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The Battle of Cane Hill, Arkansas

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The Battle of Cane Hill, Arkansas Pursuing an Elusive Quarry: The Battle of Cane Hill, Arkansas Authors: Kim Allen Scott & Stephen Burgess “This is the final version of record of an article that originally appeared in Arkansas Historical Quarterly in March 1997." Scott, Kim Allen, and Stephen Burgess. "Pursuing an Elusive Quarry: The Battle of Cane Hill, Arkansas." Arkansas Historical Quarterly 56, no. 1 (1997): 26-55. Made available through Montana State University’s ScholarWorks scholarworks.montana.edu Pursuing an Elusive Quarry: The Battle of Cane Hill, Arkansas KIM ALLEN SCOTT and STEPHENBURGESS "I ATTACKEDGENL. MARMADUKE at this place on the 28th inst . andthrashed him out of his boots andbritches." (Brig. Gen. JamesG. Blunt,USA)1 "We foughtthem all day with but slight loss and at darkwe moved off withthe federalspursuing. It was at CaneHill. I supposethey will make a greatto do over it, but I assureyou they oughtto hide their faces insteadof boast."(Maj. Robert Henry Smith, CSA)2 Thestatements of GeneralBlunt andMajor Smith are prime examples of the researcher'sdilemma when pursuingthat most elusive quarry,historical truth. Both Blunt and Smith personallywitnessed the battle of Cane Hill, Arkansas, yet each man saw the results of the clash in an entirelydifferent manner.Their divergent conclusions on the fight confrontus much like the storiesa policemangathers from witnesses to a trafficaccident. Three people standing at an intersectioncan easily relateto an investigatorthree entirely Kim Allen Scott is special collections librarian at Montana State University. Stephen Burgess is a formerFayetteville resident now living in Fredericksburg, Virginia. This article won the 1996 Arkansas Historical Association's Lucille Westbrook Award for Local History. The authors wish to thank Kevin Burgess for preparing the maps of the battle. 1 James G. Blunt, telegramto Brig. Gen. John M. Schofield, November 1 8, 1 872, John M. Schofleld Papers, Manuscripts Division, Library of Congress. 2Robert Henry Smith to Susan Oliver Smith, November 30, 1862, Smith-Mendenhall Family Papers, Montana State University, Bozeman. THE ARKANSASHISTORICAL QUARTERLY VOL. LVI, NO. 1, SPRING 1997 This content downloaded from 153.90.170.52 on Mon, 10 Nov 2014 16:54:02 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions BATTLEOF CANE HILL 27 differentversions of howthe cars collided,yet each storyis dutifullyrecorded for presentationto the courtfor judgement. But if historyis a trialproceeding, should the hearing on the battleof Cane Hillbe held in a civil or criminalcourt? In a civil proceedingwe need merely to presenta case basedon a preponderanceof the evidence,a task mucheasier thanthe criminalcourt requirement of proofbeyond a reasonabledoubt. This burden of proof is where the historianmust part companywith the traffic investigator,for while the lattermay be able to reconcilethe observationsby threewitnesses to fix liabilityfor the accident,the historianis forcedto admit that the survivingsources on CaneHill areheavily skewedtowards the side claimingvictory in thebattle. An additionalchallenge faces anyonewho would attemptto unravelthe conflictingtestimony of this fight; the pettyjealousies andpolitical backbiting in whichthe principal characters indulged may or may notbe typicalof Civil Warcommanders, but theirwillingness to recordtheir sniping alerts us to the possibility that their stories on Cane Hill may be coloredaccordingly. The historian,much like the trafficinvestigator, should rely not only on the witness depositions, but also examine the physical evidenceremaining at the scene.3The physicallegacy of the desperatechase that occurredat CaneHill on November28, 1862, can help verify locations that are somewhatvague in the writtenaccounts. The following narrative describing the battle is based on a critical evaluation of all of the aforementionedevidence but will verifythat the truthof the matteris a most elusive quarry. Afterthe Confederatedefeat at PeaRidge, Arkansas, on March7-8, 1862, Maj.Gen. Earl Van Dorn's combinedsouthern forces moved to reinforcethe Rebelarmies in westernTennessee, virtually abandoning northwest Arkansas to Federaloccupation. The victoriousFederal army, however, marched off towardnortheast Arkansas and the areaaround the town of Batesville.Union generalSamuel Ryan Curtishoped to capturethe MississippiRiver town of Helena, but the Arkansassecessionist governmentraised such a clamorin Richmondthat a new southerngeneral sped to the defenseof the state. 