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National Security in Nigeria's Relations with Its Neighbours

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National Security in Nigeria's Relations with Its Neighbours GiJ)~O.i '2 4 MAR 2009 A~E . · · ..· ~~4A5 National Security in Nigeria's Relations with its Neighbours By Funso ADESOLA B.· Sc. (Hon;.) Political Science, Benin City, M. Sc. International Relations; Ile-Ife. Thesis :submitted to Dcpartment oflnternational Relations, Faculty of Administration, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife. Osun State. Nigeria. CODESRIA - LIBRARY For the award of the Degree ofDoctor of Philosophy (Ph: D.) in Internatio11al R.elations 2009 i Cettification 1 Icertify that this work was carried out byl Funso ADESOLA under my supervision in the 1 • • • Departmerit oflntemational Relations, f aculty of Administration, Obafemi Awolowo 1 1 1 University, Ile-Ife. Osun State. Nigeria. LIBRARY - CODESRIA 11 Dedication This work is dedicated to my children Opelopeoh1wa, Boluwatife, wife Adejoke and parents Modupe and A clesokan. LIBRARY - CODESRIA 111 Acknowledgenients ! ! I am profoundly grateful to Professor T~le Omole, my supervisor who provided the much ' . ! . needed leadership and intellectual direction as well as exhibited maturity that were . 1 • 1' required at various critical points inthis:study. In spite of the deluge of his schedules and . i . i responsibilities especially · as· the _D~an, Faculty of · Administration, he showed l comnütment and · gave professional focus which, in my considered opinion, ·greatly ' improved the quality of this study. 1 al~o acknowledgè ail members of his family who · ' l .' . demonstrated considerable commitment'. to see 'that this study was concluded ·in r~cord · tinte. Closely following this, is Proféssor W. Alade Fawole (Head, Department of Intemationa.l Relations) whose construc~ive criticism and interve~tion helped both at th~ 1 formai and · informai levels. The prelim1nary support and guidance as·. well. as constant ; LIBRARY reminders to 'finish-up-in-time' provid~d by- Professor Amadu .Sesay and Dr .. Charles . 1. ' 1 . Ûkeje are also hereby acknowledged. 1 ' Dr. (Mrs.) R. I. Ako-Nai and h~r rusband Professor Kwasi Ako-Nai (Deputy Vice 1' . Chancellor (Administration), Or. (Fr.) :Qokun Oyeshola, Mr. Olu Adekola, Dr. Kehinde i . Olayode, Hon. Ulu Falolu (Chairman, tjdigbo Local Govemment Council, Ondo State), • .1 . 1 . Mrs. 'Denike Onasoga-Molake, Dr. Gbernisola Remi Adeoti, Dr. Y emi Odekunle, Dr. G. i ,, i . A. Aderounmu,CODESRIA Dr. T. O. Ashaolu (Ag. Head, ·Department of Management and ' i Accounting), Alhaji Bisi Olawoyin, of Femi Pitan, Dr: A ·A: Agboola, Dr .. R. A l Akindele, Dr. M. O. Adeyeye, Dr. (Mrsi.) G. A. Akinoia, Mr. R. O. Salawu, Mr. Yemi . 1 . • ' . Akin,koye and ·Barrister Sunday Coker,j Prince Goke Adeleke at various times in thç • '1 course of .this study acted either as rliorale-booster, beacon of hope or symbol of .. .( i prosperity. Same way, Messers Mashopd 'Omotosho, Iwebunor Okwechime, Gbenga · .. !. IV ". · Afolabi, Meshach Ofuafor a1;1d Bisi Olaleye served às . invaluable company and \ 'ideological-bedfellow~' as we went tl1rough thick and thin in the course of this stt1dy. Also, I tapped a lot and everlasting stin:t of inspiration from the following: Professor T. R. Ajayi (Provost, Postgraduate College), Professor E. O. Oshobi, Professor . · Laure Nasser (Dean, Faculty of Administration), Professor Y. K. _Yusuf (Dean, FacÙlty of . Arts), Professor Olusola Ojo, Reverend 'Lowo Mamadelo, Mr. Moses Olarewaju Ajayi, Dr. 