Management Practice of Cinnamomum Tamala in Eladi Vdc of Syangja, Nepal

Home , Cinnamomum tamala

Himalayan Biodiversity 5: 57-65, 2017Prithvi, Vol 6: , July 2013 ISSN :2382-5200 MANAGEMENT PRACTICE OF CINNAMOMUM TAMALA IN ELADI VDC OF SYANGJA, NEPAL

Mahendra Singh Thapa and Baburam K.C. Institute of Forestry, Pokhara campus, Tribhuvan University, Nepal [email protected]

ABSTRACT Cinnamomum tamala is a moderate sized evergreen tree species which is used as spices in Indian subcontinent. In Nepal, it is found between 500- 2000 m above sea level. Its English name is Indian cassia lignea or Cinnamon. Leaves and bark of the species contain aromatic oil and are used as spices. The status and distribution of this species has less explored so this study has been carried out to assess the resource base and management practice at Eladi VDC of Syangja district. The researcher estimated the existing stand of Sinkauli, its annual increment, the annual allowable harvest, density, relative density, frequency, relative frequency and abundance along with its ethnobotanical uses. Community forests, National forest and private forest consisting of Sinkauli stands were inventoried based on the stratified random sampling. The scattered trees in the farmland and marginal land were enumerated and mesured. The measurement of DBH were stratified into different size groups at the interval of 5 cm DBH class and at 5 years interval of age classes. Altogether 98 trees were sampled from 0.14 ha area. For the measurement of fresh weight and air-dried weight of bark and foliage, thirty two sample trees representing the Sinkauli stand, were felled and measured. Data were analyzed by using different statistical tools like mean, diagrams, flowcharts, and pie chart. The density, relative density, frequency, relative frequency, abundance and growing stock are 13171, 55.34%, 100%, 11.7%, 13171, 700 trees/ha respectively. The air-dried weight to fresh weight ratio of bark of C. tamala is found to be 0.5210 and that of leaf is 0.5721. From this VDC, 345 trees of average age could be harvested with which 2944 kg bark and 2409 kg of leaves could be extracted annually. Based on the existing price at the local market, Rs 1177,60 from bark (RS 40/ Kg) and Rs 36130 from foliage (Rs 15/ Kg) could be earned annually. As people are less aware about the importance of C.tamala and the resource is dwindling from natural stand, the awareness program for its proper management, cooperation among different stakeholders, provision of economic market, and development of proper monitoring and evaluation program are recommended for the sustainable management of C.tamala stands. Key Words: Annual allowable harvest, demand, growing stock, management, supply INTRODUCTION Cinnamomum tamala, which belongs to some even call it as Tejpat. But in general, Lauraceae family, is a moderate sized evergreen bark of Sinkauli is the Dalchini and the leaves tree species. But another species Cinnamomum are Tejpatta. Its English name is Indian cassia zeylamicum, which is mostly called as Dalchini, lignea or Cinnamon. is not found in this District. Its local name is Leaves are opposite with three veins running Sinkauli. Some people call it as Dalchini while from the base to the apex, 10-15 cm long, lanceolate to ovate with short blunt pointed in 58 Thapa and K.C. panicle,5-10cm long, fruit about 1cm across in a in Nursery bed during March and April. Seeds shortly lobed cup and black, ovoid, flower is pale germinate in 30 to 40 days after sowing and –yellow, pubescent in panicle. Barks are dark transplanted when 4 to 5 years old in the field brown. Flowering season is March -May and in rows 7 ft apart, the spacing between plants fruit ripens between June and October. Leaves being 10 to11 ft. sufficient shades is provided in and bark of the species contain aromatic oil and the early stage of the growth, and harder trees are used as spices in the Indian subcontinent. are cleared after 8 to 9 years. In India leaves are Distribution: ready for harvesting when trees are 10 years old, and then continue to bear for a century (Edward It is distributed in tropical and sub-tropical 1993). Leaves are collected every year from Himalayas (3000 to 8000 ft) and in Eastern vigorous tree and in alternate year from old and Bengal (Edwards 1993). In Nepal, it is found weak ones. Best time for leaf collection is during between 500- 2000 m above sea level (Jackson dry weather from August - October. In Nepal, 1994). It is found on Kashmir, Assam , Bhutan farmers usually extract the bark from the bole of and mainly occurs in the mid-western