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plants Article Comparative Pharmacognosy, Chemical Profile and Antioxidant Activity of Extracts from Phania matricarioides (Spreng.) Griseb. Collected from Different Localities in Cuba Yamilet I. Gutiérrez 1, Ramón Scull 1, Lianet Monzote 2, Katia M. Rodríguez 3, Adonis Bello 4 and William N. Setzer 5,* 1 Department of Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Food, Havana University, Coronela, Lisa, Havana 13600, Cuba; [email protected] (Y.I.G.); [email protected] (R.S.) 2 Parasitology Department, Institute of Tropical Medicine “Pedro Kouri”, Havana 10400, Cuba; [email protected] 3 Centro de Inmunología Molecular, Havana 10400, Cuba; [email protected] 4 Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Guayaquil, P.O. Box 0901-5738, Guayaquil 090514, Ecuador; [email protected] 5 Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-256-824-6519 Received: 31 October 2018; Accepted: 5 December 2018; Published: 14 December 2018 Abstract: Phania matricarioides (Spreng.) Griseb. is a traditionally used plant with various pharmacological properties. However, there are only scarce reports about the phytochemistry and biological activity of this plant. In this work, P. matricarioides was collected from three different localities of Cuba: PmB (collected in Bauta, Artemisa), PmC (collected in Cangrejeras, Artemisa), and PmI (collected in La Lisa, Havana), extracted with aqueous ethanol, and analyzed macroscopically and microscopically. The extracts were screened for phytochemical contents, analyzed by TLC and HPLC, and screened for antioxidant activity using the FRAP and DPPH assays. Macroscopic analysis showed similar results for all samples; however, microscopic, physicochemical and phytochemical studies showed appreciable differences. In particular, the total solid of PmC extract was higher (1.94 ± 0.03%) than the other samples. In HPLC profiles, quercetin was identified in the three samples and a greater similarity between samples PmB and PmI was observed. All samples demonstrated radical-scavenging antioxidant activity by the DPPH assay, which PmC also demonstrated the smaller (p < 0.05) value (IC50 = 27.4 ± 0.1 µg/mL), but was statistically superior (p < 0.05) to vitamin C (IC50 = 23.7 ± 0 µg/mL). Also, in the FRAP assay, a higher vitamin C equivalent of PmC was significantly superior (p < 0.05) to the other extracts at the evaluated concentrations, which is likely due to a higher concentration of quercetin. In conclusion, P. matricarioides could constitute a potential resource in the field of phytotherapeutic products, and the results obtained can contribute to the development of the quality control norms for this species. Keywords: Phania matricarioides; phytochemical screening; HPLC profile; quercetin; FRAP; DPPH; plant extracts 1. Introduction Asteraceae or Compositae is a very large and widespread family of flowering plants, with approximately 2000 genera [1]. Many members are grown as ornamental plants for their flowers, and are economically important, providing products such as cooking oils, lettuce, sunflower seeds, Plants 2018, 7, 110; doi:10.3390/plants7040110 www.mdpi.com/journal/plants Plants 2018, 7, 110 2 of 13 Plants 2018, 7, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 14 artichokes,artichokes, sweetening sweetening agents, agents, coffee coffee substitutes substitutes and and herbal herbal teas teas [2]. [2] In. addition,In addition, many many species species possess medicinalpossess properties, medicinal including properties, antioxidant including [ 3antioxidant], antiparasitic [3], [ 4antiparasitic], anticancer [4] [5], andanticancer hepatoprotective [5] and [6]. Amonghepatoprotective species [6] of. this family, Phania matricarioides (Spreng.) Griseb., the accepted name of HymenopappusAmong matricarioides species of thisSpreng, family, is Phania a very mat branchedricarioides plant (Spreng.) that hasGriseb., white the corollas accepted (Figure name 1of). It is typicalHymenopappus of stony and matricarioides sandy places Spreng, and is has a very been branched reported plant in that the has Bahamas, white corollas Cuba, (Figure Curaçao, 1). It Jamaica, is Margarita,typical Trinidadof stony and and sandy Tobago places and and in has Latin been America reported fromin the Mexico Bahamas, to Cuba, Venezuela Curaçao, [7]. Jamaica, In general, scientificMarga reportsrita, Trinidad on the chemicaland Tobago composition and in Latin and America pharmacological from Mexico effects to Venezuela of P. matricarioides [7]. In general,are scarce. scientific reports on the chemical composition and pharmacological effects of P. matricarioides are Nevertheless, related to therapeutic activity, P. matricarioides has been traditionally used for digestive scarce. Nevertheless, related to therapeutic activity, P. matricarioides has been traditionally used for conditionsdigestive (stomach conditions pain, (stomach bad digestion pain, bad and digestion diarrhea) and diarrhea) and dermatological and dermatological lesions lesions [8,9]. [8,9]. A B C D FigureFigure 1. Phania 1. Phania matricarioides matricarioides.