Ethnoveterinary Plants of Uttaranchal — a Review
Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge Vol. 6(3), July 2007, pp. 444-458
Ethnoveterinary plants of Uttaranchal — A review
PC Pande1*, Lalit Tiwari1 & HC Pande2 1Department of Botany, Kumaon University, SSJ Campus, Almora 263 601, Uttaranchal 2Botanical Survey of India (NC), Dehradun, Uttaranchal E-mail: [email protected] Received 21 December 2004; revised 7 February 2007
The study reveals that the people of the Uttaranchal state use 364 plants species in ethnoveterinary practices. Bhotiyas, Boxas, Tharus, Jaunsaris and Rhajis are the tribal groups inhabiting in Uttaranchal. Analysis of data indicates that information on 163 plants is significant as it provides some new information of the ethnoveterinary uses. The study is expected to provide basic data for further studies aimed at conservation of traditional medicine and economic welfare of rural people at the study area. Keywords: Ethnoveterinary practices, Medicinal plants, Uttaranchal, Review IPC Int. Cl.8: A61K36/00, A61P1/00, A61P1/02, A61P1/04, A61P1/10, A61P1/16, A61P17/00, A61P19/00, A61P25/00, A61P27/00, A61P39/02
Uttaranchal state lies between 28°42′ to 31°28′N; medicinal knowledge of the state. Keeping this in 77°35′ to 81°05′E and comprise of 13 districts of the view, an attempt has been made to explore and Central Himalayas. The major part of this region is compile the exhaustive knowledge of plants used in mountainous. The region covers about 38,000 sq km veterinary practices. In all, 364 plant species were and comprises of 3 border districts, namely recorded from the Uttaranchal, which are used by the Pithoragarh, Chamoli and Uttarkashi; 7 inner districts: people for various veterinary diseases and disorders. Almora, Nainital, Bageshwar, Champawat, Pauri, The main aim of the study is to document the Tehri, Rudraprayag, Dehradun, Udham Singh Nagar knowledge and to stimulate further research including and Hardwar. This region is gifted with a variety of conservation of ethnoveterinary plants of the region. climatic zones, e.g. sub-tropical and sub-temperate in the high valleys; temperate in between 1,000-2,800 m Methodology and alpine above 2,800 m. In the state, 5 tribal groups The study is based on the field survey and are found, namely Bhotiyas, Boxas, Tharus, Jaunsaris published literature on medicinal plants of 1-4,7-29 and Rhajis. The population is about 85,00,000 (2001 Uttaranchal . Remote villages of Uttaranchal Census), out of which 75% live in remote rural areas. state were surveyed in 1999-2003 and ethnoveterinary The rural population of the state largely depends on information were collected by interviewing local natural resources for their basic needs. medicimen and experienced people (Table 1). The In recent time, there has been marked shift towards surveyed districts were Almora, Pithoragarh, Nainital, herbal cures because of the pronounced cumulative Bageshwar, Champawat, Chamoli, Uttarkashi, Tehri, and irreversible reaction of modern drugs. The people Pauri, Rudraprayag and hilly area of Dehradun. of the state are utilizing or practicing many ancient Statistical analysis of families and genera with larger traditional methods of healing for their domestic share; number of plants, plant parts, plant products animals. Large quantities of these plants are also used used in ethnoveterinary practices; potential value of in the preparation of drugs. However, due over ethnoveterinary plants and threatened ethnoveterinary population, urbanization and continuous exploitation plants of Uttaranchal state are also given. of these herbal reserves, the natural resources along with their related traditional knowledge are depleting Results day by day. Therefore, there is an urgent need of In all, 364 plants are used in ethnoveterinary systematic documentation of biota related traditional practices belonging to 107 families. Family ______Asteraceae ranks at the top having 23 ethnoveterinary *Corresponding author plant species (Fig. 1), followed by Fabaceae (22 spp), PANDE et al.: ETHNOVETERINARY PLANTS OF UTTARANCHAL 445
Table1 — List of ethnoveterinary plants of Uttaranchal Himalaya
Plant name Uses Acacia catechu (L.f.) Willd. Foot diseases, bone fracture, internal injury, dysentery, diarrhoea, wounds, and urinary troubles. Acacia nilotica (L.) Delile Foot diseases, leaf causes food poisoning. Achyranthes aspera L. Dog bite, glactagogue. Aconitum balfouri Stapf. To check incense, swelling. Aconitum heterophyllum Wall. ex Royle Intestinal worm, fever, stomachache, dysentery, diarrhoea. Acorus calamus L. Remove external and internal parasites, hoof diseases, mouth blisters, snakebite, haematuria, and wounds. Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa External parasites. Aesculus indica (Colebr. ex Cambess.) Hook. Stomach disorders, colic, internal parasites, stomachic in horses. Agave americana L. Bone fracture, broken horn, and external parasites. Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb. Sores, wounds, blood purifier. Ajuga bracteosa Wall. ex Benth. var. bracteosa Wall. Mouth blisters, skin diseases, internal parasites, indigestion, vomiting, wounds, and cataract. Allium cepa L. Foot & mouth diseases, intestinal worms, dysentery, diarrhoea, mange, eczema, scabies, constipation, indigestion, during the food poisoning, arthritis, mouth blisters. Allium sativum L. Foot & mouth diseases, skin infection, itching, pruritis, ricket, snakebite, food poisoning, tympany, rheumatism, stomachic, arthritis, gastric troubles, ranikhet disease, fowl coryza in hen, chronic respiratory disease in hen, intestinal worm in hen. Allium wallichii Kunth. Leech remover. Alnus nepalensis D.Don Strength. Aloe barbadensis Mill. Induced fertility, burn, bone fracture, sterility. Amaranthus caudatus L. Cough, skin diseases, dysentery, lactation, haemachuria. Amaranthus spinosus L. Dog bite. Amaranthus sp. Bone fracture, wounds. Ampelocissus latifolia (Roxb.) Planch. Cataract, snakebite, flatulence, tympany. Ampelocissus rugosa (Wall.) Planch. Lactation. Anagallis arvensis L. To expel the leeches. Anaphalis triplinervis (Sims.) C.B. Clarke Foot & mouth diseases. Anemone obtusiloba D. Don Nasal troubles. Anemone vitifolia Buch.-Ham. ex DC. Broken horn, wounds. Anethum graveolens L. Reported as veterinary medicinal plant. Angelica glauca Edgew. Painful muscular growth below tongue, internal injury, indigestion, gastric troubles, loss of appetite, anorexia, food poisoning. Annona squamosa L. To destroy maggots. Areca catechu L. Internal parasites. Arisaema intermedium Blume Sores, diarrhoea, dysentery. Artemisia elegantissima Pamp. Diarrhoea, dysentery, sunstroke, retention of placenta, wounds. Artemisia japonica Thunb. Internal parasites, round worm. Artemisia maritima L. Loss of appetite, indigestion, sunstroke. Artemisia nilagirica (C.B. Clarke) Pamp. Urinary troubles, internal parasites, lockjaw (tetanus). Artemisia roxburghiana Wall. ex Bess. Eye diseases, wounds, cuts, and external parasites. Artemisia sacrorum Ledeb. Hair tonic for horses. Asparagus adscendens Roxb. Haematuria, contusions, indigestion, skin diseases. Asparagus capitatus Backer Haemachuria. Asparagus curillus Buch.-Ham. ex Roxb Lactation, iindigestion, gastric troubles. Asparagus filicinus Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don. Indigestion, gastric troubles. Asparagus racemosus Willd. Painful outgrowth below tongue, haemachuria, cooling effects, lactation, tympany, flatulence, cuts, wounds, demulcent, indigestion, gastric troubles, skin diseases, chhiparh*. Asplenium dalhousiae Hook. Mastitis Atylosia sacarabaeoides Benth. Diarrhoea, dysentery. Azadirachta indica A. Juss. Retention of urine, broken horn, burn, mange, tympany, indigestion, snakebite, foot & mouth diseases, lockjaw (tetanus). Barleria cristata L. Wounds Bauhinia vahlii Wight & Arnott. Hoof diseases, boils, pimples, carbuncle, post-calving care.