region the trees between March and October because of Nepal such as Pyuthan, Salyan , Surkhet, the bark leaves off the cambium easily and thus Dailekh, Jajarkot, Rukum and somewhere it is easy to work. The age of extraction varies sparsely in Palpa district (Koldanda and Masyam according to the growth of tree that is obviously VDCs). depending on the fertility of site. From the Aspect: conservation point of view, this species has Northern aspect is much favorable than southern not prohibited for its cultivation, transportation aspect. Moist shady especially, stream side and and exportation by the government; however kholsa kholsi are favorable for its proper growth the population of this species is continuously and development. It prefers well drained moist depleting on the common lands due to the lack of soil. scientific management. So, the main aim of this Associates: study was to assess the status and management Associated species of it are Mahuwa (Madhuca practice of Cinnamomum tamala being carried indica) Bhimal (Grewia opposetifolia), Chilaune out by the local people in the community forests (Schima wallichi), Katus (Castanopsis indica) and in farmlands. Chiuri (Aesandra butyraceae), Tiju (Diospyrous MATERIALS AND METHODS melanoxylon), Chutro (Berberis aristata), The study was conducted in Eladi VDC Rittho (Sapindus mukorossi), Amala (Emblica of Syangja District. Both the primary and officinalis), Kalikath (Myrsine semiserrata), secondary data were collected for the purpose. Baklapate (Vibernum cotinifolium), and so on Participatory resource mapping, rapid vegetation species. Its propagation can be made from seed, assessment (RVA), key informants interview, branch cutting and coppicing. direct observation and resource inventory were This species is growing in community forests, done. To assess the distribution pattern and stock, private lands (homestead land) and is managed whole area was first divided into fourteen blocks by local people. It is extracted from forests, based on the land ownership and effective area used locally and marketed. Edward (1993) was calculated. Sampling intensity taken was documented that plants are raised from seed approximately 1.8% of the total effective area. No. of plots in which Sinkauli occurs Frequency of Sinkauli  100% Total No. of plots sampled Frequency value of Sinkauli Relative Frequency of SinkauliNo. of  plots in which Sinkauli occurs 100% ManagementFrequency Practice of Sinkauli of Cinnamomum  Total tamala frequency ... value of all species100% 59 Total No. of plots sampled Plot method with the stratified random samplingFrequency Pole value Stratum of Sinkauli Relative Frequency of Sinkauli  100% was carried out. Plot size was 10mX10mTotal for polefrequency Out value of the of effectiveall species area of 7.72 hectares of the

and 5mx5m for regeneration, shrubs and No.herbs. of plots in which Sinkauli occurs Sinkauli forest, 0.14 ha was taken as a sample area Only two dimension i.e. DBH and height were  100% Frequency of Sinkauli = with 1.82% sampling intensity. Altogether 14 plots recorded for pole sized tree and regenerations No. ofTotal plots No.were in whicho f sampledplots Sinkauli sampled where occurs 98 trees of Sinkauli, 33 trees were enumerated. of Chilaune, 33 trees of Katus, 25 100% trees of Bakle, 9 Frequency of Sinkauli = Data analysis Frequencytrees value of Tiju, of Sinkauli 5 trees of Mahuwa and a single tree Total No. of plots sampled  100 Descriptive Relative or qualitative Frequency ofdata Sinkauli were = analyzed of Siltimur were measured. The plot size for this 2 through direct observation participatoryTotalFrequency frequencystratum value was value of Sinkaulitaken of all 10x10 species m and the total number  100 discussion, Relativequestionnaire Frequency of Sinkaulisurvey, = field of trees measured was 204 having total volume of No. of Sinkauli in all quadrates 3. Abundance of Sinkauli  Total frequency34.48m3. valueFrom of this all calculationspecies about 48.03% of total measurement, interview withNo. local of quadrates people in whichand Sinkauli occurred  size of quadrates key informants and collection of official records. stand were of C. tamala having 43. 5% volume of No. of Sinkauli in all quadrates 3. Abundance of Sinkauli  growing stock. The Abundance and total growing Quantitative4. Growing stock data of wereC. tamala analyzed wasNo. calculated throughof quadrates in simpleterms in which of itsSinkauli density occur (no.red of  sizetrees of perquadrates ha). 