And Ground-Based Observations of Pulsating Aurora
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Jets Downstream of Collisionless Shocks
Space Sci Rev (2018) 214:81 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-018-0516-3 Jets Downstream of Collisionless Shocks Ferdinand Plaschke1,2 · Heli Hietala3 · Martin Archer4 · Xóchitl Blanco-Cano5 · Primož Kajdicˇ5 · Tomas Karlsson6 · Sun Hee Lee7 · Nojan Omidi8 · Minna Palmroth9,10 · Vadim Roytershteyn11 · Daniel Schmid12 · Victor Sergeev13 · David Sibeck7 Received: 19 December 2017 / Accepted: 2 June 2018 / Published online: 21 June 2018 © The Author(s) 2018 Abstract The magnetosheath flow may take the form of large amplitude, yet spatially local- ized, transient increases in dynamic pressure, known as “magnetosheath jets” or “plasmoids” among other denominations. Here, we describe the present state of knowledge with respect to such jets, which are a very common phenomenon downstream of the quasi-parallel bow shock. We discuss their properties as determined by satellite observations (based on both case and statistical studies), their occurrence, their relation to solar wind and foreshock con- ditions, and their interaction with and impact on the magnetosphere. As carriers of plasma and corresponding momentum, energy, and magnetic flux, jets bear some similarities to bursty bulk flows, which they are compared to. Based on our knowledge of jets in the near Earth environment, we discuss the expectations for jets occurring in other planetary and B F. Plaschke [email protected] 1 Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria 2 Present address: Institute of Physics, University of Graz, Graz, Austria 3 Department of -
Earthrise- Contents and Chapter 1
EARTHRISE: HOW MAN FIRST SAW THE EARTH Contents 1. Earthrise, seen for the first time by human eyes 2. Apollo 8: from the Moon to the Earth 3. A Short History of the Whole Earth 4. From Landscape to Planet 5. Blue Marble 6. An Astronaut’s View of Earth 7. From Cold War to Open Skies 8. From Spaceship Earth to Mother Earth 9. Gaia 10. The Discovery of the Earth 1. Earthrise, seen for the first time by human eyes On Christmas Eve 1968 three American astronauts were in orbit around the Moon: Frank Borman, James Lovell, and Bill Anders. The crew of Apollo 8 had been declared by the United Nations to be the ‘envoys of mankind in outer space’; they were also its eyes.1 They were already the first people to leave Earth orbit, the first to set eyes on the whole Earth, and the first to see the dark side of the Moon, but the most powerful experience still awaited them. For three orbits they gazed down on the lunar surface through their capsule’s tiny windows as they carried out the checks and observations prescribed for almost every minute of this tightly-planned mission. On the fourth orbit, as they began to emerge from the far side of the Moon, something happened. They were still out of radio contact with the Earth, but the on- board voice recorder captured their excitement. Borman: Oh my God! Look at that picture over there! Here’s the Earth coming up. Wow, that is pretty! Anders: Hey, don’t take that, it’s not scheduled. -
RECOVERY HELICOPTERS by John Stonesifer
RECOVERY HELICOPTERS By John Stonesifer The planning throughout the Mercury, Gemini, Apollo, Skylab, and Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (ASTP) programs to recover astronauts from a water landing after returning from space was to use helicopters operating from a carrier-type ship positioned in the Planned Landing Area. Early Mercury flights (Shepard, Freedom 7; Grissom, Liberty Bell 7; Glenn, Friendship 7) were supported by Marine squadrons using UH34D helicopters (Photo #1) operating from carrier-type ships for the Atlantic ocean recoveries. Carpenter’s flight, Aurora 7 following Glenn’s orbital flight, was again planned to land in the Atlantic and be supported by the Marine helicopters aboard the USS Intrepid. Recovery support for Carpenter’s landing rapidly changed when it was learned the spacecraft landed approximately 250 miles downrange from the Planed Landing Area. The landing was beyond the range for the Marine helicopters to immediately depart for the landing area. Aboard the Intrepid was a squadron of the larger, faster, greater- range SH-3A Sea King helicopters (Photo #2) that were just recently introduced to the fleet. Their mission during this deployment was primarily to practice their role of anti- submarine warfare while at sea en route to the assigned recovery station. However, when information became available that Carpenter was a considerable range downrange, decisions were made to utilize the SH-3A helicopters rather than the UH34D helicopters to fly to the landing. The swim teams and photographers quickly transferred their gear to the SH-3As and they sped to the scene. At the scene, pararescue jumpers had already parachuted from an Air Force plane to install the flotation collar and render assistance to Carpenter in his raft. -
Skylab Attitude and Pointing Control System