3No archeologicalsurvey of an American Civil War site, whether amateur or professional, can provide a definitive picture of the events which occurred at the site, but speculative conclusions can be reachedwhen unique ordnance known to have been used at a particular time is recovered. The metal detector surveys and excavations of the Cane Hill battlefield which will be cited in this paper were conducted on private property with the generous permission of several different landowners between 1987 and 1994. This content downloaded from 153.90.170.52 on Mon, 10 Nov 2014 16:54:02 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 28 ARKANSASHISTORICAL QUARTERLY Maj. Gen. ThomasC. Hindmantook commandof the First Corpsof the Confederacy'sTrans-Mississippi army on August 24, 1862, quicklybringing to ConfederateArkansas an energythat had been sorelylacking. Using a mere skeletonforce, Hindman started a campaignof deceptionthat stalledthe Union advance while he mobilized the rest of state. The new Rebel commander enforcedthe Confederategovernment's conscription act to the fullest extent andset up a networkof supplyfactories to produceeverything from shoes to gunpowderfor the growing southern army. By midsummerof 1862 the Rebels had taken back northwestArkansas and even moved again into southwest Missouri.4 As his conscript force grew, General Hindman replaced several subordinateswith more able officers. Two of the new commanderswere Brig. Gen. John SappingtonMarmaduke, appointed to lead the southerncavalry division, and Col. Joseph Orville Shelby, chosen to head a brigadewithin Marmaduke'sdivision. These two Missourianswould be Hindman'schoice to direct the movementtowards Cane Hill and would prove themselvesmost worthyof the assignment. Northernstrategists in Missourihad not failed to notice the Confederate buildup.While two divisionsof the Union Armyof the Frontiertramped into thefield from southeastern Missouri, a thirdadvanced from easternKansas to join them.Brig. Gen. JamesG. Blunt, a formerphysician from Kansasand a seasonedveteran of the longtimeborder conflict, led the troopsthat formedthe 1stDivision of theArmy of theFrontier, and although his commandingofficer andmany subordinates may have questionedBlunt's military judgement, they could not deny his aggressivewillingness to engage the enemy whenever possible. By late October Blunt had driven the Confederatesout of Missouri, captureda four-gunbattery at thebattle of FortWayne in the IndianTerritory, and positioned his division in southwesternBenton County,Arkansas, to observe any furtherRebel incursionsfrom the ArkansasRiver valley. So successful had Blunt's campaignbeen that Maj. Gen. John Schofield, the commanderof theArmy of the Frontier,recalled the 2nd and 3rd Divisions to quartersnear Springfield,Missouri, leaving Blunt'svictorious 1st Division 4 David Yancey Thomas, Arkansas in War and Reconstruction (Little Rock: United Daughters of the Confederacy, 1926): 140-142; William L. Shea, "1862, 'A Continual Thunder'" in Rugged and Sublime: The Civil War in Arkansas, ed. Mark K. Christ (Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 1994), 45-48. This content downloaded from 153.90.170.52 on Mon, 10 Nov 2014 16:54:02 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions BATTLEOF CANE HILL 29 Kansansto manageby themselvesin northwestArkansas. Blunt continuedto occupyhis troopsby scoutingthe territory south towards Hindman's gathering forces at Van Buren and by setting his men to the destructionof Rebel property. "It is very certainthat this countrywill afford short living for a bushwhackerwhen I leave it," he wroteto GeneralSchofield.5 Hindmanacted quickly to take advantageboth of Blunt's aggressiveness and of Schofleld's complacencyas winter approached.Hindman's plan of attack called for a large cavalry force to be sent from Van Buren in the Arkansas River valley across the Boston Mountainsto Boonsboro6and Newburg, two small towns in southwestWashington County situated along JordanCreek and a broadridge known as CaneHill. Hindman'stroops were to seizeforage supplies in this rich agriculturalarea and draw the attentionof Blunt'sdivision. With the Yankeesthus diverted by the threatof a majorattack at CaneHill, Hindman,with his mainforce, could marchup the Cove Creek roadfrom Van Buren and strike the enemyin the rear,defeating Blunt's army before any help could arrive from the other two divisions in southern Missouri.7 Blunt's division of the Armyof the Frontierconsisted of threebrigades commandedby Brig. Gen. FrederickSolomon, Col. WilliamWeer, and Col. William F. Cloud.Just as Bluntwould laterfreely express his contemptfor GeneralSchofield in his memoirs,subordinate officers in the 1st Division did not hesitateto criticizeboth Blunt and each other. SamuelJ. Crawford,an ambitiouspolitician then serving as a captainin the 2nd Kansas Cavalry, consideredGeneral Blunt to be slow-wittedand publicly declared his orderof marchto Cane Hill to be "ill conceived,and his plan of battle . worse."8 Crawford'sown brigade commander, Col. William F. Cloud,had been dubbed "thepettiest
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