5. Leaf and bark Biomass of the species was calculated by destructive sampling of two 3age and diameter class. The mean, percentage, bar diagrams, tables and pie stock is 1813 and 1458m respectively. The relative fresh and air dry weight of the leaf and bark was taken with a weighing machine in the field. 4. Growing stock of C. tamala was calculated in terms of its frequencydensity (no. andof trees relative per ha). density of different species is charts. 5. Leaf and bark Biomass of the species was calculated by destructiveshown in thesampling figure. of two age and diameter class. The DifferentResultsfresh and andformulae air discussionsdry weight were of the leafused and barkto wascalculate taken with a weighing machine in the field. different biophysical data From the chart above, the relative density of A. Results Abundance, and discussions Frequency, Relative Frequency, DensityC. tamala and relativeis almost Density 49% of Cinnamomum whereas relative 1. Densitytamala and Relative density: density of Chilaune and Katus is same (16%). A. Abundance, Frequency, Relative Frequency, Density and relative Density of Cinnamomum tamala Similarly, the relative density of Bakle and Pole Stratum Total no. of individuals of Sinkauli Density of Sinkauli = Other miscellaneous species is 12% and 7% Out of the effectiveTotal area no. of of 7.72 plots sampledhectares× areaof the of aSinkauli plot Pole Stratum respectively.Relative Density of different species forest, 0.14 ha was takenDensity as aof sampleSinkauli area with 1.82% RelativeOut density of the of effective Sinkauli =area of 7.72 hectares of the Sinkauli sampling intensity. AltogetherTotal density14 plots were sampled Relative Density of different species whereforest, 98 trees0.14 ofha Sinkauli, was taken 33 astrees a sampleof Chilaune, area with33 trees 1.82% of 2.Katus, Frequencysampling 25 trees intensity. and of Bakle, Relative Altogether 9 trees frequency: of Tiju,14 plots 5 trees were of Mahuwasampled where 98 trees of Sinkauli, 33 trees of Chilaune, 33 trees of and a single tree of Siltimur were measured. The plot size Sinkauli Katus, 25 trees of Bakle, 9 trees of Tiju, 5 trees of Mahuwa No. of plots in which 2Sinkauli occurs 7% Frequencyfor this stratumof Sinkauli was = taken 10x10 m and the total× number100% 12% SinkauliChilaune and a single tree of SiltimurTotal No. were of plots measured. sampled The plot size3 of treesfor this measured stratum was was 204 taken having 10x10 total m2 andvolume the totalof 34.48m number. 12% 7% 49% Frequency value of Sinkauli Chilaune RelativeFrom Frequencythis calculation of Sinkauli about= 48.03% of total stand ×were100% of3 Katus of trees measured was Total204 frequencyhaving total value volumeof all species of 34.48m . 49% C. tamalaFrom this having calculation 43. 5% about volume 48.03% of ofgrowing total stand stock. were The of 16% KatusBakle No. of Sinkauli in all quadrates 3 AbundanceAbundanceC. tamala of Sinkauli and having= total 43. growing 5% volume stock of is growing 1813 and stock. 1458m The 16% 3. No. of quadrates in which Sinkauli occurred × size of quadrates 16% BakleOthers respectively.Abundance The and relative total growing frequency stock and is relative 1813 and density 1458m of3 16% Others 4.different Growingrespectively. species stock The is shown ofrelative C. in tamala frequencythe figure was and. calculatedrelative density in of terms different of its densityspecies is (no. shown of treesin the perfigure ha).. From the chart above, the relative density of C. 5. LeafFrom andthe chart bark above, Biomass the relative of the density species of C. was Relative Frequency of Different Species tamala is almost 49% whereas relative density of Relative Frequency of Different Species calculatedChilaunetamala andbyis almost Katusdestructive 49% is same whereassampling (16%). relative of Similarly, two density age the ofand diameterrelativeChilaune densityclass. and The of Katus Bakle fresh is sameandand Otherair (16%). dry miscellaneous Similarly,weight of the the speciesrelative is 12% density and 7%of Baklerespectively. and Other miscellaneous 16% 22% Sinkauli leaf speciesand bark is 12% was and taken 7% respectively.with a weighing machine in 16% 22% Sinkauli Chilaune the field. Chilaune Katus 22%22% Katus Bakle RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 19%19% Bakle OthersOthers A. Abundance, Frequency, Relative 21%21% Frequency, Density and relative Density of Here, the relative frequency of Sinkauli and Bakle is Cinnamomum tamala same i.e. 22% then Katus, Chilaune and others have Here, the relative frequency of Sinkauli and Bakle is same i.e. 22% then Katus, Chilaune and others have 21%, 19%, 16% relative frequency respectively.

