Alms, not arms, appeal by Willy Brandt. Seepage 3.

I .f I -Content~ •

Third World 3 Alms, not arms, appeal by Willy Brandt Prosperous pockets cannot survive in today's world 4 World Bank warms of dangers for developing States 5 Stabex proves its worth in aiding poorest States Employment 6 The possibilities of working part time Education 7 Eurydice lin_ks policy-makers in the Nine Environment 8 How to cut down on litter Protecting workers from the dangers of asbestos Lifestyle 9 There is no place like home The Institutions 9 Council gets new Secretary-General Industry 10 Wedding bells ring out across Europe's frontiers Consumers 11 Cheap flights: Laker may appeal to the European Court Paris plays host to top-level conference External relations 12 Community and Brazil forge new links Progress on Lome talks with Zimbabwe Trade 13 Strategy for the Eighties outlined in GATI report 14 The news at a glance Focus 15 Energy crisis may curb our quest for the exotic

Euroforum is published by the The contents of Euroforum-which Directorate-General for Information, do not necessarily reflect the Commission of the opinions of the European Commu­ European Communities nity Institutions-may be quoted or Rue de la Loi 200 reproduced without further permis­ sion. An indication of Euroforum B-1 049 Bruxelles as the source would be appreciated, Belgium as would a copy of any article Tel. 735 0040/8040 published. Editor-in-chief: Peter Doyle m c: . ;u THIRD WORLD 0 a:u Euro MPs went on to approve a would have to consider whether it i series of more .than 50 proposals for could guarantee fixed prices for ~ increased action by the Community Third World goods. ~ and its Member States. They were I set out in a resolution presented by Italian Communist member Bruno Ferrero for the Parliament's Com­ mittee on Development and Co­ Prosperous pockets operation. cannot survive Mr Ferrero said .the worsening world in today's world situation meant that the time had come to abandon the usual charitable approach to development aid. The by Willy Brandt Community should adopt a new strategy for fighting poverty and Chairman of the Independent Com­ hunger. mission on International Develop­ ment Issues Alms, not arms, According .to United Nations figures presented to the Parliament, 450 In recent months-indeed for years appeal by million people in the Third World now-we have become increasingly Willy Brandt were undernourished in 1978. conscious of the close interaction be­ tween East-West and North-South By the end of the century, according issues. We are realizing .that what Former West German Chancellor to the World Bank, over 700 million happens in 'remote' parts of the Willy Brandt called for a 'radical people could be living in absolute world also has a direct impact on reform' of the world's economy to poverty. Europe. eradicate poverty and famine in developing countries during the Euro­ The motion passed by the 410-member Events in Iran and Afghanistan-and pean Parliament's September session Parliament called for a 'new, more in the Middle East, South East' Asia, in Strasbourg. equitable system of international Southern Africa and Central America relations'. -have dramatically spotlighted the He said the European Community need to see that the balance of inter­ should play a leading role in the Industrialized countries would have ests between North and South, be­ forthcoming North-South talks be­ to accept 'far-reaching adjustments' tween industrialized and developing tween the world's rich and poor to their 'production methods .and countries, is just as important as nations. way of life'. detente in an active policy for the pur­ suit of peace. There was a 'depression and gro­ The Parliament also called for a tesque' contrast, he said, between the wholesale transfer of spending on The world is starting to recognize world arms bill which amounts to arms to development aid and a .that peace is not only menaced by 150 million dollars daily and the 'massive .transfer' of technology and power rivalries and conflicts between limited help given to struggling funds to poor countries. extreme ideologies but that the future nations. of mankind is threatened just as much by mass starvation, economic collapse 'It is technically possible for the first Members also demanded a steep and ecological disaster. It is a time for the world to destroy itself. increase in European Comml!nity dangerous illusion to think .that It should also be technically possible food aid by 1982 to 2.5 million fenced-off pockets of prosperity and for the world to solve its hunger tonnes, one-fifth of the estimated security can survive indefinitely in problem', he declared. world need. an age when one-fifth of the world's population, concentrated mainly in World hunger dominated the five-day The Community's Development com­ the Southern hemisphere, is suffering session of the Parliament and Mr missioner Claude Cheysson promised from starvation and malnutrition. Brandt dominated the one and a half a Commission study of the impact of day debate. The former Chancellor the Common Agricultural Policy on At the beginning of this year the was speaking as a Socialist Euro MP international trade in food. European Parliament, at the instiga­ but also as chairman of the inter­ tion of its Committee on Development national Commission on World In some respects, he said, the Com­ and Cooperation, convened an Poverty which reported earlier this munity already led the field in official hearing in Brussels on world year. improving relations between rich and famine at which I was able to speak poor nations. Apart from food aid, about the report prepared by the le chided western nations for failing the Community guaranteed stable Independent Commission on Inter­ to match the United Nations target export earnings for many developing national Development Issues under for spending on development aid. nations. my Chairmanship. Initial exchanges Investment by the rich in the poor of views on the report on North­ countries of 0. 7 per cent of national But Mr Cheysson conceded that a South relations have also taken place product was 'an essential starting vast amount of work still needed to in the Council of Europe's Parliament- point', he said. be undertaken. The Community ary Assembly· and in the parliaments 3 of a number of Member States of the programmes to promote agricultural economic growth were often consider­ Community-for instance, at the production must be alleviated by able in terms of a slackening in devel­ end of March, in the British House increased food aid (and the signing opmental momentum and amassed of Commons and, at the end of April, within the near future of an inter­ indebtedness. The Repor.t adds, 'The in the German Bundestag. The national grains arrangement). formidable task of adjusting fully to Commission of the European Com­ the new economic environment re­ munities is also to make an in-depth Finally, serious steps must be taken mains the main challenge to the devel­ examination of the report with a to reform international economic, oping countries as the new decade view .to fr~ming practical proposals. currency and financial relations, to be begins.' accompanied by national measures on All this goes to show that Europe the part of the developing countries. The annual report, reviewing the past acknowledges its duty to act as a 10 years of development, notes that factor for peace and equilibrium on A critical assessment should also be aggregate annual growth in the devel­ the world scene. Greater efforts are made of existing international organ­ oping world during the decade of the needed, however, to give North-South izations. 1970s (1971-1980) was 5.3% as com­ issues greater prominence in the pared with 3.1 % in the industrialized European Parliament, .to foster public Giant conferences are scarcely a suit­ nations. Yearly growth rates in the awareness through the media and, able means of attaining the targets 1960s were 5.6% and 5.0% for the jointly with the representatives of I have outlined. Experience has developing and developed countries, the major social groupings-the shown that often they only produce respectively. unions, the Church, youth organ­ intransigent blocs leaving no leeway izations-to make .the Governments for negotiation. The gains in the aggregate growth of of the Member States put forward gross national product masked wide proposals that may help to find a It is far preferable to do as our Com­ differences among various groupings solution to this vital social issue of mission suggests and arrange selective of developing countries. Generally the late twentieth century. top level meetings on a regional basis speaking, the richer developing or according to the subject matter of countries fared best during the past In the Independent Commission's the negotiations. The composition 10 years. Thus, the middle-income report we have therefore tried to of these meetings should be such that countries of East Asia grew by 8% frame recommendations on the focal the leading politicians taking part did each year, while annual growth in areas of North-South relations, taking not just express the positions of their the poor countries of sub-Saharan as our main theme common interests own countries. Africa was only 3% . and international solidarity. Four targets are considered to be priorities An initial preparatory meeting along In per capita terms, the contrast for the five years ahead: these lines will probably be held at during the decade was even more the beginning of next year at Mexico's stark. According to the World Bank, Firstly, through a massive infusion of instigation. In conjunction with the incomes in the low-income countries resources, both the poorest countries UN General Assembly's special session of sub-Saharan Africa barely advanc­ in Africa and Asia and the 'middle to be held early this autumn, this ed at all during the decade (a 0.2% income countries' should be given .the could be a good start towards gain), while in East Asia, yearly per chance to develop their own econ­ reactivating the deadlocked North­ capita growth for the middle-income omic momentum or pursue their South dialogue. countries was 5.7%. economic growth, as the case may be. At the present time, many develop­ More dramatic yet was the gap in It will therefore be necessary for ·those ing countries are indeed searching for financial performance that emerged industrialized countries that have lasting and reliable partners that do between th oil-exporting nations and made the commitment and are able not make .the demands that the great the countries of sub-Saharan Africa. to meet it to allocate 0. 