DOCSLIB.ORG

WHO Monographs on Selected Medicinal Plants Volume 4

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants Volume 4 WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants VOLUME 4 WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants. Vol. 4. 1. Plants, Medicinal. 2. Angiosperms. 3. Medicine, Traditional. I. WHO Consultation on Selected Medicinal Plants (4th: 2005: Salerno-Paestum, Italy) II. World Health Organization. ISBN 978 92 4 154705 5 (NLM classification: QV 766) © World Health Organization 2009 All rights reserved. Publications of the World Health Organization can be obtained from WHO Press, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland (tel.: +41 22 791 3264; fax: +41 22 791 4857; e-mail: [email protected]). Requests for permission to reproduce or translate WHO publications – whether for sale or for noncommercial distribution – should be addressed to WHO Press, at the above address (fax: +41 22 791 4806; e-mail: [email protected]). The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. All reasonable precautions have been taken by the World Health Organization to verify the information contained in this publication. However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied. The responsibility for the interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader. In no event shall the World Health Organization be liable for damages arising from its use. Printed in Spain Contents Acknowledgements v Introduction 1 General technical notices 5 Monographs (in alphabetical order of plant name) Fructus Agni Casti 9 Cortex Berberidis 30 Gummi Boswellii 48 Semen Cardamomi 61 Fructus Chebulae 71 Semen Cucurbitae 83 Folium Cynarae 92 Cortex Granati 108 Pericarpium Granati 117 Folium Guavae 127 Lichen Islandicus 140 Fructus Macrocarponii 149 Cortex Magnoliae 167 Herba Millefolii 179 Fructus Momordicae 192 Fructus Myrtilli 210 Radix Panacis Quinquefolii 226 Cortex Phellodendron 244 Rhizoma Picrorhizae 258 Oleum Ricini 271 Aetheroleum Rosmarini 284 Folium Rosmarini 294 Cortex Salicis 309 Fructus Tribuli 323 Flos Trifolii 335 iii Contents Ramulus cum Uncis Uncariae 353 Cortex Viburni Prunifolii 364 Radix Withaniae 373 Annex 1 Participants of the Fourth WHO Consultation on Selected Medicinal Plants Salerno-Paestum, Italy, 3–6 October 2005 392 Annex 2 Cumulative index (in alphabetical order of plant name) 395 Annex 3 Cumulative index (in alphabetical order of plant material of interest) 397 Annex 4 Cumulative index of medicinal plants (in alphabetical order of Latin binomial plant name) 400 Annex 5 Cumulative index of major chemical constituents (by compound name in alphabetical order) 406 Annex 6 Cumulative index of major chemical constituents (ordered by CAS number) 430 Annex 7 Cumulative index of major chemical constituents (ordered by molecular formula) 437 iv Acknowledgements Special acknowledgement is due to Professor Norman R. Farnsworth, Professor Harry H.S. Fong, and Professor Gail B. Mahady of the WHO Collaborating Centre for Traditional Medicine, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA, for drafting and re- vising the monographs. Special acknowledgement is also due to Dr Ray- mond Boudet-Dalbin of the Laboratoire de Chimie Thérapeutique, Uni- versity of René Descartes, Paris, France, for drawing the chemical structures and for compiling the index of major chemical constituents in- cluding information on their molecular formula and CAS numbers. The photograph for the front cover was kindly provided by the Research Center for Medicinal Plant Resources, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Tsukuba City, Japan. WHO also acknowledges with thanks the valuable work of the ap- proximately 200 experts including 81 national health authorities, who provided comments and advice on the draft texts; those who submitted comments through the World Self-Medication Industry (a nongovern- mental organization in official relations with WHO) and the Internation- al Federation of Pharmacists (a nongovernmental organization in official relations with WHO); and those who participated in the Fourth WHO Consultation on Selected Medicinal Plants held in Salerno-Paestum, Italy, in October 2005 to review the monographs (see Annex 1). Sincere appreciation is extended to the Ministry of Health of Italy, the Government of the Province of Campagna, Italy, the Municipal Govern- ment of Salerno, Italy, and the State University of Salerno, who hosted the above-mentioned Fourth WHO