Regeneration Stratum For the regeneration stratum, 14 plots of 5mx5m were established and regenerations of all species within that sample 60 area were counted. The sample area was 0.035 hectare having 0.0045 % sampling intensity.Thapa From theand calculation, K.C. the density of C.tamala was found to be 21%, 19%, 16% relative frequency respectively. 13171plants and its relative density was Relative Density of different species Regeneration55.34%.Since Stratum Sinkauli plants were found in all 14 quadrates, its frequency is 100% securing From 11.76%the calculation, relative density. the Thedensity growing of C.tamala stock of was foundall species to beis 23800 13171 m3 plantsper hectare and out its of relativewhich 20% Sinkauli Sinkauli occupies 13171 m3.The relative density density was 55.34%.Since Sinkauli plants were Tiju found andin allrelative 14 quadrates, frequencies itsof differentfrequency species is 100% are 6% shown as below. 55% Katus 5% securing 11.76% relative density. The growing Bakle stock of all species is 23800 m3 per hectare 14% Others out ofFrom which this Sinkauli figure, it occupiesis concluded 13171 that Sinkauli m3. The has the highest relative density of 55%where as relativeKatus density has least and (4%) relative density. frequencies The relative of B. Conversion factor of dry and fresh differentdensity species of Tiju, are Bakleshown and as Others below. are 14%, 6% weightRelative Frequency of different Species Here, the relative frequency of Sinkauli and Bakle is same i.e. 22%and 20% then respectively.Katus, Chilaune and others have 21%, 19%, From this figure, it is concluded that Sinkauli Twenty sample tree of different age class (7 yrs 16% relative frequency respectively. has theFrom highest the above relative figures, density in the oftwo 55%where different and 14 yrs ) and different diameter classes (5- 12% Regeneration Stratum as Katusstrata, has the relative least (4%)density relative of C. tamala density. in the pole The 10 cm and 10-15 cm) representing the Sinkauli whole For the regeneration stratum, 14 plots of 5mx5m were establishedrelativestrata densityand isregenerations 48.03% of Tiju, while of Bakleall itspecies is and 55.34% within Others that in sample theare condition of the forest 11%of particular VDCTiju were area were counted. The sample area was 0.035 hectare14%, having 6%regeneration 0.0045 and %20% sampling stratum. respectively. intensity.It is also From concluded the calculation, that Katus the density of C.tamala was found to be relative Frequency of C.tamala in pole stratum is chosen and56% felled to measure11% the fresh as well 13171plants and its relative density was Relativealmost double Density than of in different the regeneration species stratum. It as air dry weight of bark and foliage. TheirBakle total 55.34%.Since Sinkauli plants were found in all is due to the lack of proper thinning and cleaning height, diameter over bark10% (DOB) and diameterOthers 14 quadrates, its frequency is 100% securing of the forest. There was a thick pile of leaf litter 11.76% relative density. The growing stock of which might be preventing the seed from under bark (DUB) were recorded and debarked all species is 23800 m3 per hectare out of which regenerating.20% Eating of seed by the winterSinkauli and foliage was collected separately from Sinkauli occupies 13171 m3.The relative density migratory bird called as Hukus could be anotherTiju possiblesampled reason for trees. this situation. The fresh weight to air- dried and relative frequencies of different species are 6% shown as below. 55% Katus weight ratio of bark is 0.5210 and the fresh B.5%Conversion factor of dry and fresh weight Bakle weight to air-dried weight ratio of leaf is 0.5721. Twenty14% sample tree of different age class (7 Othersyrs and 14 yrs ) and different diameter classes (5-10 cm and 10-15 cm) From this figure, it is concluded that Sinkauli representing the whole condition of the forest of particularC. VDC wereSupply chosen condition and felled ofto measureBark the fresh as well has the highest relative density of 55%where as From asthe air dryabove weight figures, of bark anind thefoliage. two Their different total height, diameter over bark (DOB) and diameter3 under bark (DUB) Katus has least (4%) relative density. The relative From the total volume (0.3027m ) of the sample strata,were the recordedrelative and density debarked of and C. foliagetamala was in collected the separately from sampled trees. The fresh weight to air- dried density of Tiju, Bakle and Others are 14%, 6% Relativeweight ratio Frequency of bark is of 0.5210 different and Species the fresh weight to airtree,-dried air weight dry ratioweight of leaf of is bark0.5721. was 17.06 kg .It is and 20% respectively. pole strata is 48.03% while it is 55.34% in the equivalent to 845.391 kg from 15 m3 volume

