DOCSLIB.ORG

City Research Online

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

City Research Online City, University of London Institutional Repository Citation: Gaio, A. (2015). Policy formation in the European Community – the case of culture. (Unpublished Doctoral thesis, City University London) This is the accepted version of the paper. This version of the publication may differ from the final published version. Permanent repository link: https://openaccess.city.ac.uk/id/eprint/13689/ Link to published version: Copyright: City Research Online aims to make research outputs of City, University of London available to a wider audience. Copyright and Moral Rights remain with the author(s) and/or copyright holders. URLs from City Research Online may be freely distributed and linked to. Reuse: Copies of full items can be used for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge. Provided that the authors, title and full bibliographic details are credited, a hyperlink and/or URL is given for the original metadata page and the content is not changed in any way. City Research Online: http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/ [email protected] City University London Department of Culture and Creative Industries Policy formation in the European Community – the case of culture Ana Isabel Gerardo Veloso Gaio Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of: Doctor of Philosophy May 2015 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of contents . 2 List of figures and tables . 6 Acknowledgements . 7 Declaration . 8 Abstract . 9 List of acronyms and abbreviations . 10 PART ONE. 11 CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION . 12 1.1 Introduction . 12 1.2 Reasons for undertaking this study . 19 1.3 Questions addressed by this research . 23 1.4 Topic boundaries – what this research does not address . 25 1.5 Thesis structure . 28 CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW AND ANALYTIC FRAMEWORK TO EXPLAIN THE FORMATION OF CULTURAL POLICY IN THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY . 31 2.1 Introduction . 31 2.2 The many halves of cultural policy research . 32 2.2.1 The ‘torn halves’ . 34 2.2.2 The other halves . 41 2.3 Research on EC cultural policy . 42 2.3.1 Narratives of the EC’s cultural policy . 43 2.3.2 European integration and instrumental cultural policy . 44 2.3.3 The European civil servants’ tales: the day to day of policy making . 45 2.3.4 The legal perspective: from ‘competence creep’ to policy . 47 2.4 Toward a dynamic process model . 51 2.4.1 Institutional processualism: processes and institutions matter . 51 2.4.2 Social mechanisms . 53 2.4.3 Kingdon’s model of policy making . 55 2.4.4 Opening windows and coupling the streams . 65 2.4.5 Policy entrepreneurs . 67 2.4.6 Limits to Kingdon’s model . 72 CHAPTER 3. ALIGNING EXPLANATION AND METHOD: RESEARCH STRATEGY AND DESIGN . 75 3.1 Introduction . 75 3.2 Aligning explanation and method . 75 3.3 The empirical research: sources of historical data . 77 3.3.1 Documents . 78 3.3.2 Interviews . 82 2 3.3.3 A note on translation . 85 3.3.4 Research ethics considerations . 86 3.4 Research strategy . 89 3.4.1 Casing and modelling of the empirical data . 93 3.5 Comparative analysis of the episodes . 96 CHAPTER 4. CULTURE AS A EUROPEAN POLICY DOMAIN: IDEATIONAL AND HISTORICAL CONTEXTS . 99 4.1 Introduction . 99 4.2 Culture as a European domain of policy . 99 4.3 EC cultural policy and Community action . 106 4.4 The historical context: the EC’s journey from Rome to Maastricht . 108 PART TWO . 112 CHAPTER 5. THE EUROPEAN RELAUNCH OF 1955-57: PROPOSING A CULTURAL PROJECT FOR THE EC . 113 5.1 Introduction . 113 5.2 Western Europe at a historical and critical juncture . 116 5.2.1 The ‘German Question’ and the German quests . 117 5.2.2 Of Cold War and cultural warfare: battling for the young . 121 5.2.3 A European role for universities? . 122 5.3 Negotiating the new European community: from Messina to Rome . 124 5.3.1 Proposing a cultural project for the new community’s agenda . 124 5.3.2 Alternative formulations in the IGC negotiations . 130 5.4 Conclusion . 140 CHAPTER 6. THE 1960-62 PLAN FOR THE POLITICAL UNION OF EUROPE: PROPOSING CULTURAL COOPERATION . 142 6.1 Introduction . 142 6.2 The political union initiative . 146 6.2.1 De Gaulle’s European vision: Europe des patries or France primus inter ‘patries’? . 147 6.3 French external cultural policy agenda under De Gaulle . 151 6.3.1 Trying to hijack the European agenda . 153 6.4 Setting political cooperation in motion: placing cultural cooperation on the agenda . 156 6.4.1 The 1961 Paris summit . 156 6.5 Negotiating the cultural cooperation agenda . 