7% of their powers do and are not motivated by Gro~s National Product to official strategical calculations. Europe The oil-producing countries in the development assistance by 1985. If should be the very one to stretch out Middle East alone are expected to earn the industrialized Eastern-bloc count­ its hand to them and to work towards revenues in 1980 of over $200 000 ries and better-off developing count­ an equilibrium on which, for us in million; oil revenues totalled only ries also contributed their share to Europe, peace for .the future and about $11 000 million in 1970. this transfer of resources, this drive security of employment equally could be even more effective. depend. By contrast, .the annual report pro­ vides details of a 'massive deteriora­ Energy is the second priority sector, tion' of the external position of the with particular emphasis on c,~·· World Bank warns economies of the countries of West Regular oil supplies with foreseeable of dangers for Africa, a region that includes the price trends must be suitably com­ countries of ,the Sahel-an area bined with the promotion of energy developing States devastated by drought earlier in the saving measures and the simultaneous decade. development of alternative sources­ The World Bank reported recently carried out in such a way that the that the world's poor nations econ­ The economic shocks of the decade oil-exporting countries can participate omically outperformed the industrial­ of the 1970s-recession in the fully in research and development. ized countries during the past 10 years industrialized nations, oil price and, in fact, came close to equalling increases, and worsened terms of trade Thirdly, food production in allcount­ the impressive record of growth they for the poorest nations-were success­ ries which in recent years have be­ posted during the 1960s. fully absorbed by many d~veloping come dependent on imports must be countries although the ways in which significantly stepped up. All misery But the World Bank's annual report countries adjusted ta the difficult 4 that cannot be remedied speedily by for 19 80 also notes that the costs of economic environment differed. m Some developing countries--especi­ 1979. Thus, the aggregate current The World Bank, which was estab­ c: :u ally the more creditworthy, such as account deficit of the oil-importing lished in 1945, is owned by the 0 "T1 Korea and Brazil-maintained their developing countries, which had risen governments of 135 countries, includ­ 0 :u levels of growth by borrowing abroad from $6 700 million in 1973 to ing all Member States of the Euro­ c:; and using borrowed funds to sustain $39 600 million in 1975, and which pean Community. ~ ~ high levels of investment. In nominal then dropped to $27 100 million by 9 terms, public and private indebted­ 1978, rose once again to an estimated It is, in fact, made up of three institu­ ness for all developing countries rose $43 100 million in 1979. tions: the International Bank for i fivefold during the period, 1971-78, Reconstruction and Development, the or from $64 000 million to $318 000 The annual report concludes its International Development Associa­ million. analysis of the past decade on a tion and the International Finance sombre note, saying that unless rich Corporation. But that debt was concentrated in a and poor nations, acknowledging that few developing countries only; of the .their fates are linked, work together The common objective of these $318 000 million in disbursed debt in a variety of economic spheres, the institutions is to help raise living outstanding at the close of 1978, world will be 'hard pressed to sur­ standards in developing countries by 55% was owed by only 10 countries, vive future decades ... without social channelling financial resources from all but two of which-India and upheaval.' developed countries to the develop­ Indonesia-are in the middle-income ing world. category. The Bank reported that it made lend­ ing commitments of $7 644 million to Its capital is subscribed by its mem­ 48 developing countries during the ber countries and it finances its fiscal year that ended on June 30 last. lending operations primarily from its own borrowings in the world capital The annual repor.t also says that com­ markets. mitments by the International Develop­ ment Association (IDA), the Bank affiliate that lends funds at no inter­ est to the poorest of the developing Stabex proves its countries, totaled $3 838 million for worth in aiding the same 12-month period. Eighty­ seven percent of IDA commitments poorest States were to countries with annual per In other countries-India is the best Stabex, the system introduced by the capita gross national products of example-the difficult period of European Community to stabilize the $360 or less. adjustment was made easier by greater export earnings of its Third World agricultural productivity. The early partners in the Lome Convention, Both amounts were records, and years of the decade ( 1972-7 4) wer~ was of greatest benefit to the poorest together, represented an increase of difficult for India due to a succession of these countries during the first $1 4 71 million over 1979 amounts. of unfavourable monsoons. But for five years of its operation. the four-year period, 1976-79, good In real terms-discounting inflation -Bank and IDA lenqing during 1980 weather, combined with more exten­ The Stabex fund was established as was 6. 7% above the previous year's sive irrigation, a wider use of agri­ an innovatory part of the Convention cultural inputs, and improved exten­ total. to compensate the African, Caribbean sion services was responsible for and Pacific (ACP) countries which growth in agricultural output of For the sixth year in a row. lending are signatories of the .trade and aid 4.4% yearly. India's agricultural in support of agricultural and rural pact for losses of average export development projects drew the most advances enabled it to weather .the earnings on a schedule of products. severe drought of the past 12 months support. The annual report estimates that as many as 4.8 million farm that led to a 12% decline in output, This fund, to which around £ 228 to 116 million tons. families may benefit directly from the million was devoted for the five-year agriculture projects approved during period of the first Convention, has Still other countries were helped in the fiscal year. proved to be an important factor in adjusting .to the economic events of the economic forward planning of the the 1970s by workers' remittances The annual report also reports that recipient countries, many of whom from the capital-surplus countries of lending in support of oil, gas, and are largely dependent on export the Middle East. At present, accord­ coal development rose fourfold in earnings from a single product which ing to the annual report, about 2. 7 fiscal year 1980 as commitments rose is vulnerable to the vagaries of million migrant workers from the to $457 million, up from $112 million climate or the state of the world states of South Asia, as well as from in fiscal year 1979. market. labour-exporting countries of the Middle East (Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, Principal borrowers from the Bank Over the five-year period, all but Syria, and the two Yemens), remit in fiscal year 1980 were Brazil ($695 £ 3 million of the money available some $8 000 million yearly to their million), Turkey ($600 million), Indo­ was called on by 37 of the 59 ACP home countries, a total that exceeds nesia ($5 80 million), Korea ($544 states. Of .the total, 67 per cent went gross aid flows to those countries. million), and Thailand ($542 million). to the least-developed of these countries, which are not required to These and other adjustments, how­ Countries that borrowed from the repay the money. The bulk of the ever, were made to the economic IDA during fiscal year 1980 were ACP states fall into this category. conditions that prevailed in the middle India ($1 535 million), Bangladesh of the decade and were undertaken ($267 million) and Egypt (215 In the case of almost 70 per cent of prior to the oil price increases of million). the disbursements, local circumstances, 5 in most cases natural disasters such as hurricances or drought, were the EMPLOYMENT cause of the drop in exports. This confirms the particular value of _a • studying the extent to which social system of this kind for countries The possibilities security systems (pensions, sickness whose often limited resources are and unemployment benefits etc) under constant threat from catastro­ of working discriminate against part time work­ phes of all kinds. part time ers;