'Mathew Olu Okotoni, Dr. Isaq Om~leke and ail the members of Calvary Princes and Princesses, Ebenezer Baptist ~hurch, Eleyel·e, Ile-Ife. Furthermore, I deeply appreciate the extent to which the CODESRIA 's Small . · Grant for Thesis Writing benefited this study in terms of quality and provision of the . much needed facilities; the facilities provided byLIBRARY Mr. Dapo Oyekanrni. of the Niger.ïan Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Abuja; and the devotion- to scholarship and friendship that I got from Mr. Adebayo T. Mosobalaje who meticùlously proofread this work. ln like · manner, 1 acknowledge with thanks the sacrifice. and support which Pastor Isaac Abeieijo gave in typing out certain portions of this research work. · . The duo ofmy parents and nuclear family are also hereby acknmyledged. Deacon (Prince) D. A. Adesola and Mrs. Elizabeth Modupe Adesoia served as pillars of support and they appreciatedCODESRIA education (and higher education) early enough - , hence the constancy with which thèy supplicated to God and spurred me to action saw me thus far. My wife. &nd children we.r~ at the centre. of the 'heat'. The forbear~nce, understa:nding, sacrifice, inspiration, prayers and love required of a. wife wife and children qua qua,, children came from Joke and Opelopeoluwa/ Biodun. :In this genre also, l appreciate the unflinching support and supplications of my siblings - Joko, Isaac and 'Deoti as well as those of my nephew and niece - Sam~on and Opeyemi. V 1 i' ! i. 1 I acknowledge a large number o~ my friertds and students ~ho contributed to the . 1 . , success of this work. Many of them fi,lliped me into swotting by their words and/or • 1 • actions. For reason ofbeing numerous, 1;will only attempt a partial listing of their names 1 with the hope thaf those whose names c9uld not appear on the )ist would find a place in· ! - . • 1 their hearts to forgive me. That said, I appreciate Mrs. Biola Lamid (Nee Odumade), Mr.. ' . : . ' 1 . i Jacob Adèsoji (Egbon Jako), Oladayo Ofajide (Alfa), Seyi Ayoola, Okanlawon Olaiitan, Joke (Nee Olorunfemi), Mosun Olorunfemi, Shainab Oluwabukola O,lados:u, Tolu Ajayi, . 1. i .' . Theodora Oneya, Seun Temitayo Adegoke, Lateefat Omotolani Ayoola, Tolu Dada, Joy 1 • 1 . Omonede, Oremeyi Christine Ajayi Jonathan Adeagbo and Kikisuhù Oluseyi Sehubo and i 1 0111otosho Omolade Moditi~ 1 The last but certainly not the Jeast is my profound and unreserved àppreciation to • .• J ·. God Almighty, the author of knowledge, job, situations, circumstances, hope .. and the . • ' . ·. 1 . • • . finisher of assignments and onerous taski of thisLIBRARY nature. He has not let me down on this· ! i - . occasion in spite of all the topsy-turvy ~nd I am convinced that He would take me to i places and make me do exploits - alJ to His glory. • • 1 • • J ~· ; In addition to the foregoing, I would like to state at this juncture that I take full ! ' . responsibility for all the perspectives, in~erpretation and errors of omission, commission· 1 or that of Ol iginal entry that might be fouJd in this work. .. CODESRIA1 ! 