Contd — 446 INDIAN J TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE, VOL 6, No. 3, JULY 2007
Table1 — List of ethnoveterinary plants of Uttaranchal Himalaya — Contd
Plant name Uses Bauhinia variegata L. Internal injury. Begonia roxburghii (Miq.) DC. Expelling leach. Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn. Eczema, skin irritation, induced fertility. Berberis aristata DC. Neck sore, yolk sore, sunstroke, wounds, food poisoning. Berberis asiatica Roxb. ex DC. Fever, dehydration, indigestion, eye diseases, tonic, food poisoning, neck sore, yolk sore, sunstroke, wounds, flatulence, tympany. Berberis chitria Edwards Conjunctivitis Berberis petiolaris Wall. ex G. Don Eye diseases, conjunctivitis. Bergenia ciliata (Royle) Raizada Lactation, intestinal worm, mastitis, haemachuria, hydrophobia. Bergenia ligulata (Wall.) Engler Bone fracture, skin diseases, wounds. Betula alnoides Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don. Cuts, worm infested wounds. Betula utilis D. Don Internal injuries, cough, dysentery, painful outgrowth below tongue, wounds, cuts, alimentary disorders. Boehmeria macrophylla Hornem. Bone fracture, giddiness or insanity. Boenninghausenia albiflora (Hook.) Meisn. External parasites. Bombax ceiba L. Skin diseases, mastitis, external parasites, foot & mouth diseases, pimple, boil, broken horn, bone fracture, constipation, paralysis, flatulence, tympany. Boschniakia himalaica Hook. f. & Thoms. ex Hook. f. Cuts, wounds, broken horn. Brassica campestris L. Dysentery, skin diseases, broken horn, eczema, itching, dog bite, constipation, during the food poisoning, neck sore, tympany, flatulence, external parasites, yolk sore, stomachache, hoof diseases, burn, cuts, bone fracture, mouth blisters, virginal swelling, indigestion, tetanus, tonsilities in hen Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. & Coss. subsp. integrifolia Internal parasites. (West) Thel Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. & Coss. subsp. juncea (L.) Stomachic, retention of placenta. Czern. & Coss. Brassica napus L. var. napus L. Digestive disorders, loss of appetite. Buddleja asiatica Lour. Itching, pimples. Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub. Boils, pimples, carbuncle. Buxus wallichiana Baill. Bone fracture. Calotropis procera (Ait.) R. Br. Paraplegia, arthritis. Caltha palustris L. Worm infested sores, broken horn. Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze Food poisoning. Canna indica L. Skin diseases, fever, internal parasites, tympany, flatulence, snakebite, wounds, stomachache, and sprain. Cannabis sativa L. Stomachache, mouth diseases, dysentery, rheumatism, piles, retention of placenta, eczema, internal injury, sprain, flatulence, indigestion, bone fracture, wounds, check bleeding, expel leeches. Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik. Skin disease. Capsicum annuum L. Dog bite, wounds, foot, mouth & skin diseases, eczema, scabies, diarrhoea, swelling in throat, burn, sunstroke, hoof diseases, neck sore, paralysis, internal parasites, lockjaw (tetanus), chhiparh*. Cardamine impatiens L. Nervous diseases. Carissa congesta Wight Foot & mouth diseases. Carissa opaca Stapf. ex Haines Foot & mouth diseases, sore. Carissa spinarum L. Foot & mouth diseases. Carpinus viminea Wall. Bone fracture, pimples, wounds. Carum carvi L. Digestive & gastric troubles, skin disease, fever, dehydration, mouth infection. Caryopteris bicolor (Hardw.) Mabberley Mouth blisters Caryopteris odorata (D.Don) Robinson Bone fracture Cassia absus L. Urinary troubles Cassia fistula L. Constipation, food poisoning. Catunaregam spinosa (Thunb.) Tirvengadum Reported as veterinary medicinal plant. Catunaregam uliginosa (Retz.) Sivarajan Lockjaw (tetanus). Cedrus deodara (Roxb.) Loud. Hoof & skin diseases, external parasites, scabies, broken horn.
Contd — PANDE et al.: ETHNOVETERINARY PLANTS OF UTTARANCHAL 447
Table1 — List of ethnoveterinary plants of Uttaranchal Himalaya — Contd
Plant name Uses Centella asiatica (L.) Urban Fever, sunstroke. Cheilanthes spp. Wounds Chenopodium album L. Cuts, wounds, sores, smooth delivery, haematuria. Chenopodium ambrosioides L. Hoof diseases. Chrysopogon gryllus (L.) Trin. Paralysis Cicer arietinum L. Mouth & skin diseases, itching, pruritis, internal parasites, lactation, eczema, scabies, strength, regulate fertility. Cinnamomum camphora Nees Broken horn, wounds, foot & mouth diseases. Cinnamomum tamala Nees ex Eberm. Broken horn, neck sore, yolk sore, tetanus. Cirsium verutum (D.Don) Sprenge. Chest pain, respiratory troubles, wounds, sores, haemachuria. Cirsium wallichii DC. Eye diseases, sunstroke, lactation, and haematuria. Cissampelos pareira L. Fever Citrus hystrix DC. Food poisoning. Citrus limon (L.) Burm.f. Fever, dehydration, food poisoning, tonsil, mouth blisters, skin infection, cough, dryness, problem in milching, indigestion, throat infection, burn, paralysis, external parasites, diarrhoea, blot, impaction, tympany, constipation, enlargement of papillae, stomachache, sterility, lockjaw (tetanus), chhiparh*, pan-jibarh*. Clematis nepaulensis DC. Lactation Cocculus laurifolius DC. Lice and kilns killer. Cocos nucifera L. Burn, eczema. Coelogyne cristata Lindl. Bone fracture, internal injury, sprain, and muscular pull. Coix lacryma-jobi L. Flatulance, tympany. Colebrookea oppositifolia Sm. Cataract, bone fracture, mouth blisters, leaches in nose. Coleus barbatus (Andr.) Benth. Skin diseases Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott Induced fertility, neck sore, yolk sore, skin diseases, chhiparh*. Coriandrum sativum L. Fever, dehydration, dysentery, diarrhoea, food poisoning, constipation, indigestion, chickenpox, impaction, tympany, haematuria, retention of urine, giddiness or insanity, flatulence, tympany. Corydalis cornuta Royle Wounded shoulders of oxen. Costus speciosus (Koen. ex Retz.) Sm. Internal injuries. Crateva magna (Lour.) DC. Lockjaw (tetanus). Crotalaria juncea L. Induced fertility. Cryptolepis buchanani Roem. & Schult. Lactation. Cucumis hardwickii Royle Intestinal worm. Cucumis melo L. var. ultissimus Duth. & Full. Continual release of urine, heat stroke, indigestion, continuous discharge of urine. Cucumis sativus L. Inducing heat, diarrhoea, fever, food poisoning, tympany, and heat stroke. Cucurbita maxima Duch. ex Lam. Ear diseases, conjunctivitis, diarrhoea, haematuria, mastitis, eczema, mange, scabies. Cuminum cyminum L. Constipation, anorexia, loss of appetite, diarrhoea in hen, indigestion. Curcuma angustifolia Roxb. Wounds, bone fracture. Curcuma domestica Vallars External and internal injury, inflammation of urine system, alimentary disorders, painful muscular growth below tongue, contusion, mastitis, shoulder swelling, mouth blisters, neck sore, yolk sore, wounds, sprains, skin & eye diseases, lactation, external parasites, pregnancy, burn, bone fracture, heat strokes, hoof diseases, indigestion, cracked nipple, haematuria, broken horn, constipation, gastric troubles, stomachic, anorexia, loss of appetite, paraplegia, pneumonia, clotting of blood, during retention of placenta, lockjaw (tetanus). Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. Bone fracture, lockjaw (tetanus). Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. Mastitis, gastric troubles, internal injury, sprains, bone fracture, food poisoning, sunstroke, sprain, broken horn, clotting of blood. Cynoglossum wallichii G. Don var. glochidiatum Wall. Check bleeding. ex Benth. Cynoglossum zeylanicum (Vahl. ex Hornem.) Thunb. Wounds. ex Lehm. Cyperus pangorei Rottb. Tympany, gastric troubles.