A case in point is the large-scale • revising tax laws that discriminate operation carried out in the Sudano­ More than 9 million European Com­ against part time workers; Sahelian region, from Senegal to munity citizens currently work part Somalia, for which 103 million, £ time. About 90% of them are • revising rules in force in public representing 46 per cent of the total women, mostly married. But many and civil service with a view to Stabex transfers, was allocated. more men and women in the Nine offering a wider range of skilled jobs would like the chance to do a part to people wishing to work part time. More extensive studies will have to time job. In. recent surveys in be made to assess the system's econ­ Germany and Belgium, as many as The Commission also proposes a omic impact. Already, however, it 25% of full time workers questioned number of measures to improve the is apparent that Stabex transfers to said they would prefer a working conditions of part time employment: certain countries have been very week of around 30 hours. substantial in relation to the aid pro­ • part time workers should have the vided for in other forms under the Demand for part time workers is also right to an individual contract giving Convention. growing. The service industry and details of the number and distribution certain manufacturing industries of working hours; In a number of cases, such transfers which have come to rely extensively have exceeded the total aid provided on par.t time labour are continually • precise provisions should be under the project-linked aid from the expanding. drawn up governing overtime, rest £ 1 800 million European Develop­ periods etc; ment Fund or which Stabex is a part. Nevertheless, the rapid growth in part­ • priority should be granted to In the course of his assessment during time work has been accompanied by an undesirable side effect: the ten­ existing part time employees when a press conference in Brussels, on the full time vacanties occur in a firm; operation of Stabex, the Commissioner dency to treat part time workers responsible for relations with the legally and socially less favourably than their full time counterparts. • part time workers should be recog­ Third World, Claude Cheysson nized as enjoying the same rights of emphasized that if Stabex was to con­ active and passive participation in a Now a new set of proposals has been tinue to play its primary role as acci- · firm including participation in collect­ drawn up by the European Com­ dent insurance against natural disasters ive bargaining. it was essential that progress be made mission with a threefold objective in the stabilization of the commodity in view: markets during the current round of The Commission also suggests that the North-South dialogue between • to end any such discrimination be­ public support should be extended industrialized and developing tween full and part time workers; to vocational .training programmes for countries. those seeking part time work, and • to create part time job opportunities that part time workers should have Under the second Lome Convention, for workers seeking them and equal access to training opportunities which was signed last October and · offered by their company. which runs for the next five years, • to promote various new forms of The role of employment services the Stabex fund will have £330 part time work. million at its disposal. should be strengthened, the Commis­ sion feels, to help part time workers To help fulfil these objectives, the obtain equal treatment with full time IN BRIEF Commission has made a number of workers, to upgrade part time work suggestions to the Nine's govern­ and to improve career prospects for ments, employment services and the part time workers: Higher oil bill two sides of industry. Chief among The European Community's oil these suggestions are legal provisions The Commission would also like to imports will cost a staggering to ensure equal treatment for full see the Member States promoting £46 billion this year, Energy Com­ and part .time workers. · new forms of par.t time work, by missioner Guido Brunner has estimat­ extending the range of jobs offered ed. Although imports have dropped This, the Commission says, should and introducing part time working considerably since the begininng of be secured by: in jobs involving higher qualifications the oil crisis (from 573 million tonnes and greater responsibility. in 1973 to 475 million last year)prices • compiling lists of legal provisions of crude have multiplied twelvefold in or agreements on the social and finan­ Retirement could also be phased in, that period. An extra £ 30 billio~ cial aspects of part time work; by allowing employees to reduce to £ 60 billion of investments, eqUI­ gradually the number of hours they valent to between 0.25% and 0.5% • revising legal provisions or agree­ work. New forms of work organ­ of GDP, will be needed in the next ments that run counter to the prin­ ization could be brought in, such as 10 years to keep oil imports at their ciple of equal treatment for full and the introduction of part time shifts 6 present level. part .time workers; and 'job sharing'. However care must be taken, the . Commission notes, to ensure that the creation of part time jobs does not replace that of new full time jobs.