Consultation and supported it financial- ly. Finally, WHO wishes to express thanks to Mr Raymond Tsai, Boston, USA, Dr Hermann Garden, Basel, Switzerland, Ms Lynn Morra, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, and Ms Tina Lu, Rochester, USA, for their indispensable assistance in finalizing and editing the manuscripts. v Introduction Increasing role of the WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants Over the past two decades, there has been a tremendous increase in the use of herbal medicine; however, there is still a significant lack of research data in this field. Therefore since 1999, WHO has published three vol- umes of the WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants: volume 1 includes 28 monographs; volume 2 contains an additional 30 monographs; and volume 3 provides 31 monographs. Including the 28 new monographs published in this volume, a total of 118 monographs in four volumes are now available on the WHO web site (http://www.who.int/medicinedocs/ en/m/abstract/Js14213e/). Due to the diversity of medicinal plants and herbal medicines, it is dif- ficult for WHO to continue to develop more monographs on commonly used medicinal plants. One of the objectives of WHO monographs is to provide a model that will support countries in developing their own na- tional or regional monographs on medicinal plants or national formular- ies on herbal medicines. Experts can be trained through the process of developing country-specific or regional monographs, and national capac- ity in this field can thus be built up. For example, at WHO’s regional training workshop on regulation of herbal medicines held for the WHO European Region, in September 2003, the participating national drug regulatory authorities of many of the Newly Independent States (NIS) submitted their request to WHO di- rectly, for assistance in the development of monographs on medicinal plants commonly used in NIS. In order to respond to their urgent need, WHO initiated a new project to develop a set of regional (NIS) monographs on commonly used me- dicinal plants, based on available scientific information relating to their safety, efficacy and quality, which will facilitate the creation of effective and practical regulatory and quality assurance measures on herbal medi- cines. WHO has been working with 15 national drug regulatory authori- ties interested in this publication in NIS, Countries of Central and Eastern 1 Introduction Europe (CCEE) and their neighbouring countries, in close collaboration with the WHO Regional Office for Europe. The 13 new monographs on commonly used medicinal plants in NIS have been drafted based on the format of the WHO monographs by the experts in NIS and CCEE coun- tries with the support of experts, national health authorities and NGOs within and also outside the NIS and CCEE countries. The WHO mono- graphs on medicinal plants commonly used in NIS have been completed and will be published soon. Based on the NIS countries model, in the fu- ture, WHO would like to cooperate with more countries or regions to develop their monographs on commonly used medicinal plants. Preparation of monographs for volume 4 Selection of medicinal plants The selection of medicinal plants for inclusion in the WHO monographs is based on worldwide use. The medicinal plants selected must meet two major criteria: (1) they must be in common use in at least two WHO Re- gions; and (2) there must be sufficient scientific data available to satisfy the requirements of the various sections in the monograph format. The recommended selection criteria discussed at the Third WHO Consultation on Selected Medicinal Plants (Ottawa, Canada, July 2001) were applied to the preparation of volume 4 of the WHO monographs. Preparation During the preparation of volume 4, more than 200 experts were involved in addition to members of WHO’s Expert Advisory Panel on Traditional Medicine, a significant expansion compared to the numbers involved in the previous three volumes. National drug regulatory authorities in 81 countries participated in the process, again a greater number than for the previous volumes. This global network of active players facilitated wider access to the available scientific references and information, in terms of both quality and quantity. This considerable level of support contrib- uted greatly to the efficiency of the preparation process. The Fourth WHO Consultation
Recommended publications
  • British Chemical Abstracts