Contd — 448 INDIAN J TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE, VOL 6, No. 3, JULY 2007
Table1 — List of ethnoveterinary plants of Uttaranchal Himalaya — Contd
Plant name Uses Cyperus rotundus L. Flatulence, tympany. Dactylorhiza hatagirea (D.Don) Soo. Wounds. Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. Haematuria. Datura fastuosa L. Rheumatism. Datura innoxia Mill. During the food poisoning. Debregeasia longifolia (Burm. f.) Wedd. Bone fracture, lactation. Debregeasia salicifolia (D. Don.) Rendle Bone fracture, pimple, boils, carbuncle. Delphinium denudatum Wall. ex Hook.f. & Thoms. Reported as veterinary medicinal plant. Dendrobium amoenum Wall. ex Lindl. Bone fracture. Dendrocalamus strictus (Roxb.) Nees Strength after delivery, bone fracture, cough, pneumonia, chronic respiratory disease in hen. Dendrophthoe falcata (L. f.) Etting. Lactation, rheumatism. Dicliptera bupleuroides Nees Eye diseases. Dioscorea belophylla Voigh. Dermatitis. Dioscorea bulbifera L. Ear diseases, pimple, boil. Dioscorea kumoonensis Kunth. Sunstroke. Drimia indica (Roxb.) Jessop. Bone fracture, shoulder wounds of oxen, eye injury, dermatitis. Drymaria cordata (L.) Willd. ex Roem. & Schult. Skin diseases. Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) P. Beauv. Lactation, strength, skin irritation. Echinochloa frumentacea (Roxb.) Link Bone fracture, infertility, diarrhoea, mouth blisters, strength, and lactation. Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. Wounds. Elaeagnus parvifolia Wall. ex Royle Eye diseases. Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton. Dysentery, diarrhoea in hen. Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn. Foot & mouth diseases, skin irritation, dermatitis, dysentery, mouth blisters, strength, haematuria, infertility, chhiparh*. Erythrina arborescens Roxb. Eye diseases. Eulaliopsis binata (Retz.) C.E. Hubb. Papillae, internal injury. Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng. Cuts, wounds. Euphorbia heterophylla L. Lactation. Euphorbia pilosa L. Cuts, wounds, sores. Euphorbia royleana Boiss. Eye diseases. Fagopyrum esculentum (L.) Moench. Internal injuries, mouth & hoof diseases, lactation. Ferula asafetida L. Neck sore, yolk sore, paralysis, blot, tympany, flatulence, mastitis, mange, internal parasites, indigestion, gastric troubles, abdominal swelling, paraplegia, ranikhet disease. Ficus auriculata Lour. Strength after delivery, lactation, prolepses of uterus. Ficus benghalensis L. Reported as veterinary medicinal plant. Ficus lucescens Blume Reported as veterinary medicinal plant. Ficus palmata Forssk. Wounds, increase lactation. Ficus racemosa L. Render-pest. Ficus religiosa L. Eye diseases, retention of placenta, paraplegia, stomachic, pan-jibarh*. Ficus sarmentosa Buch.-Ham. ex Sm. Bone fracture, lactation. Ficus semicordata Buch.-Ham. ex Sm. Retention of placenta. Filipendula vestita (Wall. ex G.Don) Maxim. Worm infested wounds, stomach disorders. Flemingia fruticulosa Wall. ex Benth. Mouth blisters. Foeniculum vulgare Mill. Diarrhoea, dysentery, indigestion, foot & mouth diseases, paraplegia, stomachache. Fragaria nubicola Lindl. ex Lacaita External parasites. Fumaria indica (Haussk.) Pugsley Skin diseases, liver disorders. Galinsoga ciliata (Raf.) Blake Eye diseases. Galinsoga parviflora Cav. Eye diseases, wounds. Geastrum mammosum Chev. Cuts, burns. Geranium ocellatum Cambess. Kidney diseases. Geranium pratense L Fever, urinary troubles. Geranium wallichianum D.Don. ex Sweet. Bone fracture. Girardinia diversifolia (Link) Fries. Bone fracture, smooth delivery. Globba recemosa Sm. Skin disease.
Contd — PANDE et al.: ETHNOVETERINARY PLANTS OF UTTARANCHAL 449
Table1 — List of ethnoveterinary plants of Uttaranchal Himalaya — Contd
Plant name Uses Glycine max (L.) Merr. Mouth disease, dysentery, diarrhoea, post calving care, lactation, mastitis, skin diseases, strength, retention of placenta, tympany, flatulence, eczema, scabies, indigestion, gastric troubles, giddiness or insanity, chhiparh*. Glycine soja Sieb. Lactation, skin diseases, strength, scabies, chhiparh*. Glycyrrhiza glabra L. Chronic respiratory disease in hen, hoof diseases. Gossypium sp. Retention of placenta. Grewia optiva J.R. Dumm. ex Burrett Bone fracture, indigestion, tonsils, pregnancy, throat infection, constipation, lactation, sprains, lactation, strength, dysentery, and diarrhoea. Gymnadenia orchidis Lindl. Cuts, wounds. Hedychium spicatum Buch.-Ham. ex Sm. Expel of foetus, stomach disorders, fever, general debility, and contusion. Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R. Br. Reported as veterinary medicinal plant. Hippophae salicifolia D. Don Indigestion. Holarrhena antidysenterica Wall. ex A. DC. Reported as veterinary medicinal plant. Hordeum vulgare L. Anaemia, post-calving care, itching, haematuria, strength, dysentery, skin diseases, heat stroke, cough, regulate fertility, lactation, chhiparh*. Hypericum oblongifolium Choisy Cough, cold, wounds. Impatiens balsamina L. Haematuria. Indigofera spp. Mouth blisters. Ixeris sagittarioides (C.B. Clarke) Stebb. Snakebite. Jasminum sambac (L.) Ait. Reported as veterinary medicinal plant. Juglans regia L. During retention of placenta, hoof diseases, bone fracture, broken horn, eye diseases, impaction, tympany. Lagenaria siceriaria (Molina) Standl. Heat stroke. Lannea coromandelica (Houtt.) Merr. Bone fracture. Lantana camara L. Wounds, causes poisoning. Lathyrus spp. Burns. Lawsonia inermis L. Haematuria. Leea asiatica (L.) Ridsdale Eye diseases, redness in eye. Lens culinaris Medik. Remove sterility, broken horn. Leucas lanata Benth. Boils, pimples, carbuncle. Linum usitatissimum L. Dysentery, cold, cough, tonic. Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) Robinson. Stomach disorders, bone fracture. Litsea monopetala (Roxb.) Pers. Bone fracture. Luisia trichorhiza (Hook.) Blume Bone fracture. Lyonia ovalifolia (Wall.) Drude Scabies, mastitis, leaf causes food poisoning. Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.) Verdc. Diarrhoea. Mangifera indica L. Eye diseases, foot & mouth diseases, during food poisoning. Megacarpaea polyandra Benth. General debility. Melia azedarach L. Skin infection, ricket. Melilotus alba Medik. ex Desr. Stomachache, indigestion. Melothria heterophylla (Lour.) Cogn. Pimple, boil. Mentha arvensis L. Haematuria, tympany, constipation, fever, dysentery, diarrhoea. Mentha piperita L. Dryness, dysentery, haematuria. Micromeria biflora (Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don) Benth. Worm infested wounds, shoulder wounds, lockjaw (tetanus). Millettia extensa (Benth.) Benth. ex Baker Sore. Mirabilis jalapa L. Neck sore. Momordica charantia L. Tympany, gastric troubles. Morina longifolia Wall. ex DC. Worm infected wounds. Morus alba L. Mastitis. Musa paradisiaca L. Anaemia, indigestion, gastric troubles, mastitis, lactation, haematuria, eczema, scabies, sunstroke, tympany, flatulence, diarrhoea, prolepses of uterus, heat stroke, post-calving care, snakebite, food poisoning, induced fertility, giddiness or insanity, flatulence, tympany. Myrica esculenta Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don Retention of placenta, bone fracture. Myrsine semiserrata Wall. Diarrhoea, dysentery. Neolitsea pallens (D. Don) Momiyana & Hara Worm infected wounds, shoulder wounds, lice killer. Neolitsea umbrosa (Nees) Gamble External parasites.