Action at Community level should be contemplated to help back up moves in the Member States. Community action should aim at:

• establishing the principle of min­ imum .thresholds for social security membership and hence benefits;

• introducing the principle of equal treatment under labour law between full and part time workers, covering the right to a minimum wage, equal promotion prospects, protection against dismissal and so on. State and a central coordinating unit The Brussels unit is developing a Finally, the Commission points to the in Brussels. data bank in which answers to re­ role of part time work in the alloca­ quests and up-to-date material tion of responsibilities between hus­ The network will serve educational covering important comparative band and wife. Family ties all too policy makers at Community and information will be stored. This often restrict the wife to a part time national level, and even in some data bank will be open to all Eury­ job. The Commission feels that cases at regional and local level. The dice units. working hours should be gradually Member States each have to decide reduced and shared, and at .the same exactly who will be able to make The central unit will also act as the time encouragement given to husbands use of the system. · coordinator for the whole network and wives to share the non paid and as a filter easing and regulating family duties on a more equitable To begin with, Eurydice will be con­ the flow of requests for information. basis. fined largely to handling information on .the four policy themes selected in Access to the network .through the ·The Commission's proposals on part the Community education action pro­ central unit will be restricted to the time work are to be discussed shortly gramme. These are: Community institutions and the Com­ by the Community's Standing Com­ munity wide association of teachers mittee on Employment. • easing the transition from school to working life; interested in questions which relate directly to present or planned Com­ • teaching and learning of foreign mission or Community developments languages; -in education. • education of migrants and their EDUCATION families; External experts working on Com­ • conditions of admission of students mission financed studies may also to higher education. have access to the Eurydice network. Eurydice links pol icy-makers Eurydice will, however, be able to In addition to responding to requests, answer users' queries on other sub­ Eurydice will take every opportunity in the Nine jects and the European Commission to exploit its growing stock of com­ and the Member States intend to parative information on education Education is one major area of policy review the above list of priority themes policy issues. The Commission making over which the European in the light of developing needs of intend to organize information semi­ Community Member States keep a Eurydice users. nars and special expert meetings on particularly close guard. And rightly themes of common interest, and issue so, since it is an important store of The way the system works is simple. topical papers aimed at providing national history and culture. National users will pass request for information on issues of importance information .to their national unit to Eurydice users. But all agree on the benefits of using a specially designed request sharing experience and projects in form. The national unit will then Eventually it is hoped that Eurydice the educational field, and a new relay the request to as many other will be linked into the Community's European Commission information · units in the other Member States as Euronet communication system, and network, codenamed Eurydice, has the user wants. links are already in place with the been set up to facilitate this exchange. Strasbourg based Council of Europe When the request involves a gathering to encourage a flow of educational Eurydice forms a key part of the of information from four or more information betwen .the Nine and the European Community education Eurydice units it will be sent by the rest of Europe. action programme, which was national unit to the central unit which approved by the Council of Ministers will handle further communications Thus, Eurydice now provides the in February 197 6. It is a computer­ and build up a Community wide Community, as she once did Orpheus, ized communications system with picture on the .topic, which will be with a cast iron reason for not one or two units in each Member stored with the central unit. looking back. 7 ENVIRONMENT

programmes based on regional and local collection systems are w;tderway. Other Member States also have schemes.

Recycling glass not only cuts down on litter, it also saves energy and raw materials. -The glass industry ·~~,,f4 believes that there is an energy : 4 saving of 2% for every 10% of glass recycled in place of newly-manufactur­ ed glass. In addition, 1.2 tonnes of raw materials are saved for every tonne of glass recycled.

Protecting workers from the dangers of asbestos

The health risks of prolonged expo­ sure to asbestos have long been a cause for public concern. Although most of the ill-effects of exposure occur after long periods, relatively short term exposure can also cause The importance not only of rotating disease, including asbestosis and a How to cut down but of recycling glass is illustrated variety of carcinogenic tumours. on litter by the fact that the average European manages to use at least 35 kilos of glass bottles, jars and other containers Most European Community Member One of the commonest forms of litter each year. States already have legislation in force seen everywhere today must be the seeking to limit the hazards of working discarded soft drinks can. Non­ This figure, which is based on a 1973 with asbestos, but strict new Euro­ returnable packaging, such as alu­ survey, is probably much higher now, pean Commission proposals aim to do minium cans, no deposit bottles and given normal trends in our consumer away with disparities between existing paper and cardboard packaging of society. What's more, the overall national laws and to reduce the degree one sort or another are among the figure for glass containers-9 million to which workers are exposed. major litter offenders in the European tonnes-was only part of the 15 mil­ Community today. lion tonnes of glass used in the The proposals, drawn up recently, Community that year. call for a phasing out of asbestos, used So, if .you want to do your bit to help primarily in the bui'lding, construction keep Europe clean, here are one or • It is reckoned that somewhere be­ and engineering industries. They two indicators. tween a third and a half of all this also seek tighter medical surveillance glass could be recycled and already of workers using asbestos. Metal cans and non-returnable glass some progress is being made. How­ bottles respectively are estimated to be ever, the performance varies consider­ Wherever possible, the Commission seven and four times more likely to be ably from one Member State to recommends, asbestos should be dumped carelessly than returnable, another. replaced by suitable safer substitutes. deposit paid bottles. The spraying of asbestos, in painting In the Federal Republic of Germany, and flocking for example, should be Aluminium cans and non-returnable 3 70 000 tonnes of glass were recycled banned, and the use-of crocidolite, glass bottles are also the two major in 1978, compared with only 150 000 the nastiest form of asbestos should energy consumers amongst packaging tonnes four years earlier. The 1981 be avoided or governed by stringent forms. Although all glass bottles, target is 450 000 tonnes. In France, safety checks. including returnable types, require a 220 000 tonnes were recycled in 1978, good deal of energy to make them, 300 000 in 1979, and the forecast for The Commission measures include some of this cost can be recouped by 1983 is 600 000 tonnes. provisions for workers to have indi­ the bottles' rotation (i.e. return on vidual health records, containing deposit and re-use). In Belgium, 100 000 tonnes were details of work carried out, dates recycled in 1978. In the United and duration of exposure .to asbestos, All in all, then, returnable glass bottles Kingdom, two glass manufacturers the concentrations of asbestos to come out clear favourites as drinks have decided to set up plants capable which the worker was exposed, the containers, provided they can be of recycling 50 000 tonnes of glass results of all tests that the worker 8 rotated at least fives times. each. In the Netherlands, recycling has undergone and so on. Employees must also be fully Those house-proud Englishmen have instructed for .the work that they are to put up with fifth position, and one to do, including health and safety 'castle' to every 2.68 of them. The measures and the precautions to be French, despite being 2.5 million taken. fewer, have 200 000 more roofs to go round. Workers should also be informed when they are using or coming into Lowest down the scale came the contact with asbestos. All containers Netherlands (1 to 3. 04), Italy (1 to of asbestos, either as a raw material 3.05) and Ireland (1 to 3.50), a factor or in processed form, should be that could be explained by bigger clearly marked 'Contains asbestos'. families. Or perhaps they are just more sociable! Since the most common form of absorbtion of asbestos is by inhala­ tion, strict measures are outlined to eliminate the dispersal of asbestos THE INSTITUTIONS dust and fibres. Machinery should be closed wherever possible, and sealed containers should be used. Council gets new Manual handling of raw asbestos would be banned except where absol­ Secretary-General utely unavoidable and all buildings and equipment involved in the manu­ Niels Ersboll, the Danish State facture or processing of asbestos Secretary for Foreign Economic would be suitably designed and Affairs and Chairman of the regularly cleaned and maintained. Governing Board of the International Energy Agency, has been appointed The Commission also wants to make Secretary General of the Community's The record would be kept up to date Council of Ministers. by the doctor responsible for medical regular air sampling and analysis compulsory in factories and to set surveillance for a minimum period He will be replacing Luxembourger of thirty years following the end of limits for the amount of asbestos dust permitted per cubic metre of air. Nicolas Hommel, who is due to retire exposure. in early ·october after seven years in the post. Health assessment of each worker If the Council of Ministers gives the go-ahead to the Commission plan, would be repeated at least every Mr Ersboll, whose appointment was year during the duration of exposure which is the latests step in the Com­ munity's Safety and Health at Work officially approved by the Nine's and once every three years after he Foreign Ministers in mid September, ceases to work with asbestos. action programme, firms will have until January 1985 to adapt to its is no stranger to Brussels or the Community. · The Community Member States would requirements. each set up a notification system for He was the Danish ambassador to the all firms manufacturing, storing, Community from 1973 to 1977, before processing or disposing of asbestos, which he was director of the giving details of the amounts and LIFESTYLE secretariat for European Economic types of asbestos used, the processes Affairs in the Foreign Affairs involved, the final products manu­ Ministry for six years. factured, buildings, plant and equip­ ment used, the number of workers There is no place He has also had experience of a exposed, health, safety and hygiene number of other organizations measures taken and so on. like home including EFTA, NATO and GATT. Workers in each factory would have An Englishman's home may be his access to the information submitted castle, as the old saying goes, but he is by their employer. less likely to have one than a Belgian, Solid yeomen Dane, German or Frenchman, accord­ Factories would have to supply their ing to figures released by the United The British have by far the largest employees with individual sets of pro­ Nations. farms in the Community, according tective clothing, which would have to recently published Commission to be worn. Areas where asbestos Altogether, there are some 96 million figures. The average British holding is used should be clearly marked dwellings in the European Community expressed in hectares of utilized agri­ and access restricted. Employers housing nearly 260 million Europeans. cultural area is 58, more than double should provide adequat(( cleaning Belgium has the healthiest looking the Community average of 26. The and washing facilities for workers record in terms of dwelling per head French figure is 31 ha, Luxembourg and take measures to ensure that of population with a ratio of 1 to 2.48 28, Ireland and Denmark 27, Ger­ dust from workclothes does not leave people. Close behind come Denmark many 21, Belgium 16, the Nether­ the factory. (1 to 2.49) and Germany (1 to 2.51). lands 15 and Italy 11. 9 ! INDUSTRY

