HISTORICAL REVIEW

APRIL 1963 Fred Geary's "The Steamboat Idlewild'

Published Quarterly By The State Historical Society of Missouri COLUMBIA, MISSOURI THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI The State Historical Society of Missouri, heretofore organized under the laws of this State, shall be the trustee of this State—Laws of Missouri, 1899, R. S. of Mo., 1949, Chapter 183.

OFFICERS 1962-65 ROY D. WILLIAMS, Boonville, President L. E. MEADOR, Springfield, First Vice President LEO J. ROZIER, Perryville, Second Vice President WILLIAM L. BRADSHAW, Columbia, Third Vice President RUSSELL V. DYE, Liberty, Fourth Vice President WILLIAM C TUCKER, Warrensburg, Fifth Vice President JOHN A. WINKLER, Hannibal, Sixth Vice President R. B. PRICE, Columbia, Treasurer FLOYD C SHOEMAKER, Columbia, Sacretary Emeritus and Consultant RICHARD S. BROWNLEE, Columbia, Director, Secretary, and Librarian

TRUSTEES Permanent Trustees, Former Presidents of the Society E. L. DALE, Carthage E. E. SWAIN, Kirksville RUSH H. LIMBAUGH, Cape Girardeau L. M. WHITE, Mexico GEORGE A. ROZIER, Jefferson City Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1963 RALPH P. BIEBER, St. Louis LEO J. ROZIER, Perryville BARTLETT BODER, St. Joseph W. WALLACE SMITH, Independence L. E. MEADOR, Springfield JACK STAPLETON, Stanberry JOSEPH H. MOORE, Charleston HENRY C THOMPSON, Bonne Terre

Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1964 WILLIAM R. DENSLOW, Trenton FRANK LUTHER MOTT, Columbia ALFRED O. FUERBRINGER, St. Louis GEORGE H. SCRUTON, Sedalia GEORGE FULLER GREEN, Kansas City JAMES TODD, Moberly ROBERT S. GREEN, Mexico T. BALLARD WATTERS, Marshfield Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1965 FRANK C BARNHILL, Marshall W. C HEWITT, Shelbyville FRANK P. BRIGGS, Macon ROBERT NAGEL JONES, St. Louis HENRY A. BUNDSCHU, Independence GEORGE W. SOMERVILLE, Chillicothe R. I. COLBORN, Paris WILLIAM C TUCKER, Warrensburg

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE The twenty-nine Trustees, the President and the Secretary of the Society, the Governor, Secretary of State, State Treasurer, and President of the University of Missouri constitute the Executive Committee. FINANCE COMMITTEE Five members of the Executive Committee appointed by the President of the Society at each annual meeting of the Executive Committee constitute the Finance Committee. L. M. WHITE, Mexico, Chairman ELMER ELLIS, Columbia GEORGE A. ROZIER, Jefferson City W. C HEWITT, Shelbyville T. BALLARD WATTERS, Marshfield Missouri Historical Review

RICHARD S. BROWNLEE JAMES E. MOSS Editor Assistant Editor

Published Quarterly by

THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI

COLUMBIA, MISSOURI

VOL. LVII APRIL 1963 No. 3

The Missouri Ilistorin.il Review is published quarterly at 119 S. Elson Street, Kirksville, -Missouri. Send communications and change of address to The State Historical Society of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri. Set-oncl class postage? is paid at Kirksville, Missouri. The Review is sent free to all members of The State Historical Society of Missouri. Membership dues in the Society are Sl-00 a year or $21) for an individual life membership. The Society assumes no responsibility for statements made by contributors to the magazine. CONTENTS Page

MARMADUKE'S CAPE GIRARDEAU EXPEDITION, 1863. By Stephen B. Oates. . .237

A STUDY OF CONFUSION: MISSOURI'S IMMIGRATION PROGRAM, 1865-1916. By Norman L. Crockett 248 HO! FOR THE GOLD MINES OF MONTANA. UP THE MISSOURI IN 1865. THE JOURNAL OF WILLIAM H. GALLAHER. Edited by James E. Moss. . . .261 MISSOURI'S 268 CONGRESSMEN, 1821-1960. By Paul 0. Selby 285

A LETTER FROM THE ST. LOUIS ARSENAL: 1849 291

HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS Those Active in Increasing the Society's Membership 294 New Members in the Historical Society 297 Missouri News 304 Local Historical Societies 309 Anniversaries 314 Monuments and Memorials 314 Notes 314 Obituaries 317 Historical Publications 319

MISSOURI HISTORY NOT FOUND IN TEXTBOOKS 324 LAFAYETTE COUNTY COURTHOUSE Verso Back Cover MARTIN E. GREEN Back Cover

THE COVER: While the steamboat was common to all America, it was on the Wrestern rivers that its practicability, once demonstrated, was best evidenced. Its importance in the changing political, social and economic status of the entire West during the mid-nineteenth century as well as its significance in the develop­ ment of Missouri has been demonstrated frequently by serious scholars. The more imaginative writers of romances, too, have paid tribute to the "Fairy structures of oriental gorgeousness and splendor." "Steam navigation colonized the West!" exaggerated one observer. Another believed steamboats "among the most essential agents of social life," and added that "if it were possible to imagine them wiped out for a time, the rising civilization of [the Mississippi Valley] would dis­ appear with them." A more valid interpretation, however, is that of Louis C. Hunter who writes that "without the steamboat the advance of the frontier, the rise of cities, the growth of manufacturing, and the emancipation of an agricultural people from the drab confines of a frontier economy would all have taken place, but they would have been slowed to the tempo of keelboat, flatboat, and canal barge and to the tedious advance of stagecoach and wagon train. The growth of the West and the rise of steamboat transportation were inseparable; they were geared together and each was dependent upon the other. The record of the steam­ boat's development reflected the horizontal extension of territorial settlement and the upward climb from a plane of relative self-sufficiency to one of economic interdependence." The front cover illustration, "The Steamboat Idlewild," by Fred Geary, was taken from a woodcut engraving now in the Society's collection of art properties. mm -i»

MARMADUKE'S CAPE GIRARDEAU EXPEDITION, 1863

BY STEPHEN B. OATES*

Two years of indecisive fighting had elapsed in the trans- Mississippi theater, and the new year, 1863, did not promise to be favorable for the Confederates. In December, 1862, at Prairie Grove, Arkansas, the Union "Army of the Frontier" under Major- General James G. Blunt had turned back a Confederate offensive led by Major-General T. C. Hindman and forced the rebels to fall back south of the Arkansas River. Confederate cavalry then raided Federal Missouri and compelled Blunt temporarily to move out of Arkansas. But in March, 1863, the Army of the Frontier, strength­ ened by new recruits from Kansas and Illinois, again moved south­ ward, its object, the Arkansas state capital at Little Rock.1 Major-General E. Kirby Smith, the new commander of the trans-Mississippi Department, prepared to meet the Federal threat with everything he could muster. His army, though badly scattered, numbered a respectable 26,047 men.2 The I Corps, composed of

*Stephen B. Oates is a Teaching Fellow in history at the University, of Texas, Austin, and author of Confederate Cavalry West of the River (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1961) of which a portion deals with the subject of this article. iHenry W. Halleck's report of operations in the Departments of Missouri and of the North- Tfn'r^ZT^fr 25' ^-November 15, 1863 The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies (70 vols, in 128; Washington, D.C., 1880-1891) ser I vol. XXII, pt. I, 9-10. Hereafter referred to as Official Records. 2Ibid., ser. IV, vol. II, 530. 238 Missouri Historical Review

8,475 poorly armed infantry, was at or near Lewisburg. Brigadier- General John S. Marmaduke's cavalry division, encamped at Bates- ville, was the only Confederate force in northern Arkansas. Briga­ dier General William Steele had perhaps 4,884 Indian and Texas cavalry west of Ft. Smith.3 The II Corps under Major-General Theophilus Holmes held Little Rock, but a second Federal army led by Brigadier-General Frederick Steele, having captured every­ thing in eastern Arkansas from Batesville to Helena, was now advancing west, and Federal gunboats were operating in the lower Arkansas and White Rivers. Civil government in the state had largely disappeared and Holmes' military rule was weak. Bush­ whacking, burning, assassination, pillage, and violence prevailed in the northern part of the state.4 Even though his army was confronted with two invasionary forces, Kirby Smith with enthusiasm and a soldier's spirit of conquest gazed northward toward Missouri. Perhaps after Con­ federate forces had been consolidated and the enemy driven out of Arkansas, he could send an army of invasion into the state. Smith was not just dreaming. By his request Major-General Sterling Price, fondly called "Old Pap" by Missouri Confederates, had been transferred from Mississippi to the Department and was now in command of Hindman's old corps (I corps). Perhaps this tall, handsome, popular Missourian would be the ideal officer to lead such an invasion.5 Capture and permanent occupation of Missouri, however, were not Kirby Smith's immediate objectives. He must first attempt to push Blunt and Steele out of Arkansas; drive the Federals out of Louisiana; help Pemberton clear the Mississippi of Union forces and keep the River open for southern trade.6 Yet Kirby Smith did not completely rule out a Missouri operation. Marmaduke had proposed a plan which he thought might work—a cavalry diversion into Missouri, similar to the one made in January, 1863. As Marma­ duke pointed out this would draw off the Federals in northern Arkansas and thus relieve some of the pressure on Vicksburg and Little Rock. Confederates might then be able to deal with the disorder and vandalism in northern Arkansas, concentrate on

*Ibid„ ser. I, vol. XXII, pt. II, 832-833, 793. 4U. S. Record and Pension Office, Organization and Status of Missouri Troops, Union and Confederate, During the Civil War (Washington, D. C, 1902), 53, 57; David Y. Thomas, Arkansas in War and Reconstruction (Little Rock, 1928), 189-190, 197. 5Special Orders No. 58, February 17, 1863, Official Records, ser. I, vol. XXII, pt. II, 791; T. C. Reynolds to J. A. Seddon, February 5, 1863, ibid., 782-783; Seddon to J. C. Pemberton, February 6, 1863, ibid., 783-784. "Seddon to Kirby Smith, March 18, 1863, ibid., 802-803; Jefferson Davis to Kirby Smith, May 8, 1863, ibid., 834-835. keeping the Mississippi in Confed­ erate hands, and prepare to make an invasion of Missouri later in the year, perhaps in the fall.7 In mid-March Marmaduke travel­ ed to Little Rock to confer with Holmes on specific objectives. The cavalry division was to sweep through the Iron Mountains, destroying tele­ graphs, bridges, and forts as it went, and then swing across to the eastern side of the state to demolish the strategic Federal supply depot at Cape Girardeau. Both Smith and Holmes hoped that Marmaduke could also pick up in Missouri a large number of recruits.8 Everyone thought the raid would be daring and successful. Marma­ John S. Marmaduke duke, a southern aristocrat and native of Missouri, was a capable cavalry brigadier, confident and trusted by his superiors. A West Point graduate, he had served under Albert S. Johnston in the Utah campaign. When war broke out he had resigned from the United States Army and joined the Missouri State Guards, rising to the rank of colonel. Going from there into Confederate service he was placed under his old chief, A. S. Johns­ ton, whom he followed through the bitter campaigning in Kentucky and Mississippi. Good fighting had earned him a brigadier-general's commission,9 and T. C. Hindman had asked for his transfer to the trans-Mississippi.10 There, in October, 1862, the Missourian assumed command of a cavalry division and led it gallantly in the battle at Prairie Grove. After his briefing at Little Rock, Marmaduke returned to Bates- ville early in April and began to concentrate his forces at Eleven Points River.11 The four brigades that made up the division were all ably led. Colonel George Washington Carter led a brigade from Texas comprising the Nineteenth Texas, Colonel N. M. Burford, the Twenty-First Texas, Lieutenant Colonel D. C. Giddings,

'Holmes to Marmaduke, February 16, 27, March 5, 1863, ibid., 788, 790, 794; John N. Edwards, Shelby and His Men; or, The War in the West (Cincinnati, 1867), 151. ^Edwards, Shelby and His Men, 151; Bennett H. Young, Confederate Wizards of the Saddle; Being Reminiscences and Observations of One Who Rode With Morgan (Boston, 1914; facsim. reprint, Kennesaw, Georgia, 1958), 541; Thomas, Arkansas in War and Reconstruction, 194. 9Allen Johnson and Dumas Malone, eds., Dictionary of American Biography (20 vols., New York, 1928-1936), XXII, 290; Howard L. Conard, ed., Encyclopedia of the History of Missouri (6 vols., New York, 1881), V, 199. ">Special Orders No. 39, September 28, 1862, Official Records, ser. I, vol. XIII, 884. uMarmaduke's report, May 20, 1863, ibid., ser. I, vol. XXII, pt. I, 285. 240 Missouri Historical Review

Reves' Partisan Company, Major C. L. Morgan's squadron, and Captain J. A. Pratt's four-gun battery. These men were inexperi­ enced, but they had courage and endurance.12 Colonel John Q. Burbridge commanded a Missouri Brigade composed of his own Fourth Missouri Cavalry, Colonel R. C. Newton's Fifth Arkansas Cavalry, and Lieutenant Colonel S. G. Kitchens' Missouri battal­ ion.18 Competent and stolid Colton Greene led McDonald's old Missouri Brigade, made up of the regiments of Lieutenant Colonel Leonidas C. Campbell and Colonel W. J. Jeffers, and the battalion of Colonel M. L. Young. The fourth brigade, all Missouri troops, consisted of the regiments of Colonel B. G. Jeans, Colonel B. F. Gordon, and Colonel G. W. Thompson, and the battalions of Major Benjamin Elliott and Major David Shanks. The brigade was commanded by Colonel Joseph O. Shelby, one of the best young cavalry leaders in the trans-Mississippi. The four brigades num­ bered 5,086 with eight pieces of artillery, two of them Parrot guns attached to Bledsoe's battery of Shelby's brigade. Unfortunately, 1,200 of the men were unarmed and 900 were without horses, but Marmaduke felt compelled to take them along lest they desert if left behind. He hoped that guns and horses could be captured on the march.14 Even allowing for the unarmed and the unmounted, the column would be a powerful one, larger than any that Wheeler, Mor­ gan, or Forrest had thus far employed in their spectacular raids.15 On April 19 the division rode at an easy gait for Rolla, Missouri, some 180 miles north of Batesville. Because the country along the line of march was denuded of corn and oats—even grass was scarce—movement was in two columns, one under Shelby, the other under Carter.16 Marmaduke's first objectives were the garrisons at Patterson, lightly defended by 600 militia, and Bloomfield, commanded by the notorious John McNeil, known to Confederates as the "butcherer" because of his alleged brutality to citizens and prisoners. McNeil had some 2,000 infantry and cavalry.17 The plan of operations called for demonstrations by Shelby's column, now moving west, to create the illusion of a Confederate invasion of Missouri via Thomasville, Houston, and west of Rolla. 12Young, Confederate Wizards of the Saddle, 541. 13S. G. Kitchens' report, May 7, 1863, Official Records, ser. I, vol. XXII, pt. I, 298-299; J. Q. Burbirdge's report, May 11, 1863, ibid., 296. ^Marmaduke's report, May 20, 1863, ibid., 285. lsYoung, Confederate Wizards of the Saddle, 542. ^Marmaduke's report, Mav 20, 1863, Official Records, ser. I, vol. XXII, pt. I, 285; Thompson's report, May 15, 1863, ibid., 289. 17Marmaduke's report, May 20, 1863, ibid., 286; Young, Confederate Wizards of the Saddle, 543, 544; John C. Moore, "Missouri," Confederate Military History (ed. by Clement A. Evans, 12 vols., Atlanta, 1899), IX, 131. N MARMADUKE'S CAPE GIRARDEAU RAID \* Apri 1 17-May 2, 1863

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The enemy might thus be drawn from northern Arkansas and southwestern Missouri and the garrisons at Patterson, Ironton, and Bloomfield thrown off their guard. Carter's column, composed of Carter's and Greene's brigades, was to take a shorter, less traveled route, strike Patterson, and join Shelby near Ironton. Both columns were then to smash McNeil.18 Carter's and Greene's brigades, riding via Doniphan, reached a hamlet thirty miles from Patterson at 4 A.M. on April 20. There Colonel Carter sent a detachment of 450 men and two pieces of artillery under Lieutenant Colonel Giddings to clear out Federal patrols along the road to Patterson. The detachment reached Patterson at dawn and surprised a large body of Federal cavalry trotting back home after an uneventful night of patrolling. Instead

"Marmaduke's report, May 20, 1863, Official Records, ser. I, vol. XXII, pt. I, 286. 242 Missouri Historical Review

of letting these men go, thereby avoiding gun-fire which would scare off the Federal garrison, the inexperienced Texans undertook to fight them in a stand-up battle.19 The Federal garrison com­ mander, hearing the firing and shouting, set fire to his stores and led his force at a gallop to Bloomfield.20 Gidding's men pursued McNeil for a few miles, killed a few stragglers, and then returned to Patterson. At dusk Shelby's brigades, having completed their demonstrations around Thomasville and Houston, rode into Patterson. After a short rest, the combined columns struck out for Bloomfield.21 The next morning, April 21, Marmaduke again split his force. Carter advanced directly on Bloomfield. Marmaduke and Shelby rode for Fredericktown, ten miles southeast of Pilot Knob, to inter­ cept McNeil if he attempted to escape to Ironton. After fording the treacherous St. Francis River, Shelby's column on the evening of April 22 reached Fredericktown, capturing there a small militia force.22 Meanwhile, Carter's troops bogged down in the Mingo Swamps, several miles southwest of Bloomfield, and lost an entire day extricating wagons and artillery from the mud. On the evening of April 23 a detachment from Burbridge's brigade under Preston dashed into Bloomfield to find only smouldering ruins. The day lost in the swamps had given McNeil time enough to burn the town and retreat toward the Mississippi River. Preston learned from a citizen that McNeil was headed for Cape Girardeau. After the remainder of the troops came up, Carter formed them in a two- column front, and they rode west hoping to cut off McNeil at Williams' Ferry. But blowing rain and slushy roads forced them to give up the chase. At noon on April 24 McNeil and his troops filed unmolested into Cape Girardeau.23 In the meantime Shelby's column, ignorant of the fact that McNeil had escaped Carter, remained in the vicinity of Ironton. Late on April 23 a raiding detachment of ninety-three men slipped out of Fredericktown and during the next two days destroyed a bridge over Big Creek and wrecked long stretches of the St. Louis Railroad. On their return march they spotted a large body of enemy cavalry moving quietly toward Fredericktown. The battle flag of

"•Carter's report, May 5, 1863, ibid., 300; Greene's report, May 15, 1863, ibid., 303; Marma- duke's report, May 20, 1863, ibid., 286. 2°Edwin Smart to J. W. Davidson, April 21, May 9, 1863, ibid., 263, 264-265. 21Marmaduke's report, May 20, 1863, ibid., 286; Thompson's report, May 15, 1863, ibid., 300; Burbridge's report, May 11, 1863, ibid., 296-297. 22Marmaduke's report, May 20, 1863, ibid., 286-287; Thompson's report, May 15, 1863, ibid., 289. 23Carter's report, May 5, 1863, ibid., 300-301; Greene's report, May 15, 1863, ibid., 303. Marmaduke's Cape Girardeau Expedition, 1863 243

the First Iowa, fluttering at the head of the column, revealed it to be part of Davidson's division (under General William Vandever) of the Army of the Frontier. The Confederates hid in the woods and, after the Federals had passed, struck out for Dallas at a killing gallop, overtaking Shelby's column as it crossed the Castor River near Bloomfield.24 Shelby then marched his men through rain and darkness to a junction with Carter near Old Jackson before dawn on April 26. Cape Girardeau lay four miles away.25 It was raining in torrents now, and water stood inches deep on the road to Cape Girardeau. Through this slush rode the Confed­ erate column bent on driving McNeil from the city whose lights flickered in the distance.26 McNeil had a strong natural position. A chain of hills encircled the town on the west, and on these hills were four forts, heavily armed with field artillery and rifled cannon. The Mississippi River wound around the east side of town. The place looked to be almost impregnable, and Marmaduke decided not to attempt to storm it, at least for the time being. He sent Shelby's brigade to drive in the enemy pickets and to skirmish lightly with the forts. At 8 A.M. Thompson's regiment, leading Shelby's advance, encountered stiff resistance and took up a posi­ tion in a field at the base of the chain of hills. The rest of Shelby's brigade quickly came up to its support. Shanks' battalion formed on the left of the Jackson-Cape Girardeau road, which cut through the field and passed over the heights into the town. Shanks' left flank rested on the edge of a thick growth of timber. Immediately on Shanks' right was Thompson's regiment. Next was Collins' battery with one gun on the road and the other three in line in a small field on the right. In the woods on Collins' right was Jean's regiment. Gordon's regiment held the extreme right of the Confed­ erate line. At mid-morning Federal field guns opened up and raked the Confederates with shell and canister. Suddenly there emerged from the forest an uneven line of Federal infantry which began to fire at Gordon's troops. The skirmishing promised to become a respectable battle as artillery fire was ''constant and terrific" and Minie balls were "hissing a treble to the music of the roar." At noon Carter's and Greene's brigades fell into position on Shelby's left, but by now General Marmaduke had agreed with Colonel Thompson that to

24Muse's report, May 14, 1863, ibid., 294; Charles H. Lothrop, A History of the First Regiment Iowa Cavalry. . . . (Lyons, Iowa, 1890), 107-108. 25Marmaduke's report, May 20, 1863, Official Records, ser. I, vol. XXII, pt. I, 286-287; Thompson's report, May 15, 1863, ibid., 290. 26Thompson's report, May 15, 1863, ibid., 290; Young, Confederate Wizards of the Saddle, 546. Cape Girardeau, an important stragetic position on the Mississippi between Cairo and St. Louis.

charge the fortifications would definitely be "wanton butchery and slaughter." Leaving forty casualties on the field, the division wheeled about and fell back to Old Jackson, where it encamped for the night.27 At dusk two young girls, both loyal Confederates, wandered onto the battlefield to care for the wounded. Two bodies were found, hunched and twisted over the wheels of a disabled cannon. Crying softly, the two girls dug a grave with their hands and buried the dead. Afterward, they helped the walking wounded back to Cape Girardeau, where the soldiers placed themselves at the mercy of John McNeil.28 During the afternoon McNeil had been reinforced by two steam­ boat loads of troops, bringing his total to perhaps 3,500. He had also received word that General Vandever with 5,000 cavalry (the force encountered by the Confederate detachment the day before) was closing in on Marmaduke from the direction of Fredericktown. Thus when the Confederates retreated, McNeil determined to take the offensive. At 8 P.M. Federal cavalry and infantry with drums beating and bugles blowing tramped out of Cape Girardeau along the road to Jackson.29 Then at midnight Vandever's cavalry slipped unobserved down the Jackson and Fredericktown road and moved stealthily into the woods to encircle Newton's regiment,

27Thompson's report, May 15, 1863, Official Records, ser. I, vol. XXII, pt. I, 290-291; McNeil's report, May 12, 1863, ibid., 258-259; Marmaduke's report, Mav 20, 1863, ibid., 287; Carter's report, May 5, 1863, ibid., 301; Franck Moore, ed., The Rebellion Record: A Diary of American Events. . (12 vols., New York, 1861-1871), VI, 561-563. 28Edwards, Shelby and His Men, 157-158. 29McNeil to Curtis, April 26, 1863, Official Records, ser. I, vol. XXII, pt. I, 255; Curtis to H. W. Halleck, April 26, 1863, ibid., 252; Vandever to Curtis, April 24, 1863, ibid., 272; Vandever to Davidson, April 27, 1863, ibid., 274; Moore, Rebellion Record, VI, 563. Marmaduke s Cape Girardeau Expedition, 1863 245 which was encamped some four miles beyond Jackson. Vandever's men crept out of the timber to assail the sleeping Confederates. Everywhere there were shouts, flashes, humming bullets, and men thrashing about in the darkness. Newton's troops were completely routed. Whooping and firing their pistols in the air, Federals swept into Burbridge's camp and put his brigade into great disorder. It appeared that they would rout the entire Confederate division. Colonel Burbridge managed, however, to rally two companies and check Vandever's furious assailants for the better part of an hour. The noise having aroused Marmaduke, he ordered Shelby and Greene to take their brigades to find out what the commotion was about. Through broken lines of troops streaming back to Jackson, they made their way to Burbridge's position and opened a brisk fire upon the enemy. All the Confederates then fell back to Jackson, where they formed a second line on the outskirts of town. General Marmaduke, learning of McNeil's advance from the east, ordered his brigade commanders to prepare to retreat. At 4 A.M. a series of lightning flashes revealed a long column of Confederate cavalry slipping out of Jackson and moving off toward Bloomfield.30 With Shelby covering the retreat, the division rode down southern Missouri along the Cape Girardeau and Kitchens' Mill road. After crossing and destroying the White Water bridge, it reached Bloomfield on April 28. While the division fell back slowly from Bloomfield, skirmishing with McNeil and Vandever at every advantageous point,31 a small detail of picked men worked feverishly for two days and a night to construct a "trembling, crazy bridge" across the St. Francis at Chalk's Bluff. Made of huge logs cabled on both banks and supported in the middle by a log barge and an unwieldy raft, it rose up and down on the swirling water.32 The division reached the St. Francis on May 1, formed a semi­ circular battle line on the northern bank, and contested the Federals while artillery and horses moved across the bridge. Before long a body of enemy cavalry drove into Carter's exposed right flank and forced his brigade against Gordon's right. Shelby shifted Thomp­ son's regiment from left to right to support Carter, and the Con­ federates drove back the assailants. Then one by one the regiments pulled out of the line and moved across the shaky bridge, consuming 30Marmaduke's report, Mav 20, 1863, Official Records, ser. I, vol. XXII, pt. I, 287; Curtis to Halleck, April 26, 27, 28, 1863, Ibid., 252, 253; Burbridge's report, May 11, 1863, ibid., 296-297; Thompson's report, May 15, 1863, ibid., 291. siMarmaduke's report, May 20, 1863, ibid., 287-288; Thompson's report, May 15, 1863, ibid., 291; Carter's report, May 5, 1863, ibid., Greene's report, May 15, 1863, ibid., 303-304. 82Young, Confederate Wizards of the Saddle, 561; Moore, "Missouri," Confederate Military History, IX, 133. 246 Missouri Historical Review eight hours in the crossing. Just after Thompson's regiment arrived safely on the southern bank, Federals appeared at the edge of the woods on the opposite side. A Confederate sliced the moorings with his saber, and the bridge was swept downstream.33 Here the Federal pursuit ended.34 One enemy had been eluded, but an even worse foe was yet to be conquered—the impenetrable swamps lying south of the St. Francis. On May 6 the division entered the swamps, following the Cache River which wound southward in a "devious, sluggish, sickly way." Artillery, baggage, and ammunition wagons bogged in the mire. Horses and mules that refused to move despite coaxing and lashing were left to die in the mud. After seventy-two hours of sleepless nights, of attacks by swarms of mosquitoes, of alternate rain and sticky heat, of squirming through miles of oozing mud, the men emerged from the sloughs, looking more "like an army of denizens of a semi-amphibio subterranean world than one of men and animals."35 On May 31 the raiders dismounted at Jacksonport, Arkansas. The wounded were cared for and the horses turned to pasture. The troops, having pitched camp, set about cleaning their arms, repairing their trappings, washing and mending their mud-caked uniforms.36 The raid had cost the division thirty killed, sixty wounded, and 120 missing. One hundred and fifty new recruits compensated somewhat for the losses.37 In terms of strategic objectives, Marmaduke's raid was unsuc­ cessful. A few forts and bridges had been destroyed, but the main Federal supply depot at Cape Girardeau had not been damaged. Moreover, the dangerous Army of the Frontier was moving once again into northern Arkansas. This time it could not be stopped or diverted and the state capital would fall in September, 1863. The main fault lay with Confederate planning. To send cavalry and light artillery against a town as heavily fortified as Cape Girardeau approached the insane. Raiding cavalry should never undertake a

33Marmaduke's report, May 20, 1863, Official Records, ser. I, vol. XXII, pt. I, 278; Thompson's report, May 15, 1863, ibid., 292-293; Carter's report, May 5, 1863, ibid., 302-303; Greene's report, May 15, 1863, ibid., 303-304; Burbridge's report, May 11, 1863, ibid., 297-298. 3ijWilliam Vandever to Davidson, April 29, 1863, ibid., 274. The Federal pursuit consisted of the First Wisconsin Cavalry, the Second Missouri State Militia, two detachments of enrolled Missouri militia, and Welfey's battery. These were under McNeil. The two brigades under Van­ dever comprised: First Brigade—Third Missouri Cavalry, Third Missouri State Militia Cavalry, Third Iowa Cavalry, First Iowa Cavalry, the Thirteenth Illinois, Stranger's section of Hauch's battery, Lindsay's section of enrolled Missouri militia; Second Brigade—First Nebraska Infantry, Second Missouri State Militia Cavalry. McNeil to Davidson, May 12, 1863, ibid., 257, 259. Total casualties in Union forces operating against Maraduke from April 17 to May 2 were twenty-two killed, thirty-seven wounded, and fifty-one missing. Ibid., 253. ^Thompson's report, May 15, 1863, ibid., 293; Burbridge's report, May 11, 1863, ibid., 298; Young, Confederate Wizards of the Saddle, 562-563. 36Young, Confederate Wizards of the Saddle, 562. s'Marmaduke's report, May 20, 1863, Official Records, ser. I, vol. XXII, pt. I, 288. Marmaduke's Cape Girardeau Expedition, 1863 247

siege. Its main purpose was to strike isolated garrisons, small forts, towns, and then run and strike again. Marmaduke committed his first serious mistake before the raid began. A cardinal principle of a raid was to collect, well in advance, information about what would be encountered, but Marmaduke allowed himself to remain ignorant of road conditions, the forces available to the enemy, and the strength of the four forts at Cape Girardeau. Marmaduke commited another blunder in taking along numerous supply wagons. To strike successfully, raiding cavalry must travel light and live off the land. Marmaduke's trains slowed his march, and, by bogging down in the Mingo Swamps, they prevented the Confederates from cap­ turing McNeil. The difficulty in moving them across the St. Francis had almost caused a disaster on the retreat. In terms of lessons learned, however, Marmaduke's raid was successful. The daring Shelby, remembering the mistakes made in the planning and execution of the Cape Girardeau expedition, would lead an effective raid in the fall of 1863. Marmaduke's raid also provided invaluable experience for many Missourians who would follow the dashing Sterling Price on a final Missouri expedi­ tion in September, 1864.38

38For a discussion of the role played by the cavalry raid in military strategy west of the River see Stephen B. Oates, "Confederate Cavalry in the Trans-Mississippi" (unpublished master's thesis, the University of Texas, Austin, 1960), chapter VI.