159 6.5.1 Unsettled agenda setting . 161 6.5.2 Engineering agreement . 163 6.5.3 Sett(l)ing the agenda for cultural cooperation: the Bonn summit of July 1961 . 167 6.6 Turf war in the international cultural cooperation arena . 169 3 6.7 Closing the window on the Six’s cultural cooperation . 172 6.8 Conclusion . 174 CHAPTER 7. CREATING AN EC POLICY DOMAIN OF CULTURE, 1972-77 . 176 7.1 Introduction . 176 7.2 The European Community at a crossroads – beyond an economic community 179 7.2.1 The 1969 Hague summit: moving forward . 179 7.2.2 The European Commission: in search of a new agenda . 183 7.3 Placing culture on the Commission’s agenda . 186 7.3.1 Initiating the issue: spillover from education policy . 186 7.3.2 The 1972 Memorandum ‘For Community action in the field of culture’. 189 7.3.3 Deferring decision-taking . 192 7.4 Establishing a new cultural policy domain in the European Commission. 193 7.4.1 Creating a new policy venue. 193 7.4.2 Mobilising the European Parliament. 196 7.4.3 Generating a policy proposal . 199 7.4.4 Deciding not to decide . 201 7.5 Assembling the final proposal: changing tactics . 203 7.5.1 Cultivating legitimacy . 203 7.5.2 The Commission and Parliament: win-win purposeful opportunism . 206 7.6 The protracted decision-making process . 209 7.7 Conclusion . 212 CHAPTER 8. A FRESH BOOST FOR EUROPEAN UNION AND CULTURAL POLICY, 1983-87 . 215 8.1 Introduction . 215 8.2 Reviving European integration and political union: the cultural turn? . 218 8.2.1 Building momentum . 218 8.2.2 Punctuating the equilibrium: Mitterrand, ideas, interests, institutions . 221 8.2.3 From Fontainebleau to Milan . 224 8.3 Relaunching the culture issue at a Treaty reform juncture. 226 8.3.1 Jacques Delors: policy entrepreneur and ingénieur . 226 8.3.2 The 1985 Intergovernmental Conference . 229 8.3.3 Strengthening the policy venue for culture in the Commission . 234 8.4 As the IGC window closes, that of 1992 opens: the return of old ambitions . 235 8.4.1 Agenda setting in Florence . 237 8.4.2 A (re)focusing event: the intergovernmental French Blue Book . 238 8.4.3 A ’Community focused’ alternative: the Commission’s ‘A Fresh Boost’ 240 8.5 The aftermath – decision making in the Council . 242 8.5.1 The Culture Council’s cultural policy . 242 8.5.2 Primacy to intergovernmentalism: the Commission rebuffed . 243 8.6 Conclusion . 244 4 PART THREE . 248 CHAPTER 9. COMPARING EC CULTURAL POLICY FORMATION . 249 9.1 Introduction . 249 9.2 Contextual factors . 251 9.2.1 The political stream . 251 9.2.2 Institutional framework. 256 9.3 Process design features . 260 9.4 Issue status . 263 9.5 Policy entrepreneurs . 264 9.5.1 Explaining policy entrepreneurs’ efforts in a context . 264 9.5.2 Using personal history to explain policy entrepreneurs’ efforts . 270 9.6 Generalising about the formation of cultural policy in the EC . 275 9.6.1 Why did the episodes occur?. 275 9.6.2 How did the culture progress in the four episodes? . 277 9.6.3 What explains the outcome of each episode? . 280 9.6.4 What was the role played by policy entrepreneurs and what . motivated them to intervene? . 282 CHAPTER 10. CONCLUSION. 284 10.1 Introduction . 284 10.2 Locating this research in the cultural policy researchscape . 286 10.3 So, what lessons have we learned from this research? . 288 10.3.1 EC cultural policy: historical understanding . 289 10.3.2 EC cultural policy: theoretical understanding. 291 10.3.3 EC cultural policy and Kingdon’s model: theoretical reflections . 294 10.4 Limits of this research . 296 10.5 Directions for future research . 298 BIBLIOGRAPHY . 301 I. Interviews . 301 II. Archival sources. 301 III. Official document collections. 303 IV. Secondary literature . 308 APPENDICES . 333 Appendix 1 Policy entrepreneurs, their roles and functions . 334 Appendix 2 European Commission’s cultural sector research, 1975-78 . 336 5 LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES Figure 1.1 Thesis outline p. 30 Figure 2.1 The causal role of a social mechanism p. 53 Figure 3.1 The inductive model p. 76 Figure 3.2 Event narrative structure p. 95 Figure 5.1 Event narrative mapping of the policy episode 1955-57 p. 115 Figure 6.1 Event narrative mapping of the policy episode 1960-62 p. 145 Figure 7.1 Event narrative mapping of the policy episode 1972-77 p. 178 Figure 8.1 Event narrative mapping of the policy episode 1983-87 p. 217 Figure 8.2 European Commission’s 1985 Treaty revision diagram p. 229 Table 2.1 Main social mechanisms operating in this policy sample p. 55 Table A.1 Policy Entrepreneurs: their roles and functions in the cultural p..
Recommended publications
  • A Comparative Historical Study of the Development of a European Army Written by Snezhana Stadnik