Contd — 450 INDIAN J TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE, VOL 6, No. 3, JULY 2007
Table1 — List of ethnoveterinary plants of Uttaranchal Himalaya — Contd
Plant name Uses Nicotiana tabacum L. Expel the leeches, stomachic, intestinal worm in hen, hoof diseases, remove external and internal parasites, wounds, eczema, mange, scabies, snout blister. Ocimum basilicum L. Abscess. Ocimum tenuiflorum L. Constipation, wounds. Oenothera rosea Ait. Scabies, carbuncles, pimples. Opuntia stricta (Haw.) Haw. Lactation. Opuntia vulgaris Mill. Foot & mouth diseases. Origanum vulgare L. Relieving diarrhoea, dysentery. Oroxylum indicum (L.) Venten Skin diseases, haematuria, back-sore in horses, abdominal swelling, and dermatitis. Oryza sativa L. Post-calving care, pregnancy, retention of placenta, strength, neck sore, bone fracture, sprains, skin diseases, mastitis, haematuria, lactation, cough, lockjaw (tetanus), chhiparh*. Oxalis acetosella L. Cataract. Oxalis corniculata L. Carbuncle, pimple, swelling, mastitis, impaction, tympany, eye diseases, cataract, giddiness or insanity. Oxalis dehradunensis Raizada Swelling. Paeonia emodi Wall. ex Royle Korea, pangi, jalodar, pabeebat. Parietaria micrantha Ledeb. Cooling effects. Paris polyphylla Sm. Fever, stomach disorders, shoulder wounds of oxen. Parthenocissus semicordata (Wall.) Planch. Bone fracture, eye disorders, lactation, sprain, and retention of placenta. Pedicularis hoffmeisteri Klotzsch & Garcke Flatulence, stomach disorders. Peperomia tetraphylla (Forster f.) Hook. & Arn. Skin diseases. Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt. Skin diseases, mouth blisters. Phoenix humilis Royle ex Becc. Lactation. Phyllanthus emblica L. Chicken pox, internal parasites, dyspepsia, diarrhoea, eye diseases, alimentary disorders. Picrorhiza kurrooa Royle ex Benth. Digestive troubles, dysentery, alimentary disorders, intestinal worm, tonsil, diarrhoea. Pimpinella diversifolia DC. Lactation, indigestion, stomachic. Pinus roxburghii Sarg. Bone fracture, sprains, foot & mouth diseases, burns, internal injury, external parasites, broken horn, diarrhoea, broken horn indigestion, gastric troubles, itching, rheumatism, food poisoning, pimples. Pinus wallichiana A.B. Jackson Bone fracture. Piper longum L. Internal injury, contusion, bruises, wounds. Piper nigrum L. Constipation, diarrhoea, hoof diseases, mastitis, internal parasites, haematuria, snakebite, continuous discharge of urine, skin diseases, food poisoning, piles, blot, dysentery, pimples, indigestion, tympany, anorexia, loss of appetite, pneumonia. Plantago ovata Forssk. Chickenpox, internal parasites. Plumbago zeylanica L. Constipation. Podophyllum hexandrum Royle Hoof diseases. Populus ciliata Wall. Tonic, stimulant. Potentilla atrisanguinea Lodd. Stomach disorders. Potentilla eriocarpa Wall. Diarrhoea, blood diseases, abortion. Potentilla fulgens Wall. ex Hook. f. To regulate the fertility in female cattle. Premna barbata Wall. ex Schauer Throat infection. Premna latifolia Roxb. var. mucronata (Roxb.) C. B. Colic. Clarke Prinsepia utilis Royle Mastitis, external parasites, indigestion, gastric troubles, paralysis. Prunella frutescens (L.) Britt. Skin diseases, abdominal swelling. Prunus armeniaca L. Gastric troubles, stomachache, strength, mouth blisters, external parasites. Prunus cerasoides D.Don Bone fracture, painful outgrowth below tongue, burn, indigestion, fever, foot & mouth diseases. Prunus persica (L.) Betsch. Hoof diseases, constipation, skin diseases, eczema, scabies, tympany, flatulence, wounds, external and internal parasites, intestinal worms in hen. Pueraria tuberosa (Roxb. ex Willd.) DC. Strength after delivery.
Contd — PANDE et al.: ETHNOVETERINARY PLANTS OF UTTARANCHAL 451
Table1 — List of ethnoveterinary plants of Uttaranchal Himalaya — Contd
Plant name Uses Punica granatum L. Fever, dehydration, indigestion, gastric troubles, tonic, internal parasites, burns, paralysis, flatulence, tympany. Pyracantha crenulata (D.Don.) M. Roem. Burns. Pyrus pashia Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don. Eye diseases, cataract, eye injuries, bone fracture. Quercus floribunda Rehder Lactation. Quercus leucotrichophora A. Camus Mastitis, bone fracture, increase lactation, neck sore, yolk sore, external parasites, carbuncles, food poisoning, pimples, constipation, foot & mouth disease, broken horn, sprain, lactation, internal injury, dermatitis, sprains. Quercus semecarpifolia Sm. Increase lactation, neck sore, yolk sore, external parasites, carbuncles, food poisoning, pimples, constipation, mastitis, bone fracture. Qurecus glauca Thunb. Lactation. Ranunculus laetus Wall. ex D. Don Tympany. Raphanus sativus L. Food poisoning, tympany, dysentery, diarrhoea, anorexia, loss of appetite, yellowing of egg in hen. Reinwardtia indica Dumort. Wounds, cuts, boils, pimples, carbuncle. Rhamnus virgatus Roxb. Swelling. Rheum australe D.Don Alimentary disorders, cuts, wounds, bone fracture, indigestion, cough, dysentery, haemachuria, eye diseases, skin diseases, sprain, constipation, mastitis, hoof diseases, internal injury, broken horn. Rhododendron arboreum Sm. External parasites. Rhododendron campanulatum D. Don Causes poisoning in goats. Rhus punjabensis Stewart ex Brand. Food poisoning. Ribes grossularia L. Check abortion. Ricinus communis L. Constipation, rheumatism, dysentery, sprains. Rosa brunonii Lindl. Diarrhoea, abortion. Rosa sp. Burns, diarrhoea in hen. Roylea cinerea (D.Don.) Baillon External parasites, flatulence, tympany. Rubia manjith Roxb. ex Fleming Lactation, oesophagus blocked due to swelling, sunstroke, skin diseases. Rubus ellipticus Sm. Haematuria. Rubus glandulifer Balak. Haematuria. Rubus niveus Thunb. Tonic during pregnancy. Rubus paniculatus Sm. Tonic during pregnancy. Rumex hastatus D.Don Pimples, wounds, food poisoning, scorpion stings, foot & mouth diseases, eye diseases, giddiness or insanity. Rumex nepalensis Spreng. Diarrhoea, dysentery. Saccharum officinarum L. Diarrhoea, fever, strength, lactation, painful muscular growth below tongue, sunstroke, stomachic, pregnancy, carbuncles, post-calving care, pimples, chickenpox, cough, wounds, retention of placenta, flatulence, tympany, lockjaw (tetanus), snout blister, pan-jibarh*. Saccharum rufipilus Steud. Throat infection. Saccharum sp. Cough, retention of placenta, lockjaw (tetanus), chhiparh*. Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn. Expel leach, external parasites, and allergy in hen. Saraca asoca (Roxb.) deWilde Induced fertility. Saussurea costus (Falc.) Lipschitz Reported as veterinary medicinal plant. Saussurea heteromalla (D.Don) Hand.-Mazz. Reported as veterinary medicinal plant. Saussurea obvallata (DC.) Edgew. Haemachuria. Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Oken. Worm infested wounds, wounded shoulders of oxen. Scutellaria scandens Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don Snakebite. (S. angulosa Benth.) Senecio graciliflorus DC. Shoulder wounds, hoof diseases. Sesamum orientale L. Skin diseases, constipation, eczema, scabies, mastitis, paralysis, sprain, muscular pull, sunstroke, dysentery, tympany, flatulence, retention of milk, tonic, and strength. Smilax glaucophylla Klotzsch Relieving flatulence, fever, and dogbite. Solanum melongena L. Dogbite. Solanum nigrum L. Eye diseases. Solanum tuberosum L. Burns. Solanum virginianum L. Expelling leach.