OLD HOME REMEDIES

From Granny Gore's Ozark Folk Medicine, by Sherman Lee Pompey

"Bear grease is good fer cuts, if youens dont mind killin1 the bear. Fer the faint hearted, salt pork is good. Know of a man that was healed of an axe cut by the use of a little salt pork. If it got ganger ine, youens might use a few leaves from the fever plant that the Indians down here used to use. It was a plant they biled and served their sick to cure a fever. If it gits a bit poisoned, try a little slippery elm bark to draw out the poisons.

'' Wild cherry bark is good fer cough syrup when properly biled down. A STUDY OF CONFUSION: MISSOURI'S IMMIGRATION PROGRAM 1865-1916

BY NORMAN L. CROCKETT*

TVJJSJ

In his satire on post-Civil War materialism Missouri's most gifted writer, Mark Twain, employed an optimistic land promoter to express America's frenzy for growth in wealth and population: Come right along to Missouri! Don't wait and worry about a good price, but sell out for whatever you can get, and come along, or you might be too late. Throw away your traps, if necessary, and come empty-handed. You'll never regret it. It's the grandest country—the loveliest land —the purest atmosphere—I can't describe it; no pen can do it justice. And it's filling up every day—people coming from every­ where. . . . You'll see! Come!—rush! —hurry!—don't wait for anything!1 In Missouri, as elsewhere, promoters did indeed stress the advantages of their localities beyond all semblance to more sober

*Norman L. Crockett is a member of the history faculty at West Texas State College, Canyon, Texas. *Mark Twain and Charles D. Warner, The Gilded Age (New York, 1915), 13. 248 Missouri's Immigration Program, 1865-1916 249 truth. Nearly all railroad, county, district, and state immigration agents joined the chorus of newspaper editors who praised the particular merits and advantages of their sections. There's no place like home. And whether home was Southwest Missouri, Clay County, or Hannibal, each had more timber, better land, superior schools, mountains of minerals, and a climate equalled only by a tropical paradise. Yet, the comic aspects of the efforts to promote immigration to Missouri should not be over-emphasized. After the Civil War Missouri still contained large areas of unimproved land. The politi­ cal upheavals abroad caused an exodus from Europe, and many emigrants, especially German farmers, poured into the West after 1848. A railroad building boom which began before the war, paused for breath, only to start another speculative phase, land sales and trunk lines. Missouri's optimism toward immigration and growth was born of the boom period 1867-1872. Whether large or small nearly every organization employed similar methods with one goal in mind, a booming population. Increase the number of inhabitants in an area and the economic millennium would come. Missouri wanted the immigrant.2 Missourians donated large sums of money and time to promote immigration. The state created a Board of Immigration; counties and districts formed societies; the railroads hired immigration agents; and various nationality groups created promotional societies. However, regardless of the time and money involved, Missouri's immigration program was hindered by several distinct factors: (1) poor organization, which scattered funds and duplicated serv­ ices; (2) improper timing, resulting in emphasis on the wrong areas at the wrong time; (3) and a rural and racial attitude reflecting a contradiction of ideas. The state government itself inaugurated formal plans to promote immigration. The first state efforts began in 1863 when Governor Hamilton R. Gamble commissioned an immigration agent, but the legislature failed to confirm the office or appropriate funds. Nevertheless, the agent toured Europe with the backing of several Missouri railroads. The project failed, no doubt due to the internal

2In 1860 almost one-half the land in Missouri was uncultivated, Sylvester Waterhouse, The Resources of Missouri (St. Louis, 1867), 58. As early as 1850 the foreign-born accounted for more than a third of Wisconsin's population, and St. Louis was nearly sixty per cent foreign-born in 1860, Eighth Census of the United States, 1860, Population (Washington, 1864), 614; William O. Lynch, "The Influence of Population Movements on Missouri Before 1861," Missouri Historical Review, XVI, 506-516; Conrad and Irene Taeuber, The Changing Population of the United States (New York, 1958), 62-63; Edwin L. Lopata, Local Aid To Railroads In Missouri (New York, 1937), 61-68. Arrival of Emigrants at Union Station, St. Louis, 1879. strife in Missouri during the war.3 On February 16, 1865, the General Assembly, acting on the recommendation of Governor Thomas C. Fletcher, created the Missouri State Board of Immigra­ tion. The new board was composed of three appointed members plus the governor and secretary of state. This group was empowered to publish essays, articles, and pamphlets, describing the resources and advantages of the state; to appoint agents to travel in the east­ ern states and Europe to direct and aid immigration to Missouri; and to solicit funds from merchants and manufacturers.4 From 1867 to 1872 the board distributed pamphlets, maps, and circulars by the thousands in the East and sent agents to Europe to continue the process.5 Efforts were made to secure half-fare rates on railroads for all immigrants interested in settling in Missouri. The board investigated complaints and attempted to gain the cooperation of all agencies and individuals with a similar interest.6 In spite of the seemingly enthusiastic attitude, financial support proved difficult to obtain. The state agency lacked funds from the beginning of its operations, and solicitation from private sources helped little. Between 1865 and 1873 the board received approxi­ mately $18,000 in state funds and $6,000 from private sources, the average being $2,300 per year.7 This was less than some states

3Lopata, Local Aid To Railroads In Missouri, 68. 4Florence Kidd, "Efforts to Encourage Immigration to Missouri After the Civil War" (M.A. Thesis, University of Missouri, 1933), 4. 5One example is Waterhouse's, Resources of Missouri. Professor Wraterhouse of Washington University wrote the ninety-six page booklet in 1867 at the request of Governor Fletcher. The booklet, of which twenty thousand copies were printed, lists the inducements Missouri offered to immigrants in rather flowery and at times exaggerated terms. 6Kidd, "Efforts to Encourage Immigration," 5-13. 7Ibid., 12-13, 19; Lopata, Local Aid To Railroads In Missouri, 68-69. Missouri s Immigration Program, 1865-1916 251 appropriated to one office or agent of their immigration bureau.8 In some cases the expected cooperation from railroads failed to materialize. For example, the Pacific line refused to grant half-fare rates to immigrants even though the road had received a seven million dollar subsidy from the state.9 After the first few years the board lost its enthusiasm and seemed content to answer general correspondence and produce publications.10 Another problem arose as politics soon entered the picture. The Board of Immigration became a political football after 1874. Both political parties blamed the other for the failure of Missouri to obtain its fair share of the immigrant tide. Local editors praised or damned the board, depending on their political leanings, and the population growth in their immediate area.11 Following the panic of 1873 the interest in immigration seemed to decline, and the annual appropriation was dropped in 1878. The immigration offices were vacant by 1885.12 Governor Lon V. Stephens revived the board in 1899 by appoint­ ing Joseph W. Folk of St. Louis as president. However, the Senate, after confirming the appointment, failed to appropriate necessary funds. The Senate then passed a bill which would have abolished all state laws and agencies concerned with immigration. Governor Stephens promptly vetoed the bill and the Board of Immigration lingered until 1904 with virtually no funds. The last attempt to activate the board came in 1909. The legislature passed a bill appropriating $25,000 and instructing Governor Herbert S. Hadley to appoint a three-man commission on immigration. This time the Senate failed to confirm the appoint­ ments before the 1909 session closed. By 1911 Hadley had changed his mind, for he then opposed an immigration bureau, suggesting that appropriations for immigration be divided between the Depart­ ments of Agriculture, Poultry, Horticulture, and the Waterways Commission.13 The board published its last report in 1916, and was completely abolished in July 1927. Actually, the Bureau of Labor

8Iowa established a Board of Immigration in 1870 with an appropriation of ten thousand dollars. For an excellent account of the immigration activities of the northwestern states see, Theodore C Blegen, "The Competition of the Northwestern States for Immigrants," Wisconsin Magazine of History, III, 3-29. 9Lopata, Local Aid To Railroads In Missouri, 69. 10Kidd, "Efforts to Encourage Immigration," 25. "Ibid., 24-25; Boonville Weekly Advertiser, October 16, 1874. 12Kidd, "Efforts to Encourage Immigration," 22. 13Jefferson City Daily Democrat-Tribune, April 11, 1911; Jefferson City Tribune, December 16, 1908, June 26, 1909; Howard L. Conard (ed.), Encyclopedia of the History of Missouri (New York, 1901), III, 348-349; Jefferson City Slate Tribune, April 5, 1899; Jefferson City Daily Tribune, October 1, 1898. Also see, Missouri Department of State, Official Manual of the State of Missouri (Jefferson City) for the years 1877-1915. 252 Missouri Historical Review

Statistics had been performing most of the first board's functions since 1878.14 Though the State Board of Immigration was in exis­ tence for sixty-two years, Missouri's official agency handled only a small segment of the total program. Counties employed similar methods to gain population. In March 1867 the General Assembly passed a law permitting any county to form an immigration society and authorizing the appropriation of five hundred dollars from the county treasury if any group of five citizens desired an immigration agency. The new organization would then come under the state's incorporation laws. Knox County acted first in 1873 and several county bureaus were formed about 1880.15 Cooper County, for example, organized an immigration society in March 1880. A president was elected, along with two vice presidents from each township; the consitution of the Missouri Immigration Society of St. Louis16 was adopted; and the group planned to meet once a month.17 The activities of a county society are best illustrated in Barton County. The Missouri Immigration Association was formed with headquarters at Lamar. The group sent agents to the northeastern states to promote immigration to Barton County; made arrange­ ments for half-fare rates with railroads; directed tours of the county; and gathered and published pamphlets showing the advantages of their particular area.18 As the efforts of the State Board of Immigration declined after 1873, the counties, in addition to organizing separate bureaus, moved in still another direction — the regional society. Of the various Missouri regional groups, the Southwest Missouri Immigration Society established in 1888 was the largest. This bureau, with headquarters at Clinton, was composed of twenty- seven counties. The major governing body consisted of a president and one representative from each member county south of the Missouri River and west of the ninetieth meridian. The association attempted to induce home seekers of "high-class" to settle and

14Conard, Encyclopedia of Missouri, III, 348-349; Boonville Weekly Advertiser, March 19, 1909. Also see, "Tentative Schedule of Classification for Missouri Official Documents," 27, on file in the State Historical Society of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Columbia Missourian, July 21, 1927; Boonville Weekly Advertiser, March 9, 1909; Missouri Bureau of Labor Statistics, Resources and Advantages of Missouri (Jefferson City, 1896). 15Kidd, "Efforts to Encourage Immigration," 16; Jefferson City, The Peoples Tribune, Septem­ ber 24, 1879; Boonville Weekly Advertiser, July 4, 1879; Jefferson Citv, The Daily Tribune, Janu­ ary 18, 1880, March 17, 1880, March 21, 1880, March 23, 1880, March 28, 1880. ^Formed on April 13, 1880, in St. Louis at the request of the St. Louis Immigration Society. Membership was composed of two representatives from any county who wished to join. See, Boonville Weekly Advertiser, April 13, 1880. "Ibid., March 26, 1880. 18Missouri Immigration Association, Lamar, Missouri, A Common Sense View of Barton County (Lamar, n.d.), 5. Missouri's Immigration Program, 1865-1916 253 invest in Southwest Missouri, and to promote the flow of capital toward that area. Each county paid a membership fee of one cent on every one hundred dollars assessed land valuation. Unlike some societies, this group was quite active. It urged the Southwestern Missouri press to ask for donations for the association; displayed exhibits of produce at the St. Louis Exposition of 1888; printed maps, circulars, and pamphlets;19 arranged railroad excursions into the area; and paid transportation costs of prospective land buyers.20 Whether local or regional, all immigration agencies stressed advertising, and Missouri's newspaper editors also shared a com­ mon attitude toward this medium: publicize the state's natural resources, and immigrants would flock to its borders by the thou­ sands. This view continued past the turn of the century even as the number of immigration societies increased. Yet, by 1890 it would seem that every area, especially a county, had been well advertised. Cole County, for example, had its own county immigra­ tion society, was represented by the Missouri Immigration Society in St. Louis, and was an active member of the Southwest Immigra­ tion Society with headquarters at Clinton.21 Counties, towns, or districts frequently received aid in procuring immigrants from the railroad companies. Although the state granted no more loans to railroads after 1865, the counties and towns of Missouri purchased stocks and made * 'liberal" arrange­ ments to gain trunk lines.22 Most railroads needed settlers to build up the area along the lines and to produce products for shipment. Therefore, many railroads established land offices. The Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad received 600,000 acres in land grants. It set up a land office in Hannibal in 1859, which offered liberal, long-term credit to prospective buyers. In advertis­ ing, land sales, and public relations this railroad followed essentially the same procedure as that used by the Illinois Central. George S. Harris, the Hannibal and St. Joseph agent in Boston, distributed numerous copies of a land promotion circular in the Northeast.23

19Within one year 75,000 pieces of literature were distributed. Its largest publication was a 112 page book, Southwest Missouri (St. Louis, 1888) of which four thousand copies were mailed. See Jefferson City, The Daily Tribune, October 27, 1888, November 16, 1889. ™ Boonville Weekly Advertiser, March 2, 1888; Jefferson City Tribune, April 4, 1888, May 16, 1888; Jefferson City, The Daily Tribune, July 20, 1888, October 27, 1888, October 13, 1889, Novem­ ber 16, 1889, February 4, 1898. 21Jefferson City, The Daily Tribune, March 21, 1880, March 28, 1880; Jefferson City Tribune, May 16, 1888. 22It is estimated that by 1873 Missouri's railroads had received over fifty million dollars in aid from all sources. See, Lopata, Local Aid To Railroads In Missouri, 130. 23Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad, "Farms and Homes in Missouri for New England Farm­ ers, Mechanics, and Traders" (1860), on file in the Western Historical Manuscripts Collection, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri. RICH FARMS AND GOOD HOMES I AT LOW PEIOE8 AND ON LIBEEAL TEEMS 1 IIV NORTH MISSOURI. THE HANNIBAL & ST. JOSEPH RAILROAD COMPANY OFFER FOR SALE OVER 400,000 ACRES OF TDK In addition, the company also Best Prairie, Timber and Coal Lands in the West I published a booklet advertising IN FORTY ACRE LOTS OR MORE, the timber, land, minerals, mar­ OCT TTTCTO OH TJSJST YE^TIS OUBIDITI AT PRICES RANGING FROM kets, and educational institu­ 92,40 to $3, »1, $5, $6, $9, $12, $15, &.C., tions of northern Missouri.'24 AVERAGING UNDER $10 PER ACRE. Railroads also used regional 20 jer Cent, is Deducted from 10 Years Credit Price if fully paid in 2 Tears! advertising groups. In this way FREE FARE.—Exploring Land buyers should get tickets at Land office in Hannibal, in order to have fare on this Railroad refunded or allowed on first payment for land. the South-western Immigration Town lots in towns on the Railroad are Fold for ono-third of value down, one-third in one year, and one-third in two years with interest. Company was formed. It was These Railroad Lands are located in twenty eounties in North Missouri, about M follows: composed of the major railroads COUNTIES. ACRES. COUNTIES. ACBB-I. Pike' 1,520 Linn 66,200 of the South and Middle West, Ralls 1,560 Carroll 18,560 Marion • 1,630 Livingston 60,400 who combined their funds to Lewis 640 Grundy 4,560 Knox 280 Caldwell 62,860 encourage immigration to Mis­ Monro* 8,006 Daviess 19,080 Shelby 18,000 Clinton 89,720 souri, Arkansas, Texas, and Randolph 4,960 DeKalb 65,880 Maoon 83,240 Buchanan 1,840 Louisiana. They, like the others, Chariton 21,550 Andrew S,*M published a booklet describing Hannibal and St. Joseph R. R. Land Circulars, the area in terms that would Giving full particulars, are furnished gratis, and persons wishing to enlist their frieadi to emigrate with them should apply for all they want to circulate. probably make the region unrec­ A 8ECTI0NAL MAP, showing the exact location of the lands, is sold at thirty 25 eenU. Apply by letter or otherwise to ognizable to local inhabitants. GEO. S. HARRIS, In such a situation the towns Land Commissioner H. & St J. R. R.» could not be slighted so they too HANNIBAL, MO. joined in the mania of exag- erated advertising. Merchants' associations, commercial clubs, and town booster groups sprang up throughout Missouri, each claiming that their city would someday become the commercial hub of the Middle West. The more energetic of the urban folk sent their own agents to the Northeast and to Europe. For example, Boonville sent an agent to Sweden in 1870. John Bennett, the agent, took orders from those desiring servants and laborers and received fifty dollars per head. Most towns, however, were content to turn out numerous publications, which would put the modern chambers of commerce to shame.26 In addition to the organizations mentioned, newly arrived immigrants formed special societies to encourage countrymen to follow in their footsteps. The German, Hebrew, and Irish immigra-

24Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad, Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad Lands, 600,000 Acres in North Missouri, 1860 (Hannibal, 1800). 25South-western Immigration Company, East-South Missouri And Arkansas (Buffalo, 1881), 2, 40; Richard C Overton, Burlington West (Cambridge, 1941), 118; Hannibal and St. Joseph Rail­ road, President, Land and Fiscal Agents, Reports (St. Louis, 1854), 10; Dorothy E. Powell, "History of the Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad, 1847-1883" (M. A. Thesis, University of Missouri, 1942), 42-45, 145. 26Jefferson City, The Peoples Tribune, May 25, 1870, December 21, 1870; For an example of a town publication see, The Merchants Association, Hannibal, Missouri: Its Picturesque Features, and Possibilities as a Manufacturing and Business Center (Hannibal, 1905), in the State Historical Society of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri. Missouri's Immigration Program, 1865-1916 255

tion societies promoted immigration and aided new arrivals in St. Louis.27 Adding to this maze of individuals and societies, private charities such as the Bryan Mullanphy Emigrant Relief Fund were also involved.28 Although the Mullanphy Board cooperated with some immigration agents, they refused to aid groups which went to Europe to procure immigrants. The board also found that eastern cities unloaded tramps and vagrants on St. Louis, knowing the fund would give assistance.29 Though poor organization was apparent, the most serious flaw in Missouri's immigration program was an over-emphasis on agricul­ ture. During the decade 1880-1890 Missouri began the shift from a rural to an urban state.30 During this ten-year period the average number of wage earners, along with the amount of capital invested in manufacturing, increased rapidly. The number of manufacturing firms jumped 22 per cent and for the first time since 1820, the per cent of the labor force engaged in agriculture fell below fifty. Missouri's laborers shifted to finance, transportation, trade, mining, and manufacturing, deriving the majority of their income from nonagricultural pursuits.31 Missouri's immigration program did not keep pace. While the state slowly moved away from agriculture and toward industrial development, the proponents of immigration continued on the same theme they had started in 1860, the opportunities Missouri offered those who wished to farm. With few exceptions, the pamphlets and booklets distributed by the immigration societies picture Missouri as a land of abundant harvests, fat cattle, and a quiet rural atmosphere.32 In 1911 Governor Hadley suggested a

27Jefferson City, The Peoples Tribune, January 30, 1867; Jefferson City, Missouri State Times, October 15, 1869. 28Bryan Mullanphy was born in Baltimore in 1809. He was appointed to the St. Louis Circuit Court in 1840, and was elected mayor of St. Louis in 1847. In his will Bryan Mullanphy donated one-third of his estate to establish a fund to aid immigrants. The fund was established in 1851 and amounted to $633,899 by 1867. Although the fund aided over 22,000 travelers between 1868 and 1874, for several years more was spent on salaries and expenses than on immigrant aid. The fund and its benefactor are covered in detail in Morris Glucklin's, "History of the Bryan Mullanphy Emigrant Relief and Travellers Fund, St. Louis, 1860-1939" (M.A. Thesis, Washington University, St. Louis, 1946). ™Ibid., 71-74, 109-112, 156-157; Boonville Weekly Advertiser, March 2, 1888. 30Here the term urban is used in a purely economic sense. The Eleventh Census of the United States (1890) shows that a large majority of the state's citizens still lived on farms or in cities and towns of less than eight thousand. However, the conclusion that Missouri was moving toward urbanism is based on: (1) the increase in the number of manufacturing firms; (2) the per cent of the labor force engaged in nonagricultural pursuits; and (3) the amount of income agricultural and nonagricultural workers were paid. This trend was common to the country at large. It has been estimated that for every industrial toiler who moved to the farm between 1860 and 1900, twenty farmers' sons moved to the city. Fred A. Shannon, The Farmer's Last Frontier, Volume V of The Economic History of the United States (New York, 1945), 54-56, 356-359. 31Simon S. Kuznets and Dorothy S. Thomas, Population Redistribution and Economic Growth United States, 1870-1950 (Philadelphia, 1957), I, 683-684, 697; Simon S. Kuznets, Ann R. Miller, and Richard A. Easterlin, Population Redistribution and Economic Growth United States, 1870-1950 (Philadelphia, 1960), II, 82, 90. 32Southwest Missouri Immigration Society, Southwest Missouri, especially notice the introduc­ tion and back cover. 256 Missouri Historical Review contest be held for the best essay on Missouri's resources. Hadley's proposed title was typical of a common attitude: "The Agricultural Advantages of Missouri to Immigration."33 Even as late as 1926 the author of a book attempting to explain the resources and opportunities of the county in which Kansas City is located described the area as: A land of opportunity where health and a farm income await the lover of the great outdoors. A county of rural homes with all the advantages of the great city and with none of its disadvantages. . . . From the Four Quarters of Amer­ ica, Aeolus breathes upon Jackson County's fields, woods, and streams the healthful sustenance of growing things that has transformed this fertile spot of the Early West into an Eternal Garden, . . .34 Some economists and demographers assume that the distribu­ tion of an area's population at a given time may be taken as a rough approximation of the economic opportunities available in that area.35 If this assumption is correct, the major source of Missouri's economic opportunities was shifting away from agriculture by 1880. The heavy emphasis on farming was perhaps harmful. In a study of Missouri's population in relation to its resources, one scholar felt that in the Ozark Counties the acreages of land used for crops was much greater than that which was really suitable. Population pressure in the Ozarks caused an over-extension of farming on submarginal land, with a resulting decline in the per capita income of farmers in that area.36 Not only a rural bias, but a type of racial attitude also hindered the immigration program. Between 1882 and 1907 the character and composition of the immigration tide changed. In 1907 Congress authorized a study of the ever-increasing foreign population. In its report the Immigration Commission concluded that the "new" immigration was made up primarily of unskilled laborers from the less prosperous areas of Europe. This group was not interested in farming, and flocking to large urban centers.37 The immigrants Missouri needed most in 1890 were laborers, not farmers. However, this new supply of urban-dwelling labor was shunned.

33Herbert S. Hadley, Governor's Papers, Western Historical Manuscripts Collection, Univer­ sity of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, files, 268, 277. 34M. E. Ballou, Jackson County, Missouri, Its Opportunities and Resources (Kansas City, 1926), 3-5. 35Kuznets, Population Redistribution, 1,2. 36Ezra D. Woodbury, "Population-Resource Relationships in Missouri" (M.A. Thesis, Univer­ sity of Missouri, 1941), 36-41, 83; Also see, C. T. Pihlblad, "Population" and Noel P. Gist, "Cities and Towns," in Noel P. Gist, et al., (eds.), Missouri Its Resources, People, and Institutions (Colum­ bia, 1950). 37United States Immigration Commission, 1907-1910, Abstracts of Reports of the Immigration Commission (Washington, 1907), I, 12, as cited in Taueber, Hie Changing Population of the United States, 58. Missouri's Immigration Program, 1865-1916 257

John Higham, in his excellent study of the patterns of American nativism, suggests that the eighteen eighties was a period of transi­ tion for anti-foreign thought in America. In the eighties Higham sees the development of a growing concern on the part of some Americans that perhaps our democratic system of government could not endure the constant pressure of radicals from abroad. Coupled with the fear of America's inability to assimilate these "different" people, was the development of a feeling of Anglo- Saxon superiority which had been apparent for many years. Anti- Catholicism, rampant prior to 1865, exploded anew in the nineties as the movement for immigration restriction gained support.3S Faint images of these ideas appeared in Missouri. An attempt to apply Higham's thesis to Missouri would require a major study, and certainly a stereotyped picture is not implied. However, a change is apparent in the attitude of a few Missourians during the decade 1880-1890. For example, the editor of the Jefferson City Daily Tribune shifted from strong support of the Missouri Board of Immigration in 1879 to lukewarm acceptance in early 1883.39 By July of the same year the editor quoted from the Kansas City Journal, which reminded Missourians that: We are very particular in regard to the importation of the highest grades of livestock, . . . but in the matter of popula­ tion, ... we are absolutely reckless. We allow paupers, thieves, communists, and, in fact, every bad element from abroad to land on our shores, and all the time flatter ourselves that our system of government will solye [sic] all difficulties.40 In August of 1891 the Tribune not only opposed immigration societies, but claimed many Missourians demanded immigration restriction.41 This openly hostile attitude was certainly not universal, one editor subtly argued that bringing immigrants to Missouri might get them away from the corruption of the city, and at least allow their "children" to grow up to be worthy citizens.42 To those who had fears of a Catholic conspiracy, a Jefferson City paper quoted the Catholic Review, showing that not all descendants of Catholics kept the faith and, therefore, they could not develop rapidly enough to become a threat.43 It is possible that some of these attitudes were due to economic competition.

