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International Journal of Ayurveda and Pharma Research

International Journal of Ayurveda and Pharma Research

ISSN: 2322 - 0902 (P) ISSN: 2322 - 0910 (O) International Journal of Ayurveda and Pharma Research

Review Article

INDIGENOUS VOLATILE OILS AS IMPERATIVE GIFT FROM NATURE - A REVIEW Raneev Thakur1, Chhveen Bharti2, Kartik2, Vikrant Arya3* 1Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmaceutics, Govt. Pharmacy College Rohru, Himachal Pradesh, . 2B.Pharmacy VIIth Semester, Govt. Pharmacy College Rohru, Himachal Pradesh, India. *3Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmacognosy, Govt. Pharmacy College Rohru, Himachal Pradesh, India. ABSTRACT Volatile oils are concentrated odorous essences extracted from various parts such as flowers, fruits, heart-wood, rhizome and leaves. They are frequently employed in food flavoring, perfume, medicine and aromatherapy. Essential oils are extracted from various processes such as hydro distillation, effleurage and eucelle depending upon the plant part containing the essential oil. Essential oils are inhaled in the form of fine mist of vapour through aromatherapy and some of them are highly beneficial when ingested. These oils have been used traditionally for preservation of foods, and condiments. Essential oils or ethereal oils are natural, complex, multi- component, highly concentrated essences of aromatic plant systems composed mainly of terpenes units in addition to some other non-terpene components. These units biosynthesized by mevalonic acid pathway. Isoprenes/hemi-terpenes are five carbon compound having two unsaturated bonds. In this review paper an attempt has been done to emphasize the most valuable essential oils of Indian origin from nature with focus particularly on the chemical constituents, medicinal and pharmacological usage of volatile oils. KEYWORDS: Indigenous, Volatile oils, Nature, Resins. INTRODUCTION native to particular area are referred Traditionally essential oils were used to to as Indigenous plants. These plants have evolved promote mucus clearing (diaphoretic agent) and, to thousands of years and are suited to survive in induce sleep and also to prevent respiratory environment. Essential oils have been substantially infections and fight depression. In Psycho aroma- used for so many years. Ethereal oils can be therapy, they are used as a relaxing, stimulating, synthesized by various plant organs including calming and tranquilizing agents.[6-7] The detailed flowers, buds, stems, leaves, seeds, fruits, twigs, description of oils/resins from nature have been roots, bark or wood. They are stored in special shown in Table 1. The oxidation products of secretory cells, canals, ducts, cavities, glandular heterogeneous essential oils (Resins) are very trichomes or epidermic cells. Essential oils are variegated in chemical composition. The resin is heterogeneous natural mixtures of hydrocarbons. usually secreted in definite cavities or passages. The major group of volatile oil is consists of terpenes Resins are constantly called gums. Despite, gums and terpenoids and the other of aromatic and form solutions or "sols" with water, resins do not. aliphatic components, all represented by low Resins are insoluble in water. Resins have assured molecular weight. Generally essential oils are named assets in common and form a specific group of plant as they are considered to indicate the essence of commodity easily recognizable in practice. Resins flavor and odor. These oils are generally needed for protect the plants against microbial attack. Resins flavor and curative properties.[1-5] have certain individuality that renders them Essential oils are utilized in aromatherapy to conspicuous to industry. They are used commercially treat several medical conditions. For example, they in paint industry and as aroma in culinary practices, are helpful to combat infections like microbial attack, pharmaceutical, cosmetics and industrial products.[3- to assist wound healing, promoting blood circulation, 8] There are several methods (hydrodistillation, improving digestion, to mitigate sinus and lung enflurage, ecuelle) of extracting out the volatile congestion. principles from plants.