Contd — 452 INDIAN J TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE, VOL 6, No. 3, JULY 2007
Table1 — List of ethnoveterinary plants of Uttaranchal Himalaya — Contd
Plant name Uses Solidago virgaurea L. Abscess. Sonchus oleraceus L. Increase lactation, retention of lactation. Stephania glabra (Roxb.) Miers. Vermifuge, strength, cough, skin diseases, dermatitis. Strobilanthes spp. During retention of placenta. Styrax benzoin Dryand Bone fracture. Swertia chirayita (Roxb. ex Fleming) Karsten Hoof diseases, eye diseases. Swertia paniculata Wall. Fever. Symplocos ramosissima Wall. ex G.Don Reported as veterinary medicinal plant. Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels Internal injury, skin diseases. Tagetes erecta L. Broken horn, external injury, eye diseases, check bleeding. Tamarindus indica L. Wounds, inflammation of urinary system. Taxus baccata L. subsp. wallichiana (Zucc.) Pilger Bone fracture. Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. Diarrhoea. Terminalia chebula Retz. Skin infection, ricket, and diarrhoea. Thalictrum foliolosum DC. External parasites. Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers ex Hook. f. Stomach disorders, fever, hoof diseases, regulate fertility in female cattle, Thoms. lactation, dyspepsia, strength, food poisoning, heat stroke, diarrhoea, skin diseases, sunstroke, alimentary disorders, haematuria, tympany. Tinospora sinensis (Lour.) Merr. Mastitis. Torilis japonica (Houttuyn) DC. During retention of urine. Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague Diarrhoea, dysentery, eczema, gastric troubles, indigestion, mouth blisters, food poisoning, blot, paraplegia, tympany, constipation, stomachic, anorexia, loss of appetite, tetanus, pneumonia, intestinal worm in hen, diarrhoea in hen, retention of placenta, hoof diseases, lactation. Trichosanthes bractreata (Lam.) Voigt. Diarrhoea, hoof diseases, tympany, flatulence, wounds, haematuria, constipation, sunstroke, fever, indigestion. Tridax procumbens L. External injury, cataract. Trifolium alexandrium L. Lactation. Trifolium repens L. Nervous diseases. Trigonella corniculata (L.) L. Reported as veterinary medicinal plant. Trigonella foenum-graecum L. Tympany, gastric troubles, regulate fertility, strength, tetanus, paraplegia, pneumonia, food poisoning. Triticum aestivum L. Skin infection, stomachache, indigestion, anaemia, throat infection, ricket, lactation, remove sterility, diarrhoea, eczema, scabies, sunstroke, tympany, flatulence, strength, tetanus, burn, regulate fertility. Tulipa clusiana DC. Chhiparh*. Tylophora hirsuta (Wall.) Wight & Arnott. Eye diseases. Ulmus wallichiana Planch Bone fracture. Urtica ardens Link Post-calving care, sprains, lactation, regulate fertility, bone fracture, haematuria, neck sore, yolk sore. Urtica dioica L. Haematuria, rheumatism, neck sore, regulate fertility, bone fracture, wounds, sprains, lactation, abdominal pain, and internal injury. Vaccaria pyramidata Medic. Lockjaw (tetanus). Valeriana hardwickii Wall. ex Roxb. Apoplexy, epilepsy. Valeriana jatamansi Jones Apoplexy, epilepsy. Vanda cristata Lindl. Bone fracture. Vernonia anthelmintica Willd. Tympany, gastric troubles. Vicatia stewartii C. B. Clarke Fever, indigestion, mouth diseases. Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper. Bone fracture, regulate fertility, lactation, strength, retention of placenta, food poisoning. Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek Bone fracture, sprains, wounds, post-calving care, lactation, skin diseases, broken horn, constipation. Viola biflora L. Skin & heart diseases, liver disorders. Viola canescens Wall. ex Roxb. Abad. Viola pilosa Blume. Cough. Woodfordia floribunda Salisb. Fever. Wrightia arborea (Dennst) Mabb. Lockjaw (tetanus). Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC. Intestinal worm, hoof diseases, external parasites.
Contd — PANDE et al.: ETHNOVETERINARY PLANTS OF UTTARANCHAL 453
Table1 — List of ethnoveterinary plants of Uttaranchal Himalaya — Contd
Plant name Uses Zanthoxylum armatum DC. Gastric, constipation, external parasites, chhiparh*. Zea mays L. External parasites. Zingiber officinale Rosc. Indigestion, heatstroke, tonic, strength, constipation, cough, dysentery, diarrhoea, food poisoning, mange, hoof diseases, blot, stomachache, skin diseases, abdominal swelling, retention of placenta, tympany, stomachic, paraplegia, tetanus, pan-jibarh*. Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. Cuts, wounds. Ziziphus nummularia (Burm.f.) Wight & Arnott. Foot & mouth diseases, broken horn. *Traditional name of the veterinary diseases used by locals. Chhiparh-skin diseases characterized by stop feeding and skin becoming reddish. Pan-jibarh-a painful muscular out growth between tongue and lower jaw.
Fig. 1 — Top six families with larger share of ethnoveterinary plants of Uttaranchal
Fig. 2 — Top eight genera with larger share of ethnoveterinary Rosaceae (18 spp), Poaceae (15 spp), Lamiaceae (14 plants of Uttaranchal spp), Apiaceae (12 spp), Cucurbitaceae, Liliaceae, Moraceae, and Ranunculaceae (9 spp each), Morinaceae, Musaceae, Myricaceae, Myrsinaceae, Brassicaceae and Solanaceae (8 spp each), Urticaceae Myrtaceae, Nyctaginaceae, Oleaceae, Onagraceae, and Zingiberaceae (7 spp each), Caesalpiniaceae, Orobanchaceae, Paeoniaceae, Palmaceae, Lauraceae, Orchidaceae and Rutaceae (6 spp each), Pedaliaceae, Plantaginaceae, Plumbaginaceae, Apocynaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Menispermaceae and Podophyllaceae, Primulaceae, Punicaceae, Verbenaceae (5 spp each) Amaranthaceae, Salicaceae., Sinopteridaceae, Smilacaceae, Asclepiadaceae, Berberidaceae, Betulaceae, Fagaceae Styracaceae, Symplocaceae, Taxaceae, Theaceae, and Polygonaceae (4 spp each), Acanthaceae, Tiliaceae and Ulmaceae had only one species each. Alliaceae, Anacardiaceae, Araceae, Dioscoreaceae, Among the genera, Ficus (8 spp) had the highest Ericaceae, Geraniaceae, Meliaceae, Oxalidaceae, number of species (Fig. 2), followed by Artemisia (6 Pinaceae, Piperaceae, Rhamnaceae, Rubiaceae and sp.); Asparagus (5 spp); Berberis, Brassica, Quercus, Violaceae (3 spp each), Vitaceae, Arecaceae, Rubus and Solanum (4 spp each); Allium, Carissa, Boraginaceae, Cactaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Cucumis, Dioscorea, Euphorbia, Geranium, Oxalis, Chenopodiaceae, Combretaceae, Cyperaceae, Potentilla, Prunus, Saussurea and Viola (3 spp each); Elaeagnaceae, Fumariaceae, Gentianaceae, Linaceae, Acacia, Aconitum, Amaranthus, Ampelocissus, Lythraceae, Mimosaceae, Sapindaceae, Anemone, Bauhinia, Bergenia, Betula, Caryopteris, Saxifragaceae, Scrophulariaceae and Valerianaceae (2 Cassia, Catunaregam, Chenopodium, Cinnamomum, spp each). The remaining families, Agavaceae, Cirsium, Citrus, Curcuma, Cynoglossum, Cyperus, Annonaceae, Aspleniacene, Balsaminaceae, Datura, Debregeasia, Echinochloa, Galinsoga, Begoniaceae, Bignoniaceae, Bombacaceae, Glycine, Litsea, Mentha, Neolitsea, Ocimum, Opuntia, Buddlejaceae, Buxaceae, Cannabaceae, Cannaceae, Pinus, Piper, Premna, Rhododendron, Rumex, Capparaceae, Cuscutaceae, Geastraceae, Saccharum, Swertia, Terminalia, Tinospora, Grossulariaceae, Hippocastanaceae, Hypericaceae, Trifolium, Trigonella, Urtica, Valeriana, Vigna, Juglandaceae, Liliaceae, Loranthaceae, Malvaceae, Zanthoxylum and Ziziphus (2 spp each). The 454 INDIAN J TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE, VOL 6, No. 3, JULY 2007
