooperation the University. RC studies focusing on new contributions in ers in the humanities, journalism, and among institutions with collections of local Utah State Historical Society, Salt Lake the field and new areas for research. RD public life and a series of "town meetings" and regional historical materials. RD City: Jay M. Haymond; $49,008. To docu­ Cultural Council Foundation for the Dry on persistent constitutional questions and State Historical Society of Wisconsin, ment the history of water rights and man­ Salvages Film Group, NYC: Robin C. Maw; contemporary policy issues. AD Madison: Robert C. Nesbit; $58,321. To agement in Utah using the earliest records $69,887. To research and develop a three- Birmingham-Southern College, A L: support research for volume III of the His­ of water development in the Great Basin hour television script for "ROANOAK," the Robert J. Norrell; $160,000 OR; $20,000 tory of Wisconsin, 1873-1893, a six-volume and filling in existing gaps through oral his­ story of the first prolonged contact of G&M. To support seminars, discussions, series on the state's history. RS tory. RC Elizabethan English with Native Americans and preparation of media scripts and bro­ Swedish Pioneer Historical Society, Virginia Tech., Blacksburg: David D. Britt; focusing on their ethnic relations between chures on Birmingham's neighborhoods, Chicago, IL: Wesley M. Westerberg; $220,000. To enable county residents, aided 1584-90. PN ethnic cultures, and industry for the city's $71,187. To survey and prepare a guide to by librarians and scholars, to collect oral Cultural Research and Communication, residents. AP unpublished materials relating to emigra­ histories, printed materials, photographs, Inc., Emeryville, CA: Howard B. Dratch; California Lutheran College, Thousand tion from Sweden and the history of slides, and other library materials to pro­ $38,010. To produce the script for a 60- Oaks: Sharon F. Smith; $4,313 OR; $10,000 22 G&M. To support a language camp, a collections. PL tionnaire, a statement of principles, and Bentham. RE course on the history of filmmaking in Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis: dissemination of research results on the Children's Television Workshop, NYC: California's Conejo Valley, and a class on Kenneth O. Peck; $12,396. To create in­ ethical issues involved in aggression re­ Joan G. Cooney; $65,000. To produce an pioneer life and crafts for youth. AZ structional materials and activities for a search by scientists. AV adaptation for public television of Richard California State U., Northridge: David L. youth project on Japanese culture and its NSF/John Vandermeer; $12,000. To re­ Kluger's book "Sim ple Justice'' as a Perkins; $15,000. To plan a series of on­ relationship to the environment. AZ search the social effects of agricultural three-part series dramatizing the historical going discussions on topics in the Mountain Plains Youth Services, Pierre, mechanization in the Midwest and East, evolution of black America's struggle to humanities utilizing the resources of the SD: Pamela A. Bollinger; $35,402. To in­ emphasizing the social and value assump­ challenge the legal foundation of racial university library and encouraging support crease youth's knowledge of the tions of the researchers whose findings discrimination. PN for local cultural activities. PL humanities through their participation, prompted pervasive mechanization for cer­ GW ETA, Inc. Washington, DC: Elizabeth Clarion State College, PA: Bernard F. Vav- development and dissemination of a tain kinds of produce. AV S. Brownstein; $40,000. To research and rek; $15,000. To plan a series of public multi-media kit exploring the history and NSF/Morris Vogel; $24,000. To research the develop ten one-hour programs for a tele­ service activities in the humanities, par­ legal status of youth rights and respon­ determinants of morbidity and mortality in vision series on the law to increase public ticularly local history. Five rural libraries sibilities in the rural Northern Plains. AZ Philadelphia, 1850-1900. AV understanding of the historical, will develop programs to be used as mod­ National Farmers Union, Denver, CO: NSF/Washington U., Murray L. Wax; philosophical and social bases of the els for other rural libraries. PL William W. Turgeon; $226,983. To con­ $18,500. To complete development of sys­ American legal system. PN C o lu m b ia U., NYC: Kenneth Lohf; tinue a project in which young farm tems of professional ethics for an­ Judiciary, State of Hawaii, Honolulu: Jane $158,085. To complete processing of Co­ couples with the help of scholars present thropological and sociological fieldwork. L. Silverman; $75,000. To research the role lumbia University's Bakhmeteff Archive, a programs on the land, rural economics, AV of the courts in 19th-century Hawaii in collection of manuscripts, documents, cor­ communities, and the rural image to resi­ NSF/Langdon Winner; $18,250. To support creating a new social and economic order respondence, and photographs important dents of farming communities. AP research and a program of courses at the focusing on the family and the economic to the study of 19th- and 20th-century National Humanities Center, Res. Tri. Pk., U. of California/Santa Cruz on technology structure. RS Russian and East European history and lit­ NC: William J. Bennett; $300,000. To coor­ and human values. AV Pacifica Radio— KPFA, Berkeley, CA: Adi erature. RC dinate ongoing interdisciplinary programs New England Document Conservation Gevins; $158,532. To produce an 18-part Council of Nat'l Library & Information of the Center. AP Center, Andover, MA: Ann Russell; radio series on the relevance of the Bill of A sso c., Ithaca, NY: Donald C. Seibert; NSF/Robert Baker; $18,000. To research the $125,000. To support a field services pro­ Rights to Americans today. PN $13,320. To enable the Council and the Li­ practices of medical units in discontinuing gram by the only regional conservation U. of Florida, Gainesville: Betty W. Taylor; brary of Congress to prepare cataloguing life-sustaining treatments and the center for library and archival materials in $44,029. To compile a bibliography of manuals for non-print materials covering philosophical positions implicit in these the country to provide consultation, a American legal treatises printed in the graphics, manuscripts, motion pictures practices. AV manual, and a conference on conservation U.S. from 1860-1899 for both manual and and videotapes. RC NSF/Taft Broome; $18,000. To research problems and methods. RC computer use by researchers in American Dropsie U., Phila., PA: Joseph Rappaport; ethical issues related to the practices and NY Public Library, NYC: Julia van Haaf- legal development. RT $1,000. To provide consultants to advise concerns of engineering school faculty and ten; $56,530. To identify and document the on preserving and cataloging the third to the engineering profession. AV Library's major holdings of historic photo­ largest collection of Hebraica and Judaica NSF/Dudley Burton; $24,000. To research graphic prints to make them more accessi­ in the U.S. featuring material on Semitic the history, theory, and implications of ble to scholars and to serve as a model for languages, Jewish