Available online at: http://ijapr.in 54 Raneev Thakur et al. Indigenous Volatile Oils as Imperative Gift from Nature Table 1: Indigenous Drugs Containing Volatile Oils and Resins[9-55] Common Ayurvedic Habitat Botanical Name/ Chemical Medicinal uses Reported name name In India Outside Family Constituents biological India activity Dhanyaka Maharashtra, Morocco, Coriandrum , Stimulant, stomachic, Hepatoprotective Karnataka, Romania, sativum 2-hexen-1-ol, carminative, Andhra Pradesh, Canada Umbelliferae 3-hexen-1-ol, antispasmodic, Rajasthan, cyclodecane diuretic Tamil Nadu, Misreya Punjab, Assam, Egypt, Foeniculum Carvacrol, Carminative, Hypotensive Maharashtra, Turkey, vulgare 1,8-cineole, stomachic, Gujarat Taiwan Umbelliferae fenchone, trans- antispasmodic, anethole emmenagogue, galactagogue, anti inflammatory, diuretic Krishna Bihar,Orissa, Netherland, Carum carvi Thymol, Carminative, Hypolipidemic jeerka Punjab, Bengal, Hungary, Umbelliferae γ-terpinene, antispasmodic, Andhra Pradesh Egypt, p-cymene antimicrobial, and in the hills of Poland expectorant, Kumaon, galactagogue, Garhwal, Kashmir emmenagogue and Chamba Sveta jiraka Cultivated in Spain, Cuminum cyminum Cuminlaldehyde, Carminative, Insecticidal and Punjab and Uttar Morocoo, Umbelliferae gamma-terpinene, antispasmodic acetylcholine Pradesh Itally, beta-pinene, trans- stimulant, diuretic, esterase Denmark carveol, myrtenal antibacterial, inhibition activity galactagogue Ajamoda Uttar Pradesh, China, Egypt, Apium d-limonene, Diuretic, carminative, Anti-ulcerogenic Himachal France leptophyllum Syn. phathalides, nervine, sedative, and antibacterial Pradesh and Apium graveolens coumarins, antiemetic, Southern India Umbelliferae bergapten, antispasmodic, flavonoids apiin antiseptic and apigenin Indian Satahva Cultivated all over Spain, Anethum sowa Phenyl derivatives, Carminative, Fungistatic or India Morocoo, Syn. methylene dioxy stomachic, fungicidal Italy, A. graveolens phenyl derivatives, antispasmodic Available online at: http://ijapr.in 55 Int. J. Ayur. Pharma Research, 2018;6(10):54-64 Denmark Umbelliferae sesquiterpene hydrocarbons Desi Yavani Madhya Pradesh, Iran, Trachyspermum Thymol, γ- Expectorant, Scolicidal activity Ajawaayin Andhra Pradesh, Afganistan, ammi terpinene, and p- bronchial and other Gujarat, Pakistan, Umbelliferae cymene respiratory ailments. Maharashtra, Egypt Used externally in Uttar Pradesh, cases of rheumatism Rajasthan and Bihar Jaiphal Nilgiri, , West Indies, Myristica fragrans Myristicin, dehydro Carminative, Antioxidant and Karnataka, Island of Myristicaceae diisoeugenol spasmolytic, antiangiogenic West Bengal Moluccas, frommace antiemetic, orexigenic Indonesia Tvak Kerala, Western Indonesia, Cinnamaldehyde, Carminative, Diabetes mellitus Ghats China, Japan, zeylanicum benzaldehyde, astringent, America cinnamyl acetate antispasmodic, expectorant, haemostatic Indian Talisapatra Himalayas from Western Abies webbiana The essential oil Expectorant, Antibacterial Silver Fir Kashmir to Assam Australia Pinaceae from leaves bronchial sedative, contains α-pinene, decongestant, l-limonene, anticatarrhal deltacarene Tejpaata Tamalpatra Subtropical Indonesia, Cinnamomum , eugenol, Carminative, Hypolipidemic /Tejapatra Himalayas, China, Japan, tamala trans-cinnamyl antidiarrhoeal, Khasi, Jaintia Hills Sri Lanka Lauraceae acetate and spasmolytic, β- antirheumatic, hypoglycaemic Bathuaa Vastuka Northern India America, Chenopodium 4,4- Laxative, anthelmintic Antitumor Greece, album dimethylsterols, against round-and Europe Chenopodiaceae ascaridole, α, β- hookworms, blood- pinene, α-terpineol purifier, antiscorbutic White Sveta Dry regions of Australia Santalum album Palmitic acid, oleic Cooling,diaphoretic,di Antihyperglycem Sandalwood chandan Peninsular Sri Lanka, Santalaceae acids, α, β-santalol, uretic, expectorant, ic, India from Pakistan cedrol, esters, antiseptic and antihyperlipidem Vindhya aldehydes, bacteriostatic ic mountains phytosterols