remaining genera such as: Achyranthes, Acorus, appetite, impaction and alimentary diseases; 62 Aegle, Aesculus, Agave, Agrimonia, Ajuga, Alnus, species in wounds, cuts and contusion; 51 species in Aloe, Anagallis, Anaphalis, Anethum, Angelica, bone fracture; 51 species in diarrhoea, dysentery and Annona, Areca, Arisaema, Asplenium, Atylosia, dehydration; 47 species for lactation; 40 species are Azadirachta, Barleria, Begonia, Benincasa, used for removing external and internal parasites; 39 Boehmeria, Boenninghausenia, Bombax, Boschniakia, species in foot and mouth diseases; 38 species in Buddleja, Butea, Buxus, Calotropis, Caltha, Camellia, tympany and flatulence; 35 species in blisters and Canna, Cannabis, Capsella, Capsicum, Cardamine, sores; 33 species in fever, cold and cough; 30 species in eye diseases and conjunctivitis; 29 species for tonic Carpinus, Carum, Cedrus, Centella, Cheilanthes, and strength; 28 species in food poisoning; 21 species Chrysopogon, Cicer, Cissampelos, Clematis, in broken horn; 20 species in mastitis and sore in Cocculus, Cocos, Coelogyne, Coix, Colebrookea, nipples; 18 species in pimples, boils and carbuncle; 18 Coleus, Colocasia, Coriandrum, Corydalis, Costus, species in retention of placenta; 17 species in internal Crateva, Crotalaria, Cryptolepis, Cucurbita, injury; 17 species for inducing fertility; 16 species in Cuminum, Cuscuta, Cynodon, Dactylorhiza, tonsil and lockjaw (tetanus); 16 species in burns; 16 Dalbergia, Delphinium, Dendrobium, species in dogbite, snakebite and scorpion stings; 15 Dendrocalamus, Dendrophthoe, Dicliptera, Drimia, species in paralysis and paraplegia; 13 species in Drymaria, Eclipta, Elaeagnus, Elettaria, Eleusine, swelling and inflammation; 10 species in rheumatism, Erythrina, Eulaliopsis, Eupatorium, Fagopyrum, pain and arthritis; 9 species in haemachuria; 7 species Ferula, Filipendula, Flemingia, Foeniculum, in post-calving care; 7 species in liver disorders; 6 Fragaria, Fumaria, Geastrum, Girardinia, Globba, species in giddiness or insanity; 5 species in urinary Glycyrrhiza, Gossypium, Grewia, Gymnadenia, troubles; 4 species to remove sterility and 2 species in Hedychium, Hemidesmus, Hippophae, Holarrhena, piles. Beside this, 12 plant species are used in the Hordeum, Hypericum, Impatiens, Indigofera, Ixeris, treatments of birds (hen/cocks). It was found that Jasminum, Juglans, Lagenaria, Lannea, Lantana, leaves of 103 species; bulb, root, rhizome and tubers Lathyrus, Lawsonia, Leea, Lens, Leucas, Linum, of 97 species; seeds of 57 species; whole plant of 54 Luisia, Lyonia, Macrotyloma, Mangifera, species; bark of 39 species; fruits and nuts of 38 species; stem, shoot and wood of 31 species; gum, Megacarpaea, Melia, Melilotus, Melothria, latex, oil and resin of 17 species; thorn of 3 species; Micromeria, Millettia, Mirabilis, Momordica, aerial parts of 2 species; bud of 2 species; pseudostem Morina, Morus, Musa, Myrica, Myrsine, Nicotiana, of 2 species; epicarp of 1 species, cob of 1 species and Oenothera, Origanum, Oroxylum, Oryza, Paeonia, flowers of 1 species are used in different Parietaria, Paris, Parthenocissus, Pedicularis, ethnoveterinary or animal healthcare practices Peperomia, Perilla, Phoenix, Phyllanthus, Picrorhiza, (Fig. 3). Pimpinella, Plantago, Plumbago, Podophyllum, Besides veterinary practices, the locals also use Populus, Prinsepia , Prunella, Pueraria, Punica, plants for various other purposes, such as edibles (183 Pyracantha, Pyrus, Ranunculus, Raphanus, spp); folk culture (130 spp); fodders (112 spp); oils Reinwardtia, Rhamnus, Rheum, Rhus, Ribes, Ricinus, Rosa, Roylea, Rubia, Sapindus, Saraca, Schleichera, Scutellaria, Senecio, Sesamum, Smilax, Solidago, Sonchus, Stephania, Strobilanthes, Styrax, Symplocos, Syzygium, Tagetes, Tamarindus, Taxus, Thalictrum, Torilis, Trachyspermum, Trichosanthes, Tridax, Triticum, Tulipa, Tylophora, Ulmus, Vaccaria, Vanda, Vernonia, Vicatia, Woodfordia, Wrightia, Zea and Zingiber had only one species. 364 plants are used in the treatment of different animal diseases and disorders. Out of 364 ethnoveterinary plants, about 66 species are used in the treatment of dermatological diseases (skin diseases dermatitis, eczema, itching, ricket, scabies, infection, chhiparh) of animals, followed by 66 species in stomachache, stomachic, indigestion, Fig. 3 — Plants, plant parts, plant products used in vomiting, constipation, digestive disorders, loss of ethnoveterinary practices PANDE et al.: ETHNOVETERINARY PLANTS OF UTTARANCHAL 455
(90 spp); wood (68 spp); household goods (53 spp); vulgare, Fragaria nubicola, Fumaria indica, fibres (28 spp); beverages (41 spp) and others (139 Galinsoga ciliata, Galinsoga parviflora, Geastrum spp) in their traditional systems. The villagers in local mammosum, Geranium ocellatum, Geranium markets sell about 83 plants and their parts or pratense, Geranium wallichianum, Globba recemosa, products and nearly 34 plants are traded different Glycine soja, Gymnadenia orchidis, Hippophae parts of country from the Uttaranchal. Out of recorded salicifolia, Impatiens balsamina, Ixeris sagittarioides, ethnoveterinary plants from Uttaranchal, following Jasminum sambac, Lathyrus spp., Leucas lanata, plants fall under rare and endangered categories: Luisia trichorhiza, Macrotyloma uniflorum, Aconitum balfouri, Aconitum heterophyllum, Allium Megacarpaea polyandra, Melilotus alba, Melothria wallichii, Angelica glauca, Boschniakia himalaica, heterophylla, Mentha arvensis, Mentha piperita, Curcuma angustifolia, Dactylorhiza hatagirea, Morus alba, Myrica esculenta, Neolitsea umbrosa, Delphinium denudatum, Dioscorea kumoonensis, Oenothera rosea, Opuntia stricta , Opuntia vulgaris, Geranium wallichianum, Hedychium spicatum, Oxalis acetosella, Oxalis dehradunensis, Paeonia Oroxylum indicum, Paeonia emodi, Paris polyphylla, emodi, Parietaria micrantha, Peperomia tetraphylla, Picrorhiza kurrooa, Podophyllum hexandrum, Rheum Perilla frutescens, Phoenix humilis, Pimpinella australe, Roylea cinerea, Saussurea costus, Saussurea diversifolia, Populus ciliata, Potentilla atrisanguinea, obvallata, Swertia chirayita, Symplocos paniculata, Potentilla eriocarpa, Premna barbata, Prinsepia Taxus baccata subsp. wallichiana, Tinospora utilis, Prunella frutescens, Prunus armeniaca, Punica cordifolia, Valeriana jatamansi and Zanthoxylum granatum, Pyracantha crenulata, Quercus floribunda, armatum. Quercus leucotrichophora, Quercus semecarpifolia, Qurecus glauca, Ranunculus laetus, Raphanus 163 plants, not earlier reported as ethnoveterinary sativus, Rheum australe, Rhododendron arboreum, plants include Aconitum balfouri, Aconitum Rhododendron campanulatum, Rhus punjabensis, heterophyllum, Ajuga bracteosa, Allium wallichii, Ribes