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Click Here to Download the PDF File THE CHALLENGES OF CREATING SOCIAL CAPITAL AND INCREASING COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION IN A DIVERSE POPULATION: IMPLICATIONS FOR THEORY, POLICY AND PRACTICE BASED ON A CASE STUDY OF A CANADIAN HOUSING CO-OPERATIVE By Marika Morris, B.A. (Highest Honours), M.A., Carleton University A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Canadian Studies Carleton University OTTAWA, Ontario August, 2010 ©Marika Morris 2010 Library and Archives Bibliothèque et ?F? Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de l'édition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington OttawaONK1A0N4 OttawaONK1A0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre référence ISBN: 978-0-494-7056 1 -2 Our file Notre référence ISBN: 978-0-494-70561-2 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant à la Bibliothèque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par télécommunication ou par l'Internet, prêter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des thèses partout dans le loan, distribute and sell theses monde, à des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non- support microforme, papier, électronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriété du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protège cette thèse. Ni thesis. Neither the thesis nor la thèse ni des extraits substantiels de celle-ci substantial extracts from it may be ne doivent être imprimés ou autrement printed or otherwise reproduced reproduits sans son autorisation. without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformément à la loi canadienne sur la Privacy Act some supporting forms protection de la vie privée, quelques may have been removed from this formulaires secondaires ont été enlevés de thesis. cette thèse. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires aient inclus dans in the document page count, their la pagination, il n'y aura aucun contenu removal does not represent any loss manquant. of content from the thesis. 1*1 Canada ABSTRACT This study documents the challenges and potential solutions to building social capital and increasing community participation across income, race, ethnicity, language, immigration status, physical and mental health and ability, age, family status, gender and sexuality. As a mixed-income social housing project diverse in these different ways, the Shefford Cooperative in Ottawa, Canada provided the ideal case study environment. Challenges to building social capital and increasing participation included: ideologies of exclusion, insufficient communication and conflict resolution skills and mechanisms, and the fast-paced and higher standard realities of urban, industrial life that are leaving those with poorer social skills behind. It is impossible in urban, industrialized societies for everyone to share the same norms, nor is it desirable. Often people who are marginalized are expected to adapt to majority norms, which causes tension. Issues of power and internalized oppression matter in social capital formation. Diversity itself is not an impediment to building social capital, but rather judgments and structural exclusion that have a negative socioeconomic impact. This study proposes the notion of status capital as a subset of social capital. When judging whether to trust others or engage in or deepen a relationship with someone, the other person's status is evaluated. ii Some strategies that can mitigate the challenges of building social capital and increasing participation in diverse communities include: creating free neighbourhood conflict resolution centres, which would offer mediation services, referral to other community services, and free communications skills and conflict resolution skills workshops and certification; building social and economic inclusion through literacy, universal programs, and respectful services; building an ideology of inclusion through consultation with excluded groups about how this might be achieved; investing in early childhood development so that every person has the best chance to develop good social and communication skills to their full potential; promoting mental wellness; and outreach to isolated individuals and groups. The study used mixed methods: in-depth interviews with 25 out of 48 Shefford co-op members collecting both quantitative and qualitative data, 10 key informant interviews, participant-observation over a period of five years, policy analysis of the Ontario Social Housing Reform Act, and autoethnography. Ill ACKNOWLEGEMENTS First, I would particularly like to thank my supervisor Dr. Fran Klodawsky for her remarkable degree of support throughout this process. I would also like to thank the other committee members, Dr. Elizabeth Whitmore and Dr. Susan Wurtele, for their patience in sticking with me through this long process. I need to thank the funders who contributed to making this project a reality, in particular the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council for a Doctoral Fellowship, the Carleton University Graduate Students Association for the Student-Parent Award, and Carleton University and the generous donors of the following awards and scholarships: Charlotte Whitton Fellowship in Canadian Urban Life, Rudelle Hall Memorial Scholarship, Thomas Betz Memorial Award, Robert McDougall Scholarship, John Lyndhurst Kingston Memorial Scholarship, Naida Waite Graduate Scholarship, Irene Ethel Cockburn Bursary, and the Jeffrey D. MacLean Bursary. Mary Casaubon and Lori Dearman were the Canadian Studies graduate administrators who were unlucky enough to deal with all the paperwork I generated, and did so without complaint. The following employers and clients also financially supported me through this thesis process, and my interesting and relevant work for them during this project helped to shape my analysis: the Canadian Research Institute for the Advancement of Women, Pauktuutit Inuit Women of Canada, MATCH International, Canadian Museums Association, Council of iv Ontario Faculties of Medicine, Health Canada, Public Safety Canada, and Public Works and Government Services Canada. I particularly wish to thank Brett Kubicek and Cheryl Wadasinghe at Public Safety Canada for their support and encouragement. I owe a debt of gratitude to the friends and colleagues who kept me (relatively) sane during this period of grueling isolation and renewed my spirit with their faith that I could finish this project: Lise Martin, Aileen Leo, Donica Belisle, Katie Cholette, Ruth Bankey, Patricia Willoughby, Sara Torres, Ann-Marie Julien, and Marlene Laroque. I make special mention of two online groups that helped me enormously: my Academic Ladder writing group made up of other mothers of small children spanning two, and at times three, continents, all of whom were also struggling to complete a Ph.D. in a chronically sleep-deprived state; and my friends on Facebook who alleviated my isolation, boredom and stress. Upon completion of this dissertation, I must now repay huge debts of time and good humour to my long-suffering spouse Gilles Beauchamp and daughter Athena. This dissertation is dedicated to the participants in this research, members of the Shefford Heritage Housing Co-operative, for teaching me so much about themselves, myself, and how social capital works. I want to thank them for the gifts of their time, thoughts and lives, and hope that the results of this dissertation may be useful to them as well as of keen interest to scholars. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Abstract ii Acknowledgements iv Table of Contents vi List of Tables xi List of Figures xii List of Abbreviations xiii List of Appendices xiv Chapter 1: Introduction 1. Background 1 2. Research question, objectives and process 6 3. The Shefford Heritage Housing Co-operative 11 4. Style and organization of the thesis 20 Chapter 2: Social capital theory 1. Introduction: Definitions of social capital 23 2. Key elements of social capital 28 2.1 Trust 29 2.2 Social networks 32 vi 2.3 Civic participation 34 2.4 Shared norms 35 3. The rise and fall of social capital 37 3.1 Factors associated with decline in social capital 37 3.2 Factors associated with the creation and maintenance of social capital 42 3.3 Mixed evidence on social capital in Canada 46 4. Social capital, power and social change 52 4. 1 Social capital and economic development 53 4.2 Social capital community development and cooperatives 54 4.3 Feminist and intersectional analyses of social capital theory 59 5. Conclusion 67 Chapter 3: Methodology 1 . Introduction: Methods commonly used in social capital studies 70 2. An interdisciplinary mixed methods approach 73 2. 1 Research instruments 79 2.2 Research and data collection process 82 2.3 Data analysis and interpretation 88 3. Ethical dilemmas and limitations 91 3.1 Concerns and ethical dilemmas 92 3.2 Payment of participants 95 3.3 Positionality 98 4. Conclusion 102 vii Chapter 4: Participation and social capital building strategies 1 . Introduction 1 03 2. Participation and social capital data 107 2. 1 Member participation data 107 2.2 Members' social capital 116 2.3 Members' suggestions
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