history, Assyriology democratic planning in the management of preservation of such material. RC and Egyptology. RC science and technology. AV NY Public Library, NYC: David H. Stam; Dunlap Society, Essex, NY: Isabel B. NSF/Eric Cassell; $18,250. To support re­ $4,800,000 G&M. To broaden accessibility Arizona State U., Tempe: John X. Evans; Lowry; $20,000. To support the final re­ search and a sustained program of courses to the Research Libraries of the Library $50,000 G&M. To support the 15th Interna­ search and preparation for publication on at Cornell University Medical College in through computerized networks, pub­ tional Congress of FILLM (International microfiche of 10,000 photographs and de­ ethics and values in medicine. AV lished catalogs and other means. RC Federation for Modern Languages and Lit­ scriptive material documenting U.S. NSF/Colleen Clements; $24,000. To re­ Phila. Area Cultural Consortium, PA: eratures), bringing together some 200 county court houses to assist researchers search the problems of medical ethics in Meridith G. Savery; $192,645. To present foreign and 200 American scholars to dis­ in sociology, jurisprudence, anthropology, the field of psychiatry. AV lectures, discussions, exhibits, slide cuss "Adjoining Cultures as Reflected in and architectural history. RT NSF/Criminal Justice Research Center, shows, and field trips for the general pub­ Language and Literature." RD East Tennessee State U., Johnson City: Frederick A. Elliston; $46,830. To compare lic on three aspects of Philadelphia's social Beaver College, Glenside, PA: Elaine P. Don Hurst; $7,148. To develop software five cases in which scientists or engineers history— the black community, the tradi­ Maimon; $271,796. To conduct two five- programs for automating intellectual and "blew the whistle" on unsafe practices of tion of religious pluralism, and historic vi­ week summer institutes and a national administrative control over archival hold­ their employers to five cases where they sions for the future. AP conference to train 90 faculty members to ings in small and medium-size repositories could have but did not. Results will be dis­ Randolph Technical College, Ashe- use writing more productively in their using micro-computers. RC seminated through scholarly articles, case boro, NC: Glenn Colston; $14,978. To plan courses. EH f i v e Colleges, Inc., Amherst, MA: Ar­ studies, workshops, and conferences. AV public forums, seminars, photographic Case Western Reserve U., Cleveland OH: chibald Lewis; $147,863. To conduct a NSF/P^uj Durbin; $18,250. To support re­ exhibits, and videotapes on the history, Melvyn C. Goldstein; $55,000. To produce six-week institute to strengthen under­ search and a program of courses at the U. art, architecture, values and traditions of the first scientific English-Tibetan diction­ graduate teaching of medieval civilization of Delaware in ethical and value issues textile mill villages in Randolph ary, containing 30,000 entries including in two- and four-year colleges by de­ connected with science and technology, County, NC. PL basic vocabulary and specialized lexical veloping innovative team-teaching and especially in urban affairs, engineering, Research Libraries Group, Inc., Stan­ items relevant to research in the religion, interdisciplinary techniques. EH nursing, and the social sciences. AV ford, CA: John W. Haeger; $167,700 G&M. philosophy, history, and culture of South Fort Mason Foundation, S a n F r a n ­ NSF/Karl Fezer; $12,000. To research the To develop the capacity to include East Asian and Tibet. RT cisco, CA: Robert J. Schwendinger; relationships among the ethics and values Asian research collections in the com­ Columbia U., NYC: Frank MacShane; $152,790. To continue the annual "Festival of scientific thought, other public systems puterized Research Libraries Information $20,000. To produce a one-hour pilot film of the Sea," monthly forums, oral history of thought and private beliefs. AV Network. This will involve adapting the on Vietnamese oral literature as part of a panels, lectures, demonstrations, exhibits, NSF/Bernard Gert; $18,250. To support re­ system to East Asian script. RC film series on world oral literature. PN and media presentations on the Pacific search and a sustained program of courses Society of American Archivists, Cornell U., Ithaca, NY: David K. Wyatt; Coast's maritime heritage. AP in medical, engineering, and business Chicago, IL: Ann M. Campbell; $157,927. $42,068. To microfilm historically and cul­ Georgia Assn. for Retarded Citizens, ethics in professional schools at To train and guide archivists in the philos­ turally important Javanese-language College Park: Michael Morris; $2,500. To Dartmouth College. AV ophy and practice of conservation of non­ manuscripts in an Indonesian repository to plan a project involving youth in research NSF/Maria Ibba; $18,000. To research the print materials. RC preserve and make them accessible to and dissemination of information on the communication process as it relates to in­ Spelman College, Atlanta, GA: Pauline E. scholars. RC historical, literary and philosophical back­ formed consent in medical patient care, Drake; $266,692. To conduct two six-week German Educational Television Network, ground of mental retardation and how it seeking ways to improve the language of summer institutes to help 25 humanities NYC: William Odom; $95,100. To acquire has been regarded in our society. AZ written forms and verbal exchanges with faculty representing at least ten black col­ rights to 50 German television programs G W E T A , Washington, DC: Pamela J. physicians involved in the patient's con­ leges develop or revise interdisciplinary and to produce text materials and video­ Brooke; $85,000 OR; $78,410 G&M. To sent to treatment and experimentation. AV undergraduate courses in southern black tape copies for use in German language in­ produce a series of radio programs, related NSF/Andrew Jameton; $12,000. To re­ culture. EH struction in the U.S. EH writing and research projects for children, search judgments made by health profes­ U. of Iowa, Iowa City: Gertrud G. Harvard U., Cambridge, MA: Horace G. a curriculum guide for teachers, writing sionals about patients' competence to Champe; $2,500. To plan a project to help Lunt; $88,500 OR; $30,000 G&M. To pre­ contests for children, and family and make decisions about their care. Concep­ youth understand how the sky has influ­ pare a dictionary of unconventional Rus­ community activities to integrate culture, tual inquiry and field study in a geriatric enced humanities disciplines such as his­ sian (argot, jargon, slang, and popular history and ideas with children's experi­ ward will result in a paper on judging tory, astronomy, archaeology, philosophy, vernacular) in two forms— an authoritative ences. AZ competence in borderline cases. AV and religion. College campus dormitory Russian-Russian version and an ab­ Huntington Library, San Marino, CA: NSF/Clark U., Roger E. Kasperson; residents will work with elementary and breviated Russian-English version for Daniel H. Woodward; $20,190. To com­ $120,814. To research the value issues in high school students. AZ non-specialists. RT plete a guide to medieval and Renaissance society's response to the problems