grossularia, Rosa brunonii, Roylea cinerea, Alnus nepalensis, Amaranthus caudatus, Rubus ellipticus, Rubus glandulifer, Rubus niveus, Ampelocissus rugosa, Anemone obtusiloba, Anemone Rubus paniculatus, Rumex hastatus, Sapindus vitifolia, Artemisia elegantissima, Artemisia japonica, mukorossi, Saraca asoca, Saussurea costus, Artemisia maritima, Artemisia nilagirica, Artemisia Saussurea obvallata, Scutellaria scandens, Solanum roxburghiana, Artemisia sacrorum, Asparagus melongena, Solanum tuberosum, Solanum capitatus, Asparagus curillus, Asparagus filicinus, virginianum, Solidago virgaurea, Sonchus oleraceus, Asplenium dalhousiae, Barleria cristata, Begonia Styrax benzoin, Swertia paniculata, Symplocos roxburghii, Benincasa hispida, Berberis aristata, ramosissima, Torilis japonica, Trifolium alexandrium, Berberis chitria, Berberis petiolaris, Bergenia Trifolium repens, Tulipa clusiana, Tylophora hirsuta, ligulata, Buddleja asiatica, Camellia sinensis, Ulmus wallichiana, Vaccaria pyramidata, Valeriana Capsella bursa-pastoris, Cardamine impatiens, hardwickii, Valeriana jatamansi, Vanda cristata, Carissa congesta, Caryopteris odorata, Cassia absus, Vicatia stewartii, Viola biflora, Viola canescens, Catunaregam spinosa, Chrysopogon gryllus, Viola pilosa, Wrightia arborea and Zanthoxylum Cinnamomum tamala, Cirsium wallichii, Citrus 6 acanthopodium . hystrix, Clematis nepaulensis, Cocos nucifera, Coelogyne cristata, Coleus barbatus, Colocasia Most of the plants (about 283 plants) also exploited esculenta, Cucumis hardwickii, Curcuma angustifolia, for the treatments of human beings are: Acacia Cynoglossum wallichii, Cynoglossum zeylanicum, catechu, Acacia nilotica, Achyranthes aspera, Cyperus pangorei, Dactylorhiza hatagirea, Datura Aconitum balfouri, Aconitum eterophyllum, Acorus innoxia, Debregeasia longifolia, Dendrobium calamus, Aegle marmelos, Aesculus indica, Agave amoenum, Dicliptera bupleuroides, Dioscorea americana, Ajuga bracteosa, Allium cepa, Allium belophylla, Dioscorea bulbifera, Dioscorea sativum, Allium wallichii, Alnus nepalensis, Aloe kumoonensis, Echinochloa crusgalli, Echinochloa barbadensis, Amaranthus caudatus, Amaranthus frumentacea, Elaeagnus parvifolia, Eleusine spinosus, Ampelocissus latifolia, Anaphalis coracana, Eulaliopsis binata, Eupatorium triplinervis, Anemone obtusiloba, Anethum adenophorum, Euphorbia heterophylla, Euphorbia graveolens, Angelica glauca, Annona squamosa, royleana, Ficus lucescens, Ficus palmata, Ficus Areca catechu, Artemisia japonica, Artemisia sarmentosa, Flemingia fruticulosa, Foeniculum maritima, Artemisia nilagirica, Artemisia 456 INDIAN J TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE, VOL 6, No. 3, JULY 2007
roxburghiana, Asparagus adscendens, Asparagus usitatissimum, Litsea glutinosa, Litsea monopetala, racemosus, Atylosia sacarabaeoides, Azadirachta Lyonia ovalifolia, Macrotyloma uniflorum, Mangifera indica, Barleria cristata, Bauhinia vahlii, Bauhinia indica, Megacarpaea polyandra, Melia azedarach, variegata, Begonia roxburghii, Benincasa hispida, Melilotus alba, Melothria heterophylla, Mentha Berberis aristata, Berberis asiatica, Berberis arvensis, Mentha piperita, Micromeria biflora, petiolaris, Bergenia ciliata, Bergenia ligulata, Betula Millettia extensa, Mirabilis jalapa, Momordica utilis, Boehmeria macrophylla, Boenninghausenia charantia, Morina longifolia, Morus alba, Musa albiflora, Bombax ceiba, Brassica campestris, paradisiaca, Myrica esculenta, Neolitsea umbrosa, Brassica juncea subsp. Integrifolia, Brassica juncea Nicotiana tabacum, Ocimum basilicum, Ocimum subsp. Juncea, Buddleja asiatica, Butea monosperma, tenuiflorum, Opuntia stricta, Opuntia vulgaris, Buxus wallichiana, Calotropis procera, Caltha Origanum vulgare, Oroxylum indicum, Oryza sativa, palustris, Camellia sinensis, Canna indica, Cannabis Oxalis corniculata, Oxalis dehradunensis, Paeonia sativa, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Capsicum annuum, emodi, Paris polyphylla, Parthenocissus semicordata, Carissa congesta, Carissa opaca, Carissa spinarum, Peperomia tetraphylla, Phoenix humilis, Phyllanthus Carum carvi, Cassia absus, Cassia fistula, emblica, Picrorhiza kurrooa, Pinus roxburghii, Pinus Catunaregam spinosa, Catunaregam uliginosa, wallichiana, Piper longum, Piper nigrum, Plumbago Cedrus deodara, Centella asiatica, Cheilanthes spp., zeylanica, Podophyllum hexandrum, Populus ciliata, Chenopodium album, Chenopodium ambrosioides, Potentilla atrisanguinea, Potentilla fulgens, Premna Cicer arietinum, Cinnamomum tamala, Cirsium barbata, Premna latifolia, Prinsepia utilis, Prunus verutum, Cirsium wallichii, Cissampelos pareira, armeniaca, Prunus cerasoides, Prunus persica, Citrus hystrix, Cocculus laurifolius, Cocos nucifera, Pueraria tuberosa, Punica granatum, Pyracantha Coix lacryma-jobi, Colebrookea oppositifolia, Coleus crenulata, Pyrus pashia, Quercus leucotrichophora, barbatus, Colocasia esculenta, Coriandrum sativum, Qurecus glauca, Raphanus sativus, Reinwardtia Costus speciosus, Crateva magna, Crotalaria juncea, indica, Rheum australe, Rhododendron arboreum, Cryptolepis buchanani, Cucumis hardwickii, Cucumis Rhododendron campanulatum, Ribes grossularia, melo, Cucumis sativus, Cucurbita maxima, Cuminum Ricinus communis, Rosa brunonii, Roylea cinerea, cyminum, Curcuma angustifolia, Curcuma domestica, Rubia manjith, Rubus ellipticus, Rubus niveus, Rubus Cuscuta reflexa, Cynodon dactylon, Cynoglossum paniculatus, Rumex hastatus, Rumex nepalensis, zeylanicum, Cyperus pangorei, Cyperus rotundus, Saccharum officinarum, Sapindus mukorossi, Saraca Dactylorhiza hatagirea, Dalbergia sissoo, Datura asoca, Saussurea costus, Saussurea heteromalla, fastuosa, Datura innoxia, Debregeasia longifolia, Saussurea obvallata, Schleichera oleosa, Sesamum Delphinium denudatum, Dendrocalamus strictus, orientale, Smilax glaucophylla, Solanum melongena, Dendrophthoe falcata, Dicliptera bupleuroides, Solanum nigrum, Solanum tuberosum, Solanum Dioscorea belophylla, Dioscorea bulbifera, Drimia virginianum, Sonchus oleraceus, Stephania glabra, indica, Drymaria cordata, Echinochloa crusgalli, Strobilanthes spp., Swertia chirayita, Symplocos Eclipta prostrata, Elaeagnus parvifolia, Eleusine ramosissima, Syzygium cumini, Tagetes erecta, coracana, Erythrina arborescens, Eulaliopsis binata, Tamarindus indica, Taxus baccata, Terminalia Eupatorium adenophorum, Euphorbia royleana, bellirica, Terminalia chebula, Thalictrum foliolosum, Fagopyrum esculentum, Ficus benghalensis, Ficus Tinospora cordifolia, Tinospora sinensis, palmata, Ficus racemosa, Ficus religiosa, Ficus Trachyspermum ammi, Trichosanthes bractreata, sarmentosa, Ficus semicordata, Foeniculum vulgare, Tridax procumbens, Trifolium repens, Trigonella Fragaria nubicola, Fumaria indica, Galinsoga corniculata, Trigonella foenum-graecum, Triticum parviflora, Geranium wallichianum, Girardinia aestivum, Tulipa clusiana, Tylophora hirsuta, Ulmus diversifolia, Glycine max, Gossypium sp., Grewia wallichiana, Urtica ardens, Urtica dioica, Vaccaria optiva, Hedychium spicatum, Hemidesmus indicus, pyramidata, Valeriana hardwickii, Valeriana Hippophae salicifolia, Holarrhena antidysenterica, jatamansi, Vernonia anthelmintica, Vigna mungo, Hordeum vulgare, Hypericum oblongifolium, Vigna radiata, Viola biflora, Viola canescens, Viola Impatiens balsamina, Indigofera spp., Juglans regia, pilosa, Wrightia arborea, Zanthoxylum Lagenaria siceriaria, Lannea coromandelica, acanthopodium, Zanthoxylum armatum, Zea mays, Lantana camara, Lathyrus spp., Lawsonia inermis, Zingiber officinale, Ziziphus auritiana and Ziziphus Leea asiatica, Lens culinaris, Leucas lanata, Linum nummularia5. PANDE et al.: ETHNOVETERINARY PLANTS OF UTTARANCHAL 457
