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Insecticidal Activities of Cinnamomum Tamala (Lauraceae) Essential Oil Against Sitophilus Oryzae L

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Insecticidal Activities of Cinnamomum Tamala (Lauraceae) Essential Oil Against Sitophilus Oryzae L Int. J. Entomol. Res. 04 (03) 2016. 91-98 Available Online at ESci Journals International Journal of Entomological Research ISSN: 2310-3906 (Online), 2310-5119 (Print) http://www.escijournals.net/IJER INSECTICIDAL ACTIVITIES OF CINNAMOMUM TAMALA (LAURACEAE) ESSENTIAL OIL AGAINST SITOPHILUS ORYZAE L. (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE) Mukesh K. Chaubey Department of Zoology, Mahatma Gandhi Post Graduate College, Gorakhpur-273001, U.P., India. A B S T R A C T Cinnamomum tamala (Lauraceae) essential oil and its major constituent, eugenol were evaluated for repellent, insecticidal, feeding inhibitory, oviposition inhibitory and acetylcholinesterase enzyme inhibitory activities in rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae. In repellency assay, C. tamala oil and eugenol repelled S. oryzae adults significantly at 0.2% concentration. Essential oil of C. tamala and eugenol caused fumigant and contact toxicity in S. oryzae adults. In fumigation toxicity assay, median lethal concentrations (LC50) were found 0.249 and 0.198 μl/cm3; and 0.167 and 0.152 μl/cm3 of C. tamala oil and eugenol after 24 and 48 h exposure of S. oryzae adults respectively. In contact toxicity assay, median lethal concentrations (LC50) were found 0.241 and 0.218 μl/cm2; and 0.185 and 0.126 μl/cm2 of C. tamala oil and eugenol after 24 and 48 h exposure of S. oryzae adults respectively. Essential oil of C. tamala and eugenol showed feeding deterrent activity and oviposition inhibition activity in S. oryzae adults when exposed to sub- lethal concentrations. Fumigation of S. oryzae with C. tamala oil and eugenol inhibited acetylcholinesterase enzyme (AchE) activity. This study concludes that C. tamala and its components can be used as alternative in management of stored-grain insects. Keywords: Cinnamomum tamala, essential oil, Sitophilus oryzae. INTRODUCTION delay development, adult emergence and fertility, and With the beginning of agricultural practices, storage of have deterrent effects on oviposition (Callero-Gallardo food grains started as a safeguard against poor harvests et al., 2011; Isman et al., 2011; Liu et al., 2011; Stefanazzi and famine. Since then, insects also started damaging et al., 2011). There are 17,500 aromatic species among stored grains both qualitatively and quantitatively. To higher plants belonging to families Alliaceae, Apiaceae, protect stored grains from insect infestation, several Asteraceae, Cupressaceae, Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, synthetic pesticides have been used, but, these synthetic Myrtaceae, Piperaceae, Poaceae, Rutaceae and pesticides have increased the risk of ozone depletion, Zingiberaceae (Bakkali et al., 2008). Of 3,000 essential neurotoxicity, carcinogenicity, teratogenicity and oils known, 10% have commercial importance in mutagenic effects among non-target species and cross- cosmetic, food and pharmaceutical industries (Bakkali et resistance and multi resistance in insects (WMO, 1991; al., 2008). These are natural, complex, secondary Lu, 1995; UNEP, 2000; Beckel et al., 2002). This has led metabolites characterized by a strong odour and low to increased public awareness on human safety and density (Bruneton, 1999). These contain 20 to 60 possible environmental damage diverting attention compounds in different concentrations and towards plant products especially volatile chemicals in characterized by two or three major components at stored-grain insect pest management. Essential oils are fairly high concentrations (20 to 70%). The components highly volatile and non-persistent. Some of these exhibit include two groups of distinct biosynthetical origin. The adulticidal,______________________________________ larvicidal and antifeedant____________________________ activity, capacity to main group is composed of terpenes and terpenoids and * Corresponding Author: the other of aromatic and aliphatic constituents, all Email: [email protected] characterized by low molecular weight (Bakkali et al., © 2016 ESci Journals Publishing. All rights reserved. 2008). Biological activities of essential oils depend on 91 Int. J. Entomol. Res. 04 (03) 2016. 91-98 their chemical composition, which, in turn, varies with Payne, 1962). It can be used to reduce the presence plant parts used for extraction, extraction method, plant of Listeria monocytogenes and Lactobacillus sakei in food phenological stage, harvesting season, plant age, soil (Gill and Holley, 2004). In the present study, insecticidal nature and environmental conditions (Masotti et al., activities of C. tamala leaves essential oil and its major 2003; Angioni et al., 2006). Cinnamomum tamala component, eugenol has been investigated. belonging to family Lauraceae is a tree native to India, MATERIAL AND METHODS Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan and China. It has aromatic C. tamala oil: C. tamala leaves were purchased from leaves called tejpatta which are used for culinary and Gorakhpur, U.P., India. Ground leaves were medicinal