From the above figures, in the two different regenerationC. Supply stratum. condition It is ofalso Bark concluded that of Sinkauli stand that was taken from the 98 12% strata, the relative density of C. tamala in the pole relativeFrom Frequency the total volumeof C.tamala (0.3027m3) in pole of the stratum Sinkauli sample tree,trees air drywith weight sampled of bark area was 0.14 17.06 ha. kg Since .It is equivalentthe total to m3 strata is 48.03% while it is 55.34% in the is almost845.391 double kg from 15than11% volume in theof Sinkauli regeneration standTiju that wasforest taken fromarea the was 98 trees7.72 with ha., sampled total amountarea 0.14ha. of Since bark the regeneration stratum. It is also concluded that stratum.total It forest is due area to was the 7.72 lack ha., of total proper amount thinning Katusof bark that is present in the forest is 4616.94 kg as the researcher has relative Frequency of C.tamala in pole stratum is assumed56% the average age11% of the stand to be 9.5yrs, the annualthat is increment present ofin the the stand forest is equal is 4616.94 to 87.06m3 kg furtheras the the Bakle almost double than in the regeneration stratum. It and cleaningresearcher of hasthe supposedforest. There to cut was 60% a of thick the average pile annualresearcher increment has ofassumed the Cinnamomum the average tamala age stand, of almostthe is due to the lack of proper thinning and cleaning of leaf52.24 litterm3 whichvolume mightof Sinkauli10% be preventing can be harvested theOthers seedannually. standHence tofrom be 52.24 9.5 m3yrs, of theSinkauli annual tree incrementvolume we can of extractthe of the forest. There was a thick pile of leaf litter from regenerating.2944.217 kg bark Eating annually. of seedLast year by the pricewinter of per standkg air driedis equal bark to was 87.06 Rs 8 0m. At3 further the same the price, researcher Rs 235520 which might be preventing the seed from could be earned annually from the bark only. As from the researches one tree of average age (9.5yrs) produces 8.53 regenerating. Eating of seed by the winter migratorykg bark bird so; calledabout 345 as treesHukus have could to be cutbe annuallyanother to obtainhas supposedthe harvestable to cutamount 60% of bark.of the average annual migratory bird called as Hukus could be another possible reason for this situation. possible reason for this situation. increment of the Cinnamomum tamala stand, 3 B. Conversion factor of dry and fresh weight almost 52.24 m volume of Sinkauli can be 3 Twenty sample tree of different age class (7 yrs and 14 yrs ) and different diameter classes (5-10 cm and 10-15 cm) harvested annually. Hence from 52.24 m of representing the whole condition of the forest of particular VDC were chosen and felled to measure the fresh as well Sinkauli tree volume we can extract 2944.217 as air dry weight of bark and foliage. Their total height, diameter over bark (DOB) and diameter under bark (DUB) were recorded and debarked and foliage was collected separately from sampled trees. The fresh weight to air- dried kg bark annually. Last year the price of per kg weight ratio of bark is 0.5210 and the fresh weight to air-dried weight ratio of leaf is 0.5721.

C. Supply condition of Bark From the total volume (0.3027m3) of the sample tree, air dry weight of bark was 17.06 kg .It is equivalent to 845.391 kg from 15m3 volume of Sinkauli stand that was taken from the 98 trees with sampled area 0.14ha. Since the total forest area was 7.72 ha., total amount of bark that is present in the forest is 4616.94 kg as the researcher has assumed the average age of the stand to be 9.5yrs, the annual increment of the stand is equal to 87.06m3 further the researcher has supposed to cut 60% of the average annual increment of the Cinnamomum tamala stand, almost 52.24m3 volume of Sinkauli can be harvested annually. Hence from 52.24m3 of Sinkauli tree volume we can extract 2944.217 kg bark annually. Last year the price of per kg air dried bark was Rs 80. At the same price, Rs 235520 could be earned annually from the bark only. As from the researches one tree of average age (9.5yrs) produces 8.53 kg bark so; about 345 trees have to be cut annually to obtain the harvestable amount of bark.