Discussion 9 Mathpal Himani & Pande PC, Kamaon Himalaya ke Vinayak Total ethnoveterinary recipes include 364 plants Kshetra Mein Paltu Pashuon ki Paramparagat Chikitsa Padhati, In: Parvatika, (Lok Chetna Manch avum Mountain species. The largest family and genera are Asteraceae Forum, Ranibag, Uttaranchal, India), 2000, 8. (23 species) and Ficus (8 species), respectively. The 10 Negi KS, Tiwari JK & Gaur RD, Economic importance of largest number of plants is used in the treatment of some common trees in Garhwal Himalaya; an ethnobotanical dermatological diseases. Most of the diseases and study, Indian J Forestry, 8(4) (1985) 276. disorders are treated by leaf samples (103 species). Of 11 Negi KS, Gaur RD & Tiwari JK, Ethnobotanical notes on the the total ethnoveterinary plants recorded, 283 flora of Har-Ki-Doon (District- Uttarkashi), Garhwal Himalaya, India, Ethnobotany, 11 (1999) 9. ethnoveterinary plants species are also used in the 12 Pande PC & Pande Bhawana, Kumaon Himalaya Mein treatment of human ailments; about 183 Prachalit Pashuon se Sambandhit Anya Ghyan, In: Traditions ethnoveterinary plants were found to be new reports and Traditional Knowledge of Central Himalaya, by Pande while 26 plants fall under threatened category. PC & Pande HC, (Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehra Ethnoveterinary plants also indicate the ‘Doctorine of Dun), 2004, 35. 13 Pande PC & Chandra Mahesh, Kamaon ke Bageshwar Signature’ such as, use of Semal in Semai Damari Kehetra Mein Pashuon kee Paramparagat Chikitsa Padhyati, (dermatitis), species of Ficus and Euphorbia to In: Uttaranchal ke Anchal Se, by C M Agrawal, (Indian increase lactation, species of Dendrobium in bone Publishers Distributors, New Delhi, India), 2001, 19. fracture, etc. There is need for proper analysis of 14 Pande PC & Joshi GC, Kamaon Himalaya ke Pashu Chikitsa medicinal plants to relate the authenticity of these Aadi Mein Pairh-Paudhon ka Upyog, In: Ethnobotany of Kumaon Himalaya, by Pande PC, Pokharia DS & Bhatt JC, drugs. (Scientific Publishers, Jodhpur, India), 1999, 113. 15 Pande PC & Mamgai Laxmi, Kumaun ke Mashi ke Najdeek Acknowledgement Bhumka Pani Kshetra Mein Parmparagat Pashu Chikitsha, Authors express their sincere thanks to the locals of Swadheen Praja, 8, 9, 12-13 (2001) 4, 4, 3. 16 Pant Manoj Kumar & Pande PC, Sthaniya Vanaspatiyo se the Uttaranchal for providing valuable information Pasuon ka Gharelu Upchar, In: Shri Ugsheil Saraswati, by about veterinary practices. Authors are also thankful Phuloria CP, (Shri Ugsheil Kalyan Samity, Dehra Dun), to the Head, Botany Department, Kumaon University, 2002, 56. SSJ Campus, Almora for providing necessary 17 Purohit K & Samant SS, Fodder Trees and Shrubs of Central facilities and to Dr HC Pande, Scientist and Shri Himalaya, (Gyanodaya Prakashan, Nainital), 1995, 116. Surendra Singh of BSI, Dehradun for the 18 Saklani A & Rao RR, Role of Brahmkamal (Saussurea obvallata (DC.) Edgew.) in the life and culture of Garhwalis, identification of plants. Ethnobotany, 8(1&2) (1996) 75. 19 Samal PK, Shah Anubha, Tiwari Sushil, Mehara Bhupender References & Agrawal DV, Indigenous animal health care practices in 1 Asawal Rita & PC Pande, Uttaranchal ke Dharmik Kshetra India Central Himalaya: Empirical evidences, Indian J Soni Binsar Main Paramparik Pashuchikitsa, In: Traditions Traditional Knowledge, 2(1) (2003) 40. and Traditional Knowledge of Central Himalaya, by Pande 20 Samal PK, Shah Anubha, Tewari SC & Agrawal DK, PC & Pande HC, (Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehra Indiginous animal health care practices and their relevance to Dun), 2004, 73. bioresources conservation in Indian Central Himalaya, 2 Bisht Nisha, Pande PC & Tiwari Lalit, Ethnoveterinary Interational J Sustain Dev World Eco., 8 (2002) 167. practices of Kapkot block of Bageshwar district, Uttaranchal, 21 Samant SS, Dhar U & Rawal RS, Diversity and conservation Asian Agri-History, 8(4) (2004) 209. of wild edible plants of the Indian Himalaya, In: Plant 3 Gaur, RD, Bhatt KC & Tiwari JK, An ethnobotanical study Diversity of the Himalaya by Pande PC & Samant SS, of Uttar Pradesh Himalaya in relation to veterinary (Gyanodaya Prakashan, Nainital), 2001, 474. medicines, J Indian Bot Soc, 72 (1992) 139. 22 Singh KK, Palvi SK & Singh HB, Survey of some medicinal 4 Issar RK, Traditionally important medicinal plants and plants of Dharchula block in Pithoragarh district of UP, Bull folklore of Uttaranchal Himalaya for animal treatment, J Sci Medic. Ethnobot Res, 1 (1980) 1. Res Pl Med, 2 (1981) 61. 23 Tewari KC, Joshi GC, Tiwari VP & Tiwari RN, Uttrakhand 5 Jain SK, Dictionary of Indian Folk Medicine and Himalaya Mein Pashu Chikitsa Mein Sthaniy Zadhi Butiyaon Ethnobotany, (Deep Publications, New Delhi) 1991, 311. Ka Upyog, Proc Ntl Symp Constraints and Opportunities in 6 Jain SK, Dictionary of Ethnoveterinary Plants of India, Himalayan Region, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, (Deep Publications, New Delhi), 1999, 199. Mukteshwar, Uttaranchal, India, 1998, 129. 7 Lal Brij & Dube VP, Ethnobotanical studies on Grewia 24 Tiwari Dolly, Pande PC & Tiwari Lalit, Ethnoveterinary optiva Drum. ex Berret among the Jaunsaris and the people herbal medicines of Dwarahat area of Uttaranchal Himalaya, of the adjoining areas of Tehri Garhwal, Uttar Pradesh, Him Indian Forester, 2004, (communicated). Res Dev, 3 (1984) 6. 25 Tiwari Lalit & Pande PC, Ethno-veterinary medicines of 8 Maheshwari JK & Singh H, Herbal remedies of Bhoxas of holy Doonagiri hills of Uttaranchal, J Econ Tax Bot, 2003, Nainital district, UP, Aryavaidan, 4(1) (1990) 30. (communicated). 458 INDIAN J TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE, VOL 6, No. 3, JULY 2007
26 Tiwari Lalit & Pande PC, Traditional veterinary practices in 28 Tiwari Lalit & Pande PC, Traditional veterinary medicinal south-eastern part of Chamoli district, Uttaranchal, Indian J plants of Bhilangana valley of Tehari district, Uttaranchal Traditional Knowledge, 3(4) (2004) 397. Himalaya, Asian AgriHist, 2004, (communicated). 29 Tripathi G, Indigenous knowledge and traditional practices of 27 Tiwari Lalit & Pande PC, Traditional knowledge of ethno- some Himalayan medicinal plants, In: Himalayan Medicinal veterinary medicines of Uttarkashi district, Uttaranchal, Plants: Potential and Prospects by Samant SS, Dhar U & India, Ethnobotany, 2004, (in press). Palni LMS, (Gyanodaya Prakasan, Nainital), 2001, 151.