38John Higham, Strangers in the Land (New Brunswick, New Jersey, 1955), chapters 3 and 4, passim. ^Jefferson City, The Daily Tribune, July 23, 1879, January 27, 1883. uibid., July 18, 1883. "Ibid., August 11, 1891. & Jefferson City Tribune, July 15, 1909. ^Jefferson City, The Peoples Tribune, April 7, 1880. 258 Missouri Historical Review

Some economists feel that conflicts resulting from immigration are inevitable. Only in a large area with abundant resources, and where political status is equal, can migration succeed for an extended period of time. When population increases to the point where many people seek the same type of opportunity, opposition to increased population results.44 Therefore, the Missouri group which should have opposed immigration after 1890 was urban labor. This was pointed out in 1916 by S. D. Gromer, Professor of Agricultural Economics at the University of Missouri. Gromer urged urban laborers to fight immigration.45 Missouri labor had been fighting for immigration restriction for many years. As early as 1890 Missouri's Union Labor Party along with the Farmers Alliance and Industrial Union opposed the introduction of foreign laborers and supported passage of laws prohibiting alien ownership of land.46 The Kansas City Labor Herald urged union members to boycott those businesses which showed a preference for Mongolian employees. The Herald also pleaded with businessmen to employ "home workers" rather than those who had flocked to Kansas City after "being advertised for ... by those who speculate. . . ."47 Regardless of the conflicts, Missouri's immigration program resembled that of other states. TwTenty-five of the thirty-eight states had official immigration programs by 1870. Michigan acted first in 1845, and Wisconsin launched an active campaign in 1852. Missouri's program resembled that of Wisconsin. However, Wisconsin had several advantages over other states.48 Wisconsin started in time to attract the refugees from the 1848 European revolutions, and appears to have had better central control than Missouri. In Wisconsin the county immigration societies were directly connected to the official state agency, and close cooperation developed. Also, land granted to public schools could be obtained for as little as fifty cents an acre. However, this state too had its problems. Wisconsin's immigra­ tion board was influenced by politics which hindered its operations, and strong competition from states such as Minnesota developed after 1870. Like many Midwestern states Wisconsin was forced to 44Joseph J. Spengler, "Population Theory" in Bernard F. Haley (ed.), A Survey of Contem­ porary Economics (Homewood, Illinois, 1952), II, 125. 45Columbia, University Missourian, April 18, 1910. ^Official Manual, 1891-1892, 230, 233-234. 47Kansas City, The Labor Herald, February 21, October 30, December 11, 1908. 48Paul W. Gates, The Illinois Central Railroad and Its Colonization Work (Cambridge, 1934), 109-170; Maurice D. Baxter, "Encouragement of Immigration to the Middle West During the Era of the Civil War," Indiana Magazine of History, XLVI, 25-38; Bert James Loewenberg, "Efforts of the South to Encourage Immigration, 1805-1900," South Atlantic Quarterly, XXXIII, 303-385. Missouri's Immigration Program, 1865-1916 259

direct its attention to retaining its own population after 1910. However, with one exception, the rate of increase in Wisconsin's foreign-born population exceeded that of Missouri in every ten-year period from 1850 to 1890.49 This is not to suggest that Missouri's immigration program was a complete failure. However, it might have been more effective had it been closely organized, carefully timed, and more truthful. The feeling by the people interested in promoting immigration that Missouri must advertise was probably correct. Most demographers contend that people move a given distance in direct proportion to the opportunities at that distance. However, the distance itself tends to reduce their knowledge of the opportunities available.50 Advertising the state's real opportunities had some merit provided the description was not so exaggerated that no intelligent person could believe it. Even the State Board of Immigration stretched the literal truth. For example, Waterhouse claimed that some of the public schools of Missouri were "an honor to Western culture . . . and Missouri encourages immigrants by a just and generous care for the education of their children." Yet, ten years later thirty-one other states had a lower rate of illiteracy.51 In regard to the state's climate, Waterhouse assured immigrants that: The cold of the Northern latitudes restricts variety of produc­ tion and . . . the heat of the South . . . invites to indolence. Missouri enjoys the genial mean which permits the widest range of products and the full exercise of physical powers.52 The weather must surely have changed greatly in thirty-two years for a German immigrant writing from Franklin County in 1835 found that: In the mornings when we awoke, there was ice on the bedcovers. Boiling water with which we attempted to wash off the table, froze before it could be wiped off. The whole day long the table was covered with ice. Cups filled with hot coffee almost instantly froze to the table. . . . The climate here is by no means such as one might expect from the geographical location and the report of Duden.

49Blegen, "Competition of Northwestern States for Immigrants," 6, 11, 16, 24-28; Eleventh Census of the United States, 1890, Population (Washington, 1897), LXXXV; Kuznets, Population Redistribution, I, 683-684, 697, II, 82, 90. 50Spengler, "Population Theory," 123. 51Waterhouse, Resources of Missouri, 54-55; Hadley Papers, file 277. 52Waterhouse, Resources of Missouri, 7. 260 Missouri Historical Review

The weather is very inconstant and is subject to the most extreme changes.53 Though Missouri was well advertised by 1890, the duplication of services was not only expensive, but often led to contradiction. An immigrant could have read several different descriptions of the same area, all exaggerated beyond belief. The many groups, which often were competing with one another, gave the immigrant a better bargaining advantage, but their enthusiastic overstatements no doubt limited their effectiveness. So it went. The state, districts, counties, towns, and railroads, applauded the rich and abundant resources of Missouri. Over and over the process was repeated; each new group more enthusiastic than the last, selling that grand state with thirteen hundred million tons of coal and mountains of iron, where in some sections a funeral was a rare occurrence.54 Yet, perhaps the present generation should not scoff at such wild claims or our forefather's desire to gain popula­ tion. They equated an increase in people with an increase in prosperity. Even today the greatest single catastrophe that can befall a county, city, or state is to have lost population at the last census.

53Frederick Steines to "Dear Relatives and Friends," Tavern Creek, Franklin County, Febru­ ary 16, 1835, cited in William G. Bek, "The Followers of Duden," Missouri Historical Review, XV, 541-542. The Duden referred to by Steines is Gottfried Duden who traveled widely in Missouri around 1824. His most famous book, A Report of a Journey to the Western States of North America (Elberfeld, 1829) went through three editions and had a tremendous influence on thousands of Ger­ mans. Also see, William G. Bek (translator), Gottfried Duden's ''Report," 1824-1827 (1919), on file in the State Historical Society of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri. "California, The Moniteau Journal, February 22, 1872; Troy, The Lincoln County Herald, June 28, 1867, as cited in Kidd, "Efforts to Encourage Immigration," 27-28.

OLD HOME REMEDIES From Granny Gore's Ozark Folk Medicine, by Sherman Lee Pompey "Fer boils, pieces of glass, or splinters that you can not get out, an' risin's that you can't get to a head, scrape and mash, but don't cook, a raw Irish potatoe. Apply directly over the wound, sore, or boil, put a cloth over it, and bandage it. Hurts like fury, but by mornin the boil is drawn out, an' the potatoe will be black from the poisons that were drawn out. In a few instances a second raw Irish potatoe will have to be used. HO! FOR THE GOLD MINES OF MONTANA UP THE MISSOURI IN 1865 The Journal of William H. Gallaher

PART II

EDITED BY JAMES E. MOSS*

June 4, Sunday. Made an early start this morning. Rained dur­ ing the night but this morning clear and cool. At 7 A.M. passed Old Fort Charles, now in ruins.56 At 11 A.M. steamer "Yellow­ stone"57 three days from "Fort Benton" came in sight. She fired a salute and "St. Johns" returned it. Both landed and the "Yellow­ stone" passengers came on board. Among them Mr. Davenport and Mr. Rogers from the mines, whose wives were on the "St. Johns."58 Mr. Davenport arrived just in time to see his little son Willie die, who had never recovered from the effects of the measels which he had several weeks ago. The passengers on the "Yellowstone" report good water to Benton. Also bring flattering reports from the mines. Saw Dan Walton on the "Yellowstone," an old schoolmate of mine. Started at 12 Oclock. At 2 a very heavy storm came up and blew us arround among the bars & snags at a fearful rate. Finally however Gillum brought her to the right bank of the river just above where the "Deans" had tied up. They laid there the rest of the day and the night cutting wood untill dark. June 5, Monday. Started at 3 Oclock A.M. Current very heavy and strong. At 6 A.M. some Buffalo were crossing the river. The

*James E. Moss is assistant editor of the Missouri Historical Review. Part I of William Gallaher's journal appeared in the January, 1963, issue of the Review. 5601d Fort Charles, also known as Meldrum's Post, was located on the north bank of the Missouri on a point of land below Little Dry or Elk Prairie Creek. The site has since washed into the river. Harper, Fort Union and Its Neighbors, 30. 57The Yellowstone, 378 tons, sternwheel, built at Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1864, made regular runs from St. Louis to Fort Benton and up the Yellowstone River. She had arrived at Fort Benton in May and was now returning downriver. Lytle, Merchant Steam Vessels of the United States, 207. 58Isaac N. Rogers was a Virginia City merchant, originally from Independence, Missouri. He kept a diary dated January 1, 1865, to December 31, 1865, in which daily entries indicate his plans to bring his wife Natalie to the Montana Territory. Also recorded is his journey from Virginia City to Fort Benton, his trip downriver on the Yellowstone, and the meeting with his wife aboard the St. Johns. Rogers mentions meeting Davenport on his journey from Virginia City but refers to him only as "Maj. Davenport." 261 262 Missouri Historical Review

James T. Thorp Collection, State Historical Society of Missouri The Steamer Yellowstone

"Deans" killed one and hauled it aboard. The "St. Johns" also killed one but it went down the river. At 9 1/2 Oclk the wind got so high that we had to lay up. Tied to left hand bank and wooded all day. Some hunters from the "Deans" killed a buffalo just above on the river & as we helped them carry it down they gave us part of it. The Buffalo are very abundant here in sight of the boat all day in large droves. In the evening John Stewart & Albert Mc had a shooting match with their revolvers. John won. Some one wrote on the card over the gun rack that Payne's gun was handed over to Uncle Jack.59 Sousley took it as an insult and said he would give twenty-five dollars to know who did it, and that he would make their passage to "Fort Benton" rather warm. He did not find out, as yet. We did not make much of a run today, only about twelve miles. We are about twenty miles from M.R. [Milk River] tonight. Services were held over the body of Mrs. Davenport's child after dark, Mr. Word officiating. June 6, Tuesday. Reached "Milk River" at 8 1/2 Oclock. Thousands of Buffalo along the river. Got ahead of the "Deans" & stopped for her to come up. Went out and beat John Stewart badly, shooting at one hundred yards. "Deans" came up and we resumed

59Gallaher refers here to Captain John Sousley, master of the St. Johns. Up The Missouri In 1865 263 our journey. After dinner we killed three Buffalo & two calves. John S. killed one and Houston one. Hauled them aboard and started up the river and got aground. While here the "Benton"60 came in sight and Col. Deimling fired a salute and the "Benton" replied. She tied up on the other side and after sparring for a while we got over and tied up alongside. Saw Cad, and Louie English, and Mrs. Atkins.61 The "Benton" had transferred her freight to the "Deer Lodge."62 and was going down to help the "Grant" up. Gave Cad ten dollars for Mr. Parks,63 and also a present for Jo Parks. While laying there two passengers of the "Benton" killed and brought in a nice black tailed deer. This has been a beautiful day and the river seems to be falling a little. June 7, Wednesday. Started at half past two this morning. River fell one inch during last night. Capt. Entricken and Tom Hooper jerked two Buffalo. Stopped about 3 P.M. on the left bank to wood. Albert and I went out and shot at a sage hen but could not fetch it. Fletcher came along and killed it the first shot. Leonard (the stinker) killed one, also Bryant. David Schultz and Nat Hawker killed a fine Antelope. Passed "Round Bute"64 at 4 1/2 Oclock P.M. Shot at wolves under the bank and killed two. Tied up at 8 Oclock to the left bank. We all went out after Deer and saw about a dozen. Some of us got shots at them but did not bring any Venison back with us. The day has been quite warm and the river seems to be falling slowly. June 8, Thursday. Started at 1/4 of 3 A.M. River raised 1 1/2 inches last night. After breakfast saw a lot of Buffalo swimming in the river & killed two of them one of which I killed myself. The two were hauled aboard & butchered by Major John S, the mate and others. They were then left hanging on the Derrick all day & will be cut & jerked tomorrow. At 11 Oclock A.M. we stopped to get wood on the left bank, where the "Benton" had piled up a lot of wood and left a sign to protect it. Passed "Muscle Shell River" about three Oclock. Saw lots of Buffalo today & some of the boys who went hunting saw Elk but not having a Dimmick along could not reach them. Dave Schultz shot a Beaver this afternoon. About four 80The steamer Benton, 246 tons, sternwheel, left St. Louis on March 11, 1865. St. Louis Tri-Weekly Missouri Democrat, March 13, 1865. 61Cad Atkin (Carroll Jones Atkin), Missouri River steamer pilot and master, married Laura S. Boal from St. Charles on February 2, 1865. See also footnote 51. History of Pike County, Mis­ souri, 668. 62The Deer Lodge, 493 tons, sternwheel, left St. Louis March 12, 1865. After completing her journey the steamer returned downstream twice to pick up passengers and freight from steamers whose draft prohibited them from completing the journey to Fort Benton. "Steamboat Arrivals At Fort Benton," Contributions to the Historical Society of Montana, I, (1902), 281. St. Louis Tri- Weekly Missouri Democrat, March 13, 1865. 63Joseph Parks who lived in St. Charles. 64Round Butte is located south of the river about half way between Fort Union and Fort Benton. 264 Missouri Historical Review

Oclk the boat run over a whole herd of "jim R" some coming out at the sides and some under the wheels. Day warm & clear. Stopped on right bank at 8 1/2 and all went after deer but saw nothing but "Jim Rivers." Made over seventy miles today. June 9, Friday. Started at 1/4 of three this morning. River raised one and 1/2 inches last night. Stopped to get pine knots to cross the rapids. One of the "Roustabouts" slipped and fell in the river. Another got knocked down by a pine log. Day very warm. Stopped at 11 A.M. for the "Effie" to come up. I & Albert & Schultz went out to shoot at 100 yards. I beat the crowd, as usual. Made fine progress all day but would have gone much ; faster and further if the "Effie" could have kept up. At 7 P.M. we saw the "Deer Lodge" round­ ing a point and we fired a salute from our Brass Howitzer. The "Deer Lodge" tried to land but could not get ashore. She sent out her yawl with Sam Word & Mr. Cravens on board. Mr. Word's wife and son were on the "St. Johns."65 The "Deer Lodge" left "Fort Benton" this morning at daylight. Reports good water but river falling. Tied up near "Cow Island" tonight, "Effie Deans" laid up about a mile below. This after­ noon some Indians on ponies hailed our boats and the "Deans" stopped and held a confab. They wanted to trade some robes to the boats. June 10, Saturday. Started at 4 A.M. this morning, a little later than usual on account of cleaning the boilers. Passed James T. Thorp Collection, Stale Historical Society of Missouri "Cow Island" before breakfast. The Steamer Deer Lodge Just after breakfast saw the s™s~s£S=i:s~»s«iEfa Up The Missouri In 1865 265 place where the "Shreveport" put her passengers off two years ago.66 At 9 A.M. passed over some rapids without much trouble. Passed several short rapids during the day. At sundown came to Dophins Rapids and started in but could not make much headway.67 Fell in to right shore and tied to a big rock. All went out and carried ropes but did not do anything more tonight. Albert sold his pistol today for $25.00 to Mr. Upton. Tom Hooper proposed to trade with me, even, but I asked him 5.00 to boot & he would not give it. Saw Buffalo climbing the cliffs this afternoon which seemed almost perpindicular. Saw also a lot of mountain sheep. June 11, Sunday. At 4 A.M. the Captain went through the cabin ringing the bell and crying "lost child, two years old, red eyes & blue hair." This was to get the passengers up to pull the boat over the rapids. We all pulled, together with the crew and passengers from the "Deans." The boat made some progress, but finally the rope parted and she could not stem the current, or rather could make no progress. She then fell back and tied up alongside of the "Deans." After a great deal of talking and laying of anchors, "dead men," and ropes, at the suggestion of John Gillum, Capt La Barge thought that the water might be on the other side of the river; and upon sounding with the yawl this was found to be the case. The "Effie Deans" then crossed over to try it but finding only 3 ft. 10 in. could not get over without lighting. She tied up to the bank and took out enough freight to raise her to 3 ft. 3 in. and passed over nicely with the assistance of a head line. In the meantime the "St. Johns" has crossed over and after considerable difficulty got up close to the "Effie" and anchored to the bank. When the "Effie" started her wheel caught our hawser and our anchor not being very securely fixed was pulled up and the "St. J." started full speed down the river. The Capt hurried up the steam and very fortunately no damage was done. The anchor dragging in the river was a great help. The anchor was soon drawn on board by the "Nigger,"68 and the hawser once more sent out; and made fast to annother anchor farther up. With the assistance of this line the "St. Johns" soon recovered her lost ground and we began to lighten. The freight was carried about a quarter of a mile up the river, the passengers from both boats and crews assisting. The "Deans" passengers were somewhat put out for what they claimed some of the "St. Johns"

66In her 1863 trip up the river the Shreveport was unable to go beyond Snake Point, or Cow Island, 130 miles below Fort Benton, because of low water. Chittenden, Early Steamboat Naviga­ tion, 302. "The Dauphin, or Dauphine Rapids, located below the mouth of the Judith River, were one of a series of rapids that were especially hazardous to steamboats. 68This term refers to the capstan which was often used for pulling steamers over snags and shallows. 266 Missouri Historical Review passengers had said of them and would not work for some time; but the Col [Deimling] made satisfactory explanations and "all went merry as a marriage bell." June 12, Monday. Knocked off the hands from lighting at 11 Oclock last night. Commenced again early this morning and by ten Oclock had taken out about seventy ton; and all got off & walked up to the "Deans" & waited untill the "St. Johns" came up, which she did most beautifully, Capt Bob Bailey of the "Deans" at the wheel. By five Oclock we were loaded and ready to start. Came very near going round on the rapids when we started, but finally righted up & went on our way rejoicing, the "Deans" following. Passed over several rapids, Antoines, Rondeous6

69Gallaher refers here to two rapids, one of which was named for Antoine Dauphin, and the other for Charles (Rondin) Mercier. Rondin was a sobriquet resulting from his being round- shouldered. "The Fort Benton Journal, 1854-1856, and The Fort Sarpy Journal, 1855-1856," Contributions to the Historical Society of Montana, X (1940), 292, 299. Up The Missouri In 1865 267 came. We all then set to work & pulled the "Effie" over, & all went on our way rejoicing. At noon the "St. Johns" got into a bad place & in backing out broke three wheel arms on the rocks. These were fixed while the "Effie" was coming up. The "drowned mans rapids" took their name from the fact that four men were drowned there three years ago in trying to pull the "Robt Campbell" over. The sceinery today is most magnificent. Made fifty-five miles today and laid up for the night 7 miles below Sandy Creek. After landing Bryant killed a young Elk. June 15, Thursday. Started at 3 A.M. today. At 9 1/2 reached mouth of Marias River. Took on 12 cords wood and ran up about a mile & tied up along side of Steamer "Cutter," which has been here all winter.70 Unloaded half of our freight and tried in the afternoon to go to "Fort Benton" but about three miles above had to turn back as Sousley said there was no water. Unloaded until dark and then knocked off for the night. Saw Cap Hollins who crossed the plains with Jim in 1862.71 Several persons came down from Benton during the day. Arthur Broadwater, Charley McRoberts and others who had friends on the boat. Several teams came down for loads, Mr. Campbell and Jim Word whose friends were on the boat.72 Finished unloading today about noon. June 16, Friday. Commenced unloading early this morning. At 10 Oclock Major Campbell came down, soon after the "Deer Lodge" arrived and the girls were on board. Major Campbell went on board and went to "Benton," and left his wagon for us to bring up. Audrain, Houston and I bargained for a four horse team. Are going to take Fletcher, Jake, Getchell, Deacon, Lathrop, Sawyer & Till and ourselves, freight and baggage up to "Last Chance."73 Albert [McDearmon] and John Ed Stewart hired to drive a team over to Virginia City. There were three fights today at "Marias Town" & it is a very gay place. The freight of the "St. Johns" is all out and she will start back tomorrow afternoon. The passengers all met in the ladies cabin at 9 Oclock and passed Resolutions com­ mendatory of the officers of the boat.74 Upton was chosen president and Deimling, Secretary. Speeches were made by Mess. Upton, Sam Word, Old Mr. Word, Deimling, Campbell, and Sousley. Capt.

™The Cutter was a 92-ton sternwheeler built in 1863. Lytle, Merchant Steam Vessels of the United States, 44. 71Jim (James) Gallaher, William's brother, had taken the overland route to Montana Territory in 1862 and was living in Gallatin with his family when William arrived on June 28, 1865. 72Charles Arthur Broadwater from St. Charles had traveled across the plains to Montana in 1862. Society of Montana Pioneers, I, 133. For Campbell's relationship to Gallaher see footnote 18. 73"Last Chance Gulch," the site of present day Helena. 74At the end of a voyage the passengers often publicly commended the officers and crew and offered them their thanks for a successful journey. Frequently these resolutions of thanks were printed in the newspapers to serve as advertisements for the steamer and its crew. 268 Missouri Historical Review

Entricken was awray at the time and consequently we did not hear from him. The "Deer Lodge" passed up this noon with "Grants" passengers on board. Major C. [Campbell] got on board & went up with his girls and left his wagon in my care, to be brought to "Fort Benton." Concluded our trade with Robinson but made him wait untill morning for his money. John and Albert started today with their mule team for "Last Chance" in Bush's train. June 17, Saturday. Received all my goods today from "St. Johns" safe and sound. Paid Entricken $225.00 for freight and balance of passage. Paid Robinson for his team and wagon. Loaded up before dinner and after bidding all good bye started at 2 P.M. for "Last Chance." We took in our wagon, besides our own goods, seven passengers with their baggage at 6^ per lb. In our train were Tom & Louis Harris with their mother & sister. John Smith with annother wagon loaded with Harris freight. At the first big hill we began to think our team was bonky [balky] but they soon con­ vinced us we were mistaken, for a better pulling team, in their condition (being poor) I never saw. [Isaac N.] Rogers,[ Samuel] Word & Co were not ready to start and we had to leave them. On a hill a shower came up & laid the dust. We crossed the Teton [River] four times & reached Fort Benton about 7 P.M. Gave Major Campbell his wagon & pitched our tent for the night. Audrain, Houston & Jake took horses out on the hills to graze untill nine Oclk. Goods are very high here & all trading done with gold or Green Backs at a large discount. The "Deer Lodge" is still laying at the bank & will return down the river in the morning. June 18, Sunday. Started at 11 A.M. to go to the Springs 25 miles distant,75 being no water on the road nearer than that. Stopped about three miles out on the hills to graze horses and wait for Harris. We made an arrangement with our passengers about provisions before leaving Benton & are now quite comfortably fixed. As they could not all get in the wagon, some of them concluded to walk. About 2 P.M. Harris came up with his wagon in company with Gen Dorris & Mr Atchison whose family came up on the "Gen'l Grant."76 Major Campbell and his daughters also came with them & we all started together for the Springs. Reached there about 9 Oclock P.M. June 19, Monday. At 7 Oclock John Smith came up who had gotten behind the day before & could not come on, but camped on the prairie the night. Started at 8 A.M. for Sun River 27 miles 75Twenty-eight Mile Spring, located between Fort Benton and Lake Creek. 76Gen. George P. Dorris and George Atchison had settled at Helena. History of Montana, 682, 704, 712. Up The Missouri In 1865 269 distant. About 10 A.M. came in sight of the snow capped peaks of the Rocky Mts. It is a magnificent sight. Met an Indian on horse­ back whom we could not understand. Mr. A.[tchison] thought he was warning us of danger ahead & wanted to go back to the springs, but we didn't. Reached Sun River about four Oclock & stopped to graze awhile & then drove on 6 miles further to the ford, and camped for the night. Harris caught some nice fish here. June 20, Tuesday. Left Sun River at 8 A.M. for Dearborn River 30 miles. About 10 Oclock came among the Table Mts we could see the day before. Stopped at a beautifull cool spring and watered our horses & passed on over some very rough stony hills. This is the beginning of the Rocky Mts & rocky enough they are. Passed John S & Albert McD in the afternoon. Reached D.R. [Dearborn River] at dark and pitched our camp on the western side about a mile below the Ranche. June 21, Wednesday. Started at 8 A.M. for Prickly Pear River. Travelled about 15 miles over bad road & crossed the P.P.R. [Prickly Pear River] and stopped to "bait."77 Looked like a storm & we pitched our tent just in time to take shelter from a heavy storm of wind, hail & rain. Started after it cleared off & went about 6 miles further. Crossed the P. P.River 28 or nine times & camped for the night on the same river. The sceinery here is perfectly magnificent. Our camp was just at the foot of Lyons Hill, which took its name from the incident of a man by that name killing himself here.78 Took supper with Harris family. Burdick returned to Benton today with a friend he met & Penny & Wadkins went on to Silver Creek. June 22, Thursday. Started at 8 A.M. today & had a bad hill to get over. Doubled teams with Harris and finally got over. Crossed the P.P. River five times today and finally came to "Medecine Rock Hill." This is absolutely tremendous. One mile of hard, hard pull­ ing. After getting about halfway up Atchisons team came & helped us over the worst of it. Harris helped John Smith up. We then drove on to Morgans Ranche Neighborhood and once more camped on the Prickly Pear River at 3 1/2 or four Oclock. This days drive of about 12 miles is over the worst road I ever saw. June 23, Friday. Started at 8 A.M. today. Passed Morgans Ranche at 8 1/2 & saw a beautiful young Elk in the corral. Had bad road untill almost all day; stopped at 1 Oclk to "bait." Tried to

77Bait—allow the horses to graze and refresh themselves. 78J. P. Lyons, a merchant from St. Joseph, accidentally shot himself on July 11, 1862. For an account of the incident see John E. Sunder (ed.), "Up the Missouri to the Montana Mines: John O'Fallon Delany's 'Pocket Diary for 1862'," Bulletin of the Missouri Historical Society, XIX (January, 1963), 128-129. 270 Missouri Historical Review buy a pony but Mr Man would not take Green B[acks]. Saw Mr. McAdough from Gallatin.79 Started about 3 and reached the top of the hill overlooking Prickly Pear Valley about 4 1/2 Oclock. This is a most beautifull valley, with the town of Helena or "Last Chance" 12 miles distant & accross the Valley. Reached 10 Mile Creek about 6 Oclk & camped. Took supper with the girls at Widow Derkins80 & she would not be paid for it. This Ranche is 3 miles from Helena. June 24, Saturday. Loaded up our passengers & baggage this morning & started for the town. It is quite a place, situated just at the mouth of the Gulch. Unloaded the boys baggage & collected their fare & we all separated. Houston went with Major Campbell and the girls down to Gallatin. Audrain and myself are still together. Made about $60.00 by our trip. Priced some goods and found them very high. Tried to sell some but could not get enough. Took my gun to Mr. Oldhams shop to get it fixed.81 It wanted new sights & the stock was broke on yesterday by falling out of the wagon. We tried to buy a small tin Coffeepot & they asked us $2.50 for it & would not take Green Backs. Concluded not to buy just now. Saw Jim Dalton. He is going home this fall. Said he had made his fortune. Said that The (Theodorick) McD,82 Curtis Rice, & Jim Ball were all in the Last Chance Diggins but I did not see any of them. About 11/4 Oclk Bud (Audrain) and I went back to 10 mile creek to camp untill Monday. Soon after Albert & John came along & the twins camped near us all night. June 25, Sunday. Albert & John came over to our camp early this morning & brought all their traps having left the train. Audrain and I went over and took breakfast at Widow Dergens and after­ wards Audrain and John and Albert went up town and left me to keep camp. Audrain came back in the afternoon and I went up town to see the boys. Saw The (Theodorick) and John Belding and several others. Rod Renner had left town and I did not get to see him. "Last Chance" is the hardest place on Sunday that my civilized eyes ever beheld. Like all mining towns it does most of its business on Sunday. I soon got disgusted and left. Theodrick, John, Albert and I went down to Ten Mile Creek and they all

79This may have been either Perry W. McAdow or W. B. McAdow both of whom lived in the Gallatin Valley. History of Montana, 1142. 80Gallaher refers here to Annie and Fannie Campbell. He spells the widow Derkins' name Dergens in the June 25 entry in the journal and writes of a Mrs. Derjon in the June 26 entry. A roll of 1867 property holders in the Helena area includes the name Mrs. C. A. Durgan. Ibid., 682. 81Gallaher probably refers here to Gabriel Houston Oldham who was a locksmith in Helena at this time. Society of Montana Pioneers, I, 158. 82Theodorick McDearmon was Albert McDeaniion's brother from St. Charles. Up The Missouri In 1865 271 camped with us that night. Took supper with the widow and returned to camp. June 26, Monday. Sold some Groceries to Mrs. Derjon this morning, Coffee at 65j£ per lb., Tea 2.30, Apples 10.00 per Bu., Sugar 50^. Started at 1 Oclock P.M. for Helena with all our traps and John and Albert's things. Traded my box of Nat. Leaf Tobacco to Store Keeper for $2.00 in gold. Traded soap and Blk. Tea for bag flour $25.00, four dollars in gold. Soap 50j4, Tea $2.00 per lb. Bot a small saddle for $25.00 and put it in the wagon. Got my Rifle which had been fixed and cost me $6.00 G. B. [Green Backs]. Saw Al Montague who is in Davis store. Delivered Sam Wilson his trunk & got pay for it $3.78. Saw Gene Davis & started for Gallatin at 4 1/2 P.M. Lost the road & camped at Spocon Camp that night, 12 miles from Helena & four miles from Beaver Creek. June 27, Tuesday. Started at 6 this morning & found a terrible rough road full of rocks & for six miles beyond Beaver Creek. Tried to get a shot at some Elk & Antelope but could not get near enough to them. Crossed the "Divide" between Pfrickly] P[ear] Valley and Crow Creek Valley in afternoon. Came up a heavy shower & the roads were very bad. Rocks in the road, hills to climb, canyons to cross &c, &c, &c. Lost our way several times or at least had great difficulty in finding the road and a bad road it was when it was found. Came in sight of Crow Creek Valley about five Oclock P.M. It is a beautifull valley, and said to be the warmest in the Moun­ tains. Crossed Crow Creek and reached Gillets Ranche just before dark. Saw Buck Brodhead & stopped for the night.83 The grass in this Valley is very fine & the soil appears to be the best I have seen in the Territory. Buck likes the country very much & says he would not live anywhere else. He & his companions were living on meat & coffee straight, having neither sugar nor flour, though they expected some every day. June 28, Wednesday. Started for Gallatin 20 miles at 8 A.M. Crossed the Divide between Crow Creek & Gallatin Valleys & reached Gallatin about 2 P.M. Found all well & living in log cabins. Gallatin is composed of a good many houses but very few inhabi­ tants. Jim (Gallaher)84 runs a ferry accross the river just below junction of the Madison & Jefferson rivers & just above the mouth of the Gallatin, where the Missouri commences.