    A Comparative Historical Study of the Development of a European Army Written by Snezhana Stadnik

    A Comparative Historical Study of the Development of a European Army Written by Snezhana Stadnik This PDF is auto-generated for reference only. As such, it may contain some conversion errors and/or missing information. For all formal use please refer to the official version on the website, as linked below. A Comparative Historical Study of the Development of a European Army https://www.e-ir.info/2016/05/12/a-comparative-historical-study-of-the-development-of-a-european-army/ SNEZHANA STADNIK, MAY 12 2016 Has the Time Come? – A Comparative Historical Study of the Obstacles Facing the Development of a European Army Almost 70 years ago, a polity was created which instituted a legacy of peace among incessantly warring states. This remarkable feat, a collection of nation-states called the European Union (EU), has been the object of much research and observation. Starting off as an economic community, then growing into a new kind of federalist suprastate, 28 countries today have come together to participate in the blurring of national borders, achieving more success in market integration than foreign and security policy. This hybrid system of supranationalism and intergovernmentalism is incrementally evolving as decision-makers create and refine institutions and mechanisms to respond to needs, ultimately moving the Union forward. One such decision-maker, European Commission President Jean-Claude Juncker, recently re-surfaced an important issue: the need for a European army.[1] This has not been the first time that an influential European official has called for such a development. Every decade, the issue is revisited, with German Chancellor Angel Merkel recently wishing for a European army on her birthday.[2] Despite many developments in defense and security policy in the last several decades, one thing remains certain: the same underlying reasons that historically precluded the development of a supranational European army remain relevant today.
  • The Spaak Committee