posed U. of Michigan, Ann Arbor: Kornbluh Northern Illinois U., Dekalb: John F. manuscripts in the Huntington Library, by technological risk, examining the valid­ Hyman; $35,474. To define the field of Hartmann; $4,000. To complete a diction­ the last volume in a four-part set covering ity of current assumptions and moral jus­ American workers' culture in order to ary of Tai Dam, an important minority major areas in the library's collection. RC tifications for the differences in exposure document folklore and other expressive dialect of northern Vietnam. A com­ Indians Into Communications Assn., Seat­ between workers and the public. AV aspects of their culture. AP puterized text-editing system will be used tle, WA: Terry N. Tafoya; $30,000. To pro­ NSF/Helen Longino; $12,000. To research World Without War Council, Inc., NYC: to integrate new material with the 8,000 duce two television programs to convey the consequences of- three views of epis­ Robert Pickus; $24,000 OR; $8,000 G&M. entries already completed. RT American Indian concerns on uranium temology for understanding the role of To enable humanities scholars to help or­ Ohio State U. Research Foundation, Col­ mining on reservations and law and justice ethical and social values in the develop­ ganizations active in the peace effort im­ umbus, OH: Leon I. Twarog; $168,736. To for American Indian prisoners. PN ment of scientific theories and hypotheses, prove educational programs. AP conduct a summer institute to train college Kent Library Assn., CT: Marsden Ep- specifically in the field of biology. AV teachers in the methodology, administra­ worth; $4,913. To plan a public library dis­ NSF Mark Sagoff; $24,000. To research the tion, and development of individualized, cussion program. Participants will read ethical and conceptual problems ecologists self-paced instruction in Arabic, French, books, essays, and articles and view con­ confront in gathering data, presenting evi­ German, Latin, Russian, and Spanish. EH temporaneous films on major issues of dence, building models, and structuring Penobscot Nation, Indian Island, ME: each decade from 1930-1980. PL research in public policy areas. AV Frank T. Siebert; $84,500 OR; $28,000 Library Council of Metropolitan Mil­ NSF/Mark Siegler; $15,000. To research the Charles F. Bahmueller, Santa Cruz, CA: G&M. To compile and publish a complete w aukee, WI: Mary J. Cronin; $162,842. To ethical and value questions essential to $24,727. To produce a new edition of The lexicon of the Penobscot language (an conduct five programs on themes of inter­ understanding the appropriate relation­ Influence of Place and Time in Matters of Eastern Algonquin tribe) with an English- est to Milwaukee's residents to include ship between physicians and patients. AV Legislation by the philosopher and social Penobscot index. RT public forums, media presentations, NSF/U. of Wisconsin, Burr S. Eichelman; theorist Jeremy Bentham to be published Research Foundation of SUNY, Albany: neighborhood tours, and guides to library $17,000. To support a symposium, a ques­ as part of The Collected Works of feremy Peter M. Boyd-Bowman; $31,019 OR; 23 $10,000 G&M. To select, extract, and file National Public Radio, Washington, DC: David Hume's Treatise of Human Nature to To gather information in 11 East Asian and some 350,000 19th-century citations for in­ Joe N. Gwathmey; $70,000. To produce a be distributed on microfiche. RT Pacific countries on manuscript collections clusion in the last of four volumes of lin­ weekly series of 52 radio sketches of Texas Tech. U., Lubbock: Kenneth L. relating to Methodist/Wesleyan denomina­ guistic analysis of Spanish-American American writers over NPR's MORNING Ketner; $11,340. To prepare a computer- tions to result in a directory of repositories documents, from the colonial to the na­ EDITION, each presenting a writer's work assisted concordance for all published and and specialized listings. RC tional period. RT and evoking his environment through unpublished books, articles, and corre­ Research Foundation of SUNY; Albany: drama, documentary and music. PN spondence of the Native American Marianne Mithun; $45,525. To produce Nebraskans for Public Television, Inc., philosopher, Charles Sanders Pierce technical and practical grammars of an Lincoln: William P. Perry; $400,000 OR; (1839-1914). RT Iroquoian language, Cayuga. RT $500,000 G&M. To produce a 90-minute Southern Ute Indian Tribe, Ignacio, CO: dramatization of "The Private History of Tom Givon; $118,000. To study oral, tra- the Campaign that Failed," and "The War Center for Labor Education Film Project, dional tests of the Ute Indian language as Prayer"; a 90-minute program on "The W ashington, DC: Lorraine W. Gray; spoken in Southwest Colorado to interpret Tragedy of Pudd'nhead Wilson; and a $40,080. To plan and write a 60-minute the tribe's cultural traditions through its script for "The Mysterious Stranger" — script for a film on international invest­ folklore. RS programs of the Mark Twain series. PN American Society for Franciscan History, ments in the U.S. and abroad of the in­ U. of Chicago, IL: Erica Reiner; $250,000 Ohio State U., Columbus: Thomas M. Washington, DC: Mathias C. Kiemen; creasing presence of women in the new in­ OR; $250,000 G&M. To prepare for publi­ Woodson; $68,035. To produce a critical $29,708 OR; $10,000 G&M. To research and ternational workforce. PN cation a comprehensive Akkadian (Assy­ edition of Nathaniel Hawthorne's English prepare data for publication of a calendar Cleveland County Technical Institute, rian and Babylonian dialects) language dic­ Notebooks, the observations and records of of all U.S. documents in the Propaganda Shelby, NC: Rebecca A. Howard; $12,997. tionary, combining the functions of a dic­ the author during his residence in Great Fide Archive in Rome, containing all corre­ To plan a country-wide, multimedia pro­ tionary, thesaurus, and encyclopedia. RT Britain, 1853-1857 and 1859-1860. RE spondence from the 1700s until 1908 be­ gram in public libraries using lectures and U. of Michigan, Ann Arbor: Jay L. Robin­ Pennsylvania State U., University Pk: Har­ tween American bishops and Rome. RT the media to explore the relationships be­ son; $507,000 G&M. To continue editorial rison T. Meserole; $94,000 OR; $31,000 B'nai B'rith Klutznick Museum, W ashing­ tween community values and technolog­ work on the Middle English Dictionary, G&M. To extend a cumulative bibliog­ ton, DC: Anna R. Cohn; $78,171 OR; ical change. PL 1100-1500. This 50-year-old project will raphy on Shakespearean scholarship and $20,000 G&M. To interpret a permanent District Council 37 Education Fund Li­ supplement the scholarly treatment of the production for 1900-1958. RT exhibition of the Museum's collection of brary, NYC: Ken Nash; $15,185. To plan a English language begun by the O xford Pennsylvania State U., University Park: Jewish Ceremonial and Folk Art to include project to foster worker exploration of English Dictionary. RT Nicholas A. Joukovsky; $29,484. To pro­ 11 permanent units, each one devoted to their working lives through library re­ U. of Montana, Missoula: Anthony Mat- duce a collected edition of the 250 letters of one of Judaism's major festivals or life­ sources and programs including