(A. ):(A In): In the the natural natural habitat; habitat; ( B(B):): sample sample inin laboratory.laboratory. ( C)):: Top Top of of the the leaf; (D): backleaf; ( ofD) the: back leaf. of Photographsthe leaf. Photographs taken by taken the authorsby the authors during during and after and theafter collection the collection of the of plant.the plant. In Cuba, the plant is also found throughout the island, cultivated in gardens and commonly In Cuba, the plant is also found throughout the island, cultivated in gardens and commonly known as chamomile, garden chamomile or chamomile of the earth [10]. As part of enhancing the known as chamomile, garden chamomile or chamomile of the earth [10]. As part of enhancing the knowledgeknowledge about about medicinal medicinal plants plants used used byby thethe Cuban people, people, Cabrera Cabrera et etal. al.[8] [demonstrated8] demonstrated the the presencepresence of tannins, of tannins, flavonoids flavonoids and and other other phenolicphenolic compounds compounds,, lactones, lactones, triterpenes triterpenes or steroi or steroids,ds, terpenes,terpenes, and and organic organic acids acids in in phytochemical phytochemical screeningscreening of of extracts extracts from from P. matricarioidesP. matricarioides. In addition,. In addition, the antidiarrheal,the antidiarrheal, analgesic analgesic and and anti-inflammatory anti-inflammatory effectseffects have have been been demonstrated demonstrated [11] [.11 ]. Herein,Herein, we havewe have carried carried out out a a comparative comparative analysis relating relating pharmacognosy, pharmacognosy, chemical chemical profile profile and antioxidantand antioxidant activity activity of of extracts extracts from from P.P. matricarioidesmatricarioides cocollectedllected in indifferent different localities localities of Cuba, of Cuba, whichwhich could could be applicable be applicable in quality in quality control control assessment assessment and and therapeutic therapeutic utility utility of of this this and and other other plants in theplants development in the development of natural of products. natural products. 2. Results2. Results 2.1. Macroscopic and Microscopic Analysis 2.1. Macroscopic and Microscopic Analysis The leaves of three analyzed samples were pubescent, green color, closed venation (actinodroma), short petiole, oblong-oval contour, dentate–lobulate, rounded apex, truncated-subacorazonate base, sometimes obtuse or somewhat acute. Although the leaf dimensions of sample PhI appear to be higher, Plants 2018, 7, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 14 The leaves of three analyzed samples were pubescent, green color, closed venation (actinodroma), short petiole, oblong-oval contour, dentate–lobulate, rounded apex, truncated-subacorazonate base, sometimes obtuse or somewhat acute. Although the leaf dimensions of sample PlantsPhI 2018appear, 7, x FOR to PEER be REVIEW higher, no statistical differences (p > 0.05) were found3 ofbetween 14 the Plants 2018, 7, 110 3 of 13 samples (FigureThe 2). leaves The stemsof thr wereee analyzed green, samplescylindrical, were herbaceouspubescent, green and pubescent.color, closed venation (actinodroma), short petiole, oblong-oval contour, dentate–lobulate, rounded apex, truncated4 -subacorazonate base, sometimes obtuse or somewhat acute. Although the leaf dimensions no statisticalof sample differences PhI appear (p > 0.05)to be werehigher, found no statistical between differences the samples (p > 0.05) (Figure were 2found). The between stems the were green, cylindrical,samples herbaceous (Figure and2). The pubescent. stems were green, cylindrical, herbaceous and pubescent. 3 4 3 2 Length dimensions (cm) 2 Width f Length 1 dimensions (cm) Width Lea f 1 Lea 0 0 PmBPmB PmCPmC PmIPmI SamplesSamples Figure 2.2. LeafFigure dimensions 2. Leaf dimensions of Phania of Phania matricarioides matricarioides collectedcollected from from different different geographical geographical localities localitiesin in Cuba. PmB: collected in Bauta, Artemisa Province, Cuba; PmC: collected in Cangrejeras, Artemisa Cuba. PmB: collected in Bauta, Artemisa Province, Cuba; PmC: collected in Cangrejeras,Cangrejeras, Artemisa Province, Cuba; PmI: collected in gardens of the Faculty of Pharmacy and Foods, La Lisa, Havana Province, Cuba;Province, PmI: Cuba. collected Results are in the gardens means with of standar the Facultyd deviations of Pharmacy of 100 leaves and obtained
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