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The Trans-Atlantic Relations After the Cold War Past, Present, Future

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The Trans-Atlantic Relations After the Cold War Past, Present, Future The Trans-Atlantic Relations after the Cold War Past, Present, Future Alketa Dumani A dissertation submitted to the faculty of the University of New York Tirana in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctoral degree in Political Science/International Relations in the Department of Social Sciences in the Faculty of Law and Social Sciences Advisor Prof. Fatos Tarifa, PhD Tiranë, nëntor 2017 THE TRANS-ATLANTIC RELATIONS AFTER THE COLD WAR PAST, PRESENT, FUTURE Alketa Dumani A dissertation submitted to the faculty of the University of New York Tirana in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctoral degree of Political Science/International Relations in the Department of Social Sciences in the Faculty of Law and Social Sciences Tiranë 2017 Approved by: Prof. Dr. Fatos Tarifa Prof. Dr. Ksenofon Krisafi Prof. Dr. Tonin Gjuraj Prof. Assoc. Dr. Eva Hyskaj Prof. Assoc. Dr. Dariel Sina © 2017 Alketa Dumani ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT Alketa Dumani: The Trans-Atlantic Relations after the Cold War Past, Present, Future Under the direction of Prof. Dr. Fatos Tarifa This doctoral study identifies and further explores NATO’s new role and mission in the new European and global context, as the only political and military organization, under which the relations between all member states of the democratic world on both sides of the Atlantic are maintained, structured, and organized (European states that are members of NATO, on the one hand, and the United States, on the other hand). The dissertation gives an explanation to the core tensions, disagreements and issues that the Alliance has encountered since its inception while giving more attention to the developments of the last two and a half decades. The aim is to analyze and explain NATO’s endurance in the post-Cold War era, as well as provide solid arguments why the political and military organization will continue to exist in the new international environment created after the Cold War. Hence, the research question of this dissertation is to provide an informed explanation to the apparent anomaly: What explains NATO’s durability as an Alliance and how has it been capable of overcoming its recurrent crisis? Can NATO justify itself in the new global security environment? iii This study is built on the argument that, despite their conflict of interests as well as in tactical movements, the U.S. and EU defend—and are guided by—the same cultural, ideological and political values, hence both sides remain mutually interested partners and key allies in major strategic issues relating to security in the Atlantic region, as well as vis-à-vis the most important developments in the global political scene. Based on the current relations between the two wings of the trans-Atlantic Alliance and the political behavior of various political actors within the Alliance, the study compares the two main theoretical approaches (Realism/Neorealism and Liberalism/Neoliberalism) to establish which of them has more explanatory power in revealing, explaining and predicting the dynamics of trans- Atlantic relations and NATO’s new role in the turbulent realities of the twenty-first century. The dissertation uses the comparative historical method to provide an analytical and systematic approach for the subject under research. The comparative approach is combined with the historical chronological account of NATO’s main yardsticks in order to give an answer to the research question, starting with the inception of the Alliance and ending with the impact of President Trump administration. The study aims to bring a modest contribution to the field of international relations, particularly, in the area of European and Euro-Atlantic studies. iv To my mentor and family, I couldn’t have done this without you. Thank you for all of your support along the way. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am truly grateful to my supervisor, Professor Fatos Tarifa, for his excellent guidance, tremendous support and encouragement in this life-changing journey. It has been a great honor to have him as a mentor. His wealth of knowledge and constructive criticism has made this challenging, yet enriching journey really worthy. Without his advice and unfaltering wisdom this PhD would not have been achievable. I would also like to extend my thanks to the University of New York Tirana for awarding me a scholarship to pursue my interest in this study. The staff of this University has always been unreservedly helpful, supportive and resourceful and for that I am incredibly thankful. And finally, I would like to express my eternal gratitude to my husband, Altin, who has been by my side throughout this time, and whose valued thoughts and encouragement made this journey possible. And to my beloved daughters Ana and Abigeil for their patience, love and understanding without which, I wouldn’t have been able to fulfill this great ambition. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................................ iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................................ vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................................... vii LIST OF FIGURES .............................................................................................................................. x LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................................. xi CHAPTER 1 THE IMPORTANCE OF THE RESEARCH THEORETICAL APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Description of the Study ........................................................................................................ 1 1.2 The Research Question and Hypothesis ................................................................................ 7 1.3 Justification of the Study ....................................................................................................... 7 1.4 Theoretical Perspectives: Engaging into Debate ................................................................... 8 1.4.1 Realism/Neorealism ............................................................................................................... 8 1.4.2 Liberalism/ Neo-Liberalism ................................................................................................. 14 1.5 Methodology ........................................................................................................................ 18 1.6 Literature Review and Sources ............................................................................................ 20 1.7 Anticipated Contributions of the Research .......................................................................... 25 vii CHAPTER 2 NATO AND THE COLD WAR (1949-1991) ............................................................. 27 2.1 The Origin of the Trans-Atlantic Alliance ........................................................................... 27 2.2 The Evolution of the Alliance during the Cold War ............................................................ 35 2.2.1 The Crisis during the Cold – War Period ............................................................................ 35 2.2.2 The Harmel Report .............................................................................................................. 49 2.2.3 The Federal Republic of Germany and NATO .................................................................... 52 2.3 Washington’s Stance towards European Integration ........................................................... 62 2.4 The U.S.-UK “Special Relationship” and Its Impact on the Trans-Atlantic Relations ....... 77 2.5 The United States, Great Britain and France during the Cold War ..................................... 85 CHAPTER 3 THE TRANS-ATLANTIC ALLIANCE IN THE NEW WORLD ORDER (1991- 2001) ................................................................................................................................................... 94 3.1 The end of the Cold War and the Re-evaluation of trans-Atlantic Relations ...................... 94 3.1.1 The Neo-Realist Perspective ................................................................................................ 96 3.1.2 The Neo-Liberal Perspective ............................................................................................. 101 3.2 NATO and the Balkans ...................................................................................................... 105 3.3 European Security Strategy and American Response ........................................................ 116 3.3.1 ESDP- An Atlanticist or Europeanist Vision ..................................................................... 122 3.3.2 U.S.’s reaction towards ESDP ........................................................................................... 125 3.4 Europe ─a Superpower? .................................................................................................... 130 3.5 NATO Enlargement ........................................................................................................... 141 3.6 The trans-Atlantic Alliance in a Unipolar World .............................................................. 155 viii CHAPTER 4 THE TRANS-ATLANTIC RELATIONS
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