    British Chemical Abstracts

    BRITISH CHEMICAL ABSTRACTS _ ' A.-PURE CHEMISTRY | DECEMBER, 1935. General, Physical, and Inorganic Chemistry. Slight correction to the Rydberg constant for 1000 A. have been photographed and arranged into hydrogen (H1). R. C. Williams and R. C. Gibbs three progressions for wliich formuła; are given. (Physical Rev., 1934, [ii], 45, 491). L. S. T. They are due to normal O. Otlier bands at shorter T riplet 3p complex of the hydrogen molecule. XX and between 1210 and 1000 A. liave also been G. H. D ieke (Physical Rev., 1935, [ii], 48, CIO—614; measured. L. S. T. cf. this vol., 917).—M any peculiarities in the Fulcher Oxygen in the sun’s chromosphere. T. R oyds bands of H2 can be explained by the interaction of (Naturę, 1935, 136, 606—607).—The observed infra- the ?yjM\ with tlie 3f>?£ level (cf. following abstract). red O emission lines 7771, 7774, and 7775 show th at N.' M. B. 02 is a normal and probably abundant constituent of 3p3I, -> 2s3L bands of HD and D2. G. H. the sun’s chromosphere. L. S. T. D ieke (Physical Rev., 1935, [ii], 48, 606—609; cf. New emission spectrum of sulphur in the this yoL, 555).—Fuli data for the system in the photographic infra-red. M. D k sib an t and J. extreme red and near infra-red are tabulated, and D uchesne (Compt. rend., 1935, 201, 597—598).— the band consts. are calc. N. M. B. Bands at 6650—7765 A., degraded to the violet, and Vibration and rotation spectrum of the mole­ attributed to S2, are described.
  • Walnut Polyphenol

    Walnut Polyphenol

    ORYZA OIL & FAT CHEMICAL CO., L TD. WALNUT POLYPHENOL Hepatoprotective & Anti-oxidative Extract For Metabolic Syndrome ■ WALNUT POLYPHENOL-P10,P30 (Powder，Food Grade) ■ WALNUT POLYPHENOL-WSP10 (Water-soluble Powder，Food Grade) ■ WALNUT POLYPHENOL-PC10,PC30 （Powder，Cosmetic Grade） ■ WALNUT POLYPHENOL-WSPC10 （Water-soluble Powder，Cosmetic Grade） ■ WALNUT POLYPHENOL-LC （Water-soluble Liquid，Cosmetic Grade） ■ WALNUT SEED OIL （Oil，Food & Cosmetic Grade） ORYZA OIL & FAT CHEMICAL CO., LTD ver. 1.0 HS WALNUT POLYPHENOL ver.1.0 HS WALNUT POLYPHENOL Hepatoprotective & Anti-oxidative Extract For Metabolic Syndrome 1. Introduction Recently, there is an increased awareness on metabolic syndrome – a condition characterized by a group of metabolic risk factors in one person. They include abdominal obesity, atherogenic dyslipidemia, elevated blood pressure, insulin resistance, prothrombotic state & proinflammatory state. The dominant underlying risk factors appear to be abdominal obesity and insulin resistance. In addition, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most commonly associated “liver” manifestation of metabolic syndrome which can progress to advance liver disease (e.g. cirrhosis) with associated morbidity and mortality. Lifestyle therapies such as weight loss significantly improve all aspects of metabolic syndrome, as well as reducing progression of NAFLD and cardiovascular mortality. Walnut (Juglans regia L. seed) is one the most popular nuts consumed in the world. It is loaded in polyunsaturated fatty acids – linoleic acid (LA), oleic acid and α-linolenic acid (ALA), an ω3 fatty acid. It has been used since ancient times and epidemiological studies have revealed that incorporating walnuts in a healthy diet reduces the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Recent investigations reported that walnut diet improves the function of blood vessels and lower serum cholesterol.
  • Pharmacokinetic Interactions Between Herbal Medicines and Drugs: Their Mechanisms and Clinical Relevance

    Pharmacokinetic Interactions Between Herbal Medicines and Drugs: Their Mechanisms and Clinical Relevance