IJAPR | October 2018 | Vol 6 | Issue 10 56 Raneev Thakur et al. Indigenous Volatile Oils as Imperative Gift from Nature southwards Sweet Flag Vacha Throughout in Europe, Acorus calamus α and β-asarone, Nervine tonic, Hepatotoprotecti India in damp Southern Araceae tannins, hypotensive, ve marshy places Russia, triterpenes, tranquilizer, sedative Northern sesquiterpenes Asia, China Himalayan Devadaru North-western Pakistan, Cedrus deodara β-himachalene, Decoction of bark is Antioxidant and Cedar Himalayas Afganistan, Pinaceae α-himachalene used internally as antimicrobial from Kashmir to astringent, Garhwal antidiarrhoeal and febrifuge Musk-root Jatamansi Alpine Himalayas, Nepal, Nardostachys d-nardostachone, Treatment of Antidiabetic Kumaon, , China, jatamansi valeranone, epilepsy, hysteria, Egypt Syn. N. grandiflora jatamansone as the convulsive affections, Valerianaceae major ketonic palpitation of heart sesquiterpenes and in intestinal colic Tilaparna Nilgiri Nilgiri Hills in Australia, Eucalyptus 1,8-cineole, α- Antiseptic, antibiotic, Mosquito Tamil Nadu state California, globulus pinene, d- antiviral, antifungal, repellent in Southern India Europe, Myrtaceae limonene,linalool antispasmodic New Zealand, acetate Africa Lavang Tamil Nadu, Sri Lanka, Syzygium Carvacrol, thymol, Carminative, Beneficial Kerala Indonesia, aromaticum eugenol and antiinflammatory, supplement in Pakistan, Syn. Eugenia cinnamaldehyde antibacterial treating human Brazil aromatic, Eugenia arthritis caryophyllata Myrtaceae Naagarmot Musta Cultivated in Europe, Cyperus Rotundus Contains mainly Carminative, Potential haa, South India Africa, Cyperaceae sesquiterpenes. astringent, fumigants Nut Grass Austria, The tuber is rich in anti-inflammatory, France Cu, Fe, Mg and Ni. antirheumatic β-sitosterol, eudalne, isocyperol Greater Kulanjana The Himalayas Philippine, Major constituents Carminative, Neuroprotective and South Asia, Zingiberaceae of the essential oil stomachic, circulatory effect southern region of Thailand, are methyl stimulant western Ghats Indonesia cinnamate, cineole

