In-Vitro-Einflüsse Auf Die Aktivität Von Invertasen, Suche Nach Neuen

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In-Vitro-Einflüsse Auf Die Aktivität Von Invertasen, Suche Nach Neuen Untersuchungen zur Regulation der Invertaseaktivität und zu Invertaseinhibitoren aus Pflanzenextrakten Dissertation zur Erlangung des naturwissenschaftlichen Doktorgrades der Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg vorgelegt von Barbara Schäfer Haßfurt Würzburg 2012 2 Eingereicht am: ___________________________ Mitglieder der Prüfungskommission: Vorsitzender: ___________________________ 1. Gutachter: ___________________________ 2. Gutachter: ___________________________ Tag des Promotionskolloquiums: ___________________________ Doktorurkunde ausgehändigt am: ___________________________ 3 Inhaltsverzeichnis Inhaltsverzeichnis Inhaltsverzeichnis ..................................................................................................... 3 Abkürzungsverzeichnis ............................................................................................... 7 Zusammenfassung..................................................................................................... 9 Summary ............................................................................................................... 10 1. Einleitung ................................................................................................. 11 1.1. Invertasen, Enzyme des Kohlenhydratmetabolismus ............................................. 11 1.1.1. Pflanzliche Invertasen .............................................................................. 12 1.1.1.1. Saure pflanzliche Invertasen ................................................................. 12 1.1.1.1.1. Zellwandgebundene Invertasen ....................................................... 15 1.1.1.1.2. Vakuoläre Invertasen .................................................................... 16 1.1.1.2. Neutrale / alkalische Invertasen ............................................................ 16 1.1.2. Hefeinvertase ......................................................................................... 18 1.1.3. Humane Sucrase-Isomaltase ....................................................................... 19 1.2. Hemmung der Invertaseaktivität ..................................................................... 21 1.2.1. Proteinogene pflanzliche Invertaseinhibitoren ................................................. 22 1.2.1.1. Struktur der proteinogenen Invertaseinhibitoren ........................................ 22 1.2.1.2. Beeinflussung der inhibitorischen Aktivität, Wirkspektrum ............................ 23 1.2.1.3. Physiologische Rolle der proteinogenen Invertaseinhibitoren ......................... 24 1.2.2. Chemische Invertaseinhibitoren ................................................................... 25 1.2.2.1. Iminozucker und Thiozucker ................................................................. 26 1.2.2.2. Cyclohexenverbindungen ..................................................................... 29 1.2.2.3. Nicht-glykosidische Verbindungen .......................................................... 30 1.2.2.4. Zucker und Zuckerverbindungen ............................................................ 30 1.3. Diabetes mellitus ....................................................................................... 31 1.3.1. Krankheitsbild ........................................................................................ 32 1.3.2. Behandlung ............................................................................................ 33 1.4. Pflanzliche Medizin ..................................................................................... 34 1.4.1. Einsatz pflanzlicher Medizin in der Diabetestherapie ......................................... 35 1.4.2. Traditionelle Chinesische Medizin ................................................................ 36 1.5. Die Hefe Pichia pastoris als eukaryotisches Expressionssystem ................................ 37 1.6. Zielsetzung der Arbeit ................................................................................. 38 2. Ergebnisse ................................................................................................ 40 2.1. Aufarbeitung der Invertasen, Festlegung der Versuchsbedingungen .......................... 40 2.1.1. Herstellung der verwendeten Invertasepräparationen ........................................ 40 2.1.1.1. Heterologe Expression der humanen Sucrase in P. pastoris ............................ 41 2.1.1.1.1. Überprüfung des Transformationserfolges .......................................... 43 2.1.1.1.2. Anzucht der Hefeklone zur Expression der humanen Sucrase ................... 43 2.1.1.1.3. Aufreinigung der humanen Sucrase aus dem Zelllysat ............................ 