media tina; $35,500. To continue preparing a the English novelist and poet Thomas Love cycle events. PM presentations, seminars, discussions and computerized dictionary of Colville, a Peacock (1785-1866). RE Diocese of Pennsylvania (Episcopal), exhibits. PL Salishan (North American Indian) lan­ Princeton U., NJ: Samuel L. Hynes; Philadelphia: SCarlett S. Emerson; $1,000. Fairbanks Museum and Planetarium, St. guage of eastern Washington and southern $20,000. To complete a five-volume, criti­ To provide a consultant to help establish Johnsbury, VT: William G. Brown; British Columbia. RT cal edition of Thomas Hardy's work in policies and procedures to organize, pre­ $41,805. To plan an interpretation of sig­ U. of North Dakota, Grand Forks: Demet­ verse. RE serve, and make accessible the records of nificant regional museum collections in the rius J. Georgacas; $175,000 OR; $50,000 Rutland Free Library, VT: Patricia L. the Diocese from the early 18th century. context of Vermont's resources, geophysi­ G&M. To continue composing entries and Bates; $110,835. To present two reading/ RC cal characteristics, values and aspirations. preparing typescript for a comprehensive discussion projects, "Women in Litera­ Paula Gerson; NYC: $10,000. To hold an PM and authoritative Modern Greek-English ture" and "Myths in Marriage," and a international symposium on Abbot Suger, Indiana Library Association, Indianapolis: dictionary. RT poetry and lecture program, "Vermont head of the royal abbey of St. Denis in Elbert L. Watson; $13,260. To plan adult U. of Wisconsin, Madison: Frederic G. Authors," in 20-25 public libraries. PL 12th-century France, focusing on recent programs in selected Indiana public li­ Cassidy; $123,745 OR; $390,214 G&M. To SU N Y , Stony Brook: Stephen Spector; scholarship regarding Suger's contribu­ braries on the theme of "conservation continue research for and preparation of $25,000. To complete a critical and au­ tions to art, architecture, literature, theol­ ethics" conducted by scholars, public li­ the Dictionary of American Regional English, thoritative edition of the N-town Cycle of ogy, and monastic administration. RD brarians and community leaders. PL a basic reference work for all non-status 15th-century English mystery plays, one of Michael M. Gorman; Massa Lubrense, Jewish Museum, NYC: Vivian B. Mann; varieties of American English. RT only four such collections. RE Italy: $32,000. To produce a critical edition $9,906. To produce a 30-minute documen­ U. of Wisconsin, Madison: Lloyd A. Kas- U. of California, Berkeley: Robert H. of Saint Augustine's De Genesi ad litteram, tary film in conjunction with the "Trea­ ten; $148,500 OR; $66,500 G&M. To com­ Hirst; $250,000 OR; $250,000 G&M. To one of his major works and the last of sev­ sures of Danzig" exhibit dealing with plete a major phase of the Old Spanish Dic­ continue work on a 21-volume scholarly eral interpretations he offered for the first genocide, ethics and the transmission of tionary project to include 40,000 entries of edition of the works and letters of Mark three chapters of Genesis. RE culture. PM medieval Alfonsine prose using a sophisti­ Twain. RE Paul J. Meyvaerl; Cambridge, MA: Metrocenter YMCA, Seattle. WA: Matt cated computer-based system. RT U. of Illinois, Urbana: Philip Kolb; $35,000. To produce a critical edition of Cullen; $35,000. To support an event by $50,000. To produce a critical edition of the Gregory the Great's Libellus Responsionum, Seattle's Cityfair Project to celebrate the letters of French novelist Marcel Proust. containing the medieval pope's instruc­ accomplishments of America's cities in RE tions to Augustine of Canterbury while a finding approaches to solve U.S. urban U. of Maine, Orono: Carrol F. Terrell; missionary among the English. RE problem s. AP $43,761. To prepare volume II of a com­ Oklahoma State U., Stillwater: Azim The Middletown Film Project, Inc., NYC: panion to Ezra Pound's The C antos a n ­ Nanji; $20,000. To produce an annotated Peter F. Davis; $1,042,208 OR; $900,000 Brow n U., Providence, RI: Edward A. notating and explicating the numerous al­ translation of selections from the pious G&M. To complete a series of six filmed Bloom; $29,000. To complete an annotated lusions in Pound's work. RT poems, Ginans, of the Nizari Ismailis, an documentaries for a national audience on edition of selected letters written between U. of Maryland, College Park: W. Milne Indo-Muslin sect. The Ginans remained a Middletown,'IN, focusing on family, lei­ 1784-1821 by Hester L. Piozzi, author and Holton; $10,000 OR; $800 G&M. To trans­ living body of- religious works from the sure, education, and other aspects of member of Dr. John's circle. RE late and annotate an anthology of 19th- 14th to the 20th century. RL American life. PN Carnegie Institute, Pittsburgh, PA: and 20th-century Serbian poetry to include Philadelphia Museum of Art, PA: Stella Northern Illinois U., Dekalb: Paul J. Donald G. Adam; $50,000. To present an introductions, an appendix, and a bibliog­ Kramrisch; $250,000 OR; $700,000 G&M. Kleppner; $43,710. To explore significant interpretive program of lectures, films, raphy of poems which have had little ex­ To present a multifaceted exhibit of 143 changes in voter turnout and partisanship musical performances and theater sym­ posure in the U.S. RL works of sculpture and 52 paintings con­ between 1893—1930 in R.I. and the implica­ posia entitled "Shakespeare Lives!" in U. of Maryland, College Park: Shirley S. cerning the Hindu god Siva with an in­ tions for the currently low voter turnout in conjunction with the showing of the Folger Kenny; $40,000. To produce an old- terpretive program including publications, that state. RS Library's "Shakespeare: The Globe and the spelling edition of the Restoration comedy lectures, films, dance and music to expand R utgers U., Piscataway, NJ: William K. W orld." PM plays of George Etherege. RE public awareness of the religious and in­ Powers; $58,677. To support a' study of College of Charleston, SC: Thomas A. U. of Missouri, Columbia: Mary M. Lago; tellectual texture of life in India. PM Sioux (Oglala) music and dance for an in­ Tenney; $47,500 OR; $15,500 G&M. To $37,500. To prepare a calendar that will Presbyterian Historical Society, Philadel­ terpretive culture-history of music and complete research for Mark Twain: A serve as the only complete directory to the phia, PA: William B. Miller; $46,628. To dance styled of the Pine Ridge Indian Res­ Documentary Life, a skeleton biography and estimated 10,000 letters of 20th-century complete processing the archives of the ervation in South Dakota. RS indexed daily record of the American au­ British novelist, E. M. Forster. RT National Council of Churches of Christ in SANE Education Fund, Philadelphia, PA: thor's life. RT U. of Missouri, Columbia: Thomas D. the U.S. — the largest collection of manu­ Robert K. Musil; $14,805. To produce the Concord Free Public Library, MA: Rose M. Cooke; $9,899. To hold a symposium on scripts, publications, and correspondence pilot for a series of 13 half-hour radio Mitten; $61,224. To catalog and prepare a 14th-century literary studies. Six eminent on the 20th-century American Protestant documentaries on Americans at Work guide to a collection of some 