    The Spaak Committee

    The Spaak Committee Source: CVCE. European NAvigator. Étienne Deschamps. Copyright: (c) CVCE.EU by UNI.LU All rights of reproduction, of public communication, of adaptation, of distribution or of dissemination via Internet, internal network or any other means are strictly reserved in all countries. Consult the legal notice and the terms and conditions of use regarding this site. URL: http://www.cvce.eu/obj/the_spaak_committee-en-2c330a16-0797-4e30-9a6b- d3c6de5ada0e.html Last updated: 08/07/2016 1/2 The Spaak Committee From 9 July 1955 to 21 April 1956, a working party, composed of delegates from the six governments and chaired by the Belgian Minister for Foreign Affairs, Paul-Henri Spaak, undertook the task of drawing up a report which would sketch the broad outline of a future European Economic Community (EEC) and a European Atomic Energy Community (EAEC). In October 1955, although it had participated in the first preparatory sessions, the United Kingdom decided to play no further part in the work of the Spaak Committee, whose chances of success it saw as slight and, at all events, not altogether desirable. The British opposed a customs union because they wanted to maintain their autonomy with regard to the setting of tariffs, protect their industries and maintain the privileged links that they enjoyed with their Commonwealth partners. Besides, Britain, which had had the atomic bomb since 1952 and was already financing nuclear research programmes with the United States and Canada, did not want to compromise that fruitful collaboration by associating itself with Euratom. The working party, whose meetings were also attended initially by representatives of the High Authority of the ECSC, drew up a Report of the Heads of Delegation to the Foreign Ministers, which served as the basis for negotiations during the conference of the six Ministers for Foreign Affairs, which was held in Venice on 29 and 30 May 1956.
  • The Ever-Changing Union: an Introduction to the History

    The Ever-Changing Union: an Introduction to the History

    The Ever-Changing Union An Introduction to the History, Institutions and Decision-Making Processes of the European Union CEPS Special Report/January 2009 Christian Egenhofer Sebastian Kurpas Louise van Schaik Abstract The Ever-Changing Union gives a concise overview of the EU’s history, its institutional structures and decision-making processes at the European level. It looks at the fundamental principles of European integration and describes the progress of this integration from its beginnings. The Reader also covers the EU’s main institutions and how they interact in the decision-making process as a whole, offering a comparison between the EU and federalist systems. In addition the basic features of the EU budget are described, as are the key innovations to be introduced by the Treaty of Lisbon. ISBN-13: 978-92-9079-851-4 Available for free downloading from the CEPS website (http://www.ceps.eu) © Christian Egenhofer, Sebastian Kurpas and Louise van Schaik, 2009 Unless otherwise indicated, the views expressed are attributable only to the authors in a personal capacity and not to any institution with which they are associated. This publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form for non- profit purposes only and on condition that the source is fully acknowledged. About the Authors Christian Egenhofer is a Senior Research Fellow at the Centre for European Policy Studies (CEPS), Brussels and a Visiting Professor at the College of Europe, the LUISS University in Rome and the Solvay Business School in Brussels. E-mail: [email protected] Sebastian Kurpas is Head of the ‘Politics and Institutions’-section and a Research Fellow at the Centre for European Policy Studies (CEPS), Brussels.
  • The Bank of the European Union (Sabine Tissot) the Authors Do Not Accept Responsibility for the 1958-2008 • 1958-2008 • 1958-2008 Translations

    The Bank of the European Union (Sabine Tissot) the Authors Do Not Accept Responsibility for the 1958-2008 • 1958-2008 • 1958-2008 Translations