ssWilliam "Buck" Broadhead, an early settler in the Gallatin area served with James Gallaher, William's brother, as a receiver on Gallatin County's first public road construction. History of Montana, 631. 84James Gallaher. See footnote 71. 272 Missouri Historical Review

June 29, Thursday. Nothing of interest occured today except the meeting at Gallatin of the County Commision & appointment of Jim as Probate Judge of Gallatin County.85 In the evening Jim & I went out & drove up the ponies preparatory to a short hunt on the following day. Mr. Thos. Moore came along on his way to Virginia City & staid all night at Gallatin. Helen & the Old Lady86 had some visitors today from accross the river. June 30, Friday. Jim & I took a short round over the hills this afternoon & brought home two Antelope. The weather is very warm indeed. Audrain & Houston pulled down two cabins today, to take down to our claims. They commenced a raft but did not get it done. We will take them down by water instead of hauling them away arround by wagon. July 1, 1865, Saturday. A train of six wagons crossed on the ferry this morning. One of them slipped off without paying his ferryage. A lot of Nez Perce Indians crossed today with their Buffalo meat. They have been over on the Yellowstone for their summer provisions. They live over in Washington. July 2, Sunday. Indians stole two horses last night. Nothing of interest today except Jim & Major [Campbell] making up their teams for "Helena." July 3, Monday. Jim & Major Qampbell] started for Helena today, leaving Bud Audrain & Houston in charge of the Ferry. July 4, Tuesday. Robinson & Davidson have been trying for two days to get over the river but their oxen wouldn't swim. This morning they put some of them on the ferry & they sunk it. It was raised again by three Oclock P.M. & Helen & Anna & Fannie & I went over the river with the wagon on our way to a Fourth July party at Thorps.87 Frank Dunbar88 helped us over the river and showed us the way to Tylers where [we] took Mr. and Mrs. Tyler in our wagon & went on our way rejoicing. Crossed the Gallatin & the water came into the wagon. Rained on us all the way up the Valley to Thorps. The country in the Gallatin Valley is beautifull. Reach­ ed Thorps about dark & before long quite a crowd collected there & they danced all night. I went to bed in the wagon & slept soundly all night. July 5, Wednesday. Started home at about six Oclock A.M. Rain all the way. Stopped at Tylers & took dinner. Frank Dunbar 85For an account of the business conducted at this meeting see History of Montana, 615. 86Helen L. Campbell Gallaher (Jim's wife) and her mother. 87Phillip Thorp was a prominent Gallatin County resident, serving as a county commissioner in 1865 and as one of three election judges for the first election held in Hamilton City. History of Montana, 608, 615, 616. 88Frank J. Dunbar was an early resident of Gallatin who served as a receiver on the county's first public road enterprise in May, 1865. Ibid., 615. Up The Missouri In 1865 273 came home with us & spent the afternoon. Robinson & Davidson started for Helena & Fort B[enton] today. July 6, Thursday. Robinson & Davidson came back today afoot from the springs 14 miles, where their cattle left them last night. They found their cattle near Gallatin. Houston took the two men part of the way back in our wagon. July 7, Friday. Went hunting today but had poor success. July 8, Saturday. Jim & Major Campbell reached home today at 11 Oclock with lumber & trunks & Helen's stove from "Last Chance." July 9, Sunday. Wrote a letter home today to Mary. Finished a letter to Fred. Jim & Guerdon [Campbell] & I took a long ride down to Horse Shoe Bend. Coming back I killed a rattlesnake. Day very warm. McAdough returned from Benton. July 10, Monday. Commenced getting ready to go to Virginia City. Al Nichols89 came down with Major Campbell with a sore foot. Very warm today. July 11, Tuesday. Bud Audrain caught the little brown mare and went up to Robinson Ranche, 10 miles. I went out on Old Sorrel & killed a large buck Antelope, 310 yards. July 12, Wednesday. Got the horses up in the morning & at 12 OClock Jim & Major & Mrs. Campbell & I started for Virginia City. Very hot. Reached Mr. Foremans & camped before night, on the Madison. July 13, Thursday. Crossed the Madison River early this morn­ ing & went along over all sorts of road untill we reached Hot Spring Ranche, Browns. Took two sacks of dried apples on the wagon & drove on. Stopped for the night 8 miles from Virginia City. July 14, Friday. Saw Judge [Thomas] Dunbar90 this morning going down to the Valley. Started for the [Virginia] City after breakfast. Climbed the "Big Hill" and reached Virginia about 10 Oclock A.M. Spent the day in town & saw many acquaintences. Took supper at "Star Restaurant." Met Buz Cavin who played the violin for us most beautifully. Met Judge Turk who was extremely drunk. Met Judge Taliaferro, at whose cabin Jim & I spent the night.91

89Gallatin County had been formally organized at A. F. Nicholas' residence on March 11, 1865. Nicholas, along with Phillip Thorp and D. H. Ketchum, served as the county's first commissioners. Ibid., 608. ^Thomas Dunbar served as Gallatin County's second probate judge. Ibid., 608, 616. 91 James B. "Buzz" Caven was elected sheriff of Virginia City on September 3, 1863. He later served as Sergeant at Arms at the third session of the Montana Territorial Legislative Assembly held in Virginia City November 5, 1866-December 15, 1866. Contributions to the Historical Society of Montana, II (1896), 83, 368. J. C Turk was one of the first lawyers to practice in the District Court of the First Judicial District of Montana at Virginia City. Ibid., Ill (1900), 292. 274 Missouri Historical Review

July 15, Saturday. Loaded our wagons this morning and started for Gallatin at 11 Oclock. Doubled teams up for the first big hill. Went 22 miles from town & camped for the night, two miles beyond Newmans. July 16, Sunday. Musquitoes were terrible bad last night also we had a very heavy dew, something very unusual for this mountain country. Went on to hot spring ranche. Near this place is a spring of almost boiling water. Passed Browns & going up big hill killed a tremendous Rattlesnake who was just ready for a big bite. Stopped for dinner about one mile above Foremans, but concluded to go on to the house for fear of rain. Camped there all night. July 17, Monday. Started home this morning early, having taken a bite of breakfast with Mr. LaFarge. Met Mr. Foreman in the Valley returning from [Fort] Benton. Saw large drove of Elk. Passed by Majors [Campbell] House. Reached home a little after twelve. July 18, Tuesday. Went after the horses this morning, and brought them up to haul a load to Crow Creek. The[odorick] McDearmon & Curtis Rice came down to Gallatin, Jim went to Nichols after Crawford92 to go down the river on the raft. When they came back the rain continued to fall so rapidly that they con­ cluded to wait untill the following day. July 19, Wednesday. Rain continued all night and Houston and I had a great time moving round our cabin trying to keep our bed from under the rain leaks. Morning came but the rain continued. Jim, Al Nicholas] & Crawford started down the river on the raft. Curtis Rice went away to Virginia City. Theodorick Mc[Dearmon] remained over & will go with me to Crow Creek tomorrow. July 20, Thursday. Theodrick & I started for Crow Creek this morning during a heavy rain, which continued almost all the way. Reached Crow Creek about 12 Oclock, found Broadhead at dinner. Took dinner and then The[odorick], Buck [Broadhead] and I went down to the river & found the raftsmen all asleep. All got aboard & started for Gillets Ranche. On the way we took with the wagon a white tailed deer & an antelope which Buck had killed the day before. I shot an antelope at 300 yards. Went on to the Ranche & spent the night. July 21, Friday. Started for Gallatin at sun up, with Jim & Crawford & Nichols in the wagon. Reached home about ten Oclock. Found the folks all buisy preparing for the party at Nichols tonight.

92R. H. Crawford is listed as one of the voters in the election of September 4, 1865, in Gallatin. History of Montana, 631. Up The Missouri In 1865 275

July 22, Saturday. Went to the party last night. Jim, Houston, T. F. McD. [Theodorick McDearmon], GHC [Guerdon Campbell], myself horseback, while Bud Audrain, Buck Broadhead & the females from Gallatin went in the wagon. There was a great crowd at Nichols of all descriptions. I spent most of the night in the wagon asleep. Had supper about one Oclock A.M. The party broke up about daylight, when we all went home. Major C[ampbell] got in somewhat of a "weaving" way today. Jim went over to Jo Wilsons93 this afternoon and joined in matrimony two young lovers, who were marrying against the will of the girls father. July 23, Sunday. Received a long letter from Tom G, (Gallaher) last night by Mr. George Batchelor, who just came down from "Virginia City." It was dated June 20. Bud Audrain went up to Foremans yesterday to see about getting his machine for cutting hay. Will return sometime today. July 24, Monday. Audrain returned from Foremans yesterday evening. Made arrangements with Foreman for cutting hay. Will probably commence cutting in a week or ten days. Having sold two of our horses with lead harness to Alford Nichols, on last Friday, for 225.00 in Dust; we will now use other two with Foremans machine. Bud and I started for Crow Creek today, to lay off some about supper time and took supper and camped there all night. Broadhead & The[odorick] McDearmon had gone over to Last Chance [Helena]. July 25, Tuesday. Spent this forenoon in looking over the Valley. Selected a claim for myself and Bud Audrain took the one Jim had staked off for me. After dinner we went down with our wagon and camp fixtures, and camped near the Bute on "Crow Creek" at the corner of Audrains claim. Went hunting & wounded an Antelope but lost it in some tall grass where it lay down & I could not find it. July 26, Wednesday. Audrain commenced hauling his cabin up today. This afternoon I killed a nice fat Antelope & a Jack Rabbit. The latter we eat at our camp & the former we will take with us to Gallatin. July 27, Thursday. Audrain finished hauling his cabin this morning & while he was at the river I killed annother Antelope. After dinner we put new stakes in on his claim and then went up to Gillets to spend the night. Met Al Nichols & Crawford & George Batchelor returning from Last Chance. Also Loftis, Broadhead & Albert McDearmon came in about sundown.

93Joseph S. Wilson's residence was one of a number used in 1865 as a meeting place for the county officers of the newly formed Gallatin County. Ibid., 615. 276 Missouri Historical Review

July 28, Friday. Staked off my claim this morning & started home after dinner. Audrain took the pony and ascertained that the hay on Crow Creek could not be cut with a machine, so this part of our hay speculation will probably be a failure. Reached Galla­ tin about four Oclock. July 29, Saturday. Jim & Audrain have been covering his (Jims) new house today. The weather is quite warm with prospect of rain. July 30, Sunday. Folks all went over to Dunbars & Tylers today. Jim & I rode round by Wilsons & back home. Went after the folks in the evening. July 31, Monday. Houston & I commenced making preparations early this morning to go up to our haying ground. After 12 Houston went in the wagon while Guerdon Campbell & I went up to Knox & Wrights to get our claims recorded. Guerdons horse mired once & fell down once. Guerdon fell off both times, but did not get hurt. Had my claim recorded & went accross the divide to Madison River & found Houston & Foreman setting up the machine. Got it started but rain stopped us & we put up the tent & went in out of the weather. Rain continued untill dark. Aug. 1, 1865, Tuesday. Rained all night, and almost all day today. Snow fell on the mountains this morning. Concluded to go to Virginia [City] tomorrow & not cut any more hay untill next week as it is rather short anyhow. Aug. 2, Wednesday. Left Houston & Foreman getting ready to start to Virginia this morning & came down to the City of Gallatin. Got some things & after dinner went up to Foremans & overtook Houston with the wagon. Aug. 3, Thursday. Started this morning early & went past half way house before stopping to "bait." Several mule teams passed us here, which had just crossed the plains with McAdough & Coovers mill on them.94 Went on after dinner & Camped at 8 mile house at foot of big hill. Aug. 4, Friday. Went on to town this morning & reached there about 9 Oclk. Put horses up at Elephant Corrall. Took "Indian" to shop & had him shod all round. Cost $5.00 in dust. Went down to Nevada [City] & bargained for some flour at $18.50 per sack. Came back up town [Virginia City] & went to all the stores where I was acquainted. Blundered on to Charlie Ellis, who had just arrived from St. Louis, with a stock of Groceries. Called to see Mrs. 94Perry W. McAdow and Thomas Coover located at mill-site on Bozeman creek in the fall of 1864 and had their mill in operation the succeeding year. Ibid., 618, 1142. Up The Missouri In 1865 277

[Natalie] Rogers & Ike who came up on the boat with us. Saw Ben & Sam Word & Mrs. Word & Willie.95 Buz Cavin gone after wood agents. Got some letters from home. One from Mary, one from Dede & two from Jacksonville. Also got two Republicans.96 Aug. 5, Saturday. Went down with the team to Nevada [City] this morning & got 6 1/2 sacks of flour. Bought some tin ware, oven, camp kettle, coffee pot, dough pan, &c. Came back to Vir­ ginia & bought some bacon @ 60jzf from Col D[eimling] and John How.97 Started for home about 10 Oclock. Had hard pull up the big hill. Reached Half Way house & camped about 9 Oclock. Aug. 6, Sunday. Made some bread early this morning to last us home. Baited and took dinner at Foremans Ranche 8 miles from Gallatin. Came on home after a small shower had passed over. Reached Gallatin at sundown. Aug. 7, Monday. Jim & Moore98 & I went to look for horses this morning, which all thought were lost. Found them down in the bottom below town on the river. Jim's little roan colt was almost dead & he left Susie with it & took the other horses up to town. Jim & Bob Moore & Bud Audrain went back to doctor the colt but found [it] dead & consequently beyond the reach of medicine. Aug. 8, Tuesday. Went out for the horses today & could not find them. Went out in the evening, Jim & I & found them down in the Bottom below town on the river. Drove them up & Houston and I went up to Foremans hay Ranch that night. Reached there about 9 Oclock P.M. Bud Audrain went to Crow Creek afoot this afternoon. Aug. 9, Wednesday. Started the machine this morning and [it] run pretty well. Foreman & I went down to Shaffers to grind a sickle for the machine. Day very warm. Shaffer showed me some hay which I could cut. Went back late in the afternoon & met the horses two miles below our camp, making for Gallatin. Drove them back and tied one of them up. Foreman came up about sundown & took supper & went on to his home & will start to Virginia [City] in a day or two. Aug. 10, Thursday. Finished cutting the land of hay commenced and in the afternoon took the machine down to Shaffers. Came on to Gallatin to make a hay rake.

95Mrs. Word also had been aboard the St. Johns with Gallaher on her way to join her husband Samuel Word who was an attorney in Virginia City. Ibid., 778. 96Gallaher refers here to two copies of the St. Louis Tri-Weekly Missouri Republican. 97John How was a Helena merchant. Contributions to the Historical Society of Montana, II (1896), 116. 98Robert C. Moore, an early resident of Gallatin, was one of the few voters in the September 4, 1865, election. History of Montana, 631. 278 Missouri Historical Review

Aug. 11, Friday. Commenced our Hay Rake this morning; Beam of dry cottonwood & teeth of Cedar. Bud Howell99 crossed the river this morning. Went after the horses this afternoon & could not find them. Aug. 12, Saturday. Jim & I went over into the mountains this morning to look for poles for fencing. Houston finished the rake. Aug. 13, Sunday. Helen & Anna & Fannie went up to Mc­ Donalds today with Mr. & Mrs. Tyler & Frank Dunbar. Lotzen- hyser100 came over and brought me a letter from Fred, enclosing one from Maggie. Late in the evening Helen brought me a letter from Coz Maggie (Ralls County). Aug. 14, Monday to Aug. 19, Saturday. Houston & I went up on to the Island back of Shaffers to cut hay. Continued cutting & putting up all week with Bob Moore to assist us three days. Put up about 20 Tons more or less. The hay is light & by weight will scarcely hold out, but by measurement will hold out better. Came down to town Saturday evening & found the folks all well. Aug. 20, Sunday. Nothing of great interest occurred today. Lotzenhiser came to town this morning on his way home from Confederate Gulch. Helen, Fannie Campbell & Jim went riding this afternoon on Indian, Susie & Kitty. Aug. 21, Monday. Houston & Foreman & I went up to Shaffers this morning to get the machine out & take it up to Foremans Ranche. Houston took it up with the wagon whilst Foreman & I went over to W. Nichols to grind one of the machine sickles. Took dinner then & came home. Foreman went on up. Aug. 22, Tuesday. Jim went over the river this morning with Bob Moore to help finish the Majors [Campbell] house. Houston came about 10 Oclk or 11, having finished cutting for Foreman. Houston is quite unwell today, bleeding considerable from the lungs but got better towards evening.101 Aug. 23, Wednesday. Houston went to Crow Creek this morning to see Albert & John & Bud who are cutting hay over there. Weather for several days has been extremely warm. Aug. 24, Thursday. Weather continues very warm indeed. Nothing of interest occurred today.

99A list of voters in East Gallatin for the September 4, 1865, election includes the] name A. Howell. Ibid., 631. 100O. D. Loutsenhizer (or Loutzenhiser) served as Gallatin County sheriff in 1865. Ibid., 60S, 615. 101Robert Houston Ferguson suffered from tuberculosis and died in Mason City, Iowa, in 1872. Up The Missouri In 1865 279

Aug. 25, Friday. Col. McLean102 & Guerdon returned from their trip up the Valley today. Houston returned from Crow Creek. All the folks have been busy today getting ready for the party at Jo Wilsons tonight. Aug. 26, Saturday. All went over to the party last night. Houston & I spent most of the night in the wagon asleep. Folks all danced all night, & had a terrible gay time. Col. McLane makes a speech today over at the Court House. I received a letter from home last night by Mr. Wright. It contained Bobby, Mary & Dedes pictures, all first rate. This afternoon Al Nichols, Crawford, Frank Dunbar, Assessor Thomas,103 Johnny B[othwell], Bummer, George & several others got tight on the whiskey in Gallatin City. August 27, Sunday. The orgies broke up last night about three Oclock. Crawford struck at Dunbar with a knife, but only inflicted a small wound in the head. Aug. 28, Monday. On Saturday I sold the horses, Harness & Wagon to Tyler for $250.00. Delivered them on Saturday after­ noon. This morning or about noon Tyler came by on his way to Llelena with a load of potatoes & gave us his note & Mortgage. Aug. 29, Tuesday. Rain almost all day. In afternoon Jim and Houston & I went Bear hunting but could not find him. Major Campbell started to Virginia [City] today. Aug. 30, Wednesday. Nothing of interest. Aug. 31, Thursday. Houston & I went up to look at our hay and to kill some ducks, as we were all out of meat. Killed four ducks & came home & left Jim & Bob Moore working at the Maj. house. Found Tom & Frank Dunbar, Mrs. Tyler & Mary Allen at Gallatin; they came over to spend the day. Sept. 1, 1865, Friday. Jim & I started at sun up this morning for a hunt. Went down to Horse Shoe Bend & saw plenty of Elk sign but could not see any game. Had almost concluded to come home when we thought we would make one more search through a small bottom at the lower end of Horse Shoe. We seperated & I soon saw a large black looking object at a distance & took it for an Elk. I rode round through the tall grass, keeping out of sight, when finally I stopped to examine the "Varmint," and lo! it was a large Grizzly Bear with two cubs. I was somewhat taken aback, having got up within about thirty or forty yards of Bruin before I knew the nature

102Colonel Samuel McLean, one of Virginia City's first lawyers, was the first man to represent Montana in the U. S. Congress. He is also credited with bringing the first vehicle to the Virginia City area. Contributions to the Historical Society of Montana, II (1896), 83-84, and History of Montana, 773. losGeorge D. Thomas was the first assessor to be appointed in Gallatin County, May 13, 1865. Ibid., 615. 280 Missouri Historical Review of the Beast. He was buisy digging & rooting the ground in search of food. The little cubs were jumping round and having a fine time. Being an amateur in the bear slaying buisness I felt somewhat reluctant to fire but finally concluded to try it anyhow. I raised my gun twice to shoot & the pony jumped each time & consequently I could not bring my ever faithful Dimmick Rifle to the right spot. I concluded at last that my only chance for a bear steak was to dismount & fire & then take the chances, which I felt might be greatly in favor of the Bear. Just at this juncture Jim came up behind me & after a consultation we concluded to go round onto the bench of high ground near by, and attack him from that more advantageous point. The bear caught sight of us & made for the brush. After working round awhile I managed to get a shot & a fatal one it was. I shot about forty yards down the hill, & the ball broke her back bone, & of course disabled her so she could not get up at all. Flora (the dog), broke into the brush & commenced a fight with the wounded bear. The cubs became frightened & ran off in different directions. One of them came out & stood in full view of us, but my gun was not loaded & Jim had shot in his gun that would not kill it & so it got away. Jim & I then went down a little nearer & shot annother ball through the head of the bear. It passed through the skull in two places. We then proceeded to skin Mr. Bear & took the skin home with us, claws & all. Could not take the meat very well as it was too heavy. Went home & got dinner which we relished very much & stretched the hide of his Bruinship in a cabin for curing. Sept. 2, Saturday. Last night at 7 Oclock Jim & Houston & Johnny Bothwell & I started down after the bear meat, calculating to camp there, and return early this morning. It was raining when we left & rained all night & pretty much all day today. We all got soaking wet & remained so untill we reached home, about 12 Mn. [Midnight]. We all expect to have a "big time" eating "Bar Meat." Sept. 3, Sunday. Nothing of interest today. Sept. 4, Monday. This is Election Day, held at Major Qarnp- bell's] new house over the river.104 Major Campbell, Stephen Allen Gratton judges of Election.105 Wm. H. Gallaher & George Curtis, clerks of Election. The precint cast 34 votes, which is very

104Major Campbell, who had been appointed treasurer of Gallatin County by the territorial governor, had rented a building he owned to the Gallatin County board of commissioners earlier in 1865 for the use of the first county clerk and as a courthouse. On May 13, 1865, the county board appropriated $10,000 for county buildings at Gallatin but they had not yet been built. Ibid., 615-616. "sThe judges of election appointed on June 29, 1865, were James B. Campbell, Stephen Allen, and A. Green. A list of voters in the September 4, 1865, election does not include the name A. Green but does record that of Willard Grattan. Ibid., 615, 631. Up The Missouri In 1865 281 small, not one fourth of the voters coming to the polls. Col. McLean, Democrat got 18 votes & Upson, Republican got 15 votes.106 Jim Gallaher & Dr. Robinson were up for the Legislature with no opposition. The county from all accounts will go largely Demo­ cratic. Major Campbell & I got home late at night, being detained by counting up the votes & making out returns.107 Sept. 5, Tuesday. Houston & I went down to Horse Shoe Bend today hunting. Saw three wolves but could not get near enough to reach them. Saw plenty of Bear sign & also some Elk tracks, but killed nothing. Sept. 6, Wednesday. Nothing of special interest occurred today. Mr. Foreman came here today from Confederate Gulch. Com­ menced raining a little before dark & rained almost all night. Sept. 7, Thursday. Cloudy & Cool. Commenced raining in afternoon. Guerdon & I went over to Joe Wilsons to see Thomas108 about the collection for taxes. Rained very hard all evening. Sept. 8, Friday. Rain continued all night & turned to snow early this morning. Snowed very hard untill about nine oclock. Gurdon & I will go to Crow Creek today, on our way to Confederate Gulch, to collect taxes. Sept. 9, Saturday. Weather continued very cold & wet all day yesterday & I concluded not to go with Gurdon to Confederate Gulch. We went to Crow Creek & got Audrain to go with him. Jim went as far as Crow Creek with him. Rain continued all night & cabins leaked dreadfully. We all had a hard time keeping dry. Jim returned from Crow Creek this afternoon. Sept. 10, Sunday. Weather continues cold and lowering, but rather better than a few days past. Harvey Eaton came along today. He is going to start home in a few days. I gave him a letter for Lizzie. Sept. 11, Monday. Nothing of interest today. September 12, Tuesday. Weather very pleasant & cold. Sept. 13, Wednesday. Houston & I went up to Meyers this morning to buy or look at a pony for him (Houston). He suited pretty well. Paid $47.00 for him. Mr. McDearmon from Boonville, Mo. crossed today on his way to Recorders Office to record a claim in Crow Creek Valley. He expects to settle there and bring his family out next spring.