I' NASA TECHNICAL NOTE SKYLAB ATTITUDE AND POINTING CONTROL SYSTEM by W. B. Chzlbb and S. M. Seltzer George C. Marshall Space Flight Center Marshall Space Flight Center, Ala. 35812 NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION WASHINGTON, 0. C. FEBRUARY 1971 I I TECH LIBRARY KAFB, NM .. -, - ___.. 0132813 I. REPORT NO. 2. GOVERNMNT ACCESSION NO. j. KtLIPlbNl'b LAIALOb NO. - NASA- __ TN D-6068 I I 1 1. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5. REPORT DATE L February 1971 Skylab Attitude and Pointing Control System 6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE __- I 7. AUTHOR(S) 8. PERFORMlNG ORGANlZATlON REPORT # - W... -B. Chubb and S. M. Seltzer I 3. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS 10. WORK UNIT NO. 908 52 10 0000 M211 965 21 00 0000 George C. Marshall Space Flight Center I' 1. CONTRACT OR GRANT NO. Marshall Space Flight Center, Alabama 35812 L 13. TYPE OF REPORY & PERIOD COVERED - _-- .. .- __ 2. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AN0 ADORES5 National Aeronautics and Space Administration Technical Note Washington, D. C. 20546 14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE -. - - I 5. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES Prepared by: Astrionics Laboratory Science and Engineering Directorate ~- 6. ABSTRACT NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center is developing an earth-orbiting manned space station called Skylab. The purpose of Skylab is to perform scientific experiments in solar astronomy and earth resources and to study biophysical and physical properties in a zero gravity environment. The attitude and pointing control system requirements are dictated by onboard experiments. These requirements and the resulting attitude and pointing control system are presented. 18 .- 0 1 STR inUT I ONSmTEMeNT Space station Control moment gyro Unclassified - Unlimited Attitude control -~ 9. -
Through Astronaut Eyes: Photographing Early Human Spaceflight
Purdue University Purdue e-Pubs Purdue University Press Book Previews Purdue University Press 6-2020 Through Astronaut Eyes: Photographing Early Human Spaceflight Jennifer K. Levasseur Follow this and additional works at: https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/purduepress_previews This document has been made available through Purdue e-Pubs, a service of the Purdue University Libraries. Please contact [email protected] for additional information. THROUGH ASTRONAUT EYES PURDUE STUDIES IN AERONAUTICS AND ASTRONAUTICS James R. Hansen, Series Editor Purdue Studies in Aeronautics and Astronautics builds on Purdue’s leadership in aeronautic and astronautic engineering, as well as the historic accomplishments of many of its luminary alums. Works in the series will explore cutting-edge topics in aeronautics and astronautics enterprises, tell unique stories from the history of flight and space travel, and contemplate the future of human space exploration and colonization. RECENT BOOKS IN THE SERIES British Imperial Air Power: The Royal Air Forces and the Defense of Australia and New Zealand Between the World Wars by Alex M Spencer A Reluctant Icon: Letters to Neil Armstrong by James R. Hansen John Houbolt: The Unsung Hero of the Apollo Moon Landings by William F. Causey Dear Neil Armstrong: Letters to the First Man from All Mankind by James R. Hansen Piercing the Horizon: The Story of Visionary NASA Chief Tom Paine by Sunny Tsiao Calculated Risk: The Supersonic Life and Times of Gus Grissom by George Leopold Spacewalker: My Journey in Space and Faith as NASA’s Record-Setting Frequent Flyer by Jerry L. Ross THROUGH ASTRONAUT EYES Photographing Early Human Spaceflight Jennifer K. -
Gram, No In-Depth Cross-Correlation of the Voluminous Multidisciplinary Data Has Been Possible
SKYLAB: A BEGINNING NationaZ Aeronautics and Space Ahinistration I Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center "The Eagle has landed; Tranquillity Base here." This simple and now historic message of July 20, 1969, marked the attainment of perhaps the greatest peacetime goal in the history of man. It fulfilled President Kennedy's directive issued some 8 short, hectic years earlier, when he proclaimed on May 25, 1961 : "I bel ieve we should go to the moon . before this decade is out." It marked the culmination of a technically complex engineering accomplishment that began with Mercury and continued uninterrupted through Gemini and prelunar Apollo. The ultimate goal of these efforts was a manned lunar landing. None of these programs had as a major objective the detailed study of man's biomedical responses to the space environment, except in the broadest sense of survival and the ability to live and work effectively in that environment. Nevertheless, throughout each program, information con- cerning man and his new surroundings was obtained wherever possible and whenever practicable, ever mindful of the time constraints imposed by the lunar landing goal and the weight limitations of the launch vehicles. In these few days, the preliminary biomedical results of NASA's Skylab effort have been presented to you. A major goal of Skylab was to learn more about man and his responses to the space environment for missions lasting up to 84 days. The results are necessarily prelimin- ary, for in the short time which has elapsed since the end of the pro- gram, no in-depth cross-correlation of the voluminous multidisciplinary data has been possible. -