    The book is published and printed in Luxembourg by 1958-2008 • 1958-2008 • 1958-2008 1958-2008 • 1958-2008 • 1958-2008 15, rue du Commerce – L-1351 Luxembourg 3 (+352) 48 00 22 -1 5 (+352) 49 59 63 1958-2008 • 1958-2008 • 1958-2008 U [email protected] – www.ic.lu The history of the European Investment Bank cannot would thus mobilise capital to promote the cohesion be dissociated from that of the European project of the European area and modernise the economy. 1958-2008 • 1958-2008 • 1958-2008 The EIB yesterday and today itself or from the stages in its implementation. First These initial objectives have not been abandoned. (cover photographs) broached during the inter-war period, the idea of an 1958-2008 • 1958-2008 • 1958-2008 The Bank’s history symbolised by its institution for the financing of major infrastructure in However, today’s EIB is very different from that which 1958-2008 • 1958-2008 • 1958-2008 successive headquarters’ buildings: Europe resurfaced in 1949 at the time of reconstruction started operating in 1958. The Europe of Six has Mont des Arts in Brussels, and the Marshall Plan, when Maurice Petsche proposed become that of Twenty-Seven; the individual national 1958-2008 • 1958-2008 • 1958-2008 Place de Metz and Boulevard Konrad Adenauer the creation of a European investment bank to the economies have given way to the ‘single market’; there (West and East Buildings) in Luxembourg. Organisation for European Economic Cooperation. has been continuous technological progress, whether 1958-2008 • 1958-2008 • 1958-2008 in industry or financial services; and the concerns of The creation of the Bank was finalised during the European citizens have changed.
  • The Historical Development of European Integration

    The Historical Development of European Integration

    FACT SHEETS ON THE EUROPEAN UNION The historical development of European integration PE 618.969 1. The First Treaties.....................................................................................................3 2. Developments up to the Single European Act.........................................................6 3. The Maastricht and Amsterdam Treaties...............................................................10 4. The Treaty of Nice and the Convention on the Future of Europe..........................14 5. The Treaty of Lisbon..............................................................................................18 EN - 18/06/2018 ABOUT THE PUBLICATION This leaflet contains a compilation of Fact Sheets provided by Parliament’s Policy Departments and Economic Governance Support Unit on the relevant policy area. The Fact Sheets are updated regularly and published on the website of the European Parliament: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/factsheets ABOUT THE PUBLISHER Author of the publication: European Parliament Department responsible: Unit for Coordination of Editorial and Communication Activities E-mail: [email protected] Manuscript completed in June, 2018 © European Union, 2018 DISCLAIMER The opinions expressed in this document are the sole responsibility of the author and do not necessarily represent the official position of the European Parliament. Reproduction and translation for non-commercial purposes are authorised, provided the source is acknowledged and the publisher is given prior notice
  • The Middle East and Western Values — a Dialog with Iran

    The Middle East and Western Values — a Dialog with Iran

    127 th Bergedorf Round Table The Middle East and Western Values — A Dialog With Iran October 25 th–26 th, 2003, Isfahan CONTENT Picture Documentation 1 Participants 20 Summary 21 Protocol Welcome 22 I. Culture and International Politics —An Overview 23 II. Culture and International Politics in a Regional Context 51 III. What’s Ahead?—Perspectives for the Future 82 Annex Participants 109 Recommended Literature 116 Map 118 Glossary 119 Index 132 Previous Round Tables 139 The Körber-Foundation 151 Imprint 152 INITIATOR Dr. Michael Kraig, Program Officer, Stanley Foundation, Muscatine/Iowa Dr. Kurt A. Körber Mark Leonard, Director, The Foreign Policy Centre, London Markus Löning, MdB, Member of the German Bundestag, Free Democratic CHAIR Party (FDP), Berlin Paul Freiherr von Maltzahn, Dr. Christoph Bertram, Ambassador of the Federal Republic of Germany in Director, SWP — German Institute for International Tehran and Security Affairs, Berlin Dr. Abbas Manouchehri, Professor, Tarbiat Modarress University, Center for SPEAKERS Dialogue of Civilizations, Tehran Dr. Reza Mansouri, Dr. Gilles Kepel, Deputy Minister, Ministry for Science, Research and Professor, Institut d‘Études Politiques de Paris Technology, Tehran Dr. Michael McFaul, Alireza Moayeri, Professor, Stanford University Deputy Minister for Foreign Affairs, Tehran Dr. Homayra Moshirzadeh, Asghar Mohammadi, Professor, University of Tehran Expert for the Middle East and Arab Countries, Tehran Dr. Ahmad Nagheebzadeh, Ebadollah Molaei, Professor, University of Tehran Deputy Ambassador of the Embassy of the Islamic Giandomenico Picco, Republic of Iran in Germany, Berlin Chairman and CEO, GDP Associates, Inc., New York Dr. Ali Paya, Dr. Johannes Reissner, Head, Department for Future Studies, National SWP — German Institute for International and Research Center for Science Policy, Tehran Security Affairs, Berlin Ruprecht Polenz, MdB, Dr.
  • RG04 Interior.Qxd