~ *a: f2 Since 1974, it has been British firms After a number of preparatory con­ 0 Wedding bells ring a: which have shown the greatest inter­ tacts, the Centre pr~sided over the => w out across estin the Centre's work. Sixty-six constitution of the European Group Europe's frontiers of them are engaged in bilateral co­ of Banks consisting of 10 medium­ operation with likeminded partners sized banks from six Community in other Community countries. countries with 525 branches employing The Marriage Bureau is the more 6 500 people. familiar and perhaps apt way by No far behind come the French and which the Brussels-based Business the Germans, each of whom have 55 Possible areas of cooperation are: Cooperation Centre is widely known. firms involved, while Luxembourg opening of accounts and credit lines Set up in 1973 to foster contacts be­ has been .the least adventurous-only on a basis of reciprocity; exchange tween small and medium-sized com­ 1 company has successfully reached of trainees; mutual help in customer panies in the Community, the Bureau a bilateral cooperation agreement. service and exchange of experience. has gone from strength to strength. A total 21 Belgian firms have used Tackling another area, the Bureau Testament to its success comes with the Centre's facilities, while the figures arranged a number of meetings be­ the publication of the latest report for other Community countries are: tween the organizers of the main describing the activities during 1978 Italy (20), the Netherlands (16), European trade fairs for to avoid and 1979. Ireland (9), Denmark (8). overlapping dates; to promote bilateral cooperation between the fairs, and to enable them to adopt similar In .these two years, 1 0 18 firms Commenting on these various con­ drew on the Bureau's wide experience, definitions of the products to be tacts, the report notes that it is admitted for exhibition. requesting particular items of inform­ striking the considerable number of ation on the regulations that had to service undertakings which are Although the European market for be met before they could do business involved. in another Community country. medical and hospital equipment is becoming increasingly saturated, Back in 1977, the Bureau was given During the same period, just over overseas markets are continuing to the additional powers of being able expand. The Centre has managed . 200 companies approached the to initiate projects on its own, with­ Bureau asking it to help them to find to bring together a number of small out having to first wait until it was and medium-sized firms in this sector partners in other Community countries contacted by individual firms. so that thet could set up joint ven­ with the aim of establishing a large­ tures or similar forms of cooperation. scale export group. It decided that banks were an obvious area in which to show an interest, A similar venture has ben launched These requests were discreetly advert­ especially as one of the ways the for the manufacturers of equipment is.ed, bringing in a massive 2 800 independent regional or medium-sized · used in luxury hotels and offices. replies and leading to 180 companies banks could maintain their indepen­ . The group, which includes companies getting into contact with each other. dence in .the face of the cooperation making carpets, furnishings, linen, groupings being established by the chinaware etc.) will be able to form Even when this preliminary stage is major banks was to complement each a group for overseas export marketing, over, the Bureau still offers its ser­ other. initially in North America. vices to those firms which may not have or be able to afford the necessary legal or administrative expertise to conclude an agreement.

During the .two years, the Bureau has been notified of 36 cooperation agreements, involving two or more· companies from different Community countries.

Irish and German footwear firms have got together, for instance, to specialize in their range of products, while British and French consulting engineers have agreed .to share their projects.

