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(Tejpat) Essential Natural Product Radiance, Vol. 8(2), 2009, pp.106-116 Research Paper Chemistry, antimicrobial and antioxidant potentials of Cinnamomum tamala Nees & Eberm. (Tejpat) essential oil and oleoresins† I P S Kapoor1, Bandana Singh1, Gurdip Singh1*, Valery Isidorov2 and Lech Szczepaniak2 1Chemistry Department, DDU Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur- 273 009, Uttar Pradesh, India 2Institute of Chemistry, Bialystok University, UI. Hurtowa 1, 15-399, Bialystok, Poland *Correspondent author, E-mail: [email protected]; Phone: +91-551-2200745 (R), 2202856 (O); Fax: +91-551-2340459 Received 6 November 2007; Accepted 26 November 2008 †Part 63 Abstract Gas chromatography-mass spectrometery (GC-MS) analysis of essential oil and oleoresins of Cinnamomum tamala Nees & Eberm. (Tejpat) revealed eugenol as major component of essential oil and oleoresins. The antioxidant activity of essential oil and oleoresins were evaluated against mustard oil by peroxide, p-anisidine, thiobarbituric acid and total carbonyl value method. In addition, their inhibitory action by FTC method, scavenging capacity by DPPH (2, 2′-diphenyl- 1-picrylhydrazyl radical) method was also studied. The antimicrobial potentials of essential oil and oleoresins were tested against various food born fungi and bacteria. Results showed that both the volatile oil and oleoresins have effective antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Thus, they could be evaluated as natural food preservatives, however, essential oil is better than oleoresins. Keywords: Antimicrobial activity, Antioxidant activity, Cinnamomum tamala, Essential oil, Indian Cassia lignea, Oleoresins, Tejpat. IPC code; Int. cl.8 — A61K 36/54, A61P 31/00, A61P 39/06 Introduction of spices have been reported by few Antioxidants are being workers4-6. commonly used to prevent the fat rancidity Indian Cassia lignea, because these are substances that when Cinnamomum tamala Nees & Tejpat leaves added to food products, especially lipids Eberm. (Hindi—Tejpat)7 is an and lipid containing food can increase evergreen tropical tree, belonging to the with the chemistry, antioxidative and shelf-life by retarding lipid peroxidation. Lauraceae family. It is mainly used for antimicrobial behaviour of essential oil Various synthetic antioxidants such as flavouring food and widely used in and oleoresins (extracted in methanol, ascorbyl palmitate, butylated pharmaceutical preparation because of its ethanol, carbon tetrachloride and hydroxytoluene (BHT), butylated hypoglycemic, stimulant and carminative isooctane) of C. tamala. The objective hydroxyanisole (BHA) and propyl gallate properties8, 9. The leaves of this tree used of this paper is the comparative study of (PG) have been approved to control and as spice having clove like taste and pepper chemistry, antioxidative and antimicrobial delay the onset of rancidity and routinely like odour. Essential oil of Cinnamomum properties of tejpat essential oil and used as food protecting agent1. However, leaves has excellent inhibitory effect on oleoresins. recent concern over their adverse effects bacteria10. There are numerous studies on and toxicity2-3 has created a need and the composition of tejpat essential oil11; Materials and Methods prompt research for natural antioxidants however, tejpat oleoresins are not studied Thiobarbituric acid (TBA), (spices). Antioxidant and antimicrobial so vastly. As a part of our ongoing research diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH), linoleic properties of volatile oil and oleoresins programme12, 13 the present paper deals acid (Across, USA). BHT, BHA, PG and 106 Natural Product Radiance Research Paper 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine were extractor (The reason for using different acquisition parameters: transfer line held purchased from s. d. fine-chem Ltd, solvents is that each oleoresin extracted at 280oC and detector was held at 300oC. Mumbai, India. Ampicillin of Ranbaxy in a particular solvent shows different Detection was performed in the full scan Fine Chemicals Ltd., New Delhi, India was component with varying percentage). The mode from m/z 41 to 450. used. Crude mustard oil was purchased solvent was evaporated under reduced A hexane solution of C8-C32 from local oil mill, Gorakhpur, and all pressure. The different viscous oleoresins n-alkanes was previously separated under solvents used were of analytical grade. of C. tamala leaves were stored under the above conditions, and their retention Tejpat leaves were purchased cold condition until further use. times were determined. Linear from local market of Gorakhpur, Uttar temperature programmed retention Pradesh, during July 2006 and voucher Chemical investigation indices (LTPRI) were calculated from the specimens were kept at the Herbarium of The chemical analysis of volatile results of the separation of the essential the Science faculty, DDU Gorakhpur oil and oleoresins were undertaken by gas oil and oleoresins (eq. 1): University, Gorakhpur. chromatography-mass spectrometry LTPRI = 100(tx - tn)/(tn+1 - tn) + 100n In order to determine the (GC-MS) technique: ……..