    RG04 Interior.Qxd

    Gernika y Alemania Historia de una reconciliación Michael Kasper RED gERnika bakeaz gernika gogoratuz Gernika y Alemania Historia de una reconciliación Esta investigación ha sido patrocinada por Gernika Gogoratuz en colaboración con el Departamento de Justicia, Economía, Trabajo y Seguridad Social del Gobierno Vasco y la Dirección General IA Derechos Humanos y Democratización de la Comisión Europea. COMISIÓN EUROPEA Dirección General IA Relaciones Exteriores: Europa y Nuevos Estados Independientes, Política Exterior y de Seguridad Común, Servicio Exterior Dirección A - Relaciones Multilaterales Derechos humanos y democratización Gernika y Alemania Historia de una reconciliación Michael Kasper Colección Red Gernika Director de la colección: Juan Gutiérrez © Michael Kasper, 1998 © Bakeaz, 1998 Avda. Zuberoa, 43-bajo • 48012 Bilbao Tel. 94 4213719 • Fax 94 4216502 E-mail: [email protected] © Gernika Gogoratuz, 1998 Artekale, 1 • 48300 Gernika-Lumo Tel. 94 6253558 • Fax 94 6256765 E-mail: [email protected] http: // www.sarenet.es /gernikag ISBN: 84-88949-27-8 Depósito legal: BI-719-98 Índice Presentación de Gernika Gogoratuz 9 Prólogo del Alcalde-Presidente de Gernika-Lumo 11 Introducción 13 I. Reconciliación 19 II. La restitución de los damnificados por los crímenes nazis 21 III. La superación del pasado alemán 27 IV. La Comisión Gernika 35 V. Petra Kelly y el Centro de Investigación por la Paz 45 VI. El ejército alemán y el ‘Guernica’ de Picasso 55 VII. El hermanamiento entre Gernika y Pforzheim 57 VIII. El Proyecto Gernika 65 IX. La Iniciativa Contra el Olvido 77 X. Gernika Gogoratuz y el mensaje del presidente alemán 81 XI. Conclusiones 87 Notas 91 Bibliografía básica 99 7 Presentación ernika Gogoratuz tiene la misión de hacer aportaciones al G símbolo de Gernika, para lo cual acordó con la catedrática de Historia Contemporánea Mª Jesús Cava Mesa que realizase un tra - bajo de investigación que se publicó en el año 1996 con el título Memoria colectiva del bombardeo de Gernika .
  • Download PDF (422.4

    Download PDF (422.4

    Table of cases and legislation EUROPEAN UNION Communications, Guidance and Notices Communication from the Commission, Guidelines on the application of Art. 81(3) of the Treaty, 2004/C 101/08, OJ C101/97, 27.4.2004 ............................270 Guidance on the Commission’s enforcement priorities in applying Art. 82 of the EC Treaty to abusive exclusionary conduct by dominant undertakings, OJ C045, 24.02.2009 ......................................................................................269 Commission Notice ‘Guidelines on Vertical Restraints,’ European Commission, Brussels, 10 May 2010, SEC (2010) ................................. 272, 273 Communication from the Commission, Guidelines on the Applicability of Art. 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to Horizontal Co-operation Agreements, OJ, 2011/C 11/01, 2011 ......................270 Decisions Commission Decision (86/398/EEC) relating to a proceeding under Art. 85 of the EEC Treaty (IV/31.149 – Polypropylene), [1986] OJ L230/1, [1988] 4 CMLR 347 .................................................................................................266 Regulations Council Regulation (EC) No 1/2003 of 16 December 2002, OJ L 1, 4.1.2003 Art. 2 .............................................................................................................174 Art. 9 .............................................................................................................267 Council Regulation (EC) No 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ
  • The Conference on the Future of Europe a New Model to Reform the EU?

