Research and Innovation

Renzo Tomellini

Please note that this presentation is illustrative and it is not legally binding. It does not represent any commitment on behalf of the . It might have become obslolete. Please refer to official documents: http://ec.europa.eu/index_en.htm

Research and Innovation • Where are the current structures, funding schemes and activities coming from? • How did the EU Research Policy evolve? • What are the forces which shaped this evolution? • In what context did appear new initiatives? • What has been changing and what hasn’t?

Policy Research and Innovation • Incentive value

Policy Research and Innovation risk

loans / VC banking grants EIB/EIF States’ aids

raising priorities: standards, norms, rules, capital…

private funding - industrial risk

Research and R&Dpublic funding technological - Innovation risk

UNIVERSITIES ESF loans / VC ERC (& FET) IPTS STOA banking grants EIB/EIF ERANET+ COST LIFE+ RSFF States’ aids FP calls, RFCS JTI, PPP CIP «lead markets» EIT R&D for SMEs raising EUREKA priorities: standards, National funds norms, rules, capital…

private funding - industrial risk

Research and R&Dpublic funding technological - Innovation TRL = Technology Readiness Levels

• http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/sectors/ict/files/kets/hlg_report_final_en.pdf

Policy Research and Innovation European Treaties

• Paris Treaty (ECSC), 1951 • Rome Treaty (Euratom, CEE), 1957 • Merger Treaty, 1965 • Single European Act, 1986 • Maastricht Treaty (European Union), 1992 • Amsterdam Treaty, 1997 • Nice Treaty, 2001 • Lisbon Treaty, 2007

Policy Research and Innovation • 1951 ECSC: Research and Technological Development in Steel and Coal • 1957 Euratom/EEC: Research in Nuclear Energy/Agriculture • 1957-1964: Creation of the Joint Research Centre (JRC) in Ispra, Petten, Geel, Karlsruhe • 70’: Introduction of the principle of transnational collaborative projects • 1978: FAST (Forecasting and Assessment in Science and Technology) ⇒1993 • 1983: Launch of the ESPRIT Programme • 1984: First EC Research Framework Programme • 1986: Single European Act: Research becomes a formal Community Policy through a dedicated chapter in the Treaty. Objective: “Strengthen the scientific and technological basis of European industry and to encourage it to become more

competitive at international level”.Policy Research and Innovation • 1994: Creation of the JRC Institute for Prospective Studies in Seville • 1997: Amsterdam Treaty: Qualified majority for EEC Framework Programmes (still unanimity for Euratom Framework Programmes) • 2000: Lisbon European Council. Launch of the European Research Area • 2002: Creation of ESFRI - European Strategy Forum on Research Infrastructures • 2007: Lisbon Treaty. Introduction of the European Research Area in the Treaty. Objective of the EU Research Policy: “Strengthening [the EU's] scientific and technological bases by achieving a European research area in which researchers, scientific knowledge and technology circulate freely, and encouraging it to become more competitive”. • 2007 Creation of the European Research Council (ERC) • 2008 Creation of the European Institute of Innovation and Technology (EIT)

Policy Research and Innovation European Commissioners for Research • () 1967-1970 (Rey Commission) - Research and Technology • (Italy) 1970-1973 (Malfatti/Mansholt Commissions) - Industrial Affairs/Research • (West Germany) 1973-1977 (Ortoli Commission) - Research, Science, Education • Guido Brunner (West Germany) 1977-1981 (Jenkins Commission) - Energy, Research, Science • Etienne Davignon (Belgium) 1981-1985 (Thorn Commission) - Industrial Affairs and Energy • Karl-Heinz Narjes (West Germany) 1985-1989 (Delors I Commission) - Information Technology, Science and Research

…. Policy Research and Innovation • (Italy 1989-1993 ( II) - Science, Research, Telecommunications and Innovation • Antonio Ruberti (Italy) 1993-1995 (Delors Commission III) - Science, Research, Technological Development and Education • Édith Cresson (France) 1995-1999 (Santer Commission) - Science, Research, Development, Education, Training and Youth • Philippe Busquin (Belgium) 1999-2004 (Prodi Commission) - Research • Janez Potočnik (Slovenia) 2004-2010 (Barroso Commission I) - Science and Research • Máire Geoghegan-Quinn (Ireland) 2010-2014 (Barroso Commission II) - Research, Innovation and Science Policy Research and Innovation The landscape of European Scientific and Technological Cooperation

• CERN - European Organization for Nuclear Research (1952) • ESO - European Southern Observatory (1962) • EMBO - European Molecular Biology Organization (1964) • Airbus (1970) • COST - European Cooperation in Science and Technology (1971) • EMBL - European Molecular Biology Laboratory (1974) • ESF - European Science Foundation (1974) • ESA - European Space Agency (1975) • Arianespace (1980) • EUREKA (1985) • EUROHORCS - European Heads of Research Councils (1992) • ESRF - European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (1994) • GALILEO (2002)

Policy Research and Innovation The EU Multiannual Research Framework Programmes

• 1st Framework Programme (1984-1987): B€ 3.75 • 2nd Framework Programme (1987-1991): B€ 5.4 3rd Framework Programme (1991-1994): B€ 6.6 4th Framework Programme (1994-1998): B€ 13 • 5th Framework Programme (1998-2002): B€ 15 • 6th Framework Programme (2002-2006): B€ 18 • 7th Framework Programme (2007-2013): B€ 53 • Horizon 2020 (2014-2020): B€ 79 (current price)

Policy Research and Innovation A history of integration

• Researchers • Countries • Actors (university, industry, centres, …) • Disciplines • Components along the values chain • Technological and socio-economic issues • Technological and non-technological issues • Financial actors (EU/MS public and private) • …

Policy Research and Innovation Some Lessons Learnt

• Progress is slow: it takes time to conceive new ideas, to make them clear and understandable, to get them accepted and to implement them with concrete results • Changes are (quite) irreversible: no backward step • EU Research Policy and its evolution depend on many interacting factors • A major driver is the evolution of the European Union itself, and the European project • Due to its position in the system, what the European Commission does really matters, and has a great influence Policy Research and Innovation

hp://ec.europa.eu/research/fp7/index_en.cfm?pg=country-profile

Research and Innovation Research and Innovation

Research and Innovation Thank you for your is not only about attention! preparing for the future, • To find out more:

but it is shaping • www.ec.europa.eu/research/horizon2020 the future

Policy Research and Innovation