Management Practice of Cinnamomum tamala ... 61 air dried bark was Rs 80. At the same price, Rs to the whole population of this VDC, some 235520 could be earned annually from the bark people are not found to be interested about only. As from the researches one tree of average its cultivation .Those people, who are aware age (9.5 yrs) produces 8.53 kg bark so; about and are taking benefit from this species, are 345 trees have to be cut annually to obtain the bringing wildings from the forest and planting harvestable amount of bark. around the homestead and marginal (bare) D. Supply condition of Foliage land .They generally plant wildings during early monsoon period. According to them, From this study, 1m3 of volume of C.tamala this seemed to be a successful practice. There tree produces 46.11kg of air dried foliage. So, is no huge plantation area except natural stand from the total volume of 827.14m3 of Sinkauli .Now in some community forest like Jana Hit in the 7.72 ha, 38146.26 kg of leaves could be Paudhure Women Community Forest user group produced. As the researcher has assumed to cut and Saunepani Women Community forest user 60 % of the average annual increment, only, group have started to plant Sinkauli on bare land. 2408.78 kg of leaves can be extracted annually from the Sinkauli forest of this VDC that can E.3 SILVICULTURAL / TENDING earn at least Rs. 108390 at the rate of Rs 45 OPERATION (WEEDING, CLEANING, per kg. For this they have to cut 345 trees of an THINNING, PRUNING) average age annually. The Sinkauli forest is found to be dense and E. Indigenous management practice of less disturbed. Moreover most Sinkauli forests Cinnamomum tamala are private so, they are not conducting proper E.1 Nursery practice Silvicultural operations. In the forest area, pruning is natural due to closed canopy and so There has not been any commercial enterprise pole is taller than in the open land, while trees development program of Sinkauli leaves and of marginal land are branchy and less tall. They Dalchini, and there is no massive plantation felled the trees periodically according to their program of C. tamala. So, well managed and need. Cleaning and weeding of the stand is scientific nursery is not available in this VDC. totally absent. A small scale nursery has been established in Saunepani women community forest user group E.4 Harvesting of ward no. 9, with the support of DFO Syangja. a. Bark harvesting They have been collecting wildlings of Sinkauli Harvesting of C. tamala products is generally and raising seedlings of it and other tree species carried out in two periods i.e. during summer like, Neem, Bakaino, Ipil-Ipil, Lankuri, and (June-Sept.) and during winter season (Feb. - Badahar, but quality of Sinkauli plants were May) .The rational behind harvesting during this poor because of the lack of proper technical and period is that ease of extraction of bark from the financial support. Though, they have established stem. According to the users, the period when the nursery, different practices like irrigation, tender leaves (red) flourishes in the tree is the shading, care and maintenance of fences, appropriate time for extraction of bark. During weeding, cleaning etc, seemed to be poor. this period bark could be extracted from branches E.2 Plantation even smaller than finger size thereby yielding Due to the lack of proper awareness program more yields per tree. Harvesting of bark is less 62 Thapa and K.C. preferred during November to early February extraction. Some people equipped with knife or as extraction of bark is almost impossible in sickle climbs up the tree and extracts out bark up this period because the amount of latex is very to the accessible point by making equal pieces little and so the sapwood is attached with bark. of portable sizes, usually 1-2 feet, to transport If, this sapwood portion is mixed with the bark, to the market. So, sometime whole tree is it will be difficult to remove after drying. For debarked without felling but in this condition, bark harvesting, they simply girdle the tree at complete extraction of bark is not possible. To the felling portion and debark initially at that minimize loss of bark, it had better fell tree and portion. Then felling of tree is done by local axe. bark extraction. The researcher observed that, Once they felled the tree, they cut ring of bark the best practice is to remove the bark initially at an interval of 1-2 feet length with local sickle from the felling portion. Extraction of the barks and then debark longitudinally between the ring of remaining parts of tree is to be carried out portions. only after felling. With the help of knife, ring B. LEAF COLLECTION insertion is made along the length of stem or branch. Then making knife or sickle, movement Generally people do not collect leaves from the horizontally and vertically, the bark is released forest because there is very low price and there out from the stem. is little market at the local level .So, if they get demand, they collect the leaves by felling whole F PRICE AND MARKETING OF tree during the bark collection period. Only few THE PRODUCTS farmers are selling air dried leaves. They also There is no market at local level. Farmers have use the leaves of Sinkauli as