purposes. Historically, it is one of the oldest hydrodistilled in Clevenger apparatus continuously for 5 known and used spices. It is mainly used for flavouring h at 1000C to yield essential oil. The oil extracted was food and in pharmaceutical preparation because of its collected and kept in Eppendorf tubes at 40C until use. hypoglycaemic, stimulant and carminative properties Pure compound: Eugenol was purchased from Sigma (Hussain et al. 1980). Leaves and bark have aromatic, Chemical Company, USA. astringent, stimulant and carminative qualities and used Insects: Rice weevil, S. oryzae was used to determine in rheumatism, colic, diarrhoea, nausea and vomiting. the insecticide nature of C. tamala essential oil. The Ancient literature has revealed that in the first century insects were reared on whole wheat grain in the A.D., dried leaves and bark of this plant were prescribed laboratory at 28±40C, 75±5% RH, and photoperiod of for fever, anaemia and body odour. Its seeds were 10:14 (L:D) hours. crushed and mixed with honey or sugar and Repellent activity: Repellency assay was performed in administered to children for dysentry or cough glass petri dishes (diameter 8.5 cm, height 1.2 cm). Test (Edwards, 1993). Essential oil of C. tamala leaves has solutions of different dilutions (0.2, 0.4, 0.8 and 1.6% excellent inhibitory effects on bacteria (Minakshi et al., vol:vol) of C. tamala essential oil and eugenol were 1999). Due to its aroma, the leaves are kept in clothes prepared in acetone. Whatman filter papers were cut and also chewed to disguise bad mouth odour. The oil of into two halves and each test solution was applied to C. tamala is used in fever, fungus disease of skin, filter paper half as uniform as possible using fractures, eye disease, foul odour of body, diseases of micropipette. The other half of the filter paper was oral cavity, herpes and in disorders of breast milk. The treated with acetone only. Essential oil treated and oil is extensively used as fragrance component in soaps, acetone treated halves were dried to evaporate the detergents, cosmetics, perfumes, toothpastes, and acetone completely. Both treated and untreated halves industrial fragrances (Jantan and Goh, 1990). were then attached with cellophane tape in a manner so Hydrodistillation of C. tamala leaves yields 1.2% that seepage of the test samples from one half to other colourless essential oil. The major components of the oil half can be avoided and placed at the bottom in each have been found to be Eugenol (60.2%), α-Phellandrene petri dish. Forty S. oryzae adults were released at the (11.7%), β-Phellandrene (7.2%), α- Pinene (2.8%), centre of the filter paper disc and the petri dish was Elixene (1.8%), cis-Caryophyllene (1.6%), Myrcene covered and kept in dark. Six replicates were set for each (1.5%) and Limonene (1.4%) (Vishwam, 2015). In rural concentration of essential oil. After 4 h of treatment, area, C. tamala leaves have been used to protect store number of adults in treated and untreated halves was grains from insect infestation since time immemorial. counted. Percent repellency (PR) was calculated using Eugenol (1-allyl-4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzene) is formula: PR = (C-T)/(C+T) ×100, C = number of insects a phenylpropene, an allyl chain-substituted guaiacol. It is in the untreated halves and T = number of insect in a colourless to pale yellow oily liquid extracted from treated halves. certain essential oils. Eugenol is used in perfumes, Preference index (PI) was calculated using the following flavourings, and essential oils. It is also as a formula: PI = (percentage of insects in treated halves - localantiseptic and anaesthetic (Jadhav et al., percentage of insects in untreated halves)/ (percentage 2004). Attempts have been made to develop eugenol of insects in treated halves + percentage of insects in derivatives as intravenous anesthetics, as an alternative untreated halves). PI values between - 1.0 and - 0.1 to propanidid which produces unacceptable side effects indicate repellant essential oil, - 0.1 to + 0.1 neutral around the site of injection in many patients (Right and essential oil and + 0.1 to + 1.0 attractant essential oil. 92 Int. J. Entomol. Res. 04 (03) 2016. 91-98 Fumigant toxicity: Formulations of different dilutions concentrations; 40 % and 80 % of 24-h LC50 of C. tamala of essential oil/eugenol (10, 15, 20 and 25 µl/ml of essential oil and eugenol for 24 h and reared on wheat solvent and 4, 8, 12 and 16 µl/ml for eugenol was made grain in a 250 ml plastic box for 10 days. After 45 days, using acetone as solvent. Ten adults taken from the adults were discarded and number of F1 progeny was laboratory culture were placed with 2 g of wheat grains counted. Six replicates were set for each concentration in glass petri dish (diameter 8.5 cm, height 1.2 cm). Filter of essential oil/eugenol and control. paper strip (2 cm diameter) was treated with C. tamala Acetylcholinesterase enzyme (AChE) activity essential oil/eugenol formulations and left for two determination: S. oryzae adult insects were fumigated minutes for evaporation of acetone. Treated filter paper with two sublethal concentrations viz. 40% and 80% of was pasted on the undercover of petri dish, air tightened 24-h LC50 of C.
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