1MAccording to a list of voters who appeared at the polls in Gallatin, September 4, 1865, Gallaher's total of 34 votes is correct, although his breakdown of the votes adds up to 33. Both Gallaher's and George Curtis' names appear on the voting list. Ibid., 631. 107For officers elected see History of Montana, 616. James Gallaher served as a member of the House of Representatives from 1865-1866 and was re-elected in 1867. 108George D. Thomas, Gallatin County assessor. 282 Missouri Historical Review

Sept. 14, Thursday. Weather very fina indeed. Houston finished his Larriott today, of Raw Hide. Jim & Will [William M.J Wright & Stephen Allen counted up the votes today from all the returns of precincts. Jim & Dr. Robinson are chosen Representatives of Gallatin County in the Legislature. A. W. Johnson of Confederate Gulch, Sheriff &c.109 Sept. 15, Friday to Sept. 22, Friday. Nix. Sept. 22, Friday. Houston, Bud Audrain & 1 started for Vir­ ginia City today with Old Club Foot & the Sorrel Colt. Reached Foremans in the afternoon about 4 Oclock. Found him at home and full of fun. Met passengers for the [steamboat] Yellowstone, four or five hundred. Stayd all night at Foremans. Bud & I started early next morning, Houston remaining with Foreman. Reached Virginia [City] after dark & put up at the Elephant Corrall. Sept. 24, Sunday. Spent the day rather more like a heathen than 1 ever did before. Bought goods for myself, Helen, Maj. Campbell, Houston, &c. Sept. 25, Monday. Started home at 8 Oclock this morning. Came over the hills by Meadow Creek Mill. Saw a large drove of sheep on the mountains. Reached Foremans at 10 Oclock having taken supper at Youngs. Came home the next day, with some lumber for Jim & myself. Sept. 27, Wednesday. Bud went up to Al Nichols last night to work for Nichols by the month. Killed several messes of Ducks this week. Nothing of interest. Oct. 1, 1865, Sunday. Helen & Anna & Fannie & Jim went over to Joe Wilsons about twelve Oclk and remained there untill after dark. Buck Broadhead came over today to look for his horse which had strayd. He found him in Millers field. Stayd all night. Concluded upon consultation to postpone our Big Hunt untill the 11" or 12" inst. Oct. 2, Monday. Houston & 1 concluded to go hunting today. Went down the river to Horse Shoe Bend but saw nothing in the way of game excepting a band of Antelope. Weather continues very warm through the day, but cool & pleasant at night. Beautifull moonlight nights we are having now. Killed a fine Goose this evening on Crawfords Ranche. Oct. 3, Tuesday. Jim & I went after a load of hay today with oxen. Broke down once & had a big time generally. Commenced

109James Gallaher is the only representative named for 1865-1866 in a list of county officers appearing in the History of Montana, 616. O. D. Loutsenhizer is listed as sheriff for 1865 and J. C Guy for 1866. Up The Missouri In 1865 283 storming very hard while we were unloading. Hay is most all spoiled. [Gallaher made no entry in his Journal on Oct. 4.] Oct. 5, Thursday. Horses got lost last night & could not find them today at all. Jim & Moore & I all looked for them but could not find them. Oct. 6, Friday. Major & Moore went after potatoes today and took the Oxen. This evening Jim broke the end of his boat in taking Knox's wagon on, loaded with lumber. Dr. A. stopped here all night. Oct. 7, Saturday. Bob Moore and I got up before daylight this morning and went up the Jefferson [River] on a hunt. About two miles from town we saw a big Buck Elk, the first I ever saw. I shot at him with a slug from my "D" [Dimmick] rifle and it passed clear through his belly and lodged in the hide on the opposite side. He ran about fifty yards and stopped in some very thick brush. I then approached him and put annother ball behind his eye, which caused him to "drap" very suddenly. Moore shot two or three times but not being used to his gun (Houston's) he did very little damage. We took the insides out of the beast and left him to go home for the wagon, the meat being far too heavy for packing on our horses. He would weigh gross at least 600 pounds. We got back home & after breakfast Jim & Houston and I with Anna & Fannie C. went out in an ox wagon for the Elk. We had a good time skinning it and cutting it up. Reached home with it about three Oclock in the afternoon. The meat is very good. A nice robe & pair of horns I claim for my own individual keeping. While eating dinner Miller came down & told us that there was a bear up in his field. We took all the dogs we could scrape up and went in search of him. Found him & chased him a mile or more through the brush when he hit one of the dogs a slap which broke up the hunt, as they would not trail him any further. Oct. 8, Sunday. Mrs. Campbell & Major went over to Burns' this morning. Afternoon very windy. Houston went after horses & then he & I went after M's [Major Campbell] oxen to haul hay tomorrow, but could not find them. About dark Al Nichols and Crawford came down with two loads of potatoes for Helena. Commenced to rain at dark. Oct. 9, Monday. Rain continued all night & all day today almost without intermission. This is the day we had set for starting on our "big hunt," but for several reasons we deferred starting untill the last of the week. Mike Kelly came down today. River is rising 284 Missouri Historical Review again. Al Nichols, R. H. Crawford are here weather bound; on their way to Helena with potatoes and barley. Oct. 10, Tuesday. Rain still continues, judge Annis came down today and is going to Helena with Al. Oct. 11, Wednesday. Al left for Helena today, but had to bring his sick horse back & get old Blk Hawk. Rain stopped last night, but clouds still look threatening. Oct. 12, Thursday. Jim & I brought down annother load of hay today. Found most of the hay badly spoiled. Nothing more of interest transpired today. Oct. 13, Friday. Put our hay away today. Miller borrowed "Susie" to hunt up his cattle with. Oct. 14, Saturday. Houston & I intended to bring down a load of hay today, but Major Campbell wanted the Oxen, & consequently we did not go. Oct. 15, Sunday. Major Bradley came over from Crow Creek today with Mr. Vivian. Oct. 16, Monday. Bought some Beaver Traps from Miller today. Jim engaged "Watson" today to attend his ferry while we go hunting. Will start tomorrow. Mrs. Campbell, Fannie & Gurdon are going to start for Helena tomorrow. Oct. 17, Tuesday. Watson came over early this morning to take charge of the Ferry. I went to look for the horses but could not find them. Came back and put old Club Foot & Houston's pony to the wagon & went up to Millers & got him & his traps. Jim in the mean­ time took my pony to hunt the horses. We met down in the "dry gulch" & put Bertrand in place of Hank (Houston's pony) & started. Miller drove the horses back to town & came down & met us in the bottom on the river. Miller came back and overtook us & Jim had to go back to town on Probate buisness. Oct. 18, Wednesday. Jim went back this morning and we went on towards Crow Creek over very rough road. Jim overtook us at Crow Creek & we camped for the night just above Gilletts Ranche. Went down to the ranche & saw Albert, John & Buck. Oct. 19, Thursday. Sold my claim this morning for $75.00. All started for Crow Mountains this morning, Buck B., George Cun­ ningham (alias Smith), Miller, Houston, Jim, & myself.110

110It is not known exactly when William Gallaher left Montana, but he returned to St. Charles, Missouri, and married Florida McElhiney about 1870. He died in Minneapolis, Minnesota, in 1874. William S. Bryan and Robert Rose, A History of the Pioneer Families of Missouri (St. Louis, 1876), 169-170. Missouri's 26$ Congressmen, 1821-1960

BY PAUL O. SELBY*

This study summarizes a rather extensive statistical survey of the Missouri Congressmen who represented Missouri in the United States House of Representatives during 140 years of the state's history. It does not include United States Senators from Missouri except as they may have served one or more terms in the House of Representatives. The study in detail will be found in the State Historical Society Library at Columbia and in the Missouriana Library of the Northeast Missouri State Teachers College at Kirksville. The Biographical Directory of the American Congress, 1774-1949, an official publication of the United States House of Representa­ tives, gives a biography of every representative that Missouri has sent to Congress up to 1949. The total of these Missourians is 248. To this group the writer has added for purposes of study the 20 persons who have represented the state since 1949 who were not included in the Directory. The Official Manual of the State of Missouri, 1959-1960, pages 1384-1394, also gives a list of Congressmen since 1821. However this list and the Biographical Directory do not completely agree. One difference is caused by the Missouri Manual not including some members of Congress whose elections were disputed and who were ousted from Congress before their terms were completed. The Biographical Directory includes all these people since they were allowed to vote and draw their pay during the days or months of their service. It even includes the Missourian who served only two days. He was Gustavus Sessinghaus who successfully contested the right to a seat in the Eighty-third Congress. Sessinghaus was awarded the seat on March 2, 1883. The session ended the next day. The Biographical Directory was the chief source of this writer's study. The various Missouri Official Manuals and the Congres­ sional Directory were depended upon for the more recent biog­ raphies. In studying the make-up of the Missouri delegations to Wash­ ington, it was decided that for some purposes it might be revealing

*Dr. Paul O. Selby is former dean of instruction and professor of Business Education and now dean emeritus at Northeast Missouri State Teachers College at Kirksville. 285 286 Missouri Historical Review to divide the 140 years, 1821-1960, into three periods. These were conceived to be: I. The Formative Period, 1821-1860, in which Missouri Con­ gressmen were largely born out of the state and belonged to many political faiths. During this time the state sent to Congress 24 Democrats (63 per cent), 8 Whigs, and 3 of the American Party. II. The Civil War and Postwar Period, 1861-1900, in which the Civil War and its aftermath influenced political bias. In this period the Democratic Party was dominant, sending 72 Democrats (60 per cent) to Congress while the Republicans sent 44, and there were 2 Greenbackers, 1 Independent-Radical, and 1 Whig. III. The Twentieth Century, 1901-1960, in which the voters of Missouri made great swings from party to party. In 1904 Missouri sent 10 Republicans and 6 Democrats to Congress. In 1912 the state elected 15 Democrats and 1 Republican. In 1921 the delega­ tion was made up of 14 Republicans and 2 Democrats. In 1937 it stood 12 Democrats, 1 Republican; in 1947, 9 Republicans, 4 Demo­ crats. But from 1957 to 1960 there was only one Republican in Congress from Missouri. The totals during the Twentieth Century were 61 Democrats (54 per cent) and 52 Republicans (46 per cent).

BIRTHPLACE A study of the places of birth of Missouri's 268 Congressmen reveals that more than half of them were born outside the state—in fact, 155 were born elsewhere compared to 112 born in the state (the birthplace of only one Congressman is unknown). This figure varies, however, when comparisons are made for the three historical periods. In the 1821-1860 period 33 were born outside the state and only one within its boundaries. In the 1861-1900 period the out- staters still show a big lead, 87 to 33, but of those Congressmen who represent the twentieth century, only 35 were born outside Missouri, while 78 were native-born. The first Congressman who was a native of the state was Samuel Caruthers. Born in Madison County, he started his career as a lawyer in Fredericktown, but spent most of his mature days in Cape Girardeau. The city of Caruthersville was named for him, although he never lived there. He died at the age of 39. Eleven Missouri Congressmen were born overseas—four in Germany, three in England, three in Ireland, and one in Scotland. All represented Missouri in the 1861-1900 period. Kentucky and Virginia, as one might guess, furnished Missouri the most of its born-elsewhere Congressmen. This was especially Missouri's 268 Congressmen, 1821-1960 287 true in the earlier periods. Ohio and some other states have kept up with them in the 1901-1960 period.

WAR VETERANS Ninety-seven of Missouri's Congressmen served in one or anoth­ er of the nation's wars. Four had served in the War of 1812 before Missouri gained statehood. Four served in the Black Hawk War, 56 in the Civil War, 5 in the War with Spain, 13 in World War I, and 9 in World War II. During the Civil War Missourians serving in the Union who were or became members of Congress numbered 45. On the Confederate side there were 11. Of the 45 Union veterans who made it to Con­ gress, 27 classified as Republicans, 16 as Democrats, 1 as an Inde­ pendent-Radical, and 1 as a Greenbacker. The 11 Confederate veterans elected to Congress all served as Democrats.

COLLEGES ATTENDED Colleges take great pride in their alumni, and a great many Congressmen have attended Missouri colleges. They have attended colleges outside of Missouri also, and of the 268 included in this survey many studied in colleges no longer in existence. According to the published biographies, Missouri colleges can claim alumni among the Congressional group as follows: Benton College of Law, 1; Central College, 3; Central Missouri State College, 2; Saint Louis City College of Finance and Law, 1; Culver-Stockton College, 2; Drury College, 5; Kansas City School of Law, 4; Missouri Valley College, 1; Northeast Missouri State Teachers College, 3; Park College, 1; Saint Louis Law School, 3; Saint Joseph Law School, 1; Saint Louis Medical College, 1; Saint Louis University, 10; South­ east Missouri State College, 5; Southwest Missouri State College, 1; University of Kansas City, 1; University of Missouri, 37; Washing­ ton University, 14; Westminster College, 1; William Jewell Col­ lege, 6. OCCUPATIONS A study of the occupations of the 267 men and 1 woman who have represented Missouri in Congress shows that the legal profes­ sion is a long leader. A summary of these professions is: Law, 188; merchandising, 12; journalism, 11; teaching, 8; manufacturing, 8; medicine, 7; banking and loans, 6; farming, 5; ministry, 5; real estate and insurance, 4; mining, 3; labor leading, 2; secretarial, 2; and contracting, dentistry, fur trading, public office, radio-televi­ sion operation, transportation, and undertaking, 1 each. Many of 288 Missouri Historical Review those thus classified had a secondary occupation which is not recog­ nized in the above figures.

CITY AND COUNTY SERVICE It is mentioned in the biographies of a great many Congressmen that they had rendered service to their respective city governments before their election to the House of Representatives. Certainly the mentions are not complete but these were noted: Councilmen, 10; mayors, 25; city attorneys, 21; superintendents of schools, 2; postmasters, 8. Of county offices held, biographies mentioned 67 as prosecuting attorneys, 5 as circuit clerks, 4 as probate judges, 4 as county clerks, 3 as recorders of deeds, 3 as county judges, and 2 as county collectors. STATE SERVICE It is said that service in the state legislature is often a stepping- stone to higher political positions. This would seem to be borne out by the fact that 56 Missouri Congressmen had seen service in the Missouri House of Representatives and 16 had been in the Missouri Senate. Other state service included: 22 circuit judges, 21 members of state constitutional conventions, 16 governors of Missouri, 5 supreme court justices or commissioners, 4 lieutenant governors, 3 secretaries of states, 2 appellate judges.

NATIONAL SERVICE Of the Missouri Congressmen, 8 entered the diplomatic service as consuls or ministers, 8 became United States Senators, 5 became district attorneys, 4 became district judges, 3 were United States marshals, 2 became collectors of internal revenue, 1 served as assistant postmaster general, 1 as United States attorney general, and 1 as a territorial governor. One served in the Confederate House of Representatives and later in the Confederate Senate. One, the famous Champ Clark, was speaker of the House of Representatives for many years and a candidate for the presidency.

LENGTH OF SERVICE During the Formative Period, 1821-1860, the average length of service for a Missouri Congressman was 3.S years; during the Civil War and Postwar Period, the average length of service was 5.0 years; since 1901, the average length of service has increased to 6.4 years. During the 140-year period Republican Congressmen have stayed in Congress for an average of 3.9 years each while the average length of service for each Democrat is 6.7 years. Missouri's 268 Congressmen, 1821-1960 289

In the 1821-1860 period one man served in Congress for eighteen years. He was John S. Phelps, Democrat from Springfield for whom Phelps County is named, who served later as a Missouri governor. In the 1861-1900 period the men of greatest length of service were: Richard P. Bland, Democrat from Lebanon, 26 years. Champ Clark, Democrat from Bowling Green, 26 years. William W. Rucker, Democrat from Keytesville, 24 years. Richard Bartholdt, Republican from Saint Louis, 22 years. Since 1922 a new championship for a Missouri Congressman's length of service has been established. Clarence Cannon of Elsberry had thirty-eight years of service up to 1960. Two successives terms since then will increase his total to forty-two years with the comple­ tion of his present term which expires in January, 1965. In 1960 only two men then in Congress had served longer.

AGE AT DEATH The youngest Congressman to die was Thomas E. Noell, who was 28 years and 6 months and filling his second term at the time of his death. He had crowded a considerable career into his few years, serving as a major in the state militia and as captain in the regular army. He had been admitted to the bar when he was 21 and had practiced in Perryville. Another who died young was Spencer D. Pettis. He was born in 1802 and died in 1831, just 29 years old. He had been elected Missouri's fourth secretary of state at the age of 24. During his second term in Congress a bitter quarrel led to a duel in which both he and his opponent were mortally wounded. His name was given to Pettis County and to Pettis townships in Adair and Platte counties. Six Congressmen lived past 90. The record-holder would seem to be Anthony F. Ittner of Saint Louis, who died at the age of 93. Ittner served in 1877-1879 but lived until 1924, 45 years after he left Congress. HOME COUNTY Every county takes pride if it has sent one or more of its citizens or native sons to Congress. A compilation has been made in which each county is given credit whether the county was the birthplace, the home, or the place of interment of a Congressman. The total is of course much more than 268, since some Congressmen would thus be counted in two or even three counties. Results of the compilation 290 Missouri Historical Review show that only eighty-two counties can claim one or more. The lead­ ing counties are naturally those with the greatest population, and are in this order: Saint Louis (city and county), 72; Jackson, 26; Greene, 18; Buchanan, 14; Lewis, 7; Jasper, Lafayette, Marion, Platte, Saint Francois, 6 each; Boone, Cape Girardeau, Cooper, Jefferson, Pike, and Ray, 5 each. The list of Congressmen by counties is too long to be published here, but the writer will send the list for any county to anyone interested in obtaining it.

OLD HOME REMEDIES

From Granny Gore's Ozark Folk Medicine, by Sherman Lee Pompey

'In case youens gits the mumps, you might try what I tried on Charlie Owens, Dilly's boy. He swears it cured him. Youens takes two big chunks of hog manure, slice them in half, and fries them in a skillet until well fried. Then make a poultice and apply it to the neck. If youens wants to break out the measels, an' can't git oat tea, try a little sheep manure tea. Works real fine, or so my patients say.

"Salves and ointments was pretty generally used, and a lot of linaments. Linaments generally consisted of vinegar, turpen­ tine, coal oil, and rozum off the trees. It was rather difficult to get the rozum biled down, but it could be done.

uFer babies with the summer complaint, I'd recommend wild artichoke tea. Wild mullien tea, biled down is a good cure fer summer stomach cramps. Sienna leaves and catnip are good fer laxatives when youen's has troubles.

uWe also used dollar vine, bloodroot, senneca, goldenseal, and a green leaf with red spots underneath. The latter was to break hives on a newborn baby. Bloodroot was used to stop the bleedin' at child birth. A LETTER FROM THE ST. LOUIS ARSENAL: 1849 In direct contrast to the early glowing reports of the United States Arsenal at St. Louis, which was under construction from 1827 to 1840, is a letter written January 8, 1849, by Frederick Bohm, a carriage maker at the Arsenal. Situated on a 44-acre plot along the Mississippi River, the Arsen­ al created a favorable impression on early visitors. Edmund Flagg, a St. Louis visitor in 1836-1837, said the location was delightful and described the officers' dwellings as "noble edifices of hewn stone." Henry B. Miller, another visitor, wrote in 1838 that it was a beautiful place, surrounded by a seven-foot wall of rough stone. The limestone main building and the officers' quarters, roofed with slate, formed a square with a plot in the center and a driveway around it.1 L. F. Thomas and J. C. Wild wrote in their publication, The Valley of the Mississippi, Illustrated, that the Arsenal was a first class ordnance depot which stored army equipment and ammunition as well as small arms, repaired arms and ammunition, and con­ structed carriages and caissons. Impressed with its extensive facilities, they reported that the Arsenal included a three-story main building, armory, smithy, repair shop for iron and wood work of gun carriages, quartermaster's storehouse, three factories for making fixed ammunition and pyrotechnics and a magazine for their storage, barracks and officers quarters, a gun carriage house, and a large powder magazine. In their opinion the Arsenal pre­ sented "a beautiful view" and was "kept in the very best order." They considered its location as "judicious and healthy."2 Contrary to these complimentary observations of the Arsenal is that of Frederick Bohm, a native of Hanover, Germany, and a carpenter by trade, who came to St. Louis in 1839.3 Bohm enlisted in the United States Army at St. Louis in 1841 under Major William H. Bell and served as a carriage maker. After the expiration of his first term he re-enlisted in 1846. His complaint about his living quarters, which were, apparently, an uncompleted part of a larger building program at the Arsenal, may have resulted in some satis-

iReuben Gold Thwaites, Early Western Travels, XXVI, Part I, 173. Thomas Maitland Marshall (ed.), "The Journal of Henry B. Miller," Missouri Historical Society Collections, VI, 229. 2Lewis F. Thomas and J. C. Wild, The Valley of the Mississippi, Illustrated (October, 1841), 67-68. 3Miss Dora Bohm, Edwardsville, Illinois, the granddaughter of Frederick Bohm, supplied to the Society a copy of the letter containing Bohm's views and much of the biographical information. August 10, 1962. 291 292 Missouri Historical Review

The Arsenal at St. Louis factory rearrangement, because he was not discharged from the Army until 1851.4 St. Louis Arsenal January 8th,1849. Major Wm. H. Bell, Com'g St. Louis, Arsenal, Mo. Major, Circumstances over which there is at the present time no control in consequence of the limited amount of quarters for the accomodation [sic] of men similarly situated with myself I feel myself constrained on behalf of the weakly and increas­ ing debilitated state of my wife's health to apply to my Com'g Officer that he would so far aid and assist my endeav­ ors in procuring my discharge by recommending to the Chief of Ordnance; the reasons on which I ground this application, being;—viz: 1st. Exposure to damp which will immediately prostrate her on a bed of sickness from the nature of an internal com­ plaint with which she is afflicted. 2nd. The Quarters to which it is required I should now remove are precisely such as would be the most likely to effect

^Regular Army Enlistment Register, National Archives and Record Service, Washington D C Record Group Number 94, LXIV, 33. A Letter from St. Louis Arsenal: 1849 293

and aid such disease partly in consequence of their unfinished state and likewise from the unfavorable situation in which they are placed. The room on the western extremity of the building being totally unfit for occupation rendered so by the immense body of stagnant water immediately beneath (varying from one to three feet) and being in the immediate vicinity of a pool of stagnated water refreshed only in seasons when heavy rains predominate and also on account of the unfinished state the building and its door which in its present broken state is comparatively useless. I would therefore after duly considering the immense amount of trouble to which you are subjected by the immense improvements which are in the course of progress at the post and knowing that my place could be filled by an unmarried man at almost a moments notice which would in every way be more beneficial to the interests of the government, causes me thus to appeal. I therefore trust this application may prove available and meet with your approbation and full sanction and that in such case you will be pleased on my behalf to exert your high influence in procuring my discharge on the grounds within stated. Resp., Your most obedt Servant FREDERICK BOHM

OLD HOME REMEDIES

From Granny Gore's Ozark Folk Medicine, by Sherman Lee Pompey

uLots of cures goin' around fer malaria. Frankly, I prefer atabrine, but we have used Grave's Chill Tonic an' Smith's Chill Tonic. Trouble is, these generally was quinine an' arsenic, an' a slight overdose could bring about a permanent cure. Wahoo tea was a good chill remedy. Bile the root of the wahoo plant an' let it set a spell, then drink it. HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS THOSE ACTIVE IN INCREASING THE SOCIETY'S MEMBERSHIP During the three months of November and December, 1962, and January, 1963, the membership of the Society was increased as indicated: ONE LIFE MEMBERSHIP Betzler, Charles E., Sr., St. Louis Cheavens, The Tom Family, Columbia Gregory, Mrs. Edward H., Philadelphia, Pa. Robinett, P. M., Mountain Grove Snider, Mr. & Mrs. Amos, Columbia

FOURTEEN NEW MEMBERS Kelly, Clement T., Warrenton

TWELVE NEW MEMBERS Tucker, William C, Warrensburg

ELEVEN NEW MEMBERS Vance, Blanche, Lebanon

EIGHT NEW MEMBERS Dennis, Joe, Kansas City Rachel Donelson Chapter DAR, Springfield Williams, Margaret J., Havertown, Pa.

SEVEN NEW MEMBERS Reading, Mrs. N. W., Sr., Curryville Rosenbaugh, Wendell D., Kansas City

SIX NEW MEMBERS Colborn, R. I., Paris Wheat, Frank Hall, Prairie Village, Kans.

FIVE NEW MEMBERS Baer, Eleanora A., Richmond Heights Benner, Mrs. Elizabeth D., Jefferson City Lawrence, B. L, Fayette Rozier, Leo J., Perryville

FOUR NEW MEMBERS Creveling, D. M., Lake Charles, La. Hunter, Mr. & Mrs. Martin P., Kansas City Kelso, Karen, Cedar Falls, la. Leonard, Dulany E., Glen Ellyn, 111. Munroe, Jody, Kirkwood Perrine, Hansel L., Kansas City Price, R. B., Columbia Woods, Jimmie N., Springfield 294 Historical Notes and Comments 295

THREE NEW MEMBERS Barron, Robert, University City Bennett, William J., Flat River Brown, Robert E., Kansas City Burk, Cassie, King City Collins, Mrs. Albert, Kansas City Gerard, W. F., Columbia Hastin, Wilbur, Butler Lee, Fred L., II, Kansas City LeMire, Mrs. C. P., Bethany Lillard, Dorothea J., Canton McGlothlin, R. P., Bethel Park, Pa. Poland, Mrs. Donovan, Powersville Schade, Ruben R., Cape Girardeau Sherman, Mrs. Lois, Carrollton Wilkinson, Mrs. O. W., Sullivan

TWO NEW MEMBERS Ball, William F., China Lake, Calif. Hayes, Orval P., Macon Barnes, Mrs. Gerald, Liberty Hooper, Thomas R., Maryville Barnett, Mr. & Mrs. Gordon P., Kan­ Jackson, Davis K., Kansas City sas City Jones, Mrs. Susan H., St. Joseph Bean, Lyle H., Kansas City Kramer, Fred, Houston, Tex. Betz, Annette, Kansas City Nordberg, Art D., Kansas City Bevirt, Joseph L., Midland, Mich. Parmentier, Clifford, Columbia Bland, Hugh F., Kansas City Phillips, Mrs. Wilber E., Kansas City Bragdon, Earl D., Maryville Roche, William F., St. Charles Clay, James C, Kirkwood Siegismund, W. H., Rockville Cornue, Charles, Omaha, Nebr. Somerville, George W., Chillicothe Deaver, Noland K., Paris Steele, W. D., Chillicothe Dunn, Mr. & Mrs. Elmer E., Cape Stone, Gladys M., Eldon Girardeau Thompson, Harley, St. Louis Ewalt, Mrs. Marietta, Columbia Van Osdol, Mrs. Paul, Bucklin Foster, Mrs. Dan B., Richmond Watson, Everett O., Cameron Heights Wayland, Don O., Columbia Ginsburg, Mrs. Robert W., McGuire Wild, Dale E., Sarcoxie AFB., N. J. Williams, Roy D., Boonville Gruetzemacher, Laura B., St. Louis Young, Mr. & Mrs. W. S., Bradenton, Hanes, Mr. & Mrs. C. O. Jefferson Fla. City Zolg, Mrs. Michael A., Kansas City ONE NEW MEMBER Alexander, Mr. & Mrs. Knox, Berkeley, Beavers, Mrs. Ruth, Grant City Calif. Bedford, Mr. & Mrs. Emmett, Ken­ Allen, Mr. & Mrs. George, Fayette sington, Md. Avery, O. H., Troy Black, Charley A., Mission, Kans. Ballance, Wayne, Columbia Bredeman, Jill, Jefferson City Ballard, Mrs. Carrie Edmonds, Kansas Breeding, Mrs. E. E., St. Louis City Bridges, Mrs. Earl, Bowling Green Barrett, Mrs. Carroll, Kansas City Brinkman, J. Jules, St. Louis Barron, Mrs. Robert, Fredericktown Brooks, Bill J., Columbia 296 Missouri Historical Review

Brophy, Patrick, Nevada Hilton, Rudolph, Independence Brumback, Diana, Memphis Hobbs, Mrs. John W., Jefferson City Bumgarner, Mrs. Elizabeth, Warrens­ Hoffman, Dimmitt, Sedalia burg Hogan, Mrs. Cecil J., Hardin Campbell, Mrs. Edna, Kirksville Holekamp, Louis, Kirkwood Cason, Mrs. Lyda B., Macon Holt, Frank L., Arcadia, Calif. Chatfield, H. Marshall, Columbia Hope, Catharine, Jefferson City Childers, David A., Marionville Hopper, L. P., Chillicothe Chiles, Ira N., Knoxville, Tenn. Hornbuckle, Dolph N., Albany Christian, Montie, Jefferson City Howdeshell, C. Leo, Elsberry Clark, Mrs. W. A., Cape Girardeau Hughs, Allen, Richmond Coates, Charles R., Elmo Hutchins, Lloyd O., Fulton Coddington, Mrs. C. C. Bowling Green Irving, Mrs. Leonard, Independence Cornbleet, Mrs. Zelig, St. Louis Jacobs, Mrs. Paul, New Franklin Costigan, Mr. & Mrs. H. E., Columbia Jeffries, T. Victor, Lebanon Cramer, Sue Rice, Center Jelley, Mrs. Arthur L., New York, Cummins, Paul H., Fort Scott, Kans. N.Y. Darby, Walter L. N., Cameron Johnson, Bryant, Osceola Dennis, Mrs. Van S., Independence Johnson, Lon, Col ville, Wash. Drewel, Charles E., Washington Johnson, Seale, Jackson, Tenn. Dundon, Tom, McLean, Va. Karsch, Robert F., Columbia Elmburg, Jean, Kansas City Kaye, Mrs. R. B., Chillicothe Elmer, Mrs. S. L., Jr., St. Louis Kennedy, Elizabeth L., Columbia Farrow, Tiera, Garnett, Kans. King, George W., Kansas City Fine, Edward A. St. Louis Kleinschmidt, Mrs. R. W., Clarendon Fox, Lillie F., Pasadena, Calif. Hills, 111. Freeman, R. W., Carrollton Koelkeheck, Charlotte, Kansas City French, Mrs. Marie, St. Louis Kunz, Mrs. A. H., Eugene, Ore. Funk, Mrs. William E., Springfield Larson, E. S., Kansas City Gentry, Mrs. William R., Jr., St. Louis Lawhorn, George, Columbia Gibson, Mrs. J. D., Columbia Lillard, Ross W., Kansas City Gilleland, Mrs. Howard, New Cambria Lowe, Mrs. Maleetta H., Excelsior Gordon, Mrs. T. E., Independence Springs Gray, Mr. & Mrs. Floyd, Evanston, 111. McCane, Nella, Vancouver, Wash. Greene, Fred O., Fremont McCormick, Mamie J., Sedalia Gruner. Raymond, Baldwin Park, McDonald, Mrs. William, Kansas City, Calif. Kans. Hansbro, J. L., Marshall McGowan, Mr. & Mrs. F. C, Cape Harkins, Mrs. L. R., Coronado Beach, Girardeau Calif. McKinsey, The J. Wendell Family, Harris, Morran D., Osceola Columbia Harris, W. W., Littleton, Colo. Marklein, W. A., Boonville Hartford, Mr. & Mrs. H. H., Prairie Maughs, Sydney B., Webster Groves Village, Kans. Mayfield, Alpha C, Hannibal Haswell, Mrs. Kanah, Joplin Medley, Paul A., Columbia Hawkins, W. W., Brownsville, Tex. Melton, DeWayne, Springfield Helm, Mrs. S. R., Overland Park, Mick, Nellie, Hornersville Kans. Miller, Noble, Cape Girardeau Hicklin, Mrs. J. R., Concordia Mitzel, W. R., Wilmette, 111. Hill, Mrs. Robert R., Cape Girardeau Montgomery, Bert, Springfield Historical Notes and Comments 297