fodder but not so to bring these products to High-way bazaar at frequently because there is a saying that if they Triashi or Rambachha. The farmers are less feed much to livestock, they become weaker. aware about the actual price of their products. E.5 TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES OF Pricing is mainly done by local contractors or HARVESTING road head traders namely Tuki (Ram Chandra Gurung) and a person from Terai community. The most frequently used tool for felling and The farmer told the researcher those 5-6 years trimming the tree is local axe. Sickles are used ago, they had sold bark @ Rs. 52-60 but later on, for cutting branches and separating foliage. the price has gone down sharply and last year, Bark extraction can be made by a small knife they had to sell their products only at Rs. 40 locally known as siyanhi but local sickles with local contractors ask them to fell and extract the sharp tip were used more frequently in the bark promising to give higher rate but once the bark extraction. For bark extraction, bark is farmers have felled and extracted the product, first checked whether it leaves off stem easily they told that the price has fallen down. by punching with sickle or not. If it releases sufficient latex from punched point, it is G DEMAND OF DALCHINI AND concluded that the tree is ready to harvest. If TEJPAT it doesn't release latex and seems dry it is an There are only 2-3 local contractors engaged indicator that the bark cannot be extracted. The in collection of the Sinkauli products and their presence of new reddish flush of shoots at the ultimate transportation station is Rambachha top of the tree also determines the time of bark where a road head trader called Tuki"(Ram Management Practice of Cinnamomum tamala ... 63 Chandra Gurung) used to collect and gather diarrhea and rheumatism. They are considered for transportation of Dalchini and sometimes hot and cardiac and are used with long pepper Tejpat were accumulated from other VDCs also. and honey in cough and cold. The leaf powder is According to him, he has been collecting 2-2.5 considered as distinct hypoglycemic action. Two quintals of its bark from this VDC only. He spoon full of powder is given to diabetic patient further added that "I could export any quantity of four times a day for one month accompanied by the products to India, if farmers could bring the controlled diet; significantly, reduce blood sugar products at my home". Since there is only one level and helps in release or manufacture of more person being licensed to transport and export insulin (Kirtikar et al, 1992) It is also given for from that area, there seems monopoly market. gonorrhea (Chaudhari and Kayal, n.d; cited in The collected products are exported to India from Kirtikar et al, 1992).In India, the leaves are also Butwal and Bhairahawa. The local people said employed in calico-printing in combination with that more and frequent use of Dalchini or Tejpat Myrobalans (Terminalia chebula) and Kamala by human or livestock causes weak to muscles (Mallotus philippensis).Leaf is bitter-sweetish and joints. So, most people only use Tejpat on in taste. It is also useful in scabies, diseases of Tea, Meat, Curry, and Pulaw and few have been the anus and rectum, piles, heart trouble. They using Dalchini as spices. While interviewing are good for lever and spleen treatment, sore with Tuki, about demand, it was found that eyes, stop salvation, stimulant and carminative, local farmers even bring barks of khaniu (Ficus find application in rheumatism, colic, diarrhea cunia) mixing with barks of Sinkauli so exporter and scorpion sting. deny giving high price. Again demand of thin Bark is useful in gonorrhea, decoction or barks from the branches and coppice shoots is powder in suppression of lochia after child birth high and their price is accordingly. with much benefit. It is used as spices in the H ETHNO-BOTANICAL USE Indian subcontinent. Its oil can be used as good remedy for flatulence, paralysis of the tongue, Alike with the character of species under enteralgia and cramps in the stomach and also Lauraceae family, the species contains ethereal useful in nausea and vomiting. It destroys the oil in the leaves and cortex of cells (Rendle, pathogenic bacilli and used internally in typhoid 1979) that enrich the plant with aromatic flavor fever. Volatile oil (2%), cinnamic acid, resin, thereby making bark and leaves possible be tannin, sugar, starch, mucilage, ash; are the used as spices and medicine. In Kashmir leaves major constituents of its bark. are used as substitute for pan or betel leaves. It takes in Indian cookery the place of bay leaves CONCLUSIONS in Europe. The eugeonal rich oil is used in From the above analysis and discussion, it can place of clove oil in dentifrice and tooth ache. be concluded that Air-dry bark weight to fresh The leaf oil is used in perfumery. The oil shows bark weight ratio is found to be 0.5210. An air- antibacterial activity, the leaves also contains dry foliage weight to fresh foliage weight ratio 3,4,5,7 tetrahydroxy flavones, kaempferol-3-0, is found to be 0.5721.Bark harvesting is done glucopyranocide, kaempferol-3-0sophoroside, in summer season because of ease of extraction kaempferol 