    life Review Pharmacokinetic Interactions between Herbal Medicines and Drugs: Their Mechanisms and Clinical Relevance Laura Rombolà 1 , Damiana Scuteri 1,2 , Straface Marilisa 1, Chizuko Watanabe 3, Luigi Antonio Morrone 1, Giacinto Bagetta 1,2,* and Maria Tiziana Corasaniti 4 1 Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, Section of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy; [email protected] (L.R.); [email protected] (D.S.); [email protected] (S.M.); [email protected] (L.A.M.) 2 Pharmacotechnology Documentation and Transfer Unit, Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy 3 Department of Physiology and Anatomy, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, 981-8558 Sendai, Japan; [email protected] 4 School of Hospital Pharmacy, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro and Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +39-0984-493462 Received: 28 May 2020; Accepted: 30 June 2020; Published: 4 July 2020 Abstract: The therapeutic efficacy of a drug or its unexpected unwanted side effects may depend on the concurrent use of a medicinal plant. In particular, constituents in the medicinal plant extracts may influence drug bioavailability, metabolism and half-life, leading to drug toxicity or failure to obtain a therapeutic response. This narrative review focuses on clinical studies improving knowledge on the ability of selected herbal medicines to influence the pharmacokinetics of co-administered drugs. Moreover, in vitro studies are useful to anticipate potential herbal medicine-drug interactions.
  • Well-Known Plants in Each Angiosperm Order

    Well-Known Plants in Each Angiosperm Order

    Well-known plants in each angiosperm order This list is generally from least evolved (most ancient) to most evolved (most modern). (I’m not sure if this applies for Eudicots; I’m listing them in the same order as APG II.) The first few plants are mostly primitive pond and aquarium plants. Next is Illicium (anise tree) from Austrobaileyales, then the magnoliids (Canellales thru Piperales), then monocots (Acorales through Zingiberales), and finally eudicots (Buxales through Dipsacales). The plants before the eudicots in this list are considered basal angiosperms. This list focuses only on angiosperms and does not look at earlier plants such as mosses, ferns, and conifers. Basal angiosperms – mostly aquatic plants Unplaced in order, placed in Amborellaceae family • Amborella trichopoda – one of the most ancient flowering plants Unplaced in order, placed in Nymphaeaceae family • Water lily • Cabomba (fanwort) • Brasenia (watershield) Ceratophyllales • Hornwort Austrobaileyales • Illicium (anise tree, star anise) Basal angiosperms - magnoliids Canellales • Drimys (winter's bark) • Tasmanian pepper Laurales • Bay laurel • Cinnamon • Avocado • Sassafras • Camphor tree • Calycanthus (sweetshrub, spicebush) • Lindera (spicebush, Benjamin bush) Magnoliales • Custard-apple • Pawpaw • guanábana (soursop) • Sugar-apple or sweetsop • Cherimoya • Magnolia • Tuliptree • Michelia • Nutmeg • Clove Piperales • Black pepper • Kava • Lizard’s tail • Aristolochia (birthwort, pipevine, Dutchman's pipe) • Asarum (wild ginger) Basal angiosperms - monocots Acorales
  • Ethnomedicinal Profile of Flora of District Sialkot, Punjab, Pakistan

    Ethnomedicinal Profile of Flora of District Sialkot, Punjab, Pakistan

    ISSN: 2717-8161 RESEARCH ARTICLE New Trend Med Sci 2020; 1(2): 65-83. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ntms Ethnomedicinal Profile of Flora of District Sialkot, Punjab, Pakistan Fozia Noreen1*, Mishal Choudri2, Shazia Noureen3, Muhammad Adil4, Madeeha Yaqoob4, Asma Kiran4, Fizza Cheema4, Faiza Sajjad4, Usman Muhaq4 1Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Sialkot, Punjab, Pakistan 2Department of Statistics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Sialkot, Punjab, Pakistan 3Governament Degree College for Women, Malakwal, District Mandi Bahauddin, Punjab, Pakistan 4Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Gujrat Sialkot Subcampus, Punjab, Pakistan Article History Abstract: An ethnomedicinal profile of 112 species of remedial Received 30 May 2020 herbs, shrubs, and trees of 61 families with significant Accepted 01 June 2020 Published Online 30 Sep 2020 gastrointestinal, antimicrobial, cardiovascular, herpetological, renal, dermatological, hormonal, analgesic and antipyretic applications *Corresponding Author have been explored systematically by circulating semi-structured Fozia Noreen and unstructured questionnaires and open ended interviews from 40- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, 74 years old mature local medicine men having considerable University of Sialkot, professional experience of 10-50 years in all the four geographically Punjab, Pakistan diversified subdivisions i.e. Sialkot, Daska, Sambrial and Pasrur of E-mail: [email protected] district Sialkot with a total area of 3106 square kilometres with ORCID:http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6096-2568 population density of 1259/km2, in order to unveil botanical flora for world. Family Fabaceae is found to be the most frequent and dominant family of the region. © 2020 NTMS.
  • Punica Granatum L

