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DOCUMENT RESUME ED 0G4 090 SE 013 663 TITLE Skylab, Space

DOCUMENT RESUME ED 0G4 090 SE 013 663 TITLE Skylab, Space

DOCUMENT RESUME

ED 0G4 090 SE 013 663

TITLE , , Space Benefits Today and Tenorrow, INSTITUTION National Aeronautics aad Space Alministration, Wasnington, D.C. PUB EATE 72 NOTE 15p.

EDRS PRICE MF-$0.65 HC-$3.29 DESCRIPTORS Aerospace Education; *Aerospace Technology; Astronomy; * Science; *Federal Programs; Instructional Materialt-4 Pamphlets

ABSTRACT The pa:aphlet "Skylab" describes very generally the kinds of activities to be conducted with the Skylab, America's first manned . "Space Shuttle" is a pamphlet which briefly states the benefits of the Space Shuttle, and a concise review of present and future benefits of spar,'e activities is presented in the pamphlet "STIace Benefits Today and Tomorrow." (PR) Cal% U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION SI WELFARE OFFICE OF EDUCATION THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEENREPRO- DUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROM THE PERSON OR ORGANIZATIONORIG- INATING IT POINTS OF VIEW OR OPIN- C.) IONS 3TATED DO NOT NECESF RILY REPRESENT OFFICIAL OFFICE OF EDU- C) CATION POSITION OR POLICY

Ilr Skylab will be the first The Skylab workshop is America's first manned space flight program developed manned space station. In its 390 cubic- specifically to carry activities and equip- meter (13,000 cubic-foot) interior, three- ment aimed at improving man's life on man crews will conduct nearly sixty Earth. experiments during space missions which Skylab will evaluate systems and tech- will last as long as 56 days. NASA has niques designed to gather information on invited world wide participation in analyses Earth's resources and environmental and interpretation of the resulting data. programs. Remote sensing of Earth from space is Skylab's solar will substan- a potentially effective technique for con- tially increase man's knowledge of our servation of naturil resources on a global and the multitude of solar influences on scale, and for better understandina and Earth's environment. management of the interaction between Medical experiments performed aboard man and these natural resources. System- Skylab will increase knowledge of man atic application of remote sensing tech- himself and his relationship to his Earthly niques over large areas of the Earth will be environment and adaptability to space undertaken from Skylab. Remote sensing flight. will be used for mapping geographic and Additionally, Skylab will experiment with features, crop and forestry cover, Industrial processes which may be en- health of vegetation, types of soil, water hanced by the unique weightless, vacuum storage in snow pack, geologic features environment of space. associated with surface or near-surface re=

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2. mineral deposits, sea surface temperature, quantities of clean power on Earth. wind and sea conditions, and the location Astronomizal observatories on Earth are of likely feeding areas for fish. hampered by our atmosphe(e which blocks Skylab will fly over the entire United most X-ray and ultraviolet from States except Alaska, and its flight path our Sun and the stars. Skylab will operate will cover about 75 percent of the at an altitude of about 375 kilometers (235 Earth's surface Fikylab will repeat miles) where there is no atmospheric its track every five days during the 8-month interference and solar and stellar radia- lifetime of the Skylab Program. tions can be clearly observed. There are a number of science experi- The solar astronomy experiments are ments that will provide data in the natural expected not only to increase knowledge science fields of: cosmic radiation; stellar about the Sun but also to open new doors astronomy; micrometeoroid quantities and to basic knowledge that will eventually composition; and in the nature of low light contribute to mankind's benefit. Since so phenomena associated with the interaction much of what happens on Earth depends between Sun-ejected particles and the on the Sun, Skylab's solar astronomy Earth's magnetic field and atmosphere. experiments can prove vital to mankind's The life science experiments are aimed fuiu re. Study of the Sun can contribute to at increasing knowledge about how life unlocking the secret of controlled atomic processes are affected by the spaceenvi- fusion, which is the source of the Sun's ronment. Primarily, scientists are interested energy and which could provide great in identifyino the precise mechanisms that change the chemistry of the human body Command/ when Earth's gravity is absent. Th;sknowl- edge is important not only in determining if how to control advzfrse reactions during long space flights but it also can contribute iffito4* to an understanding of life processes, + which are basic t,..) treating human illness. Solar Array Manufacture of products not possible on tor Telescope Earth may be possible in zero gravity 1.471111k (weightless) conditions. Casting of perfect AiiiligirtrAk .4 ,it..;.:Niqr spheres, growth of pure crystal structures, and development of high strengthmaterials itit4ltiiii6010 SM.Ian are some of the spacemanufacturing