One of the Bureau's most impressive successes has been the agreement be­ tween 10 bronze founders-six of them in the Community-to meet periodically to exchange technical ideas and carry out joint marketing 10 of their products. m c: :::D CONSUMERS 0 'TI 0 :::Dc: For example, it claimed that the Laker ~ fare from London to New York ~ worked out at 2.66 pence per mile, , while the lATA fare from London to i Munich came to 18.01 pence. Similarly, the Transamerica fare from Shannon to New York was 4.2 pence per mile, while the lATA fare from Dublin to Frankfurt was 17.67 pence.

Lord Bethell has sent a complaint about European air fares to the Com­ mission, citing Article 85 of the Treaty of Rome whiCh, among other things, prohibits agreements between companies designed to restrict com- · petition and thus limit consumer choice.

Paris plays host to top-level conference

Cheap flights: Laker If he is not successful, he plans to take A major conference on the subject his fight to the European Court be­ of 'the economic power of the may appeal to the cause he believes that the Inter­ consumer' is being held in Paris on European Court national Air Transport Authority October 15-17. Among the main (lATA), to which the major airlines speakers will be Consumer Affairs Sir Freddie Laker, head of Laker belong and which is the main tariff­ Commissioner Richard Burke. Airways, has threatened once again regulating body, is not acting in to appeal to the European Court of accordance with the European Com­ The first day, which will be chaired Justice in Luxembourg if his bid to munity's fair-trading laws. by Michel Carpentier, the Com­ introduce cut-price services on a mission's Director-General for number of European routes is blocked If he is successful, the British Govern­ Consumer Affairs, will be devoted by the British Civil Aviation Author­ ment would then have .to approach to a discussion of the effectiveness of consumer association's in the ity. other European governments for their Community. support. Stiff opposition is expected His move comes at a time when the from the national airlines, most of European Commission, which has The second day, to be chaired by which are state-owned, although already produced a Green Paper Christiane Scrivener, former French setting out some of its ideas, is some of them have already taken Secretary of State for Consumer working on detailed proposals for anticipatory action by cutting fares Affairs and now a member of the cheaper and more flexible air fares on certain routes. European Parliament, will, concent­ in Europe. rate on consumer information, training The right result for Sir Freddie would and education. Several months ago Sir Freddie open up the prospect of a price-cutting applied to the Civil Aviation Author­ war similar to that which was sparked On the third day, the conference, ity for permission to introduce cheap off three years ago when Laker Air­ which is being organized .by Rene fares on flights between London's ways introduced cheap, no-frills flights Monory, the French Economy Gatwick airport and 35 European across the Atlantic. Minister, will take a look at the dia­ cities. He proposed tickets that would logue betwen business and consumer cost well under half normal scheduled represen ta ti ves. rates for which no reservations would Sir Freddie's .trip to Strasbourg was be needed. to address a group called 'Fight for the Freedom of the Skies' which is Money for coal Before making his application, he chaired by a British member of the travelled to Brussels for talks with European Parliament, Lord Bethell. Capital investment in the Community's Transport Commissioner Richard coalmining industry topped 1 billion 3urke who gave broad backing to The group released a set of tables European Units of Accou1:1t last year. the plan. However, it was turned making comparisons between fares The total of 1.16 billion EUA down by the Civil Aviation Authority charged by lATA airlines and those (approx. £700 million) represents a and Sir Freddie is now appealing. charged by Laker Airways and other 25 per cent increase on .the previous . Last month he was at the European cut-price operators on selected flights year. The biggest investment was Parliament in Strasbourg canvassing from the main airpor.ts in each of the in the United Kingdom (£495 mil­ support. C~mmunity Member States. lion). 11 I ~ EXTERNAL .RELATIONS

2 !:) *a: 0 Ll. towards a number of projects that 0a: Community and Progress on Lome ;::::) should help stimulate the country's w Brazil forge talks with economic growth. new links Zimbabwe The September meeting also gave Foreign Ministers their first opportunity to consider the The European Community and Brazil Community's relations with Turkey have signed an economic cooperation Zimbabwe and the European after the military takeover. agreement designed to strengthen Commission have almost completed Earlier this year the Community links between them that have existed negotiations for the country's decided to step up its links with formally since 197 4. membership of the Lome Turkey, which stretch back to 1963, Convention-the aid and trade by granting it financial aid to the The two sides have entered into a agreement between the Community tune of around £372 million (620 five-year agreement in which they and 59 African, Caribbean and million Eua), gradually abolishing have accorded one another most- Pacific countries. duties on Turkish agricultural favoured-nation treatment and in products coming to Europe and which they have created a frame- The terms being offered to the new granting improved status for Turkish work for closer economic coopera- Salisbury government were agreed by workers in the Community. tion. the Nine's Foreign Ministers in mid-September. The Ministers made it clear that they This provides for the establishment did not intend to make any snap of a joint committee which will meet The Nine are prepared to allow judgement on the changed situation .twice a year to explore ways of Zimbabwe to export up to 25 000 in the country, but they issued a short dveloping and diversifying trade, tonnes of sugar a year to the statement in which they indicated they which last year was worth in the Community at guaranteed prices, were following events with concern. region of $7 700 million, a fourfold although this is below the figure increase in the decade. originally being sought by the They also took note of the army Zimbabwean Prime Minister, leaders' pledge to restore democracy. The agreement also envisages scient- Mr Mugabe. ific and technological cooperation, as A few days earlier the Commission well as cooperation in the fields of But with world sugar prices currently had issued a statement in a similar energy and agriculture. Ways of higher than those in the Community, vein, in which it expressed 'the strong promoting favourable conditions for the country is unlikely to be exporting hope that human rights' would be investment will also be sought out. any significant quantities in the near fully respected and democratic future. institutions quickly restored. At the signing ceremony in Brussels, the President-in-Office of the Council Continuing their examination of The Nine also agreed to imports of of Ministers, Luxembourg Foreign events elsewhere in the world, the 8 100 tonnes of beef at a reduced Ministers were informed by the Minister, Gaston Thorn said that the levy-a concession already granted accord was an indication of the Commission's incoming President, to Botswana, Kenya, Swaziland and Luxembourg's Foreign Minister importance which .the Community Madagascar. But they stipulated that attached to developing closer links Gaston Thorn, of the results of his this would have to be reviewed after talks over the summer with the with Latin America. two years. vc;trious parties interested in the He said that the Community was keen Community's attempt to launch a to develop these links by means of The concession is generally considered peace initiative in the Middle East. bilateral, regional or multilateral as being more symbolic than practical agreements and he hoped that this at the moment, since the country They have now asked senior officials effort would help the process of has foot and mouth disease and is to study some of the issues contained democratization in Latin America. unable to export its cattle. But once in the declaration agreed by Heads this is under control it is estimated it of State and Government in Venice The Brazilian Foreign Minister will have an export potential of in June. These are expected to include Ramiro Saraiva Guerreiro said that around 40 000 tonnes a year. the exact definition of the term Brazilians were fully aware of the 'self-determination', the geographical historical significance of the progress Zimbabwe will also be allowed to limits to the Palestinian homeland and towards European integration. export its tobacco to the Community the guarantees to Israel's territorial although the Nine have indicated that security. 'We regard this process as an elo- they are prepared to introduce any quent expression of the richness and necessary safeguards if the trade is diversity of the western world,' he such that producers in Italy, who grow More power said, 'and we therefore cannot but the same leaf, are being harmed. The production of nuclear power in welcome Europe's increasing role as the European Community rose by an element of stability and modera- Financially, the Community is ready 10.3% last year. This boosted tion in a world where renewed ten- to give Zimbabwe around t 52 nuclear power's contribution to total sions threaten .the maintenance of million (86 million European units electrical energy to 10.8% instead of 12 peace.' of account) over the next four years 10.5% in 1978. TRADE