Spaceport News John F
Aug. 9, 2013 Vol. 53, No. 16 Spaceport News John F. Kennedy Space Center - America’s gateway to the universe MAVEN arrives, Mars next stop Astronauts By Steven Siceloff Spaceport News gather for AVEN’s approach to Mars studies will be Skylab’s Mquite different from that taken by recent probes dispatched to the Red Planet. 40th gala Instead of rolling about on the By Bob Granath surface looking for clues to Spaceport News the planet’s hidden heritage, MAVEN will orbit high above n July 27, the Astronaut the surface so it can sample the Scholarship Foundation upper atmosphere for signs of Ohosted a dinner at the what changed over the eons and Kennedy Space Center’s Apollo/ why. Saturn V Facility celebrating the The mission will be the first 40th anniversary of Skylab. The of its kind and calls for instru- gala featured many of the astro- ments that can pinpoint trace nauts who flew the missions to amounts of chemicals high America’s first space station. above Mars. The results are Six Skylab astronauts partici- expected to let scientists test pated in a panel discussion dur- theories that the sun’s energy ing the event, and spoke about slowly eroded nitrogen, carbon living and conducting ground- dioxide and water from the Mar- breaking scientific experiments tian atmosphere to leave it the aboard the orbiting outpost. dry, desolate world seen today. Launched unpiloted on May “Scientists believe the planet 14, 1973, Skylab was a complex CLICK ON PHOTO NASA/Tim Jacobs orbiting scientific laboratory. has evolved significantly over NASA’s Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution (MAVEN) spacecraft rests on a processing the past 4.5 billion years,” said stand inside Kennedy’s Payload Hazardous Servicing Facility Aug. -
A Profile of Space Weather
A Profile of Space Weather Space weather describes the conditions in space that affect Earth and its technological systems. Space weather is a consequence of the behavior of the Sun, the nature of Earth’s magnetic field and atmosphere, and our location in the solar system. The active elements of space weather are particles, electromagnetic energy, and magnetic field, rather than the more commonly known weather contributors of water, temperature, and air. The Space Weather Prediction Center (SWPC) forecasts space weather to assist users in avoiding or mitigating severe space weather. Most disruptions caused by space weather storms affect technology, With the rising sophistication of our technologies, and the number of people that rely on this technology, vulnerability to space weather events has increased dramatically. Geomagnetic Storms Induced Currents in the atmosphere and on the ground Electric Power Grid systems suffer (black-outs) Pipelines carrying oil, for instance, can be damaged by the high currents. Electric Charges in Space Solar Radiation Storms Satellites may encounter problems with the on- board components and electronic systems. Hazard to Humans Geomagnetic disruption in the upper atmosphere High radiation hazard to astronauts HF (high frequency) radio interference Less threathening, but can effect high-flying aircraft at high latitudes Satellite navigation (like GPS receivers) may be degraded Damage to Satellites Satellites can slow and even change orbit. High-energy particles can render satellites useless (either temporarily or permanently) The Aurora can be seen in high latitudes Impact on Communications HF communications as well as Low Frequency Navigation Signals are susceptible to radiation storms. HF communication at high latitudes is often impossible for several days during radiation storms Space Weather Prediction Center The Space Weather Prediction Center (SWPC) Forecast Center is jointly operated by NOAA and the U.S. -
An Overview of the Space Physics Data Facility (SPDF) in the Context of “Big Data”
An Overview of the Space Physics Data Facility (SPDF) in the Context of “Big Data” Bob McGuire, SPDF Project Scientist Heliophysics Science Division (Code 670) NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Presented to the Big Data Task Force, June 29, 2016 Topics • As an active Final Archive, what is SPDF? – Scope, Responsibilities and Major Elements • Current Data • Future Plans and BDTF Questions REFERENCE URL: http://spdf.gsfc.nasa.gov 8/3/16 2:33 PM 2 SPDF in the Heliophysics Science Data Management Policy • One of two (active) Final Archives in Heliophysics – Ensure the long-term preservation and ongoing (online) access to NASA heliophysics science data • Serve and preserve data with metadata / software • Understand past / present / future mission data status • NSSDC is continuing limited recovery of older but useful legacy data from media – Data served via FTP/HTTP, via user web i/f, via webservices – SPDF focus is non-solar missions and data • Heliophysics Data Environment (HpDE) critical infrastructure – Heliophysics-wide dataset inventory (VSPO->HDP) – APIs (e.g. webservices) into SPDF system capabilities and data • Center of Excellence for science-enabling data standards and for science-enabling data services 8/3/16 2:33 PM 3 SPDF Services • Emphasis on multi-instrument, multi-mission science (1) Specific mission/instrument data in context of other missions/data (2) Specific mission/instrument data as enriching context for other data (3) Ancillary services & software (orbits, data standards, special products) • Specific services include -