Morris, Robert L., Columbia Spence, Edith H., Inglewood, Calif. Morrow, John P., Jr., Batesville, Ark. Stephenson, Lee E., St. Louis Munkres, Mildred, Kansas City Stifffer, R. Ewing, Denver, Colo. Munro, Donald D., Jr., Versailles Stone, R. P., Eldon Murray, Mrs. Laura Craig, Maryville Stucker, Essie, Kansas City Myers, W. W., Bethany Thomas, Mrs. R. D., Nevada Nankee, Mrs. Shirley E., Lakewood, Thomson, Mrs. Esther, Kansas City Calif. Trail, Nell, New Haven Nesbitt, Mrs. S. R., Liberty Vance, E. Blanche, Lebanon Nichols, Richard, Blue Springs Van Houten, Ralph N., Clarence Nichols, Thomas S., Arnold Von Schrenk, Trifon, St. Louis Nixon, Mrs. William E., Jefferson City Wallace, John R., Lexington Ream, Floyd M., Clinton Welliver, Warren, Columbia Rice, Herb, Springfield White, Mrs. Clifton L., Lexington Roland, Mary Ellen, Jefferson City Wilcox, Orrin R., Mansfield Roseberry, Ethel M., Kirksville Rougemont, Fred, Breckenridge Wilder, Carl R., Los Angeles, Calif. Rueweler, Eugene F., St. Louis Wilson, Perry W., California Scheitlen, Mrs. W. C, Chicago, 111. Winkels, Mr. & Mrs. Al, Brookfield Schowengerdt, M. Neal, Warrenton Wiseman, Mr. & Mrs. Sam, Poplar Siemens, Wilson W., Lea wood, Kans. Bluff Sims, Mrs. Edith, Trimble Woodruff, Bruce E., Webster Groves Smiser, Mrs. A. Lee, Warrensburg Youngman, Louise, Bethany Smith, Ray E., Kansas City Zorn, Mr. & Mrs. Grover, Sumner

NEW MEMBERS IN THE HISTORICAL SOCIETY Six hundred and fifteen applications for membership were received by the Society during the three months of November and December, 1962, and January, 1963. The total annual and life memberships as of January 1, 1963, was 13,163. The new members are: Abernathy, A. W., Perryville Ashby, Mr. & Mrs. R. V., Webster Albert, Paul A., Columbia Groves Albertson, Mrs. Lillie, Orrick Auer, Mr. & Mrs. E. T., St. Louis Alderson, Mrs. Pemala B., New York, Babcock, C. W., Butler N. Y. Baer, Eleanora A., Richmond Heights Allen, Lynn, Kansas City Baer, Mrs. Evelyn, New Haven Allison, Mrs. Lewis, Boulder, Colo. Baker, Mrs. O. E., Bolivar Alton, Dave, Kansas City Barrere, Mrs. Charles F., St. Louis Anderson, Mr. & Mrs. Frederic, Uni­ Barron, William, St. Louis versity City Bartholomew, Earl F., Chicago, 111. Anderson, W. S., Webster Groves Bass, Mr. & Mrs. Guy, Springfield Andrews, Mr. & Mrs. Frank, New Lon­ Bass, Jack C, St. Ann don, Conn. Bass, Mrs. James L., Smithton Antioch College, Yellow Springs, O. Bauer, The Edward Family, War­ Appleman, Mr. & Mrs. Lee, Columbia renton Arnett, James C, Littleton, Colo. Bauer, R. R., Jr., Collinsville, 111. LIFE 298 Missouri Historical Review

Baysinger, Mrs. O. S., Jefferson City Bye, Mrs. E. L., Flat River Beachey, William V., Kansas City Caldwell, Mrs. R. L., Shelbina Beary, Merlyn, Carrollton, Tex. Callison, Myrtle, V., Revere Beaty, Mrs. L. H., Clinton Camp, Mrs. Ludie B., San Marcos, Bennett, Frank, Osborn Tex. Bennett, Roy Sutton, Jr., Prairie Vil­ Capps, Mrs. Lowell, Elsberry lage, Kans. Carr, Mr. & Mrs. J. E., Prairie Village, Benson, H., Kansas City Kans. Bernard, E. J., Webster Groves Carter, Mr. & Mrs. Farran, Columbia Berry, Maxwell G., Kansas City Carter, Mr. & Mrs. P. N., Jefferson Beshears, Billy, Vandalia City Betz, Carl W., Pittsburgh, Pa. Cason, R. Z., Macon Betzler, Charles E. Ill, Florissant Caster, Mr. & Mrs. Earl, Kansas City LIFE Caster, Mrs. Elton E., Kansas City Bevirt, Mr. & Mrs. William J., St. Cauley, John R., Washington, D. C. Louis Centerview Public School, Centerview Bierman, Norman, St. Louis LIFE Chalmers, Mrs. J. Max, Springfield Billingsley, John, Beaumont, Tex. Chamberlain, Thomas, Bethesda, Md. Binder, Charles, University City Chambers, John R., Warrensburg Bishop, Edgar W., Napa, Calif. Charboneall, Thelma, Fenton Blair, Glenn, Stover Charles, Mrs. John V., Kansas City Bloyd, Levi H., Fairbury, Nebr. Cheatham, Mrs. John T., Warrensburg Boehner, Mr. & Mrs. John, Hickman Cheavens, John W., Columbia LIFE Mills Cheavens, Paul B., Columbia Boone, Mrs. Joseph H., Brookfield Childers, David A., Marionville Boseley, Curley C, Kansas City Childers, Mr. & Mrs. Ira, Kansas City Bowen, R. Lee, Kansas City Chomeau, Mrs. R. D., Kirkwood, Boyer, John H., Independence LIFE Brady, Gail M., Marion, 111. Christensen, Lawrence O., Columbia Brady, Robert, St. Louis Christenson, P. B., Columbia Branch, Lynn, Kansas City Clark, Graham, Point Lookout Brase, E. F., Cape Girardeau Clarkson, Mr. & Mrs. W. E., Jr., Kan­ Brock, Paul E., Joplin sas City Brooks, George R., St. Louis LIFE Claxton, Mrs. G. M., Columbia Brotemarkle, Mr. & Mrs. Robert, Lee's Clayton, Mrs. Faye, Richmond, Calif. Summit Clinton, Mrs. W. O., Springfield Brown, Mrs. Beulah, Trimble Coburn, Mrs. Ivanell A., Phoenix, Ariz. Brown, Mrs. C. A., St. Louis Coe, Kenneth, Columbus, O. Brown, Mrs. Charles L., Springfield Collins, William N., Jr., Lubbock, Tex. Brown, Mrs. Doris A., Fort Dodge, la. Colvin, Mrs. Russell C, Madison, Brown, Jerry C, Kansas City Wis. Brown, Jerry R., Salina, Kans. Cooper, Mrs. C. D., Texarkana, Ark. Brown, Robert L., Kansas City Cooper, Mrs. Standi S., University Brumback, Jack, Memphis City Bullock, Alan, St. Joseph Copeland, Orburn, S. Greenfield Burdge, R. Jim, Long Beach, Calif. Cornbleet, Mrs. Zelig, St. Louis Burwinkle, N. T., Kansas City Coulter, Charles R., Coralville, la. Bush, Mrs. J. C, Stoutsville Cox, Gene S., Columbia Butler, Allen H., Florissant Creveling, Mr. & Mrs. J. G., Birming­ Butts, Hadley, Slater LIFE ham, Ala. Historical Notes and Comments 299

Crew, Mrs. W. H., Red Top Evans, William L., Jr., Kansas City Crigler, Bill, Fayette Fair, Harry, Chicago, 111. Cross, Mrs. Stanley, Independence Farrar, Clara W., Fredericktown Crowley, Mrs. Charles E., Lebanon Farrell, Pat, Kirkwood Cummings, Mrs. Dorothy, Branson Fields, Mrs. George, Wilmette, 111. Cummins, Robert T., Philadelphia, Pa. Fitzgerald, James A., Jefferson City Daly, John S., St. Louis Fizer, Mrs. Rosa, Needles, Calif. Darnay, A. J., Kansas City Fleishman, Alfred, Farmington Daugherty, James E., St. Louis Forbis, Mr. & Mrs. Russ, Davenport, Daugherty, Milton L., Webster Groves la. Davenport, Mr. & Mrs. Emmett, Fralix, Mrs. Eugene, Springfield Centralia Freeman, Mrs. Julian, Hannibal Davis, Ilus W., Kansas City Fuller, Mrs. Edwin S., Inglewood, Davis, Lowell V., Weatherford, Okla. Calif. Davis, Rose, Brookfield Fullerton, Viola, Kansas City Day, Jack, Springfield Gaddy, Mr. & Mrs. R. J., St. Louis Deal, James M., Kansas City, Kans. Gandt, Raymond, Dalton Dean, Frank J., Kansas City Gann, Mrs. V. J., Sullivan Dennis, John B., Independence Garrison, Mrs. Kenneth, Independence Denoyer, Robert E., Arnold Gier, Misses Barbara & Helen, Los Deschner, W. W., Lea wood, Kans. Angeles, Calif. Devins, Edward A., Kansas City Gier, Thomas P., St. Joseph Dicke, Edward C, St. Louis LIFE Gilbreath, Mrs. William, Appleton Dickison, Mr. & Mrs. William A., St. City Louis Gildhaus, Dorothy E., Louisiana Dierkes, Mr. & Mrs. Robert, St. Louis Gill, Kathleen, Denver, Colo. Dooley, Bess, Miami, Ariz. Ginsburg, Howard D., Ft. Sill, Tex. Dougherty, Leo F., St. Louis Ginsburg, Robert N., Richardson, Tex. Downard, Lloyd R., Beaufort Gleason, Mrs. Harlie R., Springfield Drewes, Mr. & Mrs. E. R., St. Louis Godbey, W. B., Paris Drysdale, Helen, Indianapolis, Ind. Goedde, William C, New York, N. Y. Dubach, Ken, Leawood, Kans. Goedeke, Mr. & Mrs. William, St. Dulle, Mr. & Mrs. Roger, Jefferson Louis City Gottlieb, Sinclair S., Jefferson City Duers, J. J., Kansas City Grace, Kenneth P., Albany Dunavan, Mrs. Daisy, Kansas City Graham, Mrs. Frederick III, Cole Dunbar, Virginia M., Wellesley, Mass. Camp Dunn, Ivan Max, Fayette Graham, Mrs. Vader, Wilder, Ida. Dunn, J. Arthur, Greensboro, S. C. Grandview School, St. Louis Dunn, Joe and Keith, Jackson Graupman, Laurie Ann, Farber Dwyer, Rose, St. Charles Garwe, Mrs. Milton, Kansas City Eaton, R. W., Overland Park, Kans. Gray, Mrs. William F., Victoria, Tex. Eckelkamp, Robert G., Washington Green, Mr. & Mrs. E. J., Sedalia Eckles, Ora Ann, Maryville Greene, Marvin H., Lee's Summit Eggers, Walt, Prairie Village, Kans. Grisbrook, Robert B., Warson Woods Elliott, Cheater B., Phoenix, Ariz. Gross, Mr. & Mrs. Milton, Columbia Engeland, Mr. & Mrs. G. E., St. Louis Growdon, John A., Kansas City Estes, J. Denny, Tulsa, Okla. Gruetzemacher, Michael J., Imperial Evans, Mrs. A. F. D., St. Louis Gruetzemacher, Richard R., Imperial Evans, Mrs. Florence, Reeds Haffner, Heinz, Ladue 300 Missouri Historical Review

Hallford, Herman G., Rockville Hudson, Thomas S., New Hartford Halliburton, Mrs. B. E., Green City Hughes, Mr. & Mrs. John, Warson Hamersen, Mrs. Clarence, Kansas City Woods Handgartner, Mr. & Mrs. C. A., St. Humphrey, Mildred, East Leaven­ Louis worth Planes, Mr. & Mrs. Ambrose, Denver, Hunt, Mrs. Alberta, Columbia Colo. Hunt, Mrs. Lucille P., Denver, Colo. Hanes, Mrs. C. O., Jefferson City Ingram, Mr. & Mrs. Sidney H., Spring­ Hardeman, Mrs. L. Bryce, Bryan, Tex. field Harris, George, New Cambria Irwin, Mr. & Mrs. Robert, Evanston, Harris, Mary Ann, Webster Groves 111. Harris, P. D., Osceola Jackson, Mrs. Charles T., Columbia Harris, William E., Jr., Mt. Vernon Jacobs, Paul N., Franklin Harrison, Mrs. Thomas R., Independ­ Jacobson, Howard T., Sheppard AFB, ence Tex. Hartwig, Caroline E. E., Columbia Jaggers, William H., Waverly LIFE Jeffries, S. M., Dallas, Tex. Hasty, Mrs. Lela Reese, St. Louis Jelley, Mr. & Mrs. Vernon C, Lea- Haswell, Robert J., Springfield wood, Kans. Hatfield, Marshall, Maryville Jensen, Judith E., Crestwood Hatten, Mrs. Flossie, Fordland Johnson, Mrs. Addie H., Kansas City Hatton, Fred, Kansas City Johnson, Enid P., LaMonte Haupt, Mr. & Mrs. Joe P., St. Louis Johnson, Helen, Kansas City Hays, Bill, Rich Hill Johnson, K. E., Prairie Village, Kans. Hayward, Mrs. Sumner, Ridgewood, Johnson, Leonard A., Excelsior Springs N.J. LIFE Heath, Warren B., St. Louis Johnston, Marjorie, St. Louis Helmers, Dale S., Kansas City Jones, Mrs. E. E., Lilbourn Henderson, Helen M., Kansas City Jones, Lyle E., Laurel, Mont. Henderson, Jess, Baldwin Park, Calif. Jones, Mrs. Susan H., St. Joseph Herman, Ray, Springfield Jordan, Mrs. Clark H., St. Louis Hiatt, Mrs. Paul, Bethany Jordan, Mr. & Mrs. M. J., Poplar Bluff Higgins, James M., Clovis, Calif. Kaercher, Mr. & Mrs. Ray R., Glen­ Hill, Neal, Kansas City dale Hinkle, Amos, Kansas City Kaye, Mariann, Chillicothe Hockaday, Edmund E., St. Paul, Keene, Mr. & Mrs. A. E., Columbia Minn. Keevil, Sidney G., Silver Spring, Md. Hoerschemeyer, Frank, St. Louis Keithley, H. W., Colorado Springs, Hoffman, Alfred, Columbia Colo. Hogan, Roy, Norborne Kennedy, Homer K., Albany Hollingsworth, D. B., Hillsboro Kennedy, Joe R., Kansas City Holman, T. L., Joplin Kennedy, John Edward, Shawnee Mis­ Holt, Mrs. Robert E., Niles, Mich. sion, Kans. Hooker, Charles E., Jr., Jefferson City Kennedy, Mrs. Ross J., Brookfield Housh, Mrs. Barbara J., Kansas City Key, W. H., Warrenton Houston, Mr. & Mrs. C. N., Oak Grove Kinerk, Mr. & Mrs. R. L., Omaha, Howe, Mr. & Mrs. Charles R., Mexico Nebr. Howell, Mrs. Debrill, Monroe City King, Mrs. R. C, Long Beach, Calif. Huber, David M., University City Kircher, Charles, Leawood, Kans. Hudson, Jerry, Kansas City Kirchner, Carl, Carthage LIFE Historical Notes and Comments 301

Klecan, Mr. & Mrs. Gene, Albuquer­ McCane, Ivergne, St. Louis que, N. M. McCann, Raymond W., St. Louis Kleindients, H. J., Columbia McClain, Charles M., Manchester Kleinschmidt, Mrs. R. W., Clarendon McCorkle, Mrs. Earl, Excelsior Springs Hills, 111. McCowan, Mrs. Ralph, Sedalia Knehans, William, St. Louis McDermott, A. E., Perryville Knight, Mr. & Mrs. W. C, Jr., Phoe­ McDonald, Mrs. F. D., St. Louis nix, Ariz. McFall, Mrs. William B., Liberty Knob Noster High School, Knob McGlothlin, Mrs. C. M., Nevada Noster McGrath, J. J., Sedalia LIFE Koehler, Howland, Raytown McGuire, Bruna, Hardin Konrad, Mrs. Paul M., Kansas City McKinney, Edgar, Springfield Korn, R. W., Cordova, Alaska McKinney, Mrs. W. D., Kansas City Krauskopf, Mrs. Jean M., Fulton McVey, Frances Ann, New York, N. Y. Kruse, Mr. & Mrs. Fred H., St. Louis Madden, Mr. & Mrs. William, Kansas Kruse, Mr. & Mrs. William H., St. City, Kans. Louis Manning, Mrs. Roger I. C, Phoenix, Kuntz, Henry E., Branson Ariz. Kurtz, Ernest, Glendale Manson, Charles, Jr., Dalton LIFE Langston, Jane F., St. Louis Marley, John S., Kansas City Larson, Edward S., Jr., Homewood, Martin, Mr. & Mrs. Earl, Kansas City 111. Martin, H. A., Mission, Kans. La whom, Mrs. Rose B., Columbia Mary Reed Library, Denver, Colo. Lawton, John L., Los Angeles, Calif. Masterson, Hulette, Seneca, Kans. LeFevre, Linda, West Alton Mayer, Mr. & Mrs. John H., Kansas Lehman, Mrs. Theresa, Billings City Leiter, Mrs. Ira A., Sedalia Mackfessel, Mr. & Mrs. H. R., St. Louis LeMire, Mrs. Clarence P., Bethany Medley, Mr. & Mrs. Carl F., Columbia Lemley, Mrs. Wilbur R., San Diego, Medley, Mr. & Mrs. Paul A., Columbia Calif. Meeker, Jerry, Kansas City Lenger, Ted, Warrensburg Mehl, Minnie, St. Louis Leonard, Dulany E., Glen Ellyn, 111. Memphis State University, Memphis, Lesher, Paul S., Reamstown, Pa. Tenn. Lewis, Ernest, Bethany Mendenhall, Mr. & Mrs. E. Hirst, Lewis, Wilferd, Annapolis Columbia Lillard, Mrs. Beryl, Ft. Lauderdale, Mermis, Mr. & Mrs. J. A., Great Bend, Fla. Kans. Lipscomb, Mrs. William, Washington, Meyer, O. D., St. Louis D.C. Meyr, Vernon R., Altenburg Loberg, S. T., Perryville Mick, Mrs. Nellie, Hornersville Long, F. W., Butler Middleton, Mr. & Mrs. W. R., Eldon Long, George L., Kansas City Miller, J. F., Chicago, 111. Lowe, Mrs. Hansel, Blue Springs Miller, J. Fred, Kansas City Loyd, Mrs. William Jr., Ashland Miller, J. Lee, Springfield Lucas, William C, Jr., Kansas City Milner Library, Normal, 111. Lyon, P. S., Shawnee Mission, Kans. Minard, Mrs. Iva E., San Bernadino, McAdams, Henry H., Alton, 111. McAdams, Mrs. Henry H., Alton, 111. Calif. McCaffree, S. L., Schell City Mohan, Karen P., Normandy LIFE McCall, Mrs. George R., Farmington Mollering, Melvyn W., Ferguson 302 Missouri Historical Review

Moore, Mr. & Mrs. Ralph, University Owens, Keith, Ferguson City Page, Mrs. H. H., Butler Morley, Mrs. Torn, Fort Benning, Ga. Painter, Mrs. Thelma R., Lebanon Morseman, A. M., Kansas City Patchin, Mrs. Edith, Lewistown Moser, Mrs. Frank E., Sr., St. Joseph Pattison, Sallie, Huntsville Munday, Missouri B., Lewistown Paulsell, Albert J., Rolla Munkres, Henry, Forest City Paulsell, Lee K., Columbia Murray, Avon, Oregon Pearson, Ted L., Shawnee Mission, Murray: Kenneth, Bolivar Kans. Murtha, Marian, Kansas City Pender, Herbert Jr., Ferguson Musenheimer, A. L., Cape Cirardeau Peredi, Martha, Budapest, Hungary Myers, Mr. & Mrs. John, Webster Perotti, R. F., Kansas City Groves Pettey, Rubey, Jackson, Mich. Myers, Martin T., Mexico Pfabe, Jerrald K., St. Louis Myers, Mr. & Mrs. R. II., Memphis, Phil pott, Kenneth, Springfield Tenn. Piatt, M. Allen, Butler Myhre, Mr. & Mrs. Paul, Columbia Pickel, Estelle, Denver, Colo. Myrick, Mr. & Mrs. John G. Jr., Brent­ Pierce, Eddie, Brownsville, Tex. wood Poland, Everett, Powersville Myrtle, Sherman, Independence Polito, Philip, Independence Neeley, Robert F., Charleston AFB, Pollard, James Hybert, McMinnville, S. C. Ore. Neenan, David G., Ft. Knox, Ky. Popp, Gerald F., Perryville Neenan, Mrs. E. J., Center Point, la. Porch, E. O., Ill, Lawrence, Kans. Neenan, Mr. & Mrs. James P., Kansas Porter, Mrs. Cornelia, Springfield City Porter, James Donald, Portland, Ore. Neenan, Mr. & Mrs. James C, Colum­ Pruitt, Mr. & Mrs. Lynn, Rolla bia Rahe, Mrs. Albertein R., Buchanan Neenan, Robert, Omaha, Nebr. Dam, Tex. Neff, William N., Abingdon, Va. Rappaport, Mrs. Philip, St. Louis Nelson, Mrs. Vera N., Boise, Ida. Raymond, Mrs. R. S., Kansas City Newberry, Mrs. Russell, Hannibal Read, Warren W., Clarence Newland, Samuel, Springfield Reeves, Mrs. Stella, Joplin Newport, Mrs. M. J., Springfield Reid, J. A., St. Louis Nichols, George, Columbia Remington, Mark, Columbia Nichols, Mrs. Lawson, Columbia Rennolds, Mrs. T. M., Fayette Nierdieck, Mr. & Mrs. R. W., St. Louis Renoe, Virginia, Winnetka, 111. Nolte, David F., Higginsville Rice, Donald E., St. Louis Norbury, Alfred S., Kansas City Rice, Mrs. T. E., Long Beach, Calif. Norris, P. K., Bethesda, Md. Rickard, Mrs. Jessie, Glendale, Calif. Nugent, Mr. & Mrs. Maurice, Kansas Riddle, Mrs. V. B., Kansas City City Ritenour Jr. High School, Overland Ocker, Mrs. Virginia L., Turlock, Calif. Roberts, Dwight, Kansas City- O'Dell, Mrs. Calude W., Kansas City Rogers, Mrs. Arthur, Richmond Ohio University, Athens, O. Rohls, Mrs. Louis, Eldon Oldham, Mrs. Helen, Columbia Rollens, Don L., Escanaba, Mich. O'Neal, Patricia. Richmond Heights Romero, Donald George, Columbia O'Neil, Thomas, Raytown Rosenbaugh, Diane, Kansas City Osborn, Mrs. D. D., Oklahoma City, Ross, Lyle, Kansas City LIFE Okla. Rost, Mrs. Vincent II., New Madrid Historical Notes and Comments 303

Roth, Mrs. A. L., Baudette, Minn. Skaggs, Carmen, Fredericktown Roth, Mr. & Mrs. Paul, Spanish Lake Smith, Mrs. Betty D., West Linn, Ore. Rueweler, Eugene F., St. Louis LIFE Smith, Mrs. Claude, Edina Rush, Ernest W., Warrensburg Smith, L. C, Kansas City Russell, Mrs. F. S., Okawville, 111. Snider, Jane, Carthage Rutherford, Lindell, Vandalia Snider, Jim, Columbia LIFE Saathoff, Mrs. Ruchard, Nevada Soady, Fred W., Jr., Harrisburg, 111. Sage, Leland, Cedar Falls, la. Soden, Mrs. Robert E., Kirkwood St. Louis County Library, St. Louis Southern Illinois University, Carbon- Sanders, H. L., St. Paul, Minn. dale, 111. Sanders, Larry R., Lebanon Sparling, E. M., Jr. Springfield Sapp, Larry H., Columbia Sponik, James R., Arnold Sapp, Lloyd T., Ashland Stansbury, Josiah F., Smith ville Sapp, Ray, Kansas City Stearns, Lyman D., Perryville Sappington, K. R., Ridgecrest, Calif. Steele, Mr. & Mrs. Earl, Hillsboro Schade, Herbert H., Joplin Steele, Mr. & Mrs. Francis, Chillicothe Schantz, Leroy, Jefferson City LIFE Steinman, Frank, Kansas City Schlueter, Mrs. Margaret, Ferguson Stephenson, Dorothy, Kansas City Schmidt, Mrs. Carl, Marshall Stephenson, Mr. & Mrs. Thomas A., Schmidt, The Frank family, St. Louis Kansas City Schneider, N. J., Jr., China Lake, Calif. Stinson, Mr. & Mrs. M. B., Los Schoenbien, William, Long Beach, Angeles, Calif. Calif. Stockell, Mr. & Mrs. W. F., Jr., St. Schooler, Mrs. Don II, Brookfield Louis Schultz, Paul B., Atlanta, Ga. Stoecker, Mrs. William, Webster Schulze, Mr. & Mrs. Tate, Florissant Groves Schwab, Kathryn, Vandalia Stolzenau, Lillian, Kansas City Schwartz, Doris R., Columbus, O. Storke, Thomas G., Santa Barbara, Scott, William R., Jr., Fulton Calif. Scovel, Donald, Cedar Falls, la. Stovall, Charles, St. Louis Scrivner, Charles L., Independence Stubbs, Roy M., Warrensburg Selbert, Edwin, Kirkwood Sutter, Mr. & Mrs. Bernat, Brentwood Selby, John T., Warsaw Talcott, Mrs. Marvin C, Independence Sells, Clarence, Kansas City Tavenner, E. W., Cuba Sexton, Russell W., Jefferson City Taylor, Mrs. G. L., Madison, Wis. Shannon, Mrs. LeRoy C, Kirksville Thieman, Lewis W., Concordia Shaw, Larry, Vandalia Thomas, Mrs. Frank A., Kansas City Sheets, Dora Rose, Fulton Thomas, Mr. & Mrs. James M., Inde­ Sherman, Mrs. Lois J., Carrollton pendence LIFE Thomas, Terry Lee, Wakenda Sherman, Loralee, Carrollton Thomason, Don, Jefferson City Shoddy, John, Conway Thompson, Mrs. Gladys R., Decatur, Shugert, Ralph, Neosho 111. Sibley, Erwin, Milledgeville, Ga. Thompson, Otis, Richmond Sidwell, Mrs. Barbara J., Queen City Thompson, W. R., Cabool Sieben, S. H., Kansas City Thomson, Mrs. Logene, Laddonia Simon, Victor H., Springfield Thornton, Fred, St. Joseph Sinks, Nelle M., Joplin Tihen, Libby, Jefferson City Sister Agnes Marie, St. Louis Tinsley, Frederick, Columbia Sitzes, Mrs. Ann, Sikeston Tipton, Evelyn, Farber 304 Missouri Historical Review

Townsend, Mr. & Mrs. Newton, Col­ Wessel, Carl, Warren ton umbia Weidmann, Mrs. Jack A., Springfield Trantham, Mrs. A. P., Cape Girardeau West, Charles J., Kansas City Trapp, Arthur L., Lemont, 111. Weston, Joseph, Neosho Travis, Mike, Kansas City Wheat, Frank H., Shawnee Mission, Traylor, Mrs. Hallie, Kansas City Kans. Triplett, William T., Spokane, Wash. Wilder, Mrs. Carl R., Los Angeles, Trogden, Derrel, Republic Calif. Tryon, Delia Mae, Phoenix, Ariz. Wilkinson, George D., Springfield Tucker, Homer R., Osceola Wilkinson, John Dean, Fulton Tucker, Shirley Sue, Austin, Tex. Wilkinson, Mrs. O. W., Sullivan Turley, John D., Boonville Willadsen, Jan, Cedar Falls, la. Umidon, Mrs. Dewey, Kansas City Willett, Mrs. Claude R., Greenfield University City Sr. High School, Uni­ Willett, Roger E., Canton versity City Williams, Mrs. Boyd E., Claycomo Vance, Mrs. John G., Lebanon Williams, Robert M., Chatsworth, Vandiver, Louis H., Columbia Calif. Vanskike, Howard, St. Louis Williams, Mrs. Roy D., Boonville Van Stavern Oil Company, Lebanon Williams, Mr. & Mrs. Wilson, Darian, Vernon, Mrs. James W., Lebanon Conn. Vollmer, William E., St. Louis Williamsen, Bruce, Springfield Wackly, John J., Parkville Wilson, William C, Pasadena, Calif. Wade, Jesse E., Jr., Springfield LIFE Wagner, R. P., San Antonio, Tex. Windsor, Mrs. Gillis, Boonville Walker, Anna M., Kansas City Wingfield, Mont L., Kansas City Walker, Ben L., Raytown Winschel, Theresa, Pevely Walker, John M., San Diego, Calif. Wood, Barbara Susan, Silver Spring, Walker, L. E., Bingen, Wash. Md. Wall, Julius F., Clinton Wood, James A., St. Louis Ward, Mrs. Earl, Republic Woodruff, Fred B., Webster Groves Watson, Mrs. R. H., Wichita, Kans. Woods, Mrs. Carl R., Kansas City Watson, Virgil A., Cameron Wright, Robert L., Lebanon Wayland, Don, Columbia Wurdack, Mrs. Walter, St. Louis Weaver, Mrs. L. A., Columbia Yore, Barbara, Clayton Wegeng, William A., Norborne Young, A. R., Kansas City Weisenborn, Mrs. Lavern, Clarence Young, Mrs. Mamie M., Grants Pass, Welsh, G. H., Shawnee Mission, Kans. Ore.