Available online at: http://ijapr.in 57 Int. J. Ayur. Pharma Research, 2018;6(10):54-64 and d-pinene Costus Kushtha Kashmir and Asia, Saussurea Lappa Resinoids, essential Antispasmodic, Inhibit prostate neighbouring Europe, Syn. S. costus oil, alkaloid inulin, expectorant, cancer cell region North Asteraceae saussurea lactone, carminative, migration America, fixed oil, tannins astringent, antiseptic and sugars Ardraka Kerala, Andhra South Asia, Zingiber Officinalis Monoterpenes Antiemetic, Antiglycating Pradesh, Uttar Caribbean, Zingiberaceae mainly geranial antiflatulent, potential Pradesh, West East Africa neral, hypocholesterolaemic Bengal, sesquiterpenes ,anti-inflammatory, Maharashtra antispasmodic, expectorant, circulatory stimulant Haridra Cultivated all over China, Peru, Curcuma Longa, Curcumin, Cholagogue, Anti- India, particularly South Asian Syn. curcuminoids, hepatoprotective, inflammatory, in West Bengal, Region C. domestica turmerones, bitter blood purifier, anti-HIV, anti- Tamil Nadu, Zingiberaceae principles, resin, antioxidant bacterial, Maharashtra starch, sugars antioxidant effects and nematocidal activities Indian Trivrit Throughout India Pakistan, Operculina Glycoside, Purgative, Anti- Jalap mainly in Andhra Deccan turpethum, turpethin, antiinflammatory inflammatory, Pradesh Region Syn. Ipomoea α-and β-turpethein purgative, turpethum hepato- Convolvulaceae protective agent Vijaya Commonly occurs China Japan, Cannabis Sativa, Cannabinoids, Hallucinogenic, Inflammatory in waste grounds, Korea, Cannabinaceae cannabispirans and hypnotic,sedative, bowel diseases along road side North Africa delta-9- analgesic, tetrahydrocannabi antiinflammatory nol (THC) Colocynth Indravaruni Throughout India Turkey, Citrullus Cucurbitacin E, J, L Dried pulp of ripe Hypoglycemic Bitter Nubia, Colocynthis, glucosides, caffeic fruit is cathartic, Apple Trieste, Asia Cucurbitaceae acid chlorogenic drastic purgative, acid derivatives irritant and toxic Embelia Vidanga Throughout Sri Lanka, Embelia Ribes, Embelin, rapanone, Ascaricidal, Anticonvulsant evergreen forests Malaysia, Myrsinaceae homoembelin, anthelmintic, in India China homorapnone and carminative, diuretic IJAPR | October 2018 | Vol 6 | Issue 10 58 Raneev Thakur et al. Indigenous Volatile Oils as Imperative Gift from Nature vilangin Kamala Kampillaka Throughout Afganistan, Mallotus Phloroglucinol Gland and hair of fruit Bactericidal tree tropical regions of Sydney, Philippensis derivatives, is purgative, India Philippine, Euphorbiaceae rottlerin, anthelmintic, styptic Australia isorottlerin, also used for the treatment of tapeworm infestation Iron-wood Nagakesara Eastern Himalayas, Sri Lanka, Measua Ferrea, syn Euxanthone, Antidysenteric, Antiarthritic Assam, West Nepal, M. nagassarium mesuaxanthones A astringent, activity Bengal, Western Burma, Guttiferae and B, mesuol, haemostatic, anti- Ghats Thailand mammeigin, inflammatory, Philippines mammeisin stomachic Indian Guggulu Rajasthan, Northern Commiphora Gugglsterones Z Oleo-gum-resin is Potent inhibitory Bdellium Madhya Africa, Weightii, Syn. and E, used for reducing effects on tumour Pradesh, Assam, Central Asia Commiphora diterpenoids, obesity and in cells and anti- Andhra Pradesh, mukul volatile oil rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory Karnataka Burseraceae osteoarthritis efficiency Indian Shallaki The drier parts of Asia, Africa Boswellia Serrata Boswellic ester, Antiseptic, anti- Antioxidant Frankincense Peninsular India Burseraceae triterpenes of inflammatory, oleanane, ursane antiatherosclerotic, emmenagogue, analgesic, sedative, hypotensive Long- Sarala The Western and Pakistan, Pinus Roxburghi β-pinene, carene Decongestant, Analgesic and leaved Pine Eastern Himalayas Nepal, Syn. P. longifolia and longifoline expectorant, anti- Bhutan Pinaceae antiseptic inflammatory White Sarjarasa Peninsular India, South Africa, Vateria d, l epi-catechin, Astringent, In-vitro Damar from Kanara to Mexico, malabarica bergenin, antibacterial, antioxidant Trivandrum Ceylon Dipterocarpaceae triterpene antidiarrhoeal, hydrocarbons, emmenagogue ketones, alcohols acids, sesquiterpenes Hingu Kashmir Europe, Ferula foetida, Farnesiferols, Oleo gum resin Bronchitis, Afganistan, Syn. ferulic acid, volatile stimulates the asthma, Pakistan, F. asafoetida oil, sulphated intestinal, respiratory whooping cough Nepal Umbelliferae terpenes tracts and the nervous system