+1 artiPto up. .iit techniques to be tested. ommouo for oppowo wools Skylab wiH also lay a groundwork NOMPrn+11+ lelluSou= upoomor otiosou lownw. powwow future, more permanent space stationsand tompoo zoom+ Ornmou+ +sopa+ woope optpouu oweemo imam towomo for the years-long manned missionsto 411111111Miit 101.11kowe theient other planets of our solar sysiam,when Skylab's Solar Array they are undertaken. Some of for Workshop Orbital Workshop experiments are aimed at improving struc- tures and equipment for spaceoperations, designing more habitablespacecraft and learning how to maneuver and work inside vehicle will place the Skylab into Earth a space station. orbit. Unlike previous manned space flight The next day a manned modified Com- programs, Skylab provides a means for mand/Service Module (CSM), much like rescue, should trouble occur. A the one used in the lunar explora- Command/Service Module (CSM) similar tion program, will be sent into Earth orbit to the one in which will com- by the smaller 1B . mute to and from Skylab can be modified On board the CSM will be Skylab's first into a rescue vehi.3le accommodating five three-man crew. The crew will dock the rather than three crewmen. Two astronauts CSM with the Skylab. The crew will then can pilot the modified CSM to Skylab and activate Skylab. bring back Skylab's three crewmen. In Skylab, the crew will be able to work Skylab will operate in space for about and relax unencumbered by space suits. eight months during which time there will Its facilities will enable the astronauts to be three manned missions separated by eat, sleep, wash, exercise, and work for two periods of unmanned operation. The peflods of up to 56 days in space. Skylab's first mission wiil begin in the spring of living space is about that of a small two- 1973 with two launches from Kennedy bedroom house. Space Center, Florida. After four weeks in space, the crew will The first launch will be unmanned. The return to their CSM, pull away from the first two stages of a launch rest of Skylab, and go through the

SKYLABMI4IONPLAN

Saturn Vlau4hesSkylab into orbit.

Saturn 18 launches crew to rendezvous with Skylab for 28-day mIsision. Other crews will be launched later for 58-day missions. After each mission, crew returns to Earth by parachute descent. :ace the Skylab into Earth sequence of , parachute descent, and in the West y a manned modified Com- Atlantic Ocean. There, a recovery force o. Module (CSM), much like will pick up the crew. in the Apollo lunar explora- About sixty days later, another crew will will be sent into Earth orbit be launched in a CSM into orbit. This crew r Saturn 19 iaunch vehicle. will conduct Skylab experiments for eight CSM will be Skylab's first weeks before returning to Earth. '.)W. The crew will deck the Some thirty days after the return of the Skylab. The crew will then second crew, a third crew will be rocketed b. up to Skylab. This Irew will also conduct he crew will be able to work experiments for 56 days before returning ,ncumbered by space suits. home. ill enable the astronauts to SKYLAB STUDENT PROJECT ish, exercise, and work for The Skylab Student Project was designed to to 56 days in space. Skylab's stimulate interest in science and technology. it 3 about that of a small two- resulted in submissions by United States secondary se. school students of several thousand proposals for space experiments and demonstrations for Skylab. veeks in space, the crew will A limited number of the expariments proposed by CSM, pull away from the the students will be conducted on Skylab in the ,and go through the course of Skylab missions.

NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION us with Skylab WASHINGTON, D.C. 20546 be launched mission, crew

GPO : 1972 0 -45c)-254 U,S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION & WELFARE OFFICE OF EDUCATION THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEENREPRO- DUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVEDFROM THE PERSON OR ORGANIZATIONORIG- INATING IT POINTS OF VIEW OR OPIN IONS STATED DO NOT NECESSARILY REPRESENT OFFICIAL OFFICE OFEDU CATION POSITION OR POLICY

Li 4Pria. SHUTTLE It \A cra Wi The Space Shuttle will be a space thE transportation system designed to sat carry out various missions in Earth or- an bit at a fraction of the cost of present lay systems. It will consist of two stages, wh a booster for launch from Earth, and wh an airplane-like manned reusable First, the space shuttle is needed to thi orbiter for flight into orbit where it do useful things. The shuttle will be will conduct space missions. Then, able to send most unmanned appli- the orbiter will be flown back to land cations into orbit; for ex- "T at a conventionally sized airstrip. ample, communications, weather, ce an Four main reasons why the space navigation, Earth resources observa- ter shuttle is important have been pre- tion and military space- sp sented by Dr. James C. Fletcher, craft. fa NASA Administrator. for SPACE SHUTTLE USES an ern COMMUNICATIONSk WEATHER cat OBSERVA7 IONS wil 011N shL Pre EARTH RESOURCES MANUFACTURN,IG SURVEYS IN SPACE Se to ple NATIONAL DEFENSE ha a s SCIENTIFIC INTERNATIONAL lau KNOWLEDGE COOPERATIOh NAVIGATION sp The uses of the space shuttle will include launching of unmanned int spacecraft into orbit for missions such as those indicated. les sp It will also launch scientific space- craft for study of space near and far. With the shuttle, men will supervise the laurt-h .-ind placement of the satellites will 'oe able to service and repair them as needed. Thus, launch vehicle and failures, which require the construction of a whole new satellite, will become First, the space shuttle is needed to things of the past. do useful things. The shuttle will be 1,.s able to send most unmanned appli- cations spacecraft into orbit; for ex- "The United States should pro- ample, communications, weather, ceed at once with development of navigition, Earth resources observa- an entirely new transportation sys- tion satellites and military space- tem designed to help transform the craft. space frontier of the 1970's into familiar territory, easily accessible for numan endeavor in the 1980's and 1990's ..The continued pre- eminence of America and Ameri- )NS WEATHER OBSERVATIONS can industry in the aerospace field .4: win be an important part of the `A.Ott t shuttle's payload." President Richard M. Nixon, January 5, 1972. MANUFACTURING IN SPACE Second, the space shuttle is needed to make space operations less com- plex and less costly. Today, NASA NATIONAL DEFENSE has to mount an enormous effort for a space mission. And the costly ()INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION launch vehicle is used but once. The NAVIGATION space shuttle will launch payloads will include launching of unmanned into Earth orbit at costs substantially ons such as those indicated. less than the expense of current space operations. The key to this costreduction is that major parts of theshuttle systemare reused rather thanthrown away. Such a next step inspace is appro- priate and logical. Afterall, a trans- continental airliner isnot discarded after a single trip.The shuttle will greatly reduce thecost and difficulty of preparing payloadsbecause of its easier environment,its volume and weight capacity and itscapability for retrieval and repair. Third, the shuttle isthe only mean- ingful new mannedspace program which can be accomplishedon a modest budget. Manhas worked hard to achieve freedomof mobility on land and sea, and in theair. In the past dozenyears, he has gained the freedom ofspace. The Space Shuttle will exteri,:fman's ability to do useful work insr,,;c- while contribut- ing toeconorai O space operations.