44 2.1.1.2. Heterologe Expression pflanzlicher Enzyme ............................................... 45 2.1.1.3. Selektion auf Agarplatten mit Saccharose als einziger Kohlenstoffquelle ........... 45 2.1.1.4. Gewinnung pflanzlicher Extrakte ........................................................... 46 2.1.2. Messungen zur pH-Wert-Abhängigkeit der Invertaseaktivität ................................ 47 2.1.3. Messungen zur Temperaturabhängigkeit der Invertaseaktivität ............................. 49 2.1.4. Ermittlung der optimalen Saccharosemenge, Bestimmung der Enzymparameter Km und vmax ...................................................................... 50 2.2. Beeinflussung der Invertaseaktivität durch verschiedene Salze ................................ 53 2.2.1. Beeinflussung der Invertaseaktivität durch Metallionen ...................................... 53 2.2.2. Beeinflussung der Invertaseaktivität durch Natriumchlorid .................................. 55 2.3. Einfluss von Inhibitoren auf die Invertaseaktivität ................................................ 56 2.3.1. Herstellung von Inhibitorpräparationen.......................................................... 57 2.3.1.1. Heterologe Expression proteinogener Inhibitoren ........................................ 57 2.3.1.1.1. Heterologe Expression in P. pastoris ................................................. 57 4 Inhaltsverzeichnis 2.3.1.1.2. Überprüfung der heterologen Expression in P. pastoris, Aufreinigung des proteinogenen Inhibitors .......................................................... 58 2.3.1.1.3. Heterologe Expression in N. benthamiana, Aufreinigung der Inhibitoren ................................................................................ 59 2.3.1.2. Herstellung von Thiofructosiden ............................................................ 60 2.3.2. Einfluss von Inhibitoren auf die Aktivität pflanzlicher Invertasen .......................... 62 2.3.2.1. Beeinflussung durch chemische Invertaseinhibitoren ................................... 62 2.3.2.1.1. Beeinflussung durch Zugabe von Einzelsubstanzen ................................ 63 2.3.2.1.2. Beeinflussung durch Kombinationen aus verschiedenen Hemmstoffen ............................................................................. 72 2.3.2.2. Beeinflussung durch proteinogene Invertaseinhibitoren ................................ 73 2.3.3. Einfluss verschiedener Inhibitoren auf die Aktivität der humanen Sucrase ............... 75 2.3.3.1. Beeinflussung durch chemische Invertaseinhibitoren ................................... 75 2.3.3.1.1. Beeinflussung durch Zugabe von Einzelsubstanzen ................................ 75 2.3.3.1.2. Beeinflussung durch Kombinationen aus verschiedenen Hemmstoffen ............................................................................. 77 2.3.3.2. Beeinflussung durch proteinogene Invertaseinhibitoren ................................ 77 2.3.4. Einfluss verschiedener Inhibitoren auf die Aktivität der Hefeinvertase ................... 78 2.3.4.1. Beeinflussung durch chemische Invertaseinhibitoren ................................... 78 2.3.4.2. Beeinflussung durch proteinogene Invertaseinhibitoren ................................ 80 2.4. Suche nach neuen Invertaseinhibitoren ............................................................. 81 2.4.1. Literaturrecherche .................................................................................. 81 2.4.2. Für Hemmtests verwendete Pflanzenextrakte ................................................. 82 2.4.2.1. Herstellung von Extrakten mittels sukzessiver Extraktion .............................. 83 2.4.2.2. Herstellung wässriger Extrakte aus Suspensionkulturen und frischem Pflanzenmaterial ............................................................................... 84 2.4.2.3. TCM-Extrakte ................................................................................... 85 2.4.3. Invertasetests mit verschiedenen Extrakten als potentielle Hemmstoffe ................. 85 2.4.3.1. Ergebnisse der Messungen der extrazelluläreren Invertase aus C. rubrum Zellkulturen ..................................................................................... 85 2.4.3.2. Ergebnisse der Messungen der humanen Sucrase ......................................... 89 2.4.3.3. Ergebnisse der Messungen der Hefeinvertase ............................................. 91 2.4.3.4. Übersicht der Extrakte, die eine Hemmung herbeiführten ............................. 93 3. Diskussion ................................................................................................ 95 3.1. Heterologe Expression der humanen Sucrase in P. pastoris ..................................... 95 3.2. In vitro untersuchte Einflüsse auf Invertasen ...................................................... 96 3.3. Unterschiede der heterolog
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