Available online at: http://ijapr.in 59 Int. J. Ayur. Pharma Research, 2018;6(10):54-64 Adulteration in Essential Oils[55-64] Adulteration is a habit of substituting original crude drug with inferior substances which is devoid of chemical or therapeutic properties. Adulteration involves following Condition as mentioned in Table 2. Table 2: Conditions in adulteration Deterioration Admixture Sophistication Substitution Inferiority Spoilage It is the It is the addition It is the It occurs when It refers to It refers to impairment in of one article to intentional or some totally any sub- deterioration the quality of another due to deliberate type different standard drug due to the a drug ignorance or of adulteration substance is attack of carelessness, or added in place of microorganisms by accident original drug Types of Adulterants Crude drugs are manipulated by substitution with inferior varieties, sub standard varieties artificially manufactured substances as mentioned in Table 3 and 4 given below. Table 3: Types of adulteration S.No. Type of adulterant Genuine drug Adulterant 1 Substitution with sub-standard Strychnous nux-vomica Strychnous nux-blanda Strychnous commercial varieties potatorum 2 Substitution with superficially Belladonna leaves Ailanthus leaves similar inferior drugs 3 Substitution with artificially Coffee Compressed chicory manufactured substances 4 Substitution with exhausted drug Fennel, clove, coriander, Exhausted drug caraway 5 Presence of vegetative matter Cascara or cinchona Lower plants like epiphytes, moss from the same plant and liverworts growing on bark portion 6 Harmful adulterants Asafoetida Pieces of amber coloured glass in colophony, limestones 7 Adulteration of powders Powdered ginger Exhausted ginger powder Table: 4 Examples of few Adulterants in volatile oils containing drugs S.No. Crude Drug Part used Biological Source Adulterants 1 Orange peel oil Peel Citrus sinensis Citrus tangerine Rutaceae 2 Cinnamon oil Bark Cinnamomum zeylanicum Addition of cinnamon leaf oil Lauraceeae 3 Nutmeg oil Mace Myristica fragrans Addition of nutmeg terpenes, Myristicaceae pinene, limonene, turpentine fractions etc. 4 Eucalyptus oil Leaves, Eucalyptus globulus Eucalyptus radiata flower buds Myrtaceae 5 Green oil Fruit Elettaria cardamomum Various unofficial Zingiberaceae 6 Fennel oil Fruit Foeniculum vulgare Exhausted fruits of fennel Umbelliferae 7 Dill oil Fruit Anethum graveolens Addition of α-phellandrene and Umbelliferae limonene 8 Clove oil Flower buds Syzygium aromaticum Clove stalks, mother , Myrtaceae Brown cloves, Exhausted cloves

IJAPR | October 2018 | Vol 6 | Issue 10 60 Raneev Thakur et al. Indigenous Volatile Oils as Imperative Gift from Nature 9 Rose oil Petals Rosa centifolia Pelargonium graveolens, Rosaceae martinii 10 Lavender oil Flowering Lavandula intermedia tops Labiatae 11 Patchouli oil Leaves Pogostemon cablin Addition of gurjun balsam Labiatae vegetable oils 12 Sandalwood oil Heart-wood Santalum album Addition of sandalwood Santalaceae terpenes 13 Lemongrass oil Leaves Cymbopogon citratus Addition of citral Poaceae 14 Jasmine oil Flowers Jasminum officinale Synthetic terpenes are added Var. Grandiflorum Oleaceae 15 Geranium oil Leaves, Pelargonium graveolens Diluents are added propylene stalks, Geraniaceae glycol, benzyl alcohol flowers DETECTION METHODS OF ADULTERATION IN VOLATILE OILS Volatile oils are complex mixtures of terpenes that need to be analysed by various techniques to ensure identity, quality, purity and efficacy of the drug. Authentication of volatile oils is of prime concern today. Odour evaluation and physicochemical methods such as specific gravity determination, optical rotation, refractive index etc., are the common methods but are not much reliable. The most important standard chromatographic- spectroscopy technique for analysis of constituents of essential oils includes gas chromatography coupled with mass spectroscopy, FTIR and NMR. Other modern approach includes fingerprinting of volatile oils and enantiomeric analysis.