The Magnetosphere-Ionosphere Observatory (MIO)
1 The Magnetosphere-Ionosphere Observatory (MIO) …a mission concept to answer the question “What Drives Auroral Arcs” ♥ Get inside the aurora in the magnetosphere ♥ Know you’re inside the aurora ♥ Measure critical gradients writeup by: Joe Borovsky Los Alamos National Laboratory [email protected] (505)667-8368 updated April 4, 2002 Abstract: The MIO mission concept involves a tight swarm of satellites in geosynchronous orbit that are magnetically connected to a ground-based observatory, with a satellite-based electron beam establishing the precise connection to the ionosphere. The aspect of this mission that enables it to solve the outstanding auroral problem is “being in the right place at the right time – and knowing it”. Each of the many auroral-arc-generator mechanisms that have been hypothesized has a characteristic gradient in the magnetosphere as its fingerprint. The MIO mission is focused on (1) getting inside the auroral generator in the magnetosphere, (2) knowing you are inside, and (3) measuring critical gradients inside the generator. The decisive gradient measurements are performed in the magnetosphere with satellite separations of 100’s of km. The magnetic footpoint of the swarm is marked in the ionosphere with an electron gun firing into the loss cone from one satellite. The beamspot is detected from the ground optically and/or by HF radar, and ground-based auroral imagers and radar provide the auroral context of the satellite swarm. With the satellites in geosynchronous orbit, a single ground observatory can spot the beam image and monitor the aurora, with full-time conjunctions between the satellites and the aurora. -
Space Station” IMAX Film
“Space Station” IMAX Film Theme: Learning to Work, and Live, in Space The educational value of NASM Theater programming is that the stunning visual images displayed engage the interest and desire to learn in students of all ages. The programs do not substitute for an in-depth learning experience, but they do facilitate learning and provide a framework for additional study elaborations, both as part of the Museum visit and afterward. See the “Alignment with Standards” table for details regarding how “Space Station!” and its associated classroom extensions, meet specific national standards of learning. What you will see in the “Space Station” program: • How astronauts train • What it is like to live and work in Space aboard the International Space Station (ISS) Things to look for when watching “Space Station”: • Notice how quickly astronauts adapt to free fall conditions and life on the ISS • Reasons humans go to the cost, risk, and effort to work in Space • The importance of “the little things” in keeping astronauts productive so far from home Learning Elaboration While Visiting the National Air and Space Museum Perhaps the first stop to expand on your “Space Station” experience should be the Skylab Orbiting Laboratory, entered from the second floor overlooking the Space Race Gallery. Skylab was America’s first space station, launched in 1973 and visited by three different three-man crews. It fell back to Earth in 1979. The Skylab on display was the back-up for the Skylab that was launched; the Skylab program was cancelled before it was -
A Brief History of LRD
A Brief History of LRD The beginning of U.S. manned spaceflight landing and recovery was in Project Mercury when Bob Gilruth asked Bob Thompson, a veteran of the U.S. Navy, to work recovery operations for the Space Task Group (STG) at Langley Research Center. 1 On November 5, 1958, the STG under Gilruth had been formed at Langley in Virginia to plan and implement Project Mercury to put a man in space. In September 1961, NASA selected Houston as the site for a new facility, and the STG was redesignated the Manned Spacecraft Center (MSC) in November. STG personnel began relocation to Houston in October 1961 in leased office space while awaiting completion of MSC at Clear Lake. When the NASA operations contingent moved to Houston, there was an Operations Division headed up by Chris Kraft. Within the Operations Division, there were several branches of which two, the Recovery Branch and the Operational Test and Evaluation Branch, were responsible for everything concerning the safe recovery of spacecraft and crew and the interface between NASA and the Department of Defense (DoD) for the military support of recoveries. Moving with Bob Thompson to Houston were STG recovery personnel: Don Cheatham, Pete Armitage, Bill Hayes, John Graham, John Stonesifer, Easy Harrin, Hal Granger, Leon Hodge, Milt Windler, Enoch Jones, Walt Hoggard, Charles Tynan, and Ed Bullock. In November 1963, Gilruth reorganized MSC into seven directorates, and within the Flight Operations Directorate headed by Chris Kraft was the Recovery Operations Division headed by Bob Thompson. 2,3 The new division was located in the Houston Petroleum Center (HPC) office complex on the Gulf Freeway (I-45) just south of Wayside Drive.