2,850 books scholars in medieval English, French, movement. RC which will examine how and where Ameri­ by, about, owned or used by members of German, Italian, Latin, and Spanish will Religion and Ethics Institute, Inc., cans work and how beliefs and values the 19th-century Transcendentalist literary present papers on the present state of Evanston, IL: Howard M. Teeple; $20,000. about work shape our institutions. PN movement. RC scholarship in their respective fields. RD To produce six slide programs with ac­ Southern Growth Policies Board, Res. Tri. Hofstra U., Hempstead, NY: William A. companying lectures and bibliographies on Pk., NC: E. Blaine Liner; $100,000. To McBrien; $57,292. To research and write a the ancient Near Eastern background of bring together leading public and private critical biography of Stevie Smith, a 20th- the Old Testament. EH officials for the articulation of fundamental century English poet and novelist, focus­ Society of Biblical Literature, social and political issues. AP ing on the relationship between Smith and Richmond, VA: Gene M. Tucker; $8,200. Syracuse U., NY: K. C. Morrison; $35,568. her work. RO To present addresses by nine international To study Afro-American participation in Kent State U., OH: Sydney J. Krause; American Council of Learned Societies, scholars at a conference on the present rural electoral politics in Mississippi to test $40,000. To complete a six-volume critical NYC: Frederick Burkhardt; $120,000 OR; status of biblical studies to be published hypotheses relating to differences in edition of the novels and short fiction of $30,000 G&M. To research and edit the subsequently as a volume of essays. RD political activities in rural communities Charles Brockden Brown, America's first final volumes in a complete edition of the U. of New Mexico, Albuquerque: Thomas with Afro-American leadership. RS professional author. RE works of American philosopher and psy­ R. Lyons; $15,000. To prepare a script for a U . of Hartford, CT: Gwen Anderson; Jill L. Levenson; Ontario, Canada: chologist William James. RE 90-minute documentary film' about the $82,849. To produce a 30-minute film and a $16,500. To produce a companion to the Brandeis U., Waltham, MA: Alfred L. Ivry; Penitente Brotherhood of New Mexico, study guide examining the issues of loca­ Alfred Harbage-S. Schoenbaum Annals of $6,000. To produce an annotated transla­ Colorado and of Spain. PN tion, regionalism, and the disparities that English Drama, 975—1700, providing a tion, with commentary and glossary, of U. of Washington, Seattle: John S. Haw­ divide city and suburbs as typified in the comprehensive, chronological account of the 12th-century Islamic philosopher Av- ley; $75,000 OR; $15,000 G&M. To produce Greater Hartford region. AP the sources of each play. RT erro es' Middle Commentary on Aristotle's a critical edition of the Sursagar, a large U . of Missouri, Columbia: William B. Louisiana State U., Shreveport: Robert C. "De Anima. " RL collection of devotional verse attributed to Bondeson; $8,000. To hold a national sym­ Leitz; $88,950. To produce a comprehen­ Loyola University, Chicago, IL: Thom as E. the 16th-century Hindi poet Surdas ad­ posium on "The Concept of Person and Its sive, annotated edition of some 1,200 let­ Wren; $15,000. To produce a computerized dressed primarily to the god Krishna. RE Implications for the Use of the Fetus in ters by the late 19th- and early 20th- concordance, index, and frequency count World Methodist Historical Society, Lk. Biomedicine" to result in publication of a century American writer Jack London. RE of the 18th-century English philosopher Junaluska, NC: Homer L. Calkin; $8,050. volume useful to the humanities, 24 medicine, and the public health field. RD $323,000 OR; $200,000 G&M. AY Youthgrants U. of New Mexico, Albuquerque: James B. Public Committee for the Humanities in AZ Youth Projects Wright; $50,153. To document the changes P e n n ., Philadelphia: Carol L. Brown; Education Programs in the social, psychological, economic and $581,151 OR; $150,000 G&M. EC Consultants spiritual fabric of Hopi and Navajo Indians South Dakota Committee for the ED Implementation as they deal with the disputed Humanities, Brookings: John Whalen; EH Higher Education/Regional-National Congressionally-mandated relocation. AP Delaware Humanities Council, W il­ $324,000 OR; $150,000 G&M. EP Pilot U. o f Pennsylvania, Philadelphia: Thomas mington: Judy G. Just; $309,000 OR; Texas Committee for the Humanities, Ar­ ES Elementary and Secondary P. Hughes; $7,619. To hold a conference to $60,000 G&M. lington: Robert O'Connor; $602,000 OR; Planning and Policy Assessment plan editing and publication of the papers Indiana Committee for the Humanities, $300,000 G&M. OP Planning and Assessment Studies of Elihu Thomson, an inventor and indus­ Indianapolis: Alan Shusterman; $430,000. Utah Endowment for the Humanities, Salt Public Programs trial scientist at the turn of the century. Massachusetts Foundation for Lake City: Delmont Oswald; $318,000 OR; PL Libraries RD . Humanities, U. of MA, Amherst: $40,000 G&M. PM Museums and Historical Organiza­ Y a le U ., New Haven, CT: Leonard Nathaniel Reed; $439,000 OR; $20,000 Vermont Council on the Humanities, tions Thompson; $149,842 G&M. To continue G&M. Hyde Park: Victor R. Swenson; $320,000 PN Media scholarly research into the problems of ra­ Mississippi Committee for the OR; $50,000 G&M. Research Programs cial conflict in southern Africa and to dis­ Humanities, Jackson: Cora Norman; RC Research Resources seminate the results to the general public $363,000 OR; $30,000 G&M. RD Conferences and American decision-makers. RO Missouri Committee for the Humanities, Capital letters following each grant show the RE Editions Y W C A , Oklahoma City, OK: Lillie M. St. Louis: Robert Walrond; $418,000 OR; division and the program through which the RL Translations Richardella; $23,331. To involve multi­ $30,000 G&M.' grant was made. RO Basic Research ethnic youth in developing a slide program Montana Committee for the Humanities, Special Programs RP Publications and project manual presenting an investi­ Missoula: Margaret Kingsland; $333,682 AD Special Projects RS State, Local and Regional Studies gation of the American woman's changing OR; $20,000 G&M. AP Program Development RT Tools role in society and her emergence into the North Dakota Committee for the AV Science, Technology and Human professions. AZ Humanities, Bismarck: Everett Albers; Values

and Realities: Getting an NEH Grant