The Space Shuttl6will make launei- ing of payloadsinto Earth orbita virtually routineevent. Fourth, the shuttlewill encourage far greater participation inspace flight. With the shuttle'seasy and routine access to space, scientists,engi- neers and astronauts will beable to go into orbit to supervise andcheck on their space experiments.You don't have to bean astronaut to ride the Space Shuttle. Healthy individ- and r its booster and go into orbit under uals will be able to withstand the mild its own power. When it accomplishes mild forces of acceleration and de- its mission, its pilots will fire :ts rock- The celeration experienced when the ets tc ;ilow it down, fly it through the to fol shuttle is launched and reenters the atmosphere, and land it like an air- grou atmosphere. In addition, the shuttle plane on a jet size airstrip. right will be built and pressurized so that (110C passengers such as scientists, engi- The deita-winged manned orbiter will b neers and others will be able to dde will be about the size of a DC-9 air- hund in ordinary clothing, as in an airliner. plane. The cargo compartment, Also by lowering the cost of space which can accommodate experi- The E operations, the shuttle will encour- ments and passengers, will be about read) by th age more nations to participate in 41/2 meters (15 feet) in diameter and be u: space activities. Such joint experi- up to 18 meters (60 feet) long. The smal ments, joint enviroomental monitor- orbiter will be able to carry cargo It wil ing, and perhaps other joint enter- and/or passengers weighing in total orbit prises will contribute toward making as much as 29,500 kilograms (65,000 own the benefits of pounds). available to all people. The shuttle orbiter crew will consist and c The shuttle will be launched verti- of two pilots and twn flight engi- cally. The orbiter will separate from neers. Maximum G forces on launch The e in ITIC divid

SPACE SHUTTLE MISSION PROFILE deca

NATIO AERON AND SPACE WMHIP

Alh-_ and reentry will be no more than a its booster and go into orbit under mild 3G. its own power. Wheri it accomplishes its mission, its pilots will fire its rock- The shuttle after entry will not have ets to slow it down, fly it through the to follow a ballistic trajectory to the atmosphere, and land it like an air- ground. It will be able to maneuver plane on a jet size airstrip. right or left some 1760 kilometers (1100 nautical miles). Each orbiter The delta-winged manned orbiter will be designed for reuse up to a will be about the size of a DC-9 air- hundred times. plane. The cargo compartment, which can accommodate experi- The Space Shuttle is expected to be ments and passengers, will be about ready to play its major role in space 41/2 meters (15 feet) in diameter and by the end of this decade. It will then be used to launch all but the very up to 18 meters (60 feet) long. The smallest and very largest payloads. orbiter will be able to carry cargo and/or passengers weighing in total It will send some spacecraft into orbit from which the spacecraft's as much as 29,500 kilograms (65,000 own would send them into pounds). higher orbits or toward the The shuttle orbiter crew will consist and other planets. of two pilots and two flight engi- neers. Maximum G forces on launch The shuttle represents an investment in mankind's future. It can provide dividends that will continue for

5ION PROFILE decades to come.

NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION WASF4INGTON, D.C. 20546

U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE ! 1972 468-744 10 0 & DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION & WELFARE OFFICE OF EDUCATION THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRO- DUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROM THE PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIG INATING IT POINTS OF VIEW OR OPIN- IONS STATED DO NOT NECESSARILY REPRESENT OFFICIAL OFFICE OF EDU CATION POSITION OR POLICY