(1) antimicrobial activity of the volatile oil where tx, tn and tn+1 are the retention times and oleoresins, various food-born GC-MS of component x, and n-alkanes with the pathogenic fungi and bacteria were taken. The analysis of the volatile oil and number of carbon atoms in the molecule ≤ ≤ Aspergillus niger, A. flavus, A. oleoresin extracts were performed using n and n+1, respectively (tn tx tn+1). oryzae, A. awamori, A. solani and gas chromatograph HP 6890 with mass After integration the fraction of each Fusarium monoliforme were taken as selective detector MS 5973 (Agilent component in the total ion current (TIC) fungi and the test bacteria were: Technologies, USA) fitted with a HP-5MS was calculated. Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus fused silica column (30 m × 0.25 mm; aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 0.25 µm film thickness), with electronic Identification of components Proteus vulgaris Klebsiella pressure control (EPC) and splitless Components of essential oil pneumoniae and Bacillus cereus. injector. Helium flow rate through the (Table 1) and oleoresins (Table 2) were These fungi and bacteria were purchased column was 1 ml/min in constant flow identified with the aid of an automatic from Microbial Type Culture Collection mode. The initial column temperature system of processing data of GC-MS MTCC, Chandigarh, India. was 40oC rising 250oC at a rate 3o/min and supplied by NIST mass spectra library. The the higher temp. 250oC was maintained MS library was performed by using PBM Extraction of oil and oleoresins for 15 minutes. The MS detector (Probability-Based Matching) algorithm. The powdered leaves of C. Identification tamala were subjected to hydrodistillation was considered in a Clevenger apparatus for 6 h reliable if the in accordance with European measured Pharmacopoeia14 procedure to get yellow values of volatile oil (yield 2.2%) of characteristic retention odour and sharp taste. Further it was dried indices over anhydrous sodium sulphate and confirmed the stored in a refrigerator. results of Oleoresins were obtained by computer extracting 25 g of powdered leaves with search at mass 250 ml of each solvent (MeOH, EtOH, Essential oil and oleoresins of spectra library. Cinnamomum tamala leaves iso-octane and CCl4) for 3 h in a Soxhlet Vol 8(2) March-April 2009 107 Research Paper Table 1: Relative composition of essential oil of Tejpat by GC-MS Compound Rel. comp. (%) aRIExp Compound Rel. comp. (%) aRIExp α-Thujene 0.02 923 (E)-β-Caryophyllene 1.9 1416 α-Pinene 0.07 932 Sesquiterpene 0.2 1430 β-Pinene 0.03 974 Aromadendrene 1.5 1436 6-Methyl-5-heptene-2-one trace 987 α-Guaiene 0.1 1439 Myrcene 0.02 990 α-Humulene 0.4 1449 α-Phellandrene 0.4 1001 Alloaromadendrene 0.5 1456 3-Carene 0.02 1006 Ethyl vanillin trace 1459 p-Cymene 0.6 1021 γ-Muurolene 0.6 1473 Limonene trace 1028 D-Germacrene 0.5 1476 1,8-Cineole 0.4 1030 β-Eudesmene (β-selinene) trace 1481 p-Mentha-2,4(8)-diene trace 1082 Mixture of sesquiterpenes 0.4 1483 Terpinolene 0.03 1084 Viridiflorene 2.9 1492 p-Cymenene trace 1086 γ-Cadinene 0.2 1509 Linalool 0.04 1100 Sesquiterpenoid C15H26O 0.2 1511 trans-Pinocarveol trace 1134 δ-Cadinene 1.1 1520 Camphor trace 1139 Eugenolacetate 0.1 1529 cis-Verbenol trace 1141 α-Cadinene 0.07 1533 Borneol 0.1 1161 α-Calacorene 0.1 1538 Terpinene-4-ol 0.1 1173 Sesquiterpenoid C H O 0.09 1546 m-Cymen-8-ol trace 1180 15 26 Sesquiterpenoid C15H24O 0.2 1550 p-Cymen-8-ol 0.08 1183 Sesquiterpenoid C H O 0.2 1554 α 15 26 -Terpineol 0.5 1187 Elemicin trace 1558 trans-Piperitol trace 1205 Sesquiterpenoid C15H26O 0.3 1561 iso-Dihydrocarveol 0.03 1211 trans-Nerolidol + 0.2 1564 (Z)-Cinnamaldehyde trace 1216 sesquiterpenoid C15H24O p-Cumic aldehyde 0.03 1236 Spathulenol 4.8 1576 Carvone trace 1241 Caryophyllene oxide trace 1578 Chavicol trace 1257 Globulol + 1.6 1580 (E)-Cinnamaldehyde 0.5 1278 sesquiterpenoid C15H24O Anethol 0.2 1282 Viridiflorol 0.6 1586 p-Cymen-7-ol trace 1289 Guaiol 0.5 1596 Thymol 0.2 1295 4-Allyl-2,6-dimethoxy phenol 0.2 1602 Carvacrol trace 1297 10-epi-γ-Eudesmol 0.3 1617 3-Methoxyacetophenone 0.1 1303 Sesquiterpenoid C H O 1.5 1634 α-Elemene 0.06 1333 15 24 δ-Cadinol (torreyol) 0.2 1641 α-Cubebene 0.06 1345 α-Cadinol 0.6 1650 β-Terpineol acetate trace 1347 Sesquiterpenoid C H O 0.2 1656 Eugenol 66.1 1381 15 24 Coniferol 0.2 1734 β-Elemene 0.3 1392 Hexahydrofarnesyl acetone 0.04 1842 Vanillaldehyde 0.2 1401 Farnesyl acetone 0.03 1914 α-Gurjunene 0.1 1406 Methyleugenol 1.3 1409 Total 94.12% *Trace: below 0.01% of tic; Percentages are the mean of
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