    The Conference on the Future of Europe a New Model to Reform the EU?

    The Conference on the Future of Europe A New Model to Reform the EU? Federico Fabbrini* WORKING PAPER No 12 / 2019 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction 2. Plans for the Conference on the Future of Europe 3. Precedents of the Conference on the Future of Europe 4. The rules on EU treaty reform 5. The practice of inter-se treaties outside the EU legal order 6. Reforming the EU through a Political Compact 7. Conclusions ABSTRACT The paper offers a first analysis of the recent plan to establish a Conference on the Future of Europe to reform the European Union (EU), comparing this initiative with two historical precedents to relaunch the EU – namely the Conference of Messina and the Convention on the Future of Europe – and considering the legal rules and political options for treaty reform in the contemporary EU. To this end, the paper overviews prior efforts to reform the EU, and points out the conditions that led to the success or failures of these initiatives. Subsequently it examines the technicalities of the EU treaty amendment rules and emphasizes the challenge towards treaty reform resulting from the need to obtain unanimous approval by all member states. The paper then assesses the increasing tendency by member states to use inter-se international treaties – particularly in response to the euro-crisis – and underlines how these have introduce new ratification rules, overcoming unanimity. Drawing lessons from these precedents, finally, the paper suggests what will be a condition for the success of the Conference on the Future of Europe, and argues that this should resolve to draft a new treaty – a Political Compact – designed to push forward integration among those member states that so wish.
  • The Left and the European Union

    The Left and the European Union

    Austerity Union and the Transformation of Europe Bojan Bugaric Abstract: The EU »economic constitution« systematically biases EU policy making in a neo- liberal direction. Historically speaking, this was not the intent of the EU founding fathers. The original constitutional settlement of embedded liberalism was significantly redefined in the next major revisions of the Rome Treaty. The neo-liberal foundations of the single market and the EMU have imposed real and significant institutional constraints for progressive policy making. However, the role of the European Left was crucial in this alteration of the EU constitutional order. Despite the strong neoliberal consensus among the key political actors of that time, such a change would have not be possible without the Left' retreat towards »centre- leftism«, particularly in France. Furthermore, while constrains of the EU economic constitution are significant, we should avoid the »naturalization« of the EU project. The European Left, while in power, failed to leave its distinct imprint on the EU economic constitution. The Left policy agenda remained firmly embedded in the logic of the nation state. The euro crisis pushed these developments even further and, for the first time in the EU history, explicitly challenged the constitutional balance of the EU legal order. The new Austerity Union, a project in the making, profoundly altered this constitutional balance. I. Introduction At the moment, only five out of twenty seven member states of the European Union (EU) are governed by left parties or left dominated coalitions.1 On the EU level, the Left fares even worse. The last European elections in 2009 brought the Left the worst defeat since the first elections to the European parliament in 1979.
  • Schriftliche Fragen