OLD LETTERS, "NEW" HISTORY BY SHIRLEY SARGENT* Recently, a voice from the past has excited Yosemite historians as ten letters written in 1837 and later, by and about Galen Clark, Yosemite's first guardian, have become permanent, treasured possessions of the Yosemite National Park Museum archives. Eight of the letters are in Clark's handwriting, dated 1837, 1838, 1839, 1844, 1874, 1908 and 1909. A ninth is a sorrowing, informative

*Shirley Sargent is a professional writer and Yosemite, California, resident who is currently engaged in research for a proposed biography of Galen Clark. Historical Notes and Comments 305 letter of his mother's written soon after the death of Clark's wife in 1848. Clark's Yosemite life, 1856-1910, as homesteader, hotel keeper, guardian, author and geologist is well documented, but his Dublin, New Hampshire, youth and Missouri manhood have been known only in fragments until now. The letters reveal significant dates, facts of business failures in Clark County, Missouri, and sidelights on the human interest of that pioneer day. For years they have been cherished and preserved by Mrs. Roland Bray ton of Boston, granddaughter of William Clark, one of Galen's brothers. As a result of the suggestion of Yosemite author Shirley Sargent and the invitation of Chief Park Naturalist Douglass Hubbard, Mrs. Bray ton recently presented the letters to the Yosemite Museum. The original letters, written on both sides and margins with tiny script, are in fragile condition. The sheets were folded twice, sealed with sealing wax, addressed on the blank side and sent by stage and train to their destination. In addition to all this handling, a June, 1838, letter survived a torrential Missouri rainstorm and a reopen­ ing for a postscript concerning it. "The rain fell in torrents truly astonishing. Hail fell as large as small hen's eggs and the wind blew as severe hurricane ..." Clark's sly, pointed comments make interesting reading even 125 years after the events described. For example, in 1838 he com­ mented wryly, "I would advise [girls] never to come here single unless . . . they would like . . . about a dozen beaux a week. There is about ten young men here to one young lady and these are not to be bragged about." He warned that Missouri living expenses were so high "that no man without a wife ought to think of farming." Board at the Waterloo public house was $3.50 a week, $2.25 to $3.00 in a private home. "It will take about 3840 rails to fence a twenty acre field, 8 rails high . . . 75f£ per hundred to make rails . . . four dollars a day to haul them with three yoke of oxen . . . two dollars per thousand to lay them up ... 65 to 75 dollars per yoke . . ." He suggested that, one of his sisters, "Caroline had better learn the tailors trade and come here to work . . ." "Making a coat is from $8, to $15 . . . pantaloons from $2 to $3 . . . sole leather is rising at 30 cts a pound." Clark found his own wife, Rebecca Marie McCoy, on a nearby farm. He confided to his brother, in an October 23, 1839, letter: "I became acquainted with a very fine young lady soon after I came here . . . our attachment increased for each other until we thought we could never live happy apart and we were married." On their 306 Missouri Historical Review marriage April 27, 1839, Clark was 25, the "very fine young lady" 18. Before her death of consumption in 1848, they had two daugh­ ters and three sons. Clark's communications alternated between enthusiasm for the fertile land and despair at crop failure which inspired "an agony of feeling" at a debt he could not repay to his brother William. In 1837 Galen wrote glowingly, "It [Clark County] is said to be as healthy as any county in the world, and the looks of the people surely indicated it. All had a ruddy, healthy appearance." In 1837, "We had not a drop of rain from the first of April to the middle of June ... I never saw so poor a prospect for crops in all my life . . . some cases of sickness in the country occasioned by the great drowth ..." Then, October 5, 1843, not long before Clark moved to Philadelphia, hoping to regain health and finances, "There has been a great deal of sickness in this country the present season, and it has been generally very fatal too . . . season dry . . . crops . . . poorest that I ever saw ..." An 1844 letter described in detail directions for skinning deer as it was done in Missouri. Brother William, a Massachusetts tanner, had evidently asked for the information as Galen added that he gave an old fellow "... five dollars of meat for it. If it will be of any use to you or the company you can give me credit for it in the way of those boots and shoes you let me have." Actually, the severe colds "which settled in my lungs" and other sickness "which I shall never get well of," in Missouri, weakened Galen so that he contracted consumption in Philadelphia and had to leave his motherless children with New England relatives. In a determined search for health, and enough wealth to support his family, he farmed in Texas, mined and surveyed in California, and after "a hemorrhage of the lungs" which a doctor advised precluded death, went to Wawona. Instead of dying he recovered to be a vigorous and influential citizen guardian of Yosemite from 1866 to 1880 and again from 1889 to 1896. When Clark was 94 in 1908, he complained mildly in a letter, "... my eyesight is troubling me so I cannot see to write or read only in the best clear light, so I have to neglect my Friends in writing them letters. I am also getting to be of not much account gener­ ally." Yet that very year, he journeyed alone to San Francisco to view a fleet of warships. Outside his cabin near the Swinging Bridge in Yosemite Valley, Clark wrote at a table "in the best clear light." At least, he tried to write, but the Grand Old Man of Yosemite "was constantly Historical Notes and Comments 307 interrupted by visitors" in his last Valley summers. To his sister, Clarissa, he explained that "I was so much occupied with callers last summer [1908] that I got but little time for writing letters .... I am now about as well as I have been for some years past except for Deafness and failing eyesight." In March of 1910 at 96 Galen Clark died and was buried in the Yosemite graveyard in the plot he had prepared by planting Sequoias and carving a granite headstone twenty years earlier.

NEW PAINTINGS BY THE SOCIETY'S CURATOR ARE EXHIBITED

Courtesy Christian College

Sidney Larson, head of the Christian College art faculty and curator of art for the State Historical Society, is shown with several of his 26 recent paintings exhibited during January at Christian College in Columbia. Many of the paintings were developed from sketches made by the artist while traveling in Europe last summer. They were completed during the fall months which Mr. Larson spent in California as a recipient of a Huntington Hartford Founda­ tion fellowship. Dominating the collection is Larson's vivid "Bull of el Escorial," symbolizing the elements of death and violence inherent in the classic Spanish art of bullfighting. 308 Missouri Historical Review

HISTORIC DOCUMENTS PRESENTED TO SOCIETY Historical documents containing the signatures of Abraham Lincoln and Missouri's sixth governor, Lilburn W. Boggs, were presented to the State Historical Society on February 26, 1963. Warren E. Hearnes, Secretary of State, whose office acted as cus­ todian of the papers for many years, and Representative Robert Ellis Young (R-lst District, Jasper County), a Lincoln scholar, made the presentation to the Society director, Dr. Richard S. Brownlee. Transfer of the documents was made possible by the passage of House Concurrent Resolution No. 12, sponsored by Representative Young, which was adopted February 12 and ap­ proved by the Senate February 19. The papers relate to Jeremiah Massie, a former resident of Sangamon County, Illinois, who was convicted of larceny from a steamboat at the September, 1836, term of the circuit court of St. Louis County. A clemency petition, addressed to Governor Boggs, signed by the citizens of Sangamon County contains the signature of "A. Lincoln," then a member of the Illinois House of Represen­ tatives. The content of the clemency petition is noted in the Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, published in 1953 by the Abraham Lincoln Association of Springfield, Illinois. One of the documents is signed by Governor Boggs, dated March 8, 1838, and orders the issuance of a writ granting a full pardon to Massie. Most of the records of the Boggs administration were destroyed when the Missouri capitol burned in 1911.

NEW YORK SHOWING OF BINGHAM'S DRAWINGS The St. Louis Mercantile Library Association's collection of drawings by George Caleb Bingham, Missouri's famous nineteenth century genre artist, was exhibited during February at the M. Knoedler Gallery in New York. Governor and Mrs. John M. Dalton and artist Thomas Hart Benton attended the premiere on February 1 as guests of honor, and delegations from St. Louis and Kansas City joined with former Missourians, now residents of New York, in viewing the collection. The exhibition, held as a benefit for the Mercantile Library Association, with the First National Bank of St. Louis as host, was organized by the Missouri Society of New York, the University of Missouri Alumni Chapter of New York, and committees in St. Louis and Kansas City. Mrs. Robert Neill, head of the St. Louis group, and W. Howard Adams, chairman of the Missouri Committee of Historical Notes and Comments 309 the Arts, and head of the Kansas City committee, were among those attending. Bingham's drawings, 117 figures and details on 112 sheets in pencil, ink and wash, depicting representative and highly individ­ ualized figures seen in such Missouri River towns as Boonville or Arrow Rock, ranging from the most solid citizen to the town loafer, are independent art works and demonstrate Bingham's superb drawing ability. Regarded as a relatively unknown national art treasure, the sketches had been assembled in a scrapbook owned by John How, a former mayor of St. Louis, who presented them to the Mercantile Library in 1868. The scrapbook, protected for 93 years in a vault in St. Louis' First National Bank, was removed periodi­ cally to check its condition and to allow study by scholars. In 1961 the drawings were matted for exhibition, and have been shown at the City Art Museum in St. Louis and the William Rockhill Nelson Gallery in Kansas City. The New York showing was the first opportunity for historians and critics of the East Coast to study the drawings. Prior to this, New Yorkers knew Bingham mainly through his two oil paintings, "Fur Traders Descending the Mis­ souri" which hangs at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, and "Shooting for the Beef," at the Brooklyn Museum. The latter was included in the exhibit, as were the St. Louis City Art Museum's "County Election" and * 'Jolly Flatboatmen in Port." The Nelson Gallery lent a self portrait of the artist. Plans to exhibit "Fur Traders Descending the Missouri," were canceled because the Metropolitan Museum regarded the painting as too popular with visitors to be released for the Knoedler show.

LOCAL HISTORICAL SOCIETIES Forty members of the Kingdom of Callaway Historical Society attended the January meeting at Westminster College. Mike Well, Westminster College student, presented a paper on "The Palmyra Massacre." Arnold Bedworth showed pictures of Duley's Mill. The February 18 meeting at William Woods College, conducted by Hugh P. Williamson, president, was addressed by Dr. Griff A. Hamlin on "The Early History of William Woods College." Early college catalogs and photographs were displayed. Dr. and Mrs. Judson White served as hosts.

Officers of the Carter County Historical Society are: C. P. Turley, president; Mrs. Noel Burrows, vice president; Mrs. Colma 310 Missouri Historical Review

Thomason, secretary and treasurer; and Mrs. Lena Dell, cabin chairman. The log cabin, erected in the county courtyard in 1959 is partly furnished with antiques, including a loom in working order. In October members and their guests cooked a meal in an iron pot in the cabin's fireplace. Future plans call for markers for Civil War veterans and an election of officers in April.

The Clay County Museum Association met December 13 at the National Commercial Bank Building in Liberty for a program on old dolls and children's toys, led by Mrs. Glenn McDaniel. The January 17 meeting at the First National Bank was on the subject "How Former Generations Dressed," with Mrs. Frank. Chrane and Miss Gertrude Bell in charge. At both meetings, members brought articles of interest to donate, or to display temporarily. A current concern of the Association is the possibility of acquir­ ing the Old Harris Home, built in 1847 of squared logs, as the nucleus of a Clay County Historical Museum. A tentative plan to lease land on the east side of the William Jewell College campus has been submitted to the trustees of the college. The February 21 meeting of the Association was held at the First National Bank of Liberty. Mrs. Earl Sevier read a paper on the origins of coverlets and quilts, and served as co-chairman, with Mrs. Harry Jenkins, for the meeting. Sam Lafoon, Antioch, spoke of the weavers who worked in the Watkins Mill in Clay County, and several blankets and coverlets, woven in the mill, were displayed.

The Gentry County Historical Society met January 6 in the Gentry County Library at Stanberry. Two R-2 high school stu­ dents gave orations on Americanism and Robert Birbeck, historian for the society, gave a background of early Stanberry and the new post office.

An address, "How to Find and Organize Family History," was given by Allan Humphreys, Professor Emeritus of Chemistry, University of Arkansas, to the Greene County Historical Society on January 24 at the Springfield Art Museum. Professor Humphreys has written several articles on genealogy for the Washington County (Arkansas) Historical Society's publications and is considered an authority in this field.

On December 12 the Civil War Round Table of the Ozarks met at Raines' Hereford Room for dinner and a program by the South- Historical Notes and Comments 311 west Missouri State College Theatre, "Colors Soon May Fade— Memories Never Die," excerpts from poetry, prose, and songs of the Civil War. The featured speaker at the January 9 meeting at Springfield's Holiday Inn was Brigadier General Paul McDonald Robinett, who delivered a paper on "Marmaduke's Missouri Cam­ paign, 1863." General Robinett, a distinguished military historian, is the author of Armor Command, a classic on the subject of armor­ ed warfare. Round Table members attended a centennial commemoration of the battle at Hartville on January 12 at the Hartville High School auditorium. William H. Robinett, brother of General Robinett, and former State Senator, spoke on the Battle of Hartville. Briga­ dier General Benjamin T. Harris, deputy commander of Fort Leonard Wood, discussed great Missouri commanders in history.

The annual business meeting of the Johnson County Historical Society was held January 27 at the Christian Church at Warrens­ burg. Dr. Roy Stubbs of Central Missouri State College spoke on "The Local History Museum—a Community Asset." Dr. Stubbs pointed up the cultural and economic values of a museum to the community. The business meeting was conducted by Chester Cassingham, president. Mrs. A. Lee Smiser reported that a number of family records reports have been received. The society's aim is to obtain a record of all families in the county. Mrs. Smiser and Dr. Stubbs were elected to serve for a three-year term on the board of directors.

New officers elected at the December, 1962, meeting of the Civil War Round Table of Kansas City are: Clint Kanaga, president; John Hawes, first vice president; Mervin Browne, second vice president; Arthur K. Beyer; secretary-treasurer. Members of the board of directors are: Richard Byrne, Alan W. Farley, Paul Heineman, E. W. Smith, Lester Wright. Dr. Bert Maybee was appointed program chairman; L. E. Seymour, hospitality chairman; and Howard N. Monnett, editor of the CWRT Newsletter. Dr. William M. Lamers, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, addressed the Round Table meeting on January 22 at the Hotel Bellerive on "General William S. Rosecrans—the North's Most Brilliant Strategist." Dr. Lamers is the author of The Edge of Glory, a biog­ raphy of General Rosecrans. The Harry S. Truman Award for Meritorious Service in the Field of Civil War History was presented to Dr. James I. Robertson, 312 Missouri Historical Review

Jr., Executive Director of the National Civil War Centennial Com­ mission at the February 26 meeting at the Hotel Bellerive. Follow­ ing the presentation of the award, Dr. Robertson delivered an address entitled: "Fraternization Between Union and Confederate Soldiers During the Civil War."

The Native Sons of Kansas City met February 13 at the Wish­ bone Restaurant to hear Dean Howard N. Monnett, Kansas City Junior College, speak on the subject, "They Marched to the Sound of Trumpets—the Legacy of the Civil War." Dean Monnett serves as editor of The Civil War Round Table of Kansas City NEWSLETTER.

The Lawrence County Historical Society elected Eugene Carl of Mt. Vernon as president at its quarterly meeting held January 21 at the Mt. Vernon library. Other elected officers include Harlan Stark, Aurora, secretary-treasurer; Walt Whinrey, Halltown, first vice president; Charles Ridpath, Pierce City, second vice president; and Fred Miesewinkle, Mt. Vernon, historian. Plans to assemble a historical display for Pierce City's annual Theron Bennett celebration were made.

Officers re-elected at the January meeting of the Historical Society of Maries County were: Dr. J. Millard Shockley, president; Judge Paul S. Hollenbeck, first vice president; Howard Shumaker, second vice president; Mrs. Carl A. Baldwin, secretary; and Vin­ cent F. Lischwe, treasurer. Steps were taken to incorporate the Society, and Mrs. Paul S. Hollenbeck and Carl A. Baldwin were named trustees for a one-year term; Mrs. Harold Steinkamp and Howard Shumaker for a two year term; and Dr. J. Millard Shockley and Thomas R. Coffey for three years.

At a January 6 meeting the Phelps County Historical Society elected these officers for the ensuing year: Luther W. Martin, president; Albert McDonald, vice president; Dr. Clair V. Mann, secretary-historian; and Walter W. Snelson, treasurer. Of the board of directors, three were held over: Dr. E. A. Strieker, Dr. Tom Beveridge, and Ivan Parry. Six board members elected for three-year terms are: Mrs. William C. Hayes, Mrs. Alice Small- wood, Mrs. Leola Millar, Walter Snelson, B. R. Bass, and Miss Grace Muller. The Society announced that the historic broadcasts by Dr. and Mrs. Clair V. Mann would be renewed over radio station KTTR during 1963. Historical Notes and Comments 313

Forty members of the Ray County Historical Society attended the dedication of the Ray County Museum on December 30. The museum is sponsored by the society and located in the lobby of the courthouse in Richmond. Howard Hill, president, was in charge of the dedication cere­ mony. He credited Garner Settle, former president of the society and chairman of the Museum collection committee, and Miss Louise Darneal, secretary, as being primarily responsible for the success of the project. Miss Clemmie Wall, Jefferson City, a native of Richmond, read a paper on Governor Austin King, detailing his election cam­ paigns for the Missouri legislature and for governor. Miss Wall presented to the society a photograph of Governor King's portrait which hangs in the state capitol. Elmer Pigg, Orrick, gave personal reminiscences of Missouri Governor Forrest Smith, and presented the society with a photograph of the governor. Bruce White, Rich­ mond High School senior, described the Ray County Indians, basing his presentation on the artifacts which he has collected and identi­ fied. The museum, the first in Ray County, consists of two lighted mahogany display cases. Exhibits include Indian artifacts; pictures and personal possessions of David Whitmer, a founder of the Mor­ mon Church; photographs and memorabilia of Colonel Alexander Doniphan, hero of the Mexican War; and the two photographs of Missouri governors.

The quarterly meeting of the St. Charles County Historical Society was held January 24, at Memorial Hall in Blanchette Park, with a community-wide "Howdy Neighbor" party as a fund-raising project for the Historical Society Museum, 505 S. Main Street, which was purchased by the society last summer.

Members of the Missouri Historical Society of St. Louis heard Richard E. Oglesby, assistant professor of history at Eastern Illinois University, Charleston, discuss "Manuel Lisa: St. Louis Enigma" on February 22 at Washington University in St. Louis.

The Missouri Society of Wichita, Kansas, celebrated its 49th anniversary on February 1. A presentation by Mrs. Bertha Parm- enter, Mrs. Lloyd Cole, Mrs. Mary Jo Jones, and Mrs. C. A. Snod- grass depicting the organization of the club in 1914, and a paper by Mrs. J. A. Green recalling the club's history, highlighted the program. 314 Missouri Historical Review

ANNIVERSARIES A church that had its beginning in 1812 within the log walls of Fort Hempstead in the Boonslick country celebrated its 150th anniversary on November 18, 1962. The First Baptist Church of New Franklin, originally organized as the Mount Pleasant Baptist Church, was in existence before Howard County was created in 1816 and pre-dates the state's admission into the union in 1821. The first meeting house was erected on the present site of Mount Pleasant Cemetery. The church building now used by the congre­ gation was constructed in 1888 with additions and remodeling being made in 1926 and again in 1951 when the name was changed to First Baptist Church.

MONUMENTS AND MEMORIALS Members of the staff of the Subject Cataloging Division, Library of Congress, have donated a $25 memorial to the Society in memory of Mrs. Katherine Cox Gottschalk who died November 5, 1962. The memorial is a tribute to Mrs. Gottschalk's long inter­ est in the affairs and progress of the Society and complements her generous attention to the Society's needs. It will be placed in the Society trust fund and used to add to the collections.

NOTES Hilary A. Bush, Lieutenant Governor of the State of Missouri, has presented to the Society a file of early issues of the Savitar, the annual student publication of the University of Missouri, dating from the first issue in 1894-95 to 1903.

Dr. H. Lee Hoover, Springfield, arranged for the presentation to the Society of a three-record transcription of the Battle of Wilson's Creek Centennial Dedication program held on August 10, 1961, which was recorded by radio station KGBX in Springfield. The transcription of the ceremonies was presented to the Society by Keith G. Wells, president of KGBX Springfield Broadcasting Company and Donald C. Dailey, general manager of the company. Dr. Hoover also has given to the Society a number of photographs of early Springfield and a typescript copy of "The Story of Spring­ field," by Miriam L. Brown, prepared by the Springfield Public Schools (1940). Historical Notes and Comments 315

Lester S. Parker, Jr., of Topeka, Kansas, has sent to the Society six warrants issued for payment of attendance and travel allowance in the Missouri State Legislature, dated January, 1833. Five are from the House of Representatives, signed by Speaker Thomas Reynolds. One is from the Senate, signed by Lilburn W. Boggs, President. The amounts paid ranged from $78.00 to $217.20, and covered expenses incurred in November and December, 1832.

Mrs. Fleeta M. Stephens of Columbia has added a photograph of J. L. Stephens (cl895) to the Society's iconographic collections.

Mrs. Ruth Rollins Westfall, Columbia, has added to the Socie­ ty's James S. Rollins manuscript collection two letters to Major Rollins from Thomas P. Rubey dated January 31 and May 21, 1855.

Mrs. Ilene Sims Yarnell, Versailles, has presented to the Society a typescript copy of the family genealogy of James and Rachel Sims, pioneer settlers of Morgan County, compiled by the late Reverend J. B. Sims.

Dr. William Earl Parrish, associate professor of history at Westminster College, Fulton, has been awarded a 1963 grant-in-aid from the American Association for State and Local History to complete his study of Missouri during the Reconstruction period. The Association annually awards the grants to further the study, writing, and publication of local history.

Two new members of the Society, Mr. and Mrs. William Hays of Rich Hill, have made available a portion of their land in Vernon County to the University of Missouri archaeology department for purposes of the excavation of an Osage Indian village site. Dr. Carl H. Chapman, professor of anthropology at the University, is con­ ducting the project financed by a National Science Foundation grant. The Hays property contains the site of the Little Osage village, which had a population of 824 in 1806 when Captain Zebu- Ion M. Pike visited it. Postmolds, indicating the location of Little Osage lodges, and interior features of the lodges have been uncov­ ered. Discoveries here will aid in the preparation of a definitive work on the Osage Indian pre-history which Dr. Chapman plans to write. 316 Missouri Historical Review

A History of the Missouri Intercollegiate Athletic Association, 1924-1962, has been compiled and published by the M.I.A.A. Con­ ference under the direction of Commissioner John Waldorf. The 99-page, softbound booklet contains a short history of the Confer­ ence and each of the member schools plus a listing of Conference standings and records from the Conference inception in 1924 to 1962.

"Old Bill Williams Left a Trail of Legends Along the Frontier," by Albert H. Hindman in the Kansas City Times, December 5, 1962, records a few highlights in the life of trapper William Sherley Williams whose legends are perpetuated in numerous landmarks. "Rebels' Bloody Challenge at Prairie Grove," by Robert Pear­ man in the Times, December 4, 1962, describes the Civil War battle at Prairie Grove, Arkansas, on December 7, 1862, where Missouri generals John S. Marmaduke and Joseph O. Shelby led their Confederate troops in a bloody attempt to repell the Union "invasion" of Arkansas. "Sturdy Marshal Barred Strike Violence in '94," by Herb Rive in the Times, January 16, vividly tells of the activities of Missouri Governor Joel Stone and United States Marshal Joseph O. Shelby as they attempted to deal with the Pullman strike in 1894.

"French Book and Map Locate Fort Orleans Near Van Meter Park," in the Marshall Daily Democrat-News, February 5, with accompanying maps, discusses the early 18th century site of Fort Orleans along the Missouri River.

"Irish Wilderness: The Home of a Broken Dream," by Lucile Masnor in the Poplar Bluff Daily American Republic, January 26, describes the early attempted settlement of the Irish Wilderness in south central Missouri by Irish immigrants under the direction of Father John Joseph Hogan.

"William Reedy, A Literary Santa Claus," by Irving Dilliard in the St. Louis Post-Dispatch, December 11, 1962, describes the Christmas activities in the publishing field of William Marion Reedy, renowned St. Louis editor of Reedy's Mirror, and reviews promotion of the work of young writers on their way to fame in the early 1900s. Historical Notes and Comments 317

OBITUARIES

BRASFIELD, MRS. CASPER BELL, Unionville: May 17, 1883-Jan- uary 7, 1963.*

CLAYTON, JOHN B., Webster Groves: May 8, 1891-July 16, 1962.*

EVANS, ARTHUR F. D., SR., St. Louis: January 4, 1900-January 3, 1962.*

GOTTSCHALK, MRS. V. H., SR., Washington, D. C.: November 4, 1880-November 5, 1962.*

GROFF, SPENCER, Villa Ridge: October 17, 1883-November 3, 1962.*

HENRICKSON, DR. HARDIN M., Poplar Bluff: August 26, 1885- January 5, 1963. Noted surgeon and founder of Poplar Bluff Hospital; President of the Southeast Missouri Medical Society, 1938; Board of Missouri State Health Department, 1940-1944; Colonel, 1960; Poplar Bluff City Council.

HOLLIWAY, ROBERT E., Jefferson City: February 18, 1890- April 26, 1962.*

JONES, ALFRED, Farmington: March 16, 1904-January 6, 1963.*

KING, JOSEPH, Villa Ridge: March 16, 1878-September 24, 1962.*

LEMIRE, JUDGE CLARENCE P., Bethany: April 13, 1886-Octo- ber 4, 1961. Judge of the United States Tax Court, 1946-1956; assistant Attorney General of Missouri, 1917-1920; and a Member of the Missouri Legislature, 1927-1928.*

MACKESSON, MRS. VIRGINIA FARRAR, Lebanon: October 16, 1874-December 14, 1962. Journalist; former owner of the Lebanon Republican newspaper; civic leader.*

MCCOWAN, RALPH E., Sedalia: August 10, 1894-November 1, 1962.*

MOORE, GEORGE H., St. Louis: January 20, 1878-November 5, 1962. Judge of the United States District Court, Eastern District of Missouri, 1935-1962; member of the State Historical Society of Missouri, 1931-1962.* 318 Missouri Historical Review

O'CONNOR, J. P., St. Petersburg, Florida: April 29, 1895- October 2, 1962.*

OSBORN, DONALD RODERICK, LOS Angeles, California: April 23, 1873-June 30, 1962.*

PHILLIPS, ARTHUR B., Independence: February 7, 1873-Septem- ber 26, 1961. Bishop of the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of the Latter Day Saints.*

ROST, VINCENT, JR., New Madrid: February 9, 1935-July 29, 1962.*

RUSSELL, P'RED S., Okawville, Illinois: January 1, 1889-Janu­ ary 15, 1963.*

SCHOWENGERDT, MRS. F. E., Warrenton: February 14, 1869- January 5, 1961.*

SENDER, HARRY M., Kansas City: February 7, 1883-February 13, 1962.*

SHANNON, FRED ALBERT, Urbana, Illinois: February 12, 1893- February 4, 1963. Born Sedalia; professor of history, University of Illinois; Pulitzer Prize, 1929; president, Mississippi Valley His­ torical Association, 1953-54.

SIMMS, W. L., Kansas City: August 14, 1876-December 12, 1962.* TAYLOR, MRS. FRANK T., Keytesville: March 18, 1874-January 28, 1962.*

TIMS, J. W., Ironton: October 1, 1887-April 8, 1962.*

WHITE, MRS. ELLA, Caledonia: November 21, 1883-September 15, 1962.*

WURDACK, WALTER, St. Louis: September 13, 1897-November 7,1961.*

*A member of the Society.