    Punica Granatum L

    Research Article Studies on antioxidant activity of red, white, and black pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) peel extract using DPPH radical scavenging method Uswatun Chasanah[1]* 1 Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Science, University of Muhammadiyah Malangg, Malang, East Java, Indonesia * Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected] ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article History Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) has high antioxidant activity. In Received September 1, 2020 Indonesia, there are red pomegranate, white pomegranate, and black Revised January 7, 2021 pomegranate. The purpose of this study was to determine the antioxidant Accepted January 14, 2021 activity of red pomegranate peel extract, white pomegranate peel extract, Published February 1, 2021 and black pomegranate peel extract. The extracts prepared by ultrasonic maceration in 96% ethanol, then evaporated until thick extract was Keywords obtained and its antioxidant activity was determined using the DPPH Antioxidant radical scavenging method. This study showed that all pomegranate peel Black pomegranate extract varieties have potent antioxidant activity and the black Red pomegranate pomegranate peel extract has the highest antioxidant power. White pomegranate Peel extract DPPH Doi 10.22219/farmasains.v5i2.13472 1. INTRODUCTION Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) belongs to the Puricaceae family, a plant originating from the Middle East (Rana, Narzary & Ranade, 2010). All parts of the pomegranate, such as fruit (fruit juice, fruit seeds, peel fruit), leaves, flowers, roots, and bark, have therapeutic effects such as neuroprotective, antioxidant, repair vascular damage, and anti-inflammatory. The clinical application of this plant used in cancers, atherosclerosis, hyperlipidemia, carotid artery stenosis, myocardial perfusion, periodontal disease, bacterial infections, ultraviolet radiation, erectile dysfunction, male infertility, neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury, Alzheimer's disease, and obesity (Jurenka, 2008; Mackler, Heber & Cooper, 2013).
  • Handbook of Herbs and Spices

    Handbook of Herbs and Spices

    Handbook of herbs and spices Edited by K. V. Peter Published by Woodhead Publishing Limited Abington Hall, Abington Cambridge CB1 6AH England www.woodhead-publishing.com Published in North and South America by CRC Press LLC 2000 Corporate Blvd, NW Boca Raton FL 33431 USA First published 2001, Woodhead Publishing Limited and CRC Press LLC ß 2001, Woodhead Publishing Limited The authors have asserted their moral rights. This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the authors and the publishers cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials. Neither the authors nor the publishers, nor anyone else associated with this publication, shall be liable for any loss, damage or liability directly or indirectly caused or alleged to be caused by this book. Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publishers. The consent of Woodhead Publishing Limited and CRC Press LLC does not extend to copying for general distribution, for promotion, for creating new works, or for resale. Specific permission must be obtained in writing from Woodhead Publishing Limited or CRC Press LLC for such copying. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation, without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
  • A Review on Antihyperglycemic and Antihepatoprotective Activity of Eco-Friendly Punica Granatum Peel Waste

    A Review on Antihyperglycemic and Antihepatoprotective Activity of Eco-Friendly Punica Granatum Peel Waste