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Way andinorrotr "The Congress hereby declares that it is Communications sto aro the policy of the United States that activities The Earth-revolving clo in space should be devoted to peaceful pur- has within a decade progressed from novelty to an poses for the benefit of all mankind." operational tool. Every television viewer knowsthat he sees and hears events occurring across continents Section 102 (a) and oceans because of. satellite relay. Onecommuni- PA cations satellite transfers 9,000 phonecalls, 12 color National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958 television programo, or any combination,between North and South America, Europe and Africa. Relay Why is the United States Exploring Space? costs approximate $4,000 perchannel per year com- pared with $25,000 per year by submarinecable. The Space Act of 1958 adopted by the Con- 1 Dwight D. Eisenhower gress and signed by President vmm ..owNN\ determined that the nation would develop and utilize space transportation systemsfor the acquisition of knowledge, for national defense, and in the interest of peace. The law established the foundation for a two- fold program. One is conduct,.xl by the Department of Defense and is related to protecting the nation from attack through space. The other is condmted by the National Aeronautics and Space Administra- thm in the pursuit of knowledge and the application th of that knowledge to benefit mankind. fo Our progress today, as in the past, depends Tele- A upon exploration of unknowns. Seventy-six nations own the International communicationsSatellite Consortium,forwhich sa has 42 to What Has the United S,ites Accomplished? NASA places satellites in orbit. The network ground stations in 29 countries, leases2,000 circuits F, full time and relays 1,000 hours oftelevision around st, The charge piaced upon Defense and NASA by tr the Congress in 1958, and supported by succeeding the world every year.Its financial success alone demonstrates the commercial potentialof space. p( Administrations an.1 Congress since thee , -Nuked in the development of rockets, engines, launch t Weather at guidance systems, data acquisition systems, tracking at and communications systems, and spacecraft which The most significant advances inweather report- ti could perform effectively in a largely unknown envi- ing of this century, perhaps evensince the invention et ronment over vast distances, and some of which in achieved through progressive combination could transport men and their Earth of the barometer, were development of meteorologicalAatellites to a fully N. environment to and from the Moon. data to the Na- All of these things have been accomplished by operational system which supplies tional Weather Service. the integrated efforts of Government, science, and Global weather reporting throughinternational dt U. S. industry. participation has been expandingfor 75 years, but, r a weather a New Tools for Mankind until the advent of weather satellites, the information carne from less than 20 percent ofEarth. vi The prodigious research, development and man- The other 80 percent, primarily the oceans, was cover- ufacturing effort harne,sed by Government under the ed only by scattered observations. cc. In the early 1960s, the tAade terms of the Space Act has spawned many tools rt useful to mankind and placed at man's disposal new possible observat'on of the entire surface of Earth on technology which will be applied here and abroad to an all-encompassingbasis. What the satellite saw and measured was immediately transmitted to ground sta- en producenovel and better products for society. data on 8) Advances in computers, miniaturization, electronics, tions, permitting the expert interpretation of exotic materials, and many other by-products have a timely basis.Today's orbiting spacecraft, equipped become part of our way of life almost without with cloud cover cameras, enable man to observe sc. the atmosphere continuously and to track severe Ii recognition. la storms.Four satellites, properly spaced above and Agiculture around Earth, would monitor nearly all of Earth's tellite cloud cover all the time. Aerial photography ushered in a new era of to an crop and forest observation, but its capabilities were vs that limited when compared to those of the satellite. The inents orbiting device permits regular, periodic observation in routine operation from distant, all-inclusive views color which can make use of multi spectral scanners, infra- tween red sensitive film, television and conventional photo. Relay graphic techniques. com- e. e