ERRATUM In the January, 1963, issue of the Missouri Historical Review the article entitled "Truman's First Senatorial Election" mistakenly cites Congressman Ralph Lozier's middle initial as A. The name should read Ralph F. Lozier. Historical Notes and Comments 319

HISTORICAL PUBLICATIONS A History of Steamboating on the Upper Missouri. By William E. Lass. (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1962. 215 pp. Indexed. $5.50.) The Steamboat has secured an important place in the American past. Originating in the East it found success in a West that was without roads but with great distances to traverse. "Of all the elements of the prosperity of the West," writes one westerner, "of all the causes of its rapid increase in population, its growth in wealth, resources, and improvement, its immense commerce and gigantic energies, the most efficient has been the navigation by steam." Its significance has been attested in countless ways by a variety of writers. Too often the story of the steamboat has been romanticized, or told primarily in terms of the activities and achievements of the individuals associated with its development. In 1949, however, Louis C. Hunter produced his scholarly study, Steamboats on the Western Rivers, in which he emphasized the technology, operation, governmental intervention, and general economic and social conse­ quences of the adaptation of steam navigation to the western rivers. His exhaustive treatment was called definitive although some areas and interests were necessarily slighted. One of the neglected areas is taken up in A History of Steamboating on the Upper Missouri, by William E. Lass, an assistant professor of history at Minnesota's Mankato State College. This excellent monograph offers a sub­ stantial contribution to the literature on the history of transporta­ tion in the Midwest as it traces the development of commercial navigation on the upper reaches of the Missouri River from 1819, when the first steam vessel entered the Missouri's waters, until 1936, when the last commercial navigation company on the Upper Missouri ceased to exist. Members of the American Fur Company once described that portion of the Missouri River above the mouth of the Big Sioux where it turns sharply northwestward as the Upper Missouri. The term was subsequently adopted by the first steamboat men, and when Sioux City, located near the mouth of the Big Sioux, succeeded St. Louis as the headquarters for Fort Benton-bound steamboats, the geographical demarcation of the Missouri into Upper and Lower became even more firmly established. The author uses this common division point and devotes the largest portion of his history to that 320 Missouri Historical Review area of the river above Sioux City. A brief introductory chapter describes the river's physical characteristics and its peculiarities in regard to navigation, followed by a survey of the pioneer attempts to employ the steamboat as a feasible means of transportation and the ultimate success in reaching Fort Brule in Montana Territory, only 12 miles below Fort Benton, the subsequent head of navigation. The expansion of steamboating during the Civil War years is traced in another chapter relating the importance of the steamboat to military campaigns and the significance of the gold strikes in Montana as a factor in increasing steamboat trade. Mr. Lass describes the golden years of steamboat travel in the 1860s when St. Louis still dominated trade on the Upper Missouri. St. Louis remained the base of operations until the railroad reached Sioux City in 1868. The extension of the railroad to Sioux City marked the beginning of a pattern thereafter repeated every time a rail­ road touched or crossed a higher point on the Missouri River. Ports below lessened in importance while another dominant port sprang into being at the new railroad terminus. The author follows the pattern of shift from St. Louis to Sioux City to Yankton, and finally to Bismarck, the last important steamboat port on the Upper Missouri. In each instance Mr. Lass considers the forces that pro­ duced the changes, the importance of the railroads, government contracts and military campaigns. In addition, he details the activ­ ities of those individuals engaged in the steamboat trade as they struggled to compete with each other and adapt to the impact of the encroaching railroads. Often steamboat studies are concluded at the point of time when the railroads initially reached the river. Mr. Lass carries his investigations further to discover that commercial boating on the Upper Missouri lasted for sixty-eight years after the arrival of the first railroad, and that the most active period of navigation came after towns on that portion of the river became steamboat ports by virtue of becoming railroad termini. Mr. Lass' concluding chapter analyzes the active role of the Federal Government in Upper Missouri steamboating, tracing government services and controls as they were administered first through the Customs Service, then the Steamboat Inspection Service and, finally, river improvement. The century-old dream of unham­ pered navigation from Fort Benton to the Missouri's mouth was kept alive until the construction of the Fort Peck Dam in Montana. In 1934 this federal project, which did not include a lock, made impossible the goal of a completely navigable river. Flood control, Historical Notes and Comments 321 irrigation and power production replaced improvement of naviga­ tion as the dominate goal of the Federal Government. In his story of steamboating on the Upper Missouri Mr. Lass writes vigorously and without adornment, vividly portraying the prominent figures who owned and operated the steamboats. He has utilized a great number of contemporary reports and records in considering the economic aspects of steamboating as a commercial enterprise. The book contains a good bibliography and the foot­ notes are useful, but the index, largely limited to proper nouns, is consequently limited in value.

Kit Carson, A Portrait in Courage. By M. Morgan Estergreen. (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1962. 320 pp. Index. $5.95.) Writing an authoritative biography of Kit Carson is a formid­ able task in view of the legends that surround his name and the numerous accounts, based on fancy as well as fact, of this man who has become a symbol of America's restless exploration of the un­ known West. His name stirs the imagination and brings forth rosy dreams of high adventure in the wild and unknown regions which, during his lifetime, were explored, conquered and partially settled. Unlike the coureurs de bois or typical mountainman in character, Kit Carson was uncommonly modest, spoke softly, did not drink or swear, admitted that he was frightened on occasion, and never lied or exaggerated. He was intrepid, straightforward and honor­ able, and his praises have been sung in heroic proportions. M. Morgan Estergreen, the author of this volume, writes con­ fidently and admiringly of Kit Carson's career. He resides in Taos, New Mexico, long the home of Carson and where he is now buried, an area steeped in Kit Carson lore and one that has honored his memory. At the author's command were the notes on the life of Carson compiled by Blanche Chloe Grant before her death, which constitute the bulk of Estergreen's primary source material. Miss Grant, who edited Kit Carson's Own Story of His Life in 1926, obtained interviews from intimates of Carson who have since died — from his son Charles, from Teresina Ben Scheurich who was raised by Kit and his second wife, Josefa, and from Rumalda Luna Boggs, stepdaughter of Charles Bent who was Carson's brother-in-law and civil governor of the New Mexico territory. Miss Grant had assembled also a vast amount of information from other sources, both primary and secondary, which proved useful to Estergreen. Using the standard biographies of Carson as a benchmark the 322 Missouri Historical Review author brings new light on heretofore doubtful incidents in Carson's life and makes reasonable evaluations of their validity to produce what the publishers label a "long awaited corrective to an unfaithful and highly distorted picture of the Great Scout." An announcement in the Fayette Missouri Intelligencer, October 12, 1826, gave notice that "Christopher Carson, a boy about 16 years old, small for his age, but thick set; light hair, ran away from the subscriber [David Workman], living in Franklin, Howard coun­ ty, Missouri, to whom he had been bound to learn the saddler's trade, on or about the first of September last." With this newspaper notice serving as a clarion and a one cent reward for his return, Kit Carson made his way to Independence, joined a wagon train headed for Santa Fe, and thus embarked upon a career of plainsman, mountaineer, trapper, scout, and soldier, whose adventuresome life would gain for him a reputation as one of the greatest westerners ever to have lived and inspire the inscription on a monument in Santa Fe which reads simply but eloquently, "He led the way." Before young Kit Carson's eagerness to travel to the great wilderness, to join the buffalo hunts, and to live the life of a moun- tainman, overwhelmed him and propelled him even further west, he had spent the formative years of his youth in Missouri. His family migrated from Kentucky to Franklin in Howard County when Kit was only two years old. At first, fearing hostile Indians encouraged by the British during the War of 1812, the Carson's lived at Fort Hempstead, Fort Kincaid, and Fort Cooper near Franklin, across the river from Boonville. Experiencing the hazards of frontier living they farmed their newly acquired land and planned to prepare Kit for a legal career. He regularly attended school, the only Carson boy to do so. In 1818, however, the accidental death of his father forced Kit to assume a share of the family responsibilities, and the common school lost a young although not necessarily dedicated pupil. He helped out on the family, farm for awhile, but when he was fifteen he began serving as a saddlemaker's apprentice. Impatient to join his older brothers in the Santa Fe trade, the following year he bor­ rowed a neighbor's mule and unceremoniously left Franklin for what he envisioned to be a romantic life in the great West. The story of Kit Carson's rise to fame as recorded by Estergreen is not a new one, but it is well told. The exciting exploits in his charmed life (the author calls it the "Carson luck") are diligently recounted, including the famous "crawl to San Diego," the incident with the notorious bully, Shunar, at the annual Green River Historical Notes and Comments 323 rendezvous, and his closest brush with death when he was treed by two grizzly bears. The John C. Fremont expeditions and the "Con­ quest" of California in which Kit played a major role are thoroughly treated. Accounts of Kit's home life, his family relationships, his activities as a rancher, Indian agent and Union soldier are well- integrated into the story of Kit Carson as Indian fighter, trapper, explorer, and scout. A number of conjectural statements, and the erroneous contention that in 1835 El Crepusculo de la Libertad (The Dawn of Liberty) was the first newspaper published west of the Mississippi do not materially distract from Estergreen's balanced picture of the man who has become a legend of the Old West. Source notes for each chapter and a bibliography enhance the value of the volume.

OLD HOME REMEDIES From Granny Gore's Ozark Folk Medicine, by Sherman Lee Pompey "Yellow root was good fer the black scurby. I reckon that youen's calls it canker sores on the mouth and lips nowadays, but the cure is jes' as effective, no matter what the name the ailment goes by.

"If youen's gits the kidney troubles, the pith from goose qills is especially good for that.

"Lots of folks used to have pyorrhea of the gums back in the early days. We used red corn cobs for that. Youens burns a red corn cob to cinders and either brushes it on the gums with a tooth brush, or rubs it on with a rag.

"Course I still loves good ol' skunk oil. Hit's good for dyphtheria, whooping cough, pneumonia and chest coalds.

"If youens gits the Spring fever, a good ol' dose of sorghum an' sulphur will help.

"Ginger tea is helpful fer wimmin's ailments. We usually dug our own ginger out in the hills." MISSOURI HISTORY NOT FOUND IN TEXTBOOKS

WARNING

From The Peirce City Empire, August 9, 1900.

Candidates for office will please take notice: Lightning strikes five times in the country to once in the city.

VIGILANCE COMMITTEE IN ACTION

From the St. Louis Tri-Weekly Missouri Republican, April 19, 1851. John Mara was arrested last night, in Bremen, by a body of citizens, for having shot at a man. After being taken, he was tied securely and cowhided by as many amateurs as chose to participate in the luxury.

PROPER PARABLE

From the St. Louis Tri-Weekly Missouri Democrat, February 24, 1865. ROBBERIES—Since the Legislature increased the pay of police, robberies and burglaries have been on the increase. Feeding cats on cream is not the way to make them catch mice. MY APOLOGIES

From The LaGrange Democrat, Sept. 23, 1880.

It is said that St. Louis has the politest lawyer in the country. A long and terrific roll of thunder having stopped him in the midst of an address to the jury, on resumming he bowed and courteously said: "Gentlemen, please excuse this interruption." TWO VIEWS

From the St. Louis Missouri Gazette, October 11, 1810. "Louis Ville by nature is beautiful but the handy work of Man has instead of improving destroy'd the works of Nature and made it a detestable place."

[And in the same newspaper], March 21, 1811. "St. Louis will become the Memphis of the American Nile."

A WONDERFUL THING

From the Liberty Weekly Tribune, June 13, 1846. "Misther! Misther! what have you done?" said a little shaver with protruding eyes to a 'greeny' who had just finished tying his horse to a spruce pole, as he thought, on Merimac street. "Done?" said the fellow; "what d'ye mean? I hav'nt done nothin' not's I know on." "Why, you have thir; you've jeth hitched

324 Historical Notes and Comments 325 your horth to the Magnetic Telegraph, and you'll be in Bothton in leth than two minith if you don't look out."

NATIVE INTELLIGENCE

From the Franklin Missouri Intelligencer, August 21, 1821.

The Saint Genevieve Correspondent contains an advertisement, in which a new tavern is announced with the sign of "God Speed the Plough." Truly this must be a marvellous droll sign, and somewhat difficult of delineation, unless the painter should adopt the happy mode hit upon by one of his brother artists in a village in Pennsylvania. The host required a full length portrait of a Mermaid, which was finished according to contract, when he of the brush fearing that the ignorant villagers might misunderstand the design, wrote, in large letters beside the figure A MARE MADE. I DO

From the LaGrange Weekly Indicator, July 13, 1899.

His First Marriage Ceremony: An exchange gives the following as the first ceremony performed by a Pike county justice of the peace: "Young lady, will you promise to take this helpless gosling you hold the hand of and see that he wants for nothing? Will you guarantee to stand between him and the poorhouse, fan him when he is sick, provide him with a new suit of clothes twice a year and always see that his supply of stove wood is dry and convenient until the divorce courts shall intervene? If you feel like undertaking a little matter like this, deposit $2 with me as a guarantee that he will be well cared for and take the gosling and light out."

CHANCE OF A LIFETIME!

From the St. Louis Missouri Gazette And Public Advertiser, October 10, 1821.

A living alligator, from New Orleans, having resolved to pass a few months of the sickly season at St. Louis, has the pleasure of announcing his safe arrival per steam boat Independence, last evening, and will suffer himself, (for a short time,) to be gazed at by the virtuoso of this city. Considering the unettled [sic] state of the times, he has thought it advisable to place himself under the protection of Mr. O'Riley, at the Steam Boat landing, for the purpose of raising a benevolent fund [sic] This course he confidently hopes, will destroy that hostility which has so long unhappily existed between mankind and himself. Twelve and a half cents will be required of such gentlemen as wish for an intro­ duction. Ladies and children may have a gratuitous acquaintance.

MISSOURI'S PROUD PRODUCT

From the Paris Mercury, July 15, 1879. The question "Who is John A. Hunter?" has been answered by the St. Louis Times-Journal as follows: "All that is known about the 'John A. Hunter, of Missouri,' who has recently been appointed chief justice of the Utah Supreme Court, is that there is a judg- 326 Missouri Historical Review ment against him in Judge Young's office for unpaid room rent while he was 'of Missouri.' The President has truly honored us 'of Missouri.' "

SHE REALLY WAS A WOMAN ! From the Columbia Missouri Statesman, July 16, 1861. It is said that Mr. . . . one of the Washington home Guard stationed about two miles above Washington on the Pacific railroad, arrested a few days since, a suspected person who was dressed in a woman's apparel, believing he had Gov. Jackson, who it was reported had left Jefferson City in petticoats, but unluckily for this noble defender, ... on undressing his prisoner he found that she was really a womanl THE PIED PIPER OF THE RIVER PORTS From The Kansas City Enterprise, February 9, 1856. The steamboatmen at St. Louis, had a grand turn out a few days since. The procession was headed by a pilot house on runners, followed by a canoe with a "darkey crew," singing the well known refrain of the forecastle, and ribboned off in great style.—Then came a long line of yawls and life-boats, drawn by spanking teams; one of which carried the horns of the Polar Star and contained Capt. Dix, Conley, Boyd, Tirrell, Burton, and other well known Missouri river Captains. Attached to the foremost vehicle was a leadman, and a steamboat bell, and as the bell sounded for larboard or starboard away went the lead into the snowbank, and "quarter less twain," "no bottom," etc., was heard for the first time at the true octave in the streets of St. Louis. Take it altogether it was the carnival of the season and attracted immense crowds to witness the novel spectacle.

IS THERE A DOUBT From the Warrensburg Weekly Standard, February 24, 1870. Mr. J. B. Hickok, the celebrated scout for the Union Army during the rebel­ lion, was in town this week, visiting his old friend and comrade, J. W. McLellan. Under the cognomen of WTild Bill, he is probably more famous than any other scout of modern times . . . Wild Bill is a man of great physical power and an unerring marksman. He never comes out of a fight second best. He was at one time surprised by ten guerillas in a cabin, where he fought and killed them all, being himself pretty well chopped to pieces with their knives. Although he has been in scores of desperate fights, yet he is one of the most peaceably and kindly disposed of men, always avoiding a quarrel if possible.

From the Warrensburg Weekly Standard, March 3, 1870. Mr. Hickok is still in town. Since our last many citizens, both ladies and gentlemen, have availed themselves of an opportunity for a chat with the famous scout. The stories of his prowess seem almost incredible . . .

TWENTY REASONS FOR COMING TO MISSOURI From the Richmond Conservator, January 5, 1867. Because it lies in the belt of country most favored in soil, climate and agri­ cultural productions. Historical Notes and Comments 327

It furnishes cheap lands, free pasture, and short winters. It is near markets and the finest rivers on the continent. It is not necessary to work half the year in order to get enough to live on the other half. It is unnecessary to manure the land in the spring at a cost equal to half the value of the crops obtained in the fall. Its prairie lands need no clearing, but are all ready for the fence and culti­ vation. It is a superior stock and sheep raising region, and it is not necessary to fodder cattle six or nine months in a year, as in Canada and parts of New England. Superior coal can be had in abundance. Cotton can, and is, made a paying crop. In soil, minerals, railroads and rivers, in productions and people, it is the lead­ ing State west of the Mississippi. Come to Missouri, because wages are high and land is cheap, and while wages must go down as the State becomes populated, land must advance in price for many years. And, lastly, if you are poor, come to Missouri, and your skill and labor shall gain you money, coin, competence and respect. And unless you have all you want in the world, pick up and come to this State and procure it.

WHO HAS THE TUNE?

From the Springfield Daily News, August 6, 1951. A Civil War ballad contrib­ uted to the News by W. W. Coy.

Come all you jolly Union boys, the truth to you I'll tell, About Old Governor Jackson, of whom you know so well, He undertook a project and he didn't quite succeed, In forcing of Missouri from the Union to secede.

The next step of government, I don't think it wise, It was a violation of the holy compromise. If you want to know how he did it, I'll tell you on the square. The raising on a large scale, the means of warfare.

Old Claiborne for to show his hand, he swore he'd cut a dash. He stepped to the treasury and he stole away the cash: Lie toddled off to Boonville, in order to cut a swell And in his proclamations a lie he did tell.

The Lyon close pursued him, he traveled night and day, In order to get to Boonville before he ran away. They saw the Lyon coming, with Blair by his side. And they said to one another, "Boys it's time for us to slide."

All through old Jackson's camp they heard the Lyon roar; Another such a racket, was never heard before. They opened up their batteries in view to have some fun, And the third round they fired, the Dixie boys run. 328 Missouri Historical Review

The next was at Carthage. They thought they'd have some fun. They ran aboard with Seigel and they wished they hadn't begun. 'Twas in a little creek bottom about three hundred yards around Where thirteen hundred Dixie boys lay dead upon the ground.

The next was at Springfield, the victory they did boast, But in my opinion, they paid for the roast. A ball from the rebels sent the Lyon to his den, While the bursting of a bomb did the work for old Ben.

Forty thousand tackled Mulligan, he fought them various ways, He had but twenty-eight hundred and he fought them three full days. Lie lost but very few men, which filled me with delight, While Jackson lost three thousand, during the fight.

'Twas through old traitor Davis the victory they did gain, But he is now in St. Louis, bound in iron chains And to the punishment that we will inflict He'll have to remember old Benedict.

Come all you mighty Union boys, I'm going to quit my song It's only for a short time and not very long. The past and the present, I have given it all to you All I'll sing for you again, when I learn something new.

—W. W. COY, BOLIVAR

"MEN GRIND AND GRIND IN THE MILL OF A TRUSISM, AND NOTHING COMES OUT BUT WHAT WAS PUT IN. BUT THE MOMENT THEY DESERT THE TRADITION FOR A SPONTANEOUS THOUGHT, THEN POETRY, WIT, HOPE, VIRTUE, LEARNING, ANECDOTE, ALL FLOCK TO THEIR AID."—Literary Ethics From the Oregon Holt County Sentinel, May 4, 1866. A good old Dutchman of our State was in the habit of sending his son" Hans" to the mill, every Saturday afternoon, with a bag of grain. This was slung across the back of old Rawbones, a sorrel and sorrylooking horse; and, in order to make the bag maintain its balance, a large stone was put in one end of the bag, while the grain was pendant in the other. One day Hans had the task of getting the corn ready for the mill, and, by chance, forgetting the stone, as he seized the bag the inclosed grain parted, and he found the load equally balanced on the back of Rawbones. Turned, he espied the stone, and, examining the burden, discovered that the load went quite as well without as with. In joy at his great discoverey, Hans yelled at the old man, who was in the corn-house: "Fader! Fader! come 'ere!" " Vot's you want, Hans?" said the old farmer, coming out. "Look here, fader! I've got the corn balanced on ter pag mitout ter sthone in one ent!" The old gentlemen looked at Hans strange innovation, and, in a voice choked with wrath at the presumption of the youth, said: "Dake tat off! dake it off, and but dat sthone in ter bag, like it vas pefore! Your grandfather went to mill mit ter sthone in ter bag ter balance it, and your Historical Notes and Comments 329 fader too, and now you goes and sets yourself up as you known more dan both of 'um! I whips you. Hans, dake it off, and but der sthone in ter pag!" Hans did as directed, and with the monstrous pebble in one end of the bag and the grain in the other, old Rawbones went on his journey, and the world moved on.

MISSOURI HISTORICAL DATA IN MAGAZINES

Bulletin of the Missouri Historical Society, January, 1963: "Kate Chopin: An Important St. Louis Writer Reconsidered," by Per E. Seyersted; "From Marthasville to Marysville in 1850," by Charles W. Bryan, Jr.; "Up the Missouri to the Montana Mines: John O'Fallon Delany's 'Pocket Diary for 1862,' " edited by John E. Sunder; "Let Us Discuss a Man: A Study of John Newman Edwards," by Dan Saults; "Description of the New City of Athens"; "The Drawings of Alfred R. Waud."

Focus /Midwest, December, 1962: "The Man In The Mirror [William Marion Reedy]," by Max Putzel.

Journal of the Missouri Bar, November, 1962: "Rufus Easton, Judge of a Vast Land,"by Hugh P. Williamson.

Journal of Southern History, November, 1962: "Joseph W. Folk v. Edward Butler, St. Louis, 1902," by Louis G. Geiger.

Museum Graphic, Winter, 1963: "Tootle's Opera House," by Bartlett Boder; "Milton Tootle the First," by Bartlett Boder.

New Mexico Historical Review, January, 1963: "The 'King of New Mexico' and the Doniphan Expedition," by Ralph A. Smith.

New York Historical Society Quarterly, October, 1962: "Rufus King, Slavery, And the Missouri Crisis," by Robert Ernst.

The Numismatist, September, 1962: "Portraits Found on Obsolete Paper Money, Gallery of Civil War Generals," by Fred R. Marckhoff. [Francis P. Blair, Jr. on $10 Union Military bond of Missouri (1861). John Pope, on $20 Defense Warrant of Missouri (1864). Isaac Fitgerald Shepard, on $10 Defense Warrant of Missouri (1864).]

The Ozarks Mountaineer, February, 1963: "Polk County Bank—Oldest in the Missouri Ozarks," by Alma J. Laugeson; "Early Legends About 'The Six Boils' (or 'Bulls') of Barry County," by Warren Cook.

The Trail Guide, December, 1962: "Major John Dougherty, Pioneer," by William E. Eldridge.

White River Valley Historical Quarterly, Fall, 1962: "When Courage Wore A Petticoat (The Granny Short Story)," by Mary Scott Hair; "The Kent lings of Highlandville," by Bene Geer; "The Civil War 1862, Skirmishes At Ozark and Snapp's Farm," by Elmo Ingenthron; "The Stout Family," by Roy Stout; "Muster Roll, Civil War Soldiers (Union), Voluntary Missouri Militia, Douglas and Ozark Counties." PUBLICATIONS OF THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI The Society offers the following publications for sale: Missouri Historical Review. Volumes 1-56, 1906-1962. Published quarterly. Current issues sent free to all members of the Society upon payment of the Annual membership dues of $1.00 or individual Life membership dues of $20.00. With the exception of seven individual numbers, volumes 1-56, 1906-1962, are available. Unbound set, $197.50. Individual numbers and volumes vary in price. Sent by express collect. Missouri Historical Review, Index to Volumes 1-25 (October, 1906- July, 1931). 1934. Out of print. Missouri Historical Review, Index to Volumes 26-45 (October, 1931- July, 1951). 1955. $10.00. Postpaid. Messages and Proclamations of the Governors of the State of Missouri. Volumes I-XIX, 1820-1960. Volumes I-VI, sold only in complete sets, $35.00. Volumes VII-XIX, $5.00 each. Sent by express collect. Debates of the Missouri Constitutional Convention of 1875. Edited by Isidor Loeb and Floyd C. Shoemaker. 12 volumes, 1930-1944. Complete set, $15.00. Sent by express collect. Journal Missouri Constitutional Convention of 1875, With an Histori­ cal Introduction on Constitutions and Constitutional Conventions in Missouri by Isidor Loeb . . . and a Biographical Account of the Personnel of the Convention by Floyd C. Shoemaker. 2 volumes, 1920. Set, $5.50. Postpaid. The State Historical Society of Missouri, A Semicentennial History. By Floyd C. Shoemaker. 1948. $3.50. Postpaid. Ozark Folksongs. Collected and edited by Vance Randolph and edited for the State Historical Society of Missouri by Floyd C. Shoemaker and Frances G. Emberson. 4 volumes, 1946-1950. Only volumes 3, 4 and 5 are available. $12.50 each. Postpaid. Missouri, Day By Day. Edited by Floyd C. Shoemaker. 2 volumes, 1942-1943. Set, $4.25. Postpaid. Historic Missouri, A Pictorial Narrative of Our State. Compiled by the State Historical Society of Missouri. 1959. Softbound. 30j£ each. Postpaid. Order from: State Historical Society of Missouri Hitt and Lowry Streets Columbia, Missouri HISTORIC MISSOURI COURTHOUSES

Massie, Missouri Resources Division

LAFAYETTE COUNTY COURTHOUSE The Lafayette County Courthouse, Lexington, is an outstanding example of pre-Civil War architecture and the oldest courthouse in continuous use in Missouri. Designed by William Daugherty, local architect, and erected in 1847, the Classic-Revival-style brick build­ ing, with pediment, bracketed cornices, and sandstone Ionic columns, remains essentially unchanged. Plans for the building were accepted in April, 1847, and the sum of $12,000 was appropriated for the work. Daugherty was paid §40 for his drawings and specifications. Silas Silver, John Catron, and Robert Aull were appointed commissioners to oversee the work, with Henderson Young their attorney for legal council on contracts. A cannonball, imbedded in the capital of the east column during the siege and Battle of Lexington, September 12-21, 1861, is now secured in place by an iron rod and the column is marked. An office wing, erected as a one-story building in the 1860's and later converted to two stories, was connected to the main courthouse in 1938. A clock was placed in the cupola in 1886. Some of the old walnut courtroom furniture and vestiges of the original courtroom rail remain in the building. The sectional semicircular table which was made to fit the curved rail is now on display in the Anderson House Museum. The present courthouse replaced a brick courthouse erected in 1833 in Old Town (east part of Lexington). A log structure built on the same site in 1824 first served as the seat of justice in Lillard County, renamed Lafayette County in 1825 in honor of General Lafayette, Revolutionary War hero, who revisited America during that year. FAMOUS PERSONAGES OF THE CIVIL WAR IN MISSOURI

Martin Edwin Green Missouri lost a brave champion and the South one of its ablest defenders when a Union sharpshooter killed Confederate Brigadier General Martin E. Green of Lewis County during the siege of Vicksburg. Green began his service to the Confederacy in Northeast Missouri where, early in 1861, he promoted the Southern cause, established recruiting quarters, and organized a cavalry regiment, proposing to join Sterling Price's Missouri State Guard. He first encountered Union troops in an attack on Athens in Clark County where his raw recruits met defeat. Determined to join Price's army then moving northward from Springfield toward Lexington, Green struck south, pressed hard by Union troops instructed by General Fremont to annihilate Green's force and prohibit his reaching Price. Green evaded the Federal troops, and at Shelbina turned on his pursuers, routing the Third Iowa Infantry and capturing its supplies. Moving southward again, reaching Glasgow and commandeering the steamer Sunshine, he crossed the Missouri on September 12, 1861, and reached Lexington safely. He had accomplished his initial objective in the war—to organize recruits and lead them across the Missouri to join Price. Green's effective leadership at the Battle of Lexington earned Price's confidence. Elevated to the rank of brigadier general he commanded the Second Division of the Missouri State Guard at the Battle of Pea Ridge. In April, 1862. accepting a formal commission in the Confederate States Army, he led his troops across the Missis­ sippi to join in the attempt to stop General Grant's advancing army. At the Battle of Corinth Green's losses were heavy, but he success­ fully covered the retreat, earning his superior officer's commendation. He next encountered the Union army on the banks of Bayou Pierre. Forced to fall back to Port Gibson he withstood a 10-hour assault, then retiring slowly, resisting the Union advance at every oppor­ tunity, Green made a determined stand at Big Black River where he was surrounded but fought his way to Vicksburg. On June 27, 1863, under siege at Vicksburg with his depleted command scattered along a thin defensive line, Green looked over a parapet at a sap being run by the enemy. A Union rifleman closed his sights and fired. With this shot the career of the unpretentious Missourian came to an end. He had served faithfully and with dis­ tinction, shunning military glory but gaining respect from his superiors and reverence from his subordinates. He was first buried in a private lot in the Vicksburg city cemetery, but because the exact present location of his remains is unknown, only a tablet relief portrait erected on the battle site honors him.