    Hindawi Publishing Corporation Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine Volume 2013, Article ID 656172, 10 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/656172 Review Article A Review on Antihyperglycemic and Antihepatoprotective Activity of Eco-Friendly Punica granatum Peel Waste Sushil Kumar Middha,1 Talambedu Usha,2 and Veena Pande1 1 Department of Biotechnology, Bhimtal Campus, Kumaun University, Nainital, Uttarakhand 263136, India 2 Department of Biotechnology & Biochemistry, Maharani Lakshmi Ammanni College for Women, Bangalore 560012, India Correspondence should be addressed to Veena Pande; veena [email protected] Received 28 December 2012; Revised 25 March 2013; Accepted 25 April 2013 Academic Editor: Edwin L. Cooper Copyright © 2013 Sushil Kumar Middha et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Over the past decade, pomegranate (Punica granatum) is entitled as a wonder fruit because of its voluminous pharmacological properties. In 1830, P. g ranatum fruit was first recognized in United States Pharmacopeia; the Philadelphia edition introduced the rind of the fruit, the New York edition the bark of the root and further 1890 edition the stem bark was introduced. There are significant efforts and progress made in establishing thepharmacological mechanisms of peel (pericarp or rind) and the individual constituents responsible for them. This review provides an insight on the phytochemical components that contribute too antihyperglycemic, hepatoprotective, antihyperlipidemic effect, and numerous other effects of wonderful, economic, and eco- friendly pomegranate peel extract (PP). 1. Introduction containing sacs packed with a fleshy, juicy, red or whitish pulp.
  • Coptis Japonica</Emphasis>

    Coptis Japonica</Emphasis>

    Plant Cell Reports (1988) 7:1-4 Plant Cell Reports © Springer-Verlag 1988 Alternative final steps in berberine biosynthesis in Coptisjaponica cell cultures E. Galneder 1 M. Rueffer 1, G. Wanner 1, 2, M. Tabata 1, 3, and M. H. Zenk 1 1 Lehrstuhl tar Pharmazeutische Biologie der Universitfit Mfinchen, Karlstrasse 29, D-8000 Mt~nchen 2, Federal Republic of Germany 2 Botanisches Institut der Universitfit Miinchen, Menzinger Strasse 67, D-8000 Manchen 19, Federal Republic of Germany 3 Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606, Japan Received October 30, 1987 - Communicated by K. Hahlbrock ABSTRACT oxidase (STOX) reported from our laboratory (Amann et al., 1984) in that the Coptis enzyme dehydrogenated In Coptis japonica cell cultures an alternative path- only (S)-canadine while other tetrahydroprotober- way has been discovered which leads from (S)-tetra- berines were reported to be inactive. In further hydrocolumbamine via (S)-canadine to berberine. The contrast to the STOX enzyme, their enzyme did not two enzymes involved have been partially purified. produce hydrogen peroxide but rather H20 as one of (S)-Tetrahydrocolumbamine is stereospecifically the reaction products. Our analysis of the Coptis transformed into (S)-canadine under formation of the system reported here led to the surprising result methylenedioxy bridge in ring A. This new enzyme was that the terminal two steps in the biosynthesis of named (S)-canad/ne synthase. (S)-Canadine in turn is berberine in 8erberis and Coptis are biochemically stereospecifically dehydrogenated to berberine by an completely different while similar at the cytological oxidase, (S)-canadine oxidase (COX), which was level.
  • Premenstrual Syndrome: a Natural Approach to Management

    Premenstrual Syndrome: a Natural Approach to Management

    CNI506 8/99 Vol. 5, No. 6 APPLIED NUTRITIONAL SCIENCE REPORTS Copyright © 1997 Advanced Nutrition Publications, Inc. rev. 1999 Premenstrual Syndrome: A Natural Approach to Management BY JOSEPH L. MAYO, MD, FACOG ABSTRACT: Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a disorder that imbalances, nutritional insufficiencies, and psychologic factors. occurs during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, producing A nutritional approach to PMS that takes into account the complex a diverse number of physical and emotional changes. The most interactions of all bodily systems that influence hormonal balance common symptoms of PMS include bloating, backache, breast and neuroendocrine function, with an emphasis on the liver, is tenderness, food cravings, fatigue, irritability, and depression. recommended. The nutritional factors that have been studied The timing of the appearance and disappearance of symptoms, include vitamin B6, magnesium, zinc, choline, vitamin E, and rather than the presence of specific symptoms, is of more essential fatty acids, in addition to weight management and importance in the diagnosis of PMS. The direct cause of PMS is stress reduction. Herbal therapies have also proven beneficial in unknown, although there are numerous theories relating to hormonal the management of PMS. PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME symptoms such as bloating, breast tenderness, and headache (Table 1).3-5 These diverse symptoms may range from mild Cyclic symptoms in women of reproductive age have been to incapacitating. In some women a single symptom, such recognized for thousands of years. First appearing in the medical as depression, may predominate, whereas others may have literature in 1931 and originally termed “premenstrual tension,” several symptoms.1 this condition has been renamed “premenstrual syndrome” (PMS) in an effort to take into account the different clinical Table.
  • Lichens and Associated Fungi from Glacier Bay National Park, Alaska