Fifty nations use the information provided by With the aid of satellites and their remote sen- the network of U. S. satellites, launched by NASA schs, man canbetter manage crop and timber for the National Oceanoffiaphic and Atmospheric resources.lie can monitor the state of their health, if Tele- Administration.During die next decade, advanced determine the best time to plant and harvest for which satellites and computer networks will provide reliable maximum yields, detect potential damage to crops has 42 long range weather predictions of two weeks or longec from blight or infestation, help improve land use, Hrouits Eventuallythe weather satellite could be one of inventory crops during growth, and have advance around several devices which will make possible weather con- warning of drought, erosion and floods. alone trol and modification.The satellites observe air NASA is forging ahead in developing Earth pollution as well and can become an invaluable tool resources sensing systems in cooperation with theU.S. in reporting the transport and diffusion of pollutants Department of Agriculture,the U. S. GeAogical and the effects of weather and climate in its creation Survey, and many State Governments. The possible and dissipation. Land, sea, air and space transporta- report- applications of satellite observation cover a wide tion operations will proceed with enhance'1. safety and field: vention efficiency because of timely and reliable weather data. ressive Range surveys Crop disease and insect a fully Navigation detection he Na- Forest fire detection Agricultural develop- Navigation of ships and aircraft requires the ment projects determination of exact position, the direction and s, but, rate of movement from one point to another, and the Land use changes Watershed and hydro- .ather ability to communicate that information. Navigation logic studies Farth. via satellite fills this need admirably. Crop identification Forest disease and cover- systems can provide global insect invasion coverage and are practicallyinvulnerable to weather, available day or night, and provide instantaneous Soil classification Crop acreage control made programs irth on response. .1w and Earth orbiting satellites discern ship and air- Natural vegetation Forest species identifi- nd sta- craft positions much more accurately than earlier cation lata on .,;--fernsSuch a capability is vital for traffic control Flood control survey Recreation site nipped in today's fast-moving environment of air traffic. With evaluation ,bserve satellite assist, ground controllers can pinpoint a jet severe liner's position within approximately one mile. Wildlife habitat Irrigation development Astronomy distinctive signature across a spectrum of wave lengths, Bonuses not unlike the fingerprints of man. Photography by The Earth's obscuring atmosphere has limited film sensitive to these provides hitherto The spin( the effectiveness of astronomical observations since unavailable information concerning natural resources. from new indus Galileo's time. By transferring observation equipment Thus with the proper use of this information, a pat- Medicine to space, outside Earth's envelope, man has acquired tern of resource supply can be matched with resource aries of space n the capibilitytoinvestigatecelestial mechanisms demands. engineering for which affect life on this planet. Through space-borne observation, our geologic to space creat have discovered additional X-ray knowledge investigates Earth's composition, structure, teehniyies. emissions from various regions of space, detecteu stratigraphy and history.Geologic features can be Dry, spra ultraviolet and soft X-ray energies coming front the mapped regionally. Eventually, with the help of laser ing an electroci Sun, and discerned radio waves emanating from Earth reflectometers carried to the Moon by Apollo, we can a hospital. Sen that resemble waves which appear to be coming from develop methods for monitoring and predicting natu- can be inserted Jupiter. ral disturbances such as earthquakes and volcanic up- without interf( heavals. living cell analy Mineral resources iron, copper, gold and blood counts, non-metallic deposits sand, gravel, limestone, oil movement of and gas can be detected and measured from space. monitors cardia Electromagnetic energy and the electricalpro- A new t reinforced witi I L perties of rocks and terrain are even more effectively observed from space than from the limited height of corrosive and vi aircraft observation. Gemini and Apollo photographic spray foam is observations provided the first, all-inclusive views of An a!uminized the Himalayas and the Andes, the practical applica- thick becomes tions of locating new oil deposits in Australia, and a An electr photo mosaic of Peru more accurate than any map. ships and auto, Oceanography packaging meat refloat sunken s Two-thirds of Earth is covered by oceans. They A fire resistan can be seen in their vastness only from a distant point resilient gamr . in space. Just such a view can be utilized to increase of an inch thit our understanding of the oceans, to utilize them as a An anti-skiddin medium of transport, to detect their influence on Computer pro weather and limate, and to evaluate them as food diverse uses as sources. ternfor airlim Several techniques of collecting oceanic data by market transae satellite are in use or development: Other and _ *dr been catalogue( 16111.11.21e State of the sea relationship between wave in many fields height and wind force astronomy, and Thermal conditions and temperature of the sea salesman abroth -saw. surface our good will, the world. Subsequent space projects will further assist Sea ice one of the first oceanographic features pictured by the first U. S. meteorological satellite, The trans astronomy by carrying instruments of larger size and space explorati( enhanced capabilities. From this research and investi- TIROS, in 1960 Location of currents and water by ther- eidence. The po gationwill come a better understanding of the them. Universe, and the Earth-Sun-Moon relationships which mal characteristics and coloration affect ()lir lives. Mapping coastal areas an aid in detection of shifts in shoreline resulting from flood and storm Earth Resources Movement of biological phenomena inthe JOHN F oceans, discernible by heat or color, implies a possible A new and comprehensive view of Earth's relationship between concentrations of fish and ma- resources is offered man for the first time from space. rine organismsof great value to commercial fishing Every chemical element reflects or radiates a and the wise use of resources. 14 distinctive signature across a spectrum of wave lengths, Bonuses not unlike the fingerprints of man. Photography by film sensitive to these radiations provides hitherto The spinoff of space technology runs the gamut unavailable information concerning natural resources. from new industries to better smoking pipes. Thus with the proper use of this information, a pat- Medicine has been one of the biggest benefici- tern of resource supply can be matched with resource aries of . The merging of bioseience and demands. engineering forced by the demands of adapting man Through spacc-borne observation, our geologic to space created many new medical devices and knowledg;e investigates Earth's composition, structure, techniques. stratigraphy and history.Geologic features can be Dry, spray-on electrode techniques permit tak- mapped regionally. Eventually, with the help of laser ing an electrocardiogram in the ambulance enroute to reflectometers carried to the Moon by Apollo, we can a hospital. Sensors smaller than the head of a pin develop methods for monitoring and predicting natu- can be inserted into a vein to measure blood pressure ral disturbances such as earthquakes and volcanic up- without interfering with circulation.An automatic heavals. living cell analyzer can produce almost instantaneous Mineral resources iron, copper, gold and blood counts. A switch can be operated by the eye non-metallic deposits sand, gravel; limestone, oil movement of a paralyzed patient. A unit and gascan be detected and measured from space. monitors cardiac patients in intensive care. Electromagnetic energy and thelectrical pro- A new type of pipe, built of plastic mortar, perties of rocks and terrain are even more effectively reinforced with fiberglass,is light, thin-walled, non observed from space than from the limited height of corrosive and virtually indestructible. A polyurethane aircraft observation. Gemini and Apollo photographic spray foam is used to insulate the hull of a tuna ship. observations provided the first, all-inclusive views of An aluminized plastic half a thousandth of an inch the Himalayas and the Andes, the practical applica- thick becomes an emergency blanket. tions of locating new oil deposits in Australia, and a An electromagnetic hammer is used to build photo mosaic of Pem more accurate than anyinap. ships and autos.There is a new plastic material for Oceanography packaging meat.Foamed resins have been used to refloat sunken ships. Better adhesives bond auto trim. Two-thirds of Earth is covered by oceans. They A fire resistant material transforms into soft and can be seen in their vastness only from a distant point resilient garments.Semi-conductors three-sixteenths in space. Just such a view can be utilized to increase of an inch thick contain more than 1,000 circuits. our understanding of the oceans, to utilize them as a An anti-skidding device has been ap2lied to trucks. medium of transport, to detect their influence on Computer programming has been adapted to such weather and climate, and to evaluate them as food diverse uses as an instant flight and reservations sys- sources. tem for airlines and the rapid handling of stock Several techniques of collecting oceanic data by market transactions. satellite are in use or development: Other and less tangible spinoffs from space have been catalogued. Basic knowledge has been enriched State of the sea relationship between wave in many fields in biosciencefi, physics, , height and wind force astronomy, and engineering. Space has been our best Thermal conditions and temperature of the sea salesman abroad. It has demonstrated our capabilities, surface our good will, and enhanced U. S. prestige throughout Sea ice one of the first oceanographic features the world. pictured by the first U. S. meteorological satellite, The transfer of new knowledge derived from TIROS, in 1960 space exploration continues both by intent and coin- Location of currents and water masses by ther- cidence. The possibilities exceed our ability to predict mal characteristics and coloration them. Mapping coastal areas an aid in detection of shifts in shoreline resu!ting from flood and storm Movement of biological phenomena in the JOHN F. oceans, discernible by heat or culor, implies a possible NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND relationship between concentrations of fish and ma- SPACE ADMINISTRATION rine organisms of great value to commercial fishing and the wise use of resources. NASA/PAFR NOV/71 14 15

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