Strategy for the It's no secret, but the report also factured goods and to relax efforts underlines the importance of oil in to prop up and shield traditional Eighties outlined total world commerce. In the first industries such as textiles and other in GATT report half of 1980, price increases in dollar problems sectors, This adjustment terms in the price of oil represented to what is termed a process of To have been alive during the a 100 per cent jump compared with 'de-industrialization' is yet another turbulent decade of the 1970s meant the same period last year. argument against costly protectionist absorbing a valuable survival course policies that seek to forestall the in economics. The world during that These price rises alone account for oncoming shifts in competition. period learned many new lessons on the 70-per cent increase in value of the functioning of the national and exports from the oil-producing The report believes that the industrial international economic systems. countries during the first half of slump in many of the major developed 1980, although the actual volume of economies is a manifestation of the First the world went through an era of these oil exports in fact declined. need for such structural adjustment monetary instability, then a period GATT expects the accounts of the which had been building up for the of energy scarcity followed by the oil-producing countries to rise to past 10 or 15 years but which had scourge of inflation and high unem­ 115 thousand million dollars in 1980 been insufficiently recognized before ployment. Having learned to face up from the 68 thousand million-dollar the recent economic shocks. to problems like balance of payments surplus in 1979. and protectionism, the public is now It notes that· investment in recent being alerted by GAIT, the General In contrast to this two-year surplus of years had been maintained relatively Agreement on Tariffs and Trade to about 184 thousand million dollars for stable in many industrial countries the need for governments to develop the oil countries, industrialized coun­ and that much of this financing had sound investment policies to face the tries, including the nine European been spent on new labour-saving emerging economic challenges of the Community countries, will suffer technology. This should result in future. payments deficits amounting to some the building up of new industries with 77 thousand million dollars in 1979-80 high growth rates, creating higher­ GATT is a post-war creation based in and the developing countries which do wage jobs to replace those lost in the Geneva which was established to try not produce oil will be facing deficits traditional industries. to define and enforce rules of conduct of 112 thousand million dollars for international trade in order to during the same period. For instance, the report outlines the avoid a repetition of the disorganized fact that the so-called third sector, cut-throat competition and trade wars From the report, it emerges clearly meaning service industries instead that worsened the world-wide depres­ that 1979 and the major oil price of older manufacturing activities, sion of the 1930s. increases during that period were a had shown a faster rate of growth in historic turning point in a world trade employment in recent years which GAIT has been the forum of picture that seemed to be lifting itself could provide signs of encourage­ discussion for such major negotiations out of the slump provoked by the ment about the future. The key, as the Kennedy Round of the 1960s first oil crisis of 1973-74. according to the report, will be the and the Tokyo Round of the 1970s need to maintain dynamic and which helped reduce many obstacles For instance for that period, sound investment policies to respond to world trade. industrialized countries like the to these new industrial and energy Community, the United States and realities. Japan, had largely succeeded in In a world where every co~ntry is increasingly dependent on its erasing the large increases in their neighbours as both customer and oil bills by generating new exports in supplier, a lowering of barriers has the oil-producing and developing IN BRIEF become widely accepted as an countries. But the new oil increases of 1979 and 1980 have ushered in important priority despite sporadic ZtoA application of limited quotas, tariffs another significant new era of or other obstacles. challenge to again offset rising oil import costs. More than 10 million people in the This year's GAIT annual report on European Community are illiterate or the prospects for world trade is What is not generally known, how­ cannot count, according to the Euro­ another textbook in global economics. ever-and it is contained in the pean Youth Forum. The Forum, The survey, which looks at both the report-is that the drive to export which represents national youth past and makes forecasts for the manufactured goods and services organisations of the nine Member future, notes that the volume of such as insurance and technological States at Community level, estimates world trade increased by 6 per cent know-how by the industrialized that this number of people have in 1979 but is expected to slow down countries was so sizeable that this escaped the traditional school system. considerably to between 2 and 3 per trade, and not the purchase of oil, As a result, ,they do not have sufficient cent growth this year. was the largest debt registered by the basic competence in reading, writing struggling developing world. and arithmetic to enable them to play However, when measured in dollar a real part in society. The Forum terms, world trade expanded by Probably the biggest challenge now wants the European Commission to about 25 per cent last year, reflecting facing the industrialized nations is the carry out an intensive study of this a surge in inflation and also a fall in need, according to the GATT report, problem and the Forum itself intends the value of the dollar relative to to shift investment plans to high- to launch a campaign against illiter­ other currencies. . productivity sophisticated manu- acy. 13 PUBLICATIONS