Ed. note: Ms. Peacock, who recently directed the REALITY: The times I have heard this phrase munities that understood the need for the pro­ Montana Multicultural History Project, was an cannot be counted. Knowing how to find the ject, thought that it would work and, in the NEH staff member from 1974 to 1978. A writer and proper funding source for a proposal and then process, strengthen the humanities in some consultant, she now resides in Missoula, Montana. how to write it persuasively requires thought way. Others, supported by even such important and work, not art or magic. It is The Myth folks as members of Congress, were often re­ Ubiquitous, uttered and believed from the halls jected. The key to remember is that success or Once upon a time, when I was an NEH of universities to the stacks of little libraries in rejection depends upon the intrinsic worth of program officer, there were proposals that re­ rural towns. It is another way of saying "we the project as it is indicated in your proposal. vealed all too clearly how powerful myths about don't know how to do it; therefore, it is mys­ Keep in mind that at NEH decisions about grant making and grant getting are. Many terious." funding are not made by staff. They are made months, miles, and long conversations about Unfortunately, this myth is strengthened by people like you — from across the NEH later, people have convinced me—even and perpetuated by grantspeople, who make country—who have only one purpose in re­ more than their proposals once did— that many their livings knowing how to do it. Abandon the viewing a proposal: to discern its merits as an of them are befuddled by the NEH grant- idea as it may discourage you from working to­ NEH project. These people have no self-interest making process. Through their candid questions ward your goals. in the projects before them, and they are very and comments, they have made clear that there much aware that they are recommending use of is much confusion in many places about what MYTH: "What really matters is who you know." tax dollars from the very few available for work constitutes a good proposal in general, and in in the humanities. particular, what NEH will think is good enough REALITY: This is simply wrong. It can be said Briefly, from near or far, by mail, phone, or to fund. and believed only by someone who is unin­ in person, directly or by surrogates, arm twist­ Most of us like mythology; some of us pre­ formed about or who completely misun­ ing doesn't work. Quality does. fer it to reality. But, when it comes to writing derstands the NEH grant-making process. Or successful grant proposals, believing in myths who finds it an easy explanation for having MYTH: "You have to know the right jargon." can be genuinely damaging. Left un-debunked, failed to obtain an award. The results of ac­ they can diminish the motivation to apply or cepting this idea as truth are almost always de­ REALITY: You do have to know the right lan­ can impair the ability of planners and writers to structive: you may not apply at all, assuming guage, intelligible prose— the clearer and more think clearly or write persuasively when they do the cause is hopeless because you have no concise, the better. apply. strings to pull, or you may apply assuming that In this regard, not much has changed since Some of the most common and powerful of "someone" will be able to carry a weak proposal Jonathan Swift advised the proper words in the the myths about submitting proposals to NEH successfully through the system. proper places. If the idea is good and has been will be identified and separated from reality In many meetings of panels and of the Na­ well thought out, the words will surely follow. here, so they can be scratched forever from your tional Council on the Humanities, I saw pro- A clearly written proposal should be your goal. list of things to do to obtain funding. posals funded that had only the support that Forget the idea that you must define the really counts— that of the individuals, review­ humanities and convince people— over and MYTH: "Grantsmanship is an art." ers or panelists from organizations or com­ over again— of their value. 25 Give your peers credit for knowing their for the programs. However, proposals are not profession and for believing in it. Most of your rejected merely on the grounds that they are in "gentle readers” operate full time on the pre­ an area that is either new to NEH or of a type mise that the humanities are crucially impor­ that already has received substantial funding. tant. If you are puffing up your prose with un­ Good proposals in competition with excel­ necessary terms (“humanistic perspectives,” lent ones sometimes fail, because there just isn't Notes & "lay humanists,” "neighborhood humanists," enough money to fund them. But, proposals "philosophical" thises and thats), you are judged excellent by reviewers are almost always wasting your time and undercutting your own funded (sometimes with less funds than were chances to succeed. You are also doing your originally requested) even if monies need to be News readers a disservice, and you risk taxing their shifted within the NEH budget. patience and good will. Some proposal writers seem to be convinced that the more times the MYTH: "The amount and kind of money re­ word "humanities" (or a form of it) appears, the quested has a lot to do with getting an award." greater their chances are of obtaining a grant. at NEH That equation doesn't work. As always, good REALITY: The budget should be appropri­ ideas, clearly stated, are far more persuasive. ate—reasonable and necessary to meet the goals of the project. Challenge Grants MYTH: "If you can get to know the staff per­ It is your responsibility to inform yourself New guidelines in the Challenge Grant Program sonally, you've got it made." of the game's rules. If, for example, there is a now permit three types of humanities institu­ stated upper limit on grants of the sort you tions to apply for a second Challenge Grant. REALITY: Wrong. NEH staff do not decide who want, it is foolish to exceed that limit. Watch Until now, institutions have been limited to a will get awards. They do not advocate for or out for two misconceptions that may confuse single, three-year grant of up to $1.5 million. against proposals to panels or to the National you: 1) the fewer dollars you request, the more The three types of institutions eligible for Council. They simply present proposals to re­ likely you are to get an award; and 2) if you ask additional grants are major research libraries, viewers, and subsequently, summarize those for Gifts and Matching, rather than Outright, repositories of important humanities records peoples' judgments and recommendations for dollars you are more likely to succeed. The and collections with special conservation needs, consideration by the National Council and the availability of both types of money varies from and independent centers for advanced study in Chairman of the Endowment. quarter to quarter and from one fiscal year to the humanities. For better or worse, your proposal will be another. Second Challenge Grants are intended to judged on its own merits— or lack of them. Whatever you decide to do, remember that achieve the same goals established for first-time your budget should reflect a responsible ap­ awards: to broaden the base of support, secure MYTH: "Contact with NEH staff is pointless, so proach to spending, and recognition of what is financial stability and provide the means of why bother?" necessary to deliver an excellent project. The more effective financing of an institution's pro­ Endowment, of course, wants dollars to go as grams and activities. They are limited to REALITY: Wrong. It isn't pointless at all. Early far as possible, but it also seeks to support and $750,000 over three years. Grants for conserva­ contact with NEH staff— and it need not be in encourage excellence. tion projects are limited to $150,000 over three person— enables you to take advantage of the