Fig.2: Various methods of detection of volatile oils

Available online at: http://ijapr.in 61 Int. J. Ayur. Pharma Research, 2018;6(10):54-64 CONCLUSION Nature in form of indigenous plants make us 11. Pandey A, Bigoniya P, Raj V, Patel K K. to use essential oils to prevent and treat various Pharmacological screening of Coriandrum health ailments. Essential oils also strengthen the sativum Linn. for hepatoprotective activity. J human senses promote healthy living. Inhalation, Pharm Bioallied Sci. 2011; 3(3): 435–441. ingestion and topical applications of the aroma of 12. El Bardai S, Lyoussi B, Wibo M, Morel N. plants and the aromatics extracted from those plants Pharmacological evidence of hypotensive activity by various methods like hydro distillation, of Marrubium vulgare and Foeniculum vulgare in enfleurage, ecuelle and supercritical fluid extractions spontaneously hypertensive rat. Clin Exp is proved to enhance the sense of smell and directly Hypertens. 2001; 23(4):329-43. contributes to mental health and treat hormonal 13. Saghir MR, Sadiq S, Nayak S, Tahir imbalances along with other disorders. Adulteration MU.Hypolipidemic effect of aqueous extract of in volatile oils is a topic of great concern today. Carum carvi (black Zeera) seeds in diet induced Different methods are employed to detect hyperlipidemic rats. Pak J Pharm Sci. adulteration in volatile oils which includes the 2012;25(2):333-7. preliminary examination of oils by physicochemical 14. Yeom HJ, Kang JS, Kim GH, Park IK.Insecticidal methods and the most significant instrumental and acetylcholine esterase inhibition activity of methods which includes chromatographic and Apiaceae plant essential oils and their spectroscopic approach. Further analysis and constituents against adults of German cockroach understanding of essential oils will help us to (Blattella germanica). J Agric Food Chem. contribute more towards Ayurvedic and 2012;60(29):7194-203. Pharmaceutical industry. 15. Baananou S, Bouftira I, Mahmoud A, Boukef K, REFERENCES Marongiu B, Boughattas NA Antiulcerogenic and 1. Duke James A. Godwin Mary Jo Bogenschutz, antibacterial activities of Apium graveolens duCellier Judi, Duke Peggy-Ann K. Handbook of essential oil and extract. Nat Prod Res. 2012. medicinal 2nd ed. Published in CRC press 16. Sarbhoy AK, Varshney JL, Maheshwari ML, Saxena Boca Raton London New York Washington, D. C. DB.Efficacy of some essential oils and their 1929 constituents on few ubiquitous molds. Zentralbl 2. Kar Ashutosh, Pharamacogonosy and Bakteriol Naturwiss. 1978;133(7-8):723-5. Pharmacobiotechnology, Revised –expanded 17. Moazeni M, Saharkhiz MJ, Hosseini AA. In vitro 2nded. New Age International (P) Limitid lethal effect of ajowan (Trachyspermum ammi L.) Publishers 2007. essential oil on hydatid cyst protoscoleces. Vet 3. Jackson Bettyp, Snowdon Derek W. Atlas of Parasitol. 2012;187(1-2):203-8. microscopy of medicinal plants, culinary herbs 18. Piaru SP, Mahmud R, Abdul Majid AM, Mahmoud and spices, Belhaven Press A division of printer Nassar ZD.Antioxidant and antiangiogenic publisher, London 1990. activities of the essential oils of Myristica 4. Pratt R, Youngken H. Pharmacognosy: the Study fragrans and Morinda citrifolia. Asian Pac J Trop of Natural Drug Substances and Certain Allied Med. 2012;5(4):294-8. Products. J.B. Lippincott Company USA 1951. 19. Leach MJ, Kumar S.Cinnamon for diabetes 5. Bakkali F, Averbeck D, Idaomar M. Biological mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;9. effects of essential oils – A review. Food and 20. Vishnoi SP, Ghosh AK, Debnath B, Samanta S, Chemical Toxicology. 2008; 46 (2): 446-475. Gayen S, Jha T.Antibacterial activity of Abies 6. Johnston L, Parsons P. Healing with Essential Oils webbiana. Fitoterapia. 2007;78(2):153-5. and Aromatherapy 1999 (http://www.healing 21. Kumar S, Vasudeva N, Sharma S.GC-MS analysis therapies.info /Aromatherapy.htm) and screening of antidiabetic, antioxidant and 7. Mukherjee PK. Quality Control of Herbal Drugs. hypolipidemic potential of Cinnamomum tamala Edition-I, Business Horizons, New Delhi 2002. oil in streptozotocin induced diabetes mellitus in 8. Kokate CK, Purohit AP, Gokhale SB. rats. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2012;11:95. Pharmacognosy. 29th Edn.Nirali Prakashan, Pune 22. Khoobchandani M, Ojeswi BK, Sharma B, Mumbai 2004. Srivastava MM.Chenopodium album prevents 9. Evans and Trease. Pharmacognosy. Edition-12, progression of cell growth and enhances cell Eastbourne, U.K., 1983. toxicity in human breast cancer cell lines. Oxid 10. Khare CP, Indian Medicinal Plants 1st Edn., Med Cell Longev. 2009;2(3):160-5. Berlin/Heidlburg, Springer verlang 2007. 23. Kulkarni CR, Joglekar MM, Patil SB, Arvindekar AU. Antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic

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