    Schriftliche Fragen

    Deutscher Bundestag Drucksache 13/2205 13. Wahlperiode 25.08.95 Schriftliche Fragen mit den in der Woche vom 21. August 1995 eingegangenen Antworten der Bundesregierung Verzeichnis der Fragenden Abgeordnete Nummer Abgeordnete Nummer der Frage der Frage Blunck, Lilo (SPD) 37, 38, 39, 40 Dr. Maleuda, Günther (PDS) 27 Fuchs, Katrin (Verl) (SPD) 1, 2, 3, 4 Dr. Meister, Michael (CDU/CSU) 41, 42, 43 Dr. Hendricks, Barbara (SPD) 19 Poß, Joachim (SPD) 25 Kastning, Ernst (SPD) 5 Scheelen, Bernd (SPD) 26 Dr. Kiper, Manuel (BÜNDNIS 90/DIE GRÜNEN) Schmidt-Zadel, Regina (SPD) 32, 33, 34 12, 13, 31, 46 Schütz, Dietmar (Oldenburg) (SPD) 44, 45 Körper, Fritz Rudolf (SPD) 14, 15 Sielaff, Horst (SPD) 16 Kossendey, Thomas (CDU/CSU) 17, 18 Dr. Thomae, Dieter (F.D.P ) 35, 36 Dr. Lippelt, Helmut (BÜNDNIS 90/DIE GRÜNEN) 6, 7, 20, 21 Tippach, Steffen (PDS) 8, 9, 10, 11 Löwisch, Sigrun (CDU/CSU) . 22, 23, 24, 28, 29, 30 Wolf, Hanna (München) (SPD) 47, 48, 49, 50 Drucksache 13/2205 Deutscher Bundestag — 13. Wahlperiode Verzeichnis der Fragen nach Geschäftsbereichen der Bundesregierung Seite Seite Geschäftsbereich des Auswärtigen Amtes Geschäftsbereich des Bundesministeriums der Justiz Fuchs, Katrin (Verl) (SPD) Kossendey, Thomas (CDU/CSU) Angebot Frankreichs auf Ausdehnung des Anzahl der Empfänger von Leistungen französischen Nuklearschirms auf nach dem Zweiten SED-Unrechts- Deutschland; Signalwirkung 1 bereinigungsgesetz 8 - Kastning, Ernst (SPD) Voranfragen für weitere Schiffs Geschäftsbereich des Bundesministeriums für lieferungen an Taiwan 2 Wirtschaft Dr. Lippelt, Helmut (BÜNDNIS 90/DIE GRÜNEN) Schmiergeldzahlungen deutscher Firmen Hendricks, Barbara (SPD) über die deutsche Botschaft in Mad rid Auswirkungen einer Senkung der an die spanische Regierungspartei; Ertragsteuern mit Aufwertungseffekt Aufhebung der diplomatischen Immunität bei der Deutschen Mark auf die Wett- des Botschafters a.
  • Long-Term Unemployment in the EU: Trends and Policies

    Long-Term Unemployment in the EU: Trends and Policies

    Long-term Unemployment in the EU: Trends and Policies Long-term Unemployment in the EU: Trends and Policies Nicola Duell, Lena Thurau, Tim Vetter Economix Research & Consulting Disclaimer: Results presented in this report are based on data from Eurostat, specifically the Labor Force Survey LFS and EU-SILC. We wish to thank Eurostat for the provision of the data under the project 143/2015-AES-LFS-EU-SILC. The responsibility for all conclusions drawn from the data lies entirely with the authors. Aknowledgments: This report benefited from invaluable comments provided by John P. Martin (former Director for Employment, Labor and Social Affairs at the OECD and IZA Research fellow) and the participants of a seminar organized by the Bertelsmann Stiftung on 21 January 2016 in Brussels. Contents Figures and tables 6 Key findings, in brief 9 Introduction 12 1. Measuring and assessing LTU in the EU 13 Long-term unemployment 13 Long-term inactivity and labor-market detachment 18 Alternative indicators for assessing long-term joblessness in a broader sense 32 2. Factors driving long-term unemployment 37 Overview 37 The economic crisis and aggregate labor demand 37 Labor-market regulation and flexibility 41 Labor-market mismatches and structural unemployment 44 Benefits, institutions, activation approaches and household strategies 47 Conclusions 53 3. Addressing long-term unemployment through activation policies 55 Activation policies: target groups, objectives and approaches 55 Activation strategies 56 Active labor-market policy measures 59 ALMP spending