A cheap project that promises to accom­ years. open invitation in most divisions to discuss ap­ plish little is unlikely to succeed, as is a project An institution must complete its first Chal­ plications prior to submission. The main reason with an unrealistically high budget. Your odds lenge Grant before applying for a second. for doing this is that you can benefit from the are not improved by concentrating on the budg­ The next deadline for Challenge Grant ap­ staff person's knowledge of objectives and et's size as much as they are by devoting your­ plications is May 1, 1981; applicants should priorities, as well as procedures. Based on their self to designing the best possible project at the submit a notice of intent by March 15, 1981. experience with many proposals and projects, lowest possible cost. Awards will be announced in December, 1981. they can give you valuable advice that can result in a stronger proposal. MYTH: "If you fail, give up. You can't beat the Admission to NEH-supported exhibitions Writing proposals consumes time, and re­ system." Museums applying for temporary exhibition jection is, for most people, demoralizing, if not support may now suggest a reasonable public embarrassing. You can better avoid delay and REALITY: Wrong again. There is no conspiracy admission fee to help defray the cost of the rejection if you tend to matters the staff know to prevent you from getting funding. There is exhibition. Applications for grant support are important to those who will recommend no diabolical plot to make you waste your time should indicate the proposed fee in order to en­ funding and strengthen your argument for fed­ or suffer. Although it isn't flawless, the system able the Endowment's panelists, staff and eral support in advance of NEH action. is designed to avoid capriciousness and bias, Council to determine whether the fee is reason­ For example, staff know what panelists and and to spend the people's money wisely. able enough to permit broad attendance by the the National Council are likely to look at If you believe your project is needed and in­ general public. closely, and to consider strengths or weak­ trinsically good, and can work if funded, then Cultural institutions will be encouraged to nesses. They might tell you that some of your find out why it was rejected. Sometimes good provide at least some hours each week for free budget items will appear to be unrealistic in proposals aren't funded because others are even admission. The policy change is effective comparison with other, similar projects. Re­ better. Sometimes, the proposal contains seri­ January 15, 1981, the next application deadline sponding to this advice is up to you. In any ous, but correctable flaws. You may or may not for the Museums and Historical Organizations case, staff contact will give you the opportunity agree with the explanation you get, but you can Program. to improve the odds of applying successfully. make an informed judgment about revising In addition, staff may refer you to another your proposal and trying again. And if you do Division of Fellowships and Seminars program, division, or agency whose goals more revise and resubmit, you may be able to im­ nearly coincide with your own; you may be in­ prove your chances of success. With a reorganization of its administrative formed about others working on similar projects However, if you have doubts about the need structure this summer, the Division of Fellow­ from whom you can learn. And, SURPRISE. for or excellence of your proposal, then do give ships became the Division of Fellowships and You may discover that, behind that bureaucrat's up. Scrap it. Please. Efforts to obtain money just Seminars. The reorganization emphasizes the desk, there is a real person who also cares about because it is there are obvious, as are those that two-fold offerings in that division: support for the humanities and the work you consider im­ reflect lack of thought and planning. Processing independent study and opportunities for study portant. applications costs time and money: not a bit less in seminars under the guidance of noted schol­ for a feeble effort than for a model application. ars. MYTH: "NEH doesn't give awards fo r _____ " Save tax dollars, and spare yourself and The Division has changed only in its ad­ (Fill in the blank: your discipline, approach, in­ others distress, if you really don't think your ministration, not in the number or kinds of pro­ stitution, etc.) idea and your plan of action are more than just grams offered. Division Director James H. "O K ," if you don't believe that it is excellent Blessing and Deputy Director Guinevere L. REALITY: Distribution of funds is not rigidly and genuinely worthy of public support. Griest are now aided by Maben Herring, assist­ predetermined on the basis of institutions, dis­ ant director for fellowships, and will eventually ciplines, geographical locations, etc. It is true obtain an assistant director for seminar pro­ that certain amounts of money are earmarked — Valerie S. Peacock grams. 26 doubtedly make all members of the "academy" serve the right to decide what their children feel discomfort, and, one might add, it is not should be taught in their public schools? This is likely that they would be much more comforta­ not to say, of course, that parents and teachers ble with a course of study endorsed by the are not as "fallible and uninspired" as bureau­ A.H.A.'s Teaching Division. But even if all of crats. But clearly they are the least of many "the mythic and politicized" components were evils. miraculously removed, the problem of what Parents are, properly, the final determiners positive elements to include remains. of history class content, but that does not mean Featherstone concludes his comments by that history classes must indefinitely go on in emphasizing the importance of the teacher in the bland, one-damn-thing-after-another, all this problem of texts. I believe his observations too common fashion. are absolutely sound. He says, There is hope because the most important There is a sense that teachers are passive determinant of the history content of any class and what comes across in the classroom is is not the text, not the state board of education only what the textbooks have to offer . . . or state legislature, and certainly not the My sense is that . . . the teachers make a A.H.A.'s Teaching Divisiqn, but the teacher. good deal out of the text. The variety of Where bureaucrats intrude in order to insure 'Revising America" Revisited teaching practice dealing with these mate­ that particular points of view are presented in a rials is extremely great . . . Lurking in the history class, whether the views represent My own experience in teaching history for background . . . is a sense that the really ethnic minorities, democratic free enterprise, twenty-five years confirms FitzGerald's best curriculum materials would be, in (March/April Humanities) observations and some way, teacher-proof— that an endrun the United Auto Workers, or the Sierra Club, it judgments at almost every point. I read with by scholars with ingenious materials would is only the teacher who can save the course satisfaction FitzGerald's conclusion about peda­ get around the basic relationship between