    Lichens and Associated Fungi from Glacier Bay National Park, Alaska

    The Lichenologist (2020), 52,61–181 doi:10.1017/S0024282920000079 Standard Paper Lichens and associated fungi from Glacier Bay National Park, Alaska Toby Spribille1,2,3 , Alan M. Fryday4 , Sergio Pérez-Ortega5 , Måns Svensson6, Tor Tønsberg7, Stefan Ekman6 , Håkon Holien8,9, Philipp Resl10 , Kevin Schneider11, Edith Stabentheiner2, Holger Thüs12,13 , Jan Vondrák14,15 and Lewis Sharman16 1Department of Biological Sciences, CW405, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada; 2Department of Plant Sciences, Institute of Biology, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Holteigasse 6, 8010 Graz, Austria; 3Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, Montana 59812, USA; 4Herbarium, Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA; 5Real Jardín Botánico (CSIC), Departamento de Micología, Calle Claudio Moyano 1, E-28014 Madrid, Spain; 6Museum of Evolution, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 16, SE-75236 Uppsala, Sweden; 7Department of Natural History, University Museum of Bergen Allégt. 41, P.O. Box 7800, N-5020 Bergen, Norway; 8Faculty of Bioscience and Aquaculture, Nord University, Box 2501, NO-7729 Steinkjer, Norway; 9NTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway; 10Faculty of Biology, Department I, Systematic Botany and Mycology, University of Munich (LMU), Menzinger Straße 67, 80638 München, Germany; 11Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK; 12Botany Department, State Museum of Natural History Stuttgart, Rosenstein 1, 70191 Stuttgart, Germany; 13Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK; 14Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, 252 43 Průhonice, Czech Republic; 15Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, CZ-370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic and 16Glacier Bay National Park & Preserve, P.O.
  • (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 7,919,636 B2 Seeram Et Al

    (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 7,919,636 B2 Seeram Et Al

    USOO7919636B2 (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 7,919,636 B2 Seeram et al. (45) Date of Patent: Apr. 5, 2011 (54) PURIFICATIONS OF POMEGRANATE Aviram, M., et al., “Pomegranate juice consumption inhibits serum ELLAGTANNINS AND THEIR USES angiotensin converting enzyme activity and reduces systolic blood THEREOF pressure.” (2001) Atherosclerosis, 158: 195-198. Cerda, B., et al., “Evaluation of bioavailability and metabolism in the (75) Inventors: Navindra P. Seeram, Los Angeles, CA rat of punicalagin, an antioxidant polyphenol from pomegranate juice.” (2003) Eur, J. Nutr., 42:18-28. (US); David Heber, Los Angeles, CA Cerda, B., et al., “Repeated oral administration of high doses of the (US) pomegranate elagitannin punicalaginto rats for 37 days is not toxic.” (2003) J. Agric. Food Chem. 51:3493-3501. (73) Assignee: The Regents of the University of Doig, A., et al., “Isolation and structure elucidation of punicalagin, a California, Oakland, CA (US) toxic hydrolysable tannin, from Terminalia oblongata.” (1990) J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. I, 2317-2321. (*) Notice: Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this El-Toumy, S., et al., “Two ellagitannins from Punica granatum patent is extended or adjusted under 35 heartwood.” (2002) Phytochemistry, 61:971-974. U.S.C. 154(b) by 248 days. Filippich, L., et al., “Hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic principles in Terminalia oblongata.” (1991) Research in Veterinary Science, (21) Appl. No.: 12/143,657 50:17O-177. Gil, M., et al., “Antioxidant activity of pomegranate juice and its (22) Filed: Jun. 20, 2008 relationship with phenolic composition and processing.” (2000) J. Agric. Food Chem., 48:4581-4589.