3, 7-di-orhampnopyranoside and of bark. Axe, local and indigenous knife were quercetin 3-orutinoside (Kirtikar et al. 1992). used locally for harvesting of the bark and leaf Leaves are carminative and are used in colic, collection. Farmers are less aware about the 64 Thapa and K.C. importance and market price of the Dalchini and forest dependent poor people: Tejpat. No proper silvicultural operations are  Improve policy to facilitate speedy hand carried out and no scientific forest management over of even the larger areas of forest and system is applied. As there is almost absence of pasture to local user groups. Sinkauli plants in the National and community  Identify and cultivate potential tradable forests, proper protection seems needed. Stool species to reduce the growing pressure on coppice system is found to be more beneficial CF for collection and trade of Sinkauli, from the production as well as market value of Siltimur, and Timur. the Sinkauli barks (Dalchini) production. Though  Conduct participatory scientific researches 52 trees were selected as seed tree within the to integrate indigenous as well as scientific VDC area, the farmers could not produce seeds knowledge regarding life cycle, ecological that could be collected, because of the influence requirement, regeneration and ethno of winter migratory bird called as Hukus which botanical uses. eat seeds. According to the questionnaire survey  Establish and strengthen collectors' and direct field observation, there is no insect and cooperative so that the quantity of Dalchini pest damage found to the Sinkauli stands. Well and Tejpat collection will be high and managed Nursery for sufficient plant production consequently the bargaining power of the is lacking as it could be an alternative source of cooperative will be increased. income for the rural people. To date, the District  Develop monitoring systems at both DFO Forest Office has not been able to generate and FUG/ UG levels. Monitoring during and revenue from the transportation and exporting after harvesting should be done carefully by of the Dalchini and Tejpat. FUG s or collector's association, as well as Based on the findings, awareness program by DFO and facilitating NGOs to motivate the local people for commercial REFERENCES plantation of Sinkauli should be strengthened. Good and dynamic market channel must be Arnold, J.E.M. and M.R. Pierz, (1996): Farming established for which government and other line issues relating to Non- Timber Forest agencies should support technically as well as Products Research. Workshop proceeding , financially to establish bark and leaf processing CIFOR, Indonesia. units at the local level. Nursery establishment Edward, D.M, (1996): Non-Timber forest and seedling distribution must be done at local product, from Nepal. level. If cleaning and thinning operation is Gautam, K. and N. N. Devon (2002). Journal of carried out and unwanted (7%) miscellaneous forest and livelihood, Action Aid, Nepal. species are removed from the forest and proper GON, (1977): National forestry plan. Ministry operation is done in favor of the desired species, of forest and soil conservation, Kathmandu, the density of C. tamala seemed to be increased. Nepal. GON, (1988): Forest law and Bylaws. Ministry Sustainable management options and of forest and soil conservation, Kathmandu, strategies Nepal. Following strategies are suggested to improve GON, (1988): Master plan for the forestry sustainable management of Cinnamomum sector Nepal. Ministry of forest and soil tamala in a way that enhances livelihoods of the conservation, Kathmandu, Nepal Management Practice of Cinnamomum tamala ... 65 GON/MFSC, (2002): Nepal Biodiversity Pokhrel, S.K, (1993). Floristic composition, Strategy. Government of Nepal. Biomass production and Biomass harvest in GON-DFRS, (1999): Forest Resources of the grassland of Royal Bardia National Park, Nepal (1987- 1998) publication no. 74. Nepal. Msc. Thesis. Agricultural university Department of Forest Research and Survey of Norway. and Forest Resource Information System Rijal, G, (2001). An assessment of harvesting Project, Government of Finland, Embassy system of cinnamum tamala in Koldanda of Finland Kathmandu. Nepal. VDC of Palpa district. Thesis submitted for Jackson, J.K, (1994). Manual of Afforestation the partial fulfillment of Bachelors degree in in Nepal volume-2.Nepal- UK Forestry Institute of Forestry. Pokhara Nepal. Research Project, Kathmandu , Nepal. Robert, L.S, (1980). Ecology and Field Biology, Khanal, G. (1997). Management Plan for a Harper and Row Publisher, N. York Community Forest of Tanhun District. Sharma, R. and P. Nath, (1997). Biomass studies. (Research report). Field method for monitoring Biomass. Krebs, C.J, (1978). Ecology; The experimental Oxford and IBH publishing com. Pvt. Ltd. analysis of distribution and abundance. New Delhi. Second edition. Harper and Row, Publishers. Tamrakar, P.R and D.J. Danbury, (1997) Ojha, H.R, (2002). Current Policy Issues in Silviculture by Rural People in the mid-hills NTFP Development in Nepal, Proceeding of Nepal, Banko Janakari 7(2): 9-16 of third regional SEANN workshop on community based NTFP management, OF/ ITTO Pokhara. (Received 17 July 2017, revised accepted 04 Sept 2017)