from the "confused and divided social portrait gogical thinking: "that definite answers are teachers and children in a classroom. drawn by the texts." much more attractive than indefinite ones, even The key question is: who should decide the We may all take heart from the fact that if the questions are indefinite . . . and that . . . content of the text and of American history whatever the failings of our particular bureauc­ it is practically impossible to prove or disprove classes? The answer is an old one and the only racies may be, it is no small virtue of bureaucra­ any educational proposition in a scientific fash­ one. Parents and teachers must decide. Those tic systems that the intent of the persons at the ion . . ." The skeptical humanist's observation, who would prescribe textbook and history top can be modified or frustrated by those at the that in pedagogy as in preaching, success is course content obviously feel that parents and bottom. It follows, therefore, that the thrust of largely dependent on the degree of conviction teachers are incompetent to make those deci­ history teaching reform should be directed not and certitude with which pronouncements are sions. But as Jefferson said many times in many toward the history texts or the curriculum de­ made on matters of faith surely applied, and different ways, . . legislators and rulers . . . mands of special interest groups, but toward such skepticism is appropriate as we assess the have set up their own opinions and modes of the traditional humanistic education of teachers N.E.H. panel discussion of history texts. thinking as the only true and infallible ..." and their students. In that direction we have a Sklar suggests the "politicized and mythic only to haye history prove them false. And, long, long way to go, but at least the road and components" of the textbooks are a proper con­ "sometimes it is said that man can not be the goals are clear. cern of the American Historical Association's trusted with the government of himself. Can he Teaching Division. Lacy notes in his wise com­ then be trusted with the government of — Graham P. Hawks ments that a federally funded and endorsed others?" Can there be any doubt that Jefferson Department of History, Cpurse of study in American history would un­ also would have argued that parents must pre­ Westem Michigan University

Humanities has provocative articles by distinguished writers and scholars, in­ formation about NEH programs and projects, details of recently awarded NEH grants, discussion of vital humanities issues, Dustjackets—bibliographic es­ says, and a growing readership of people who want to know what's new in humanities scholarship, public programming, education and research. Some contributors to Humanities are: James Baldwin • Robert N. Bellah • Bruno Bettelheim • John W. Blassingame • Marshall Cohen • Joseph (Jay) Featherstone • George Barnard Forgie • Eugene D. Genovese • Barbara Haber • Dan Lacy • Robert Jay Lifton • Joyce Carol Oates • Robert E. Osgood • Leslie Howard Owens • Janice A. Radway • Jay W. Ruby • Kathryn Kish Sklar • Catharine R. Stimpson For active participants in the world of thought, Humanities is required reading! SUBSCRIBE TODAY!

27 About the authors . . . Herbert G. Gutman is Mari Jo Buhle is as­ Eugen Weber has been professor of history at sistant professor of dean of the College of the Graduate School American civilization Letters and Science at and University Center and history at Brown the University of of the City University University. Since re­ California, Los of New York. Among ceiving her Ph.D. from Angeles, since 1977. his major publications the University of Wis­ Educated at Cambridge are Work, Culture and consin in 1974, she has and the Paris Institut d' Society in Industrializing taught and written Etudes Politiques, his America (1976), The: about the history of writings include a Black Family in Slav- v­ women in American study of French ery and Freedom (1976), and Slavery and the ^society with special emphasis on the role of royalism, Action Francaise (1962), Varieties of Facism Numbers Game (1975). A pioneering labor histo­ women in the American labor movement. Her (1964), and a textbook: A Modern History of Europe rian, Mr. Gutman has been called one of the so­ first book, Women and American Socialism: 1870- (1971). His most recent work, Peasants Into cial historians "who has done the most to ques­ 1920, will be published by the University of Il­ Frenchmen (1976), won a Phi Beta Kappa's Ralph tion the specialized compartments of historical linois Press next year. Ms. Buhle says that the Waldo Emerson Prize. A Fellow of the American scholarship and to propose new conceptual "public anxiety" generated by the contempo­ Academy of Arts and Sciences, Mr. Weber is also models that cut across the divisions of labor his­ rary women's movement is not unique to our professor of history at UCLA, where he teaches tory, urban history, (and) immigration history, own times. She compares and contrasts the up­ and writes mostly about nineteenth- and and so on.” "Sartre's emphasis on 'what man surge of the number of women in today's labor twentieth-century Europe. As both teacher and does with what 'one' has done to him,"'says force with a similar occurrence almost a dean at one of the nation's largest undergraduate Gutman, "redefines the important questions we hundred years ago. The public reaction to the liberal arts colleges, he is in a unique position to should ask in studying the history of dependent impact of women's wage labor on family life comment on "What Should A College Student American social classes." Mr. Gutman both asks and morality then and now is also discussed in Learn?" Page 14. and answers some of those questions in his "A Century of Working Women," Page 5. essay on Page 1. Edwin J. Delattre is the newly elected president of St. John's College, Annapolis, Maryland, and Sante Fe, New In the next issue ... Mexico. This small, lib­ eral arts college has de­ liberately limited its en­ Challenges of the Eighties rollment to create a "community of schol­ JOSEPH D. DUFFEY, NEH chairman, on the challenges in public support for ars" and, since 1937, the humanities, has devoted its curriculum to a study of Great LAWRENCE WILLIAM TOWNER, director and librarian, Newberry Library, Books. Mr. Delattre was formerly director of the Chicago, on using public funds to generate private dollars, National Humanities Faculty, whose mission is to ANN RUSSELL, director, New England Document Conservation Center.. improve the teaching of humanities in schools Andover, Massachusetts, on preserving and conserving the humanities in and colleges. His articles and lectures have em­ print . . . phasized the responsibilities of the educator and are drawn from his experience in teaching ethics, plus epistemology, and American philosophy. Mr. Delattre offers a plan for the acquisition of "criti­ DUSTJACKETS THE STATE OF Thoughts on stretching the federal dollar • • cal intelligence" in his answer to the question THE STATES • more RECENT NEH GRANT AWARDS • DEADLINES FOR "What Should a College Student Learn?" Page 15. GRANT APPLICATIONS • and more features on NEH plans, projects and programs.

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