Support for Poland A gap to fill Collection of the agreements concluded by the European The European Parliament passed a The United Nations Food and Agri­ Communities, Commission of the resolution at its September session in cultural Organisation (FAO) has European Communities. Strasbourg congratulating the Polish estimated that there are 26 countries workers on the success of their recent in Africa which will require 2.4 The major work of reference brings strike action. The Parliament sup­ million tonnes of food aid during the together the full texts of agreements ported their right to strike and .to coming year. At present, the FAO made by the European Communities form free trade unions. It added that has pledges from donor countries with non-member states or with other only the Polish people had the right amounting to a mere 500 000 tonnes bodies governed by international law, to decide the future of Poland. and its Director-General, Edouard particularly international organizations, Saouma, has sent out an urgent appeal and of the Community Acts concluding Facilitating development for more. The contributions of the those agreements. Community countries to the F AO's Italy is to receive a loan of around budget for 1980-81 amount .to just 'Agreements' in this context means £ 18 million from the resources of over 32 per cent of the total, com­ agreements governed by international the Ortoli Facility to help develop pared with 25 per cent for the United law whether contained in a single oil and gas deposits and improve the States and just under 12 per cent instrument or two or more related telecommunications network. The for Japan. instruments, and whatever particular 10-year loan qualifies for a 3 per titles they may have. cent interest subsidy under the terms Coup condemned of Italy's membership of the Euro­ The scale of their economic and pean Monetary System, thus reducing The European Parliament has con­ commercial capacity has made the the effective rate to 7.9 per cent. demned the recent coup d'etat in European Communities an important Bolivia and has called on the nine partner on the world scene. This Freer transfers Community Member States .to withold work bears witness also to the outward recognition from the new regime and looking attitude of the Institutions, Commissioner Etienne Davignon, told to suspend all aid. The resolution and the breadth and 9iversity of the the European Parliament recently that was supported by Vice-President external activity of the Communities he has received assurances from the Lorenzo Natali on behalf of the in the areas covered by the treaties national football federations of the , Commission. establishing them. Nine that obstacles to the transfer of footballers from one country .to More humane The Collection comprises five basic another will be gradually abolished. volumes containing the texts of all the The Commission is currently drawing The European Commission has said agreements in force at 31 December up a report on the rights of profes­ in reply to a European Parliament­ 1975, amendments made to those texts sional footballers throughout the arian's question that it is satisfied that before that date being referred to in Community. Community legislation on the stunning the foodnotes or given after the text of of animals before slaughter is now the agreement concerned. More jobless being observed correctly by all nine The work is kept up-to-date by Member States. Annual Supplements, of which the Unemployment in the Community first (Volume 6, 1976) and the rose by 3 per cent between the end of Links preserved second (Volume 7, 1977) have been July and the end of August. Thi~ published: the first includes among rise brought the total to 6.8 million. A move by the Communist and Allies other documents the full texts of the Seasonally-corrected figures show that Group to have the Community break ACP-CEE Convention of Lome, this is not simply the usual rise for off its relations with Turkey as long concluded on behalf of the Commun­ the time of year .when unemployment as the military junta remains in·power ities on 30 January 1976. figures are swelled by school-leavers. was defeated by the European Par­ liament during its September session, The Collection may be bought as a For the regions held in the week following the fall complete set: individual volumes may of the Demirel government. The also be purchased separately. The European Commission has Parliament has demanded a report Prices for the complete basic set approved a new series of grants from from the Council of Ministers on the (Vol. 1-5): £157 or $276. the Regional Fund .totalling around implications of the coup d'etat for Prices for individual volumes - £ 115 million. The recipient the Community's association agree­ Volumes 1 to 5, each: £ 31.40 or countries are the United Kingdom ment with Turkey and will hold a $55.20. (£ 13 million), Ireland(£ 1.6 mil­ full debate during its November lion), Belgium, Denmark, Germany session. The Community's associa­ Prices for the Annual Supplement and Italy. Since it was set up in tion agreement with Greece was 1976 (Vol. 6): £31.00 or $68.00. 1975, the Fund has disbursed / frozen during the seven-year regime Prices for the Annual Supplement 14 around £590 million. of .the colonels. 1977 (Vol. 7): £37.80 or $85.50. r------~ ~ :D 0 "T1 Luxembourg, all saw their Japanese are continuing to make _Q :D FOCUS c nationals increase their holiday up for lost time. 3: spending abroad at a faster rate i$ than visiting foreigners spent. While tourism as a money- - ? Energy crisis may spinner appears to be in a i curb our quest In terms of percentage increase, tolerably healthy condition in for the exotic the biggest spenders among the Community and in the other Community citizens were the OECD countries, the OECD Despite the world economic British, who bumped up their warns that both governments recession, there seems to be no holiday budgets by 51 per cent. and the travel trade will have to let-up in enthusiasm for foreign The Irish were not far behind, keep a very close eye on the travel. Even though the energy managing to spend 4 7 per cent energy situation. crisis has pushed up fares, there more. is no shortage of people with It points o~t that the price of oil, money to spend on a holiday Overall, tourism receipts in the currently the indispensable abroad. OECD countries amounted to a ingredient in the transporting, staggering $62 000 million, which heating and cooling of tourists, This emerges clearly from the was an increase of 19 per cent. has risen by 13 5 per cent. since OECD's annual survey of the Expenditure by nationals of the end of 1978. On top of tourism industry. And the OECD countries topped that by this, uncertainties about future European Community countries, $4 000 million, which was an supplies and the risk of further all of which are members of increase of 22 per cent. unforseeable price rises do not OECD, are no exception to the create the best climate for general rule. However, these seemingly high expansion in the tourist industry in the near future. On the OECD's chart of money increases are largely a reflection of continuing inflation, together earned by its member countries with the fact that the dollar, While the OECD concedes that, and spent by their nationals in which the OECD uses for its in contrast to 20 years ago, a 1979, only two minuses appear. bookeeping, has depreciated large number of the citizens of The Irish earned 5. 9 per cent its member countries have · less from visiting tourists and against many currencies. experience of foreign travel Turks spent 7.8 per cent less . abroad. · It will probably come as no and wants to continue that surprise to learn that the Ger­ experience, they have in turn The biggest beneficiary of man's dans were the most enthusiastic become more demanding and . earnest quest for something spenders, parting with almost more careful about the way different was Community-candi­ $18 000 million to enjoy the they spend their money. date Portugal, where tourism sunshine, sea breezes and ski receipts .shot up by a spectacular slopes away from home. The It concludes: 'The unfavourable 58.8 per cent. Its Iberian French, and British, with economic situation does not neighbours the Spanish, seem to reasonably comparable numbers suppress people's need to travel be fleeing from the northern of potential spenders, could only as tourism, particularly tourism hordes who flock to their manage about one-third of that abroad, has been an integral part beaches every summer. figure .. of the way of life in OECD Spaniards spent 62.6 per cent member countries for many more abroad last year than Outside the Community, those years. The habits acquired by they did in 1978. indefatigable globe-trotters the a large part of the population Americans generated the most provid~ a sufficiently strong Apart from Ireland, all Com­ income for the travel agents, the basis to enable the tourism munity countries earned more air and shipping lines, and sector to adapt, in a difficult from tourism last year. But foreign hotels and restaurants. period, to new relationships apart from Italy, Belgium and The increasingly ubiquitous between prices and services'.

~------~ 15 Press and Information offices Sales offices for publications of the European Community of the European Community

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