1 '/ VI 1. ,( Table 9f Contents Pagination· Title Page Certification u Dedication . lll Acknowledgeme' it lV Table of Content: Vll Abbreviations Xl · Abstract XV Cbapter One LIBRARY Jntroduction - 1. 1 'Introduction l 1.2 Statement of the J'roblem 7 L.3 Objectives of the Study 16 1.4 Researcn· Questio 11s 16 l :s Research Hypoth·)sis 17 1.6 Scope andCODESRIA limitation of the Study 17. 1. 7 Significance of tl 1e Study 18 1.8 Research Methoc'ology 19 Notes/Reference:. 21 Vll Chapter·Two Review of Literature and Theoretical Framework ! 2.1 Literàture Review 1 26 1 . .l 2.2 Theoretical Framework for Analysis;· 47 Notes/Referencès 55 Chapter Three Nigeria and its Neighbours in Geo-Political Context 3.1 The Concept ofNeighbourliness in I~ternatipnal Relations 63 3.2 Understanding Nigeria in its Neighb9urhood 73 · 3.3 The Nature and Character of States that are·Nigeria's Neighbours 88 Notes/References LIBRARY 105 - Chapter Four • i The Nature of Threat to Nig,eria's National Security· i 4. INationa_l Security- Towarµs an lJndJrstanding 114 4.2 Boundaries and Territories in Nigeria~s Relations with'its Neighbours 124 • i • . i . 4.3 The Nature and Dynamics of France'$ Threat as an 'Extra-Neighbours' to Nigeria'sCODESRIA National Security · · · 149 Notes/References 163 Chapter Five ; 1 Nigeria's National Security and its Nei~hbours in a Contemporary Context . ! i 5; 1 The Expansive Scope of Sccurity and :its Requirements on Nigeria and its Ne~ghbours 170 Vlll ' ' ' . 5.2 Efforts at Making the Borders Mutuàlly Beneficial to Nigeria and its . · Neighbours 179 5.3 Mutual Strategies at Combating othe'r Security Violations betwecn Nigeria and its Neighbours . 195 Notes/References ·202 · Chapter Six New Security: Issues and Challenges in Nigeria's National Security , with its Neighbours · .· . 6.1 The War on Terror and New Security Dilemma 208 6.2 Free Movement of People an~ New S~curity Challenges· 219 6.3 Bakassi Peninsula às a Security and Sttategic Issue 232 '· LIBRARY 6.4 The Gulf ofGuinea, Extra Regional Power's Intrusion and its Security Implications - 248 Notes/Referenèes 264 Chapter Seven · Conclusion · 7.1 ,Summary of Firidings 278 7.2 Problems andCODESRIA Prospects 279 7.3 Recommendations 287 [. Notes/References 295 Bibliography 298 Appendixes . 319 Appendix 1.: Research Instrument A 319 · . Appendix 2: Resèarch Instrument B 320 1x: i 1 . i ; i, Appendix 3: ~esearch Instrument C 321 Appendix 4: Research Instrument D 322 1 • Appendix 5: ECOWAS Protocol on Free Movement of Persons, Seivices and Capital · 323 Appendix 6; Details of the Green Tree Acçord 328 Appendix 7: French Ambassador:. "Oil Firhls 'alone can't develop Niger Delta" (Excerpts of an Interview). 1 330 Appendix 8: French Ambas.sador: "Nigeria can't develop unless it has highly ·Skilled Manpower?' (Excerpts of an Inteiview) 336 Appendix 9: French Ambassador: CommeinmatingJuly 14,(The Bastille Day) (Excerpts of an Interview) · · ~40 : . Appendix 10: French Ambassador: "Nigetia is not well known in France" (Excerpts of an Interview) ! 345 ' Appendix 11: French Ambassador: "Nigetians want to Work" . (Excerpts of an Interview) ; . 351 1 LIBRARY 1' Appendix 12: French Ambassador: "Niger:ia does- not have bad reputation in France" (Excerpts of an Interview) 355 Appendix 13: Country Profile (Nigeria) 358 i 1 I· CODESRIA1 i :' X i . :· ; Abbreviations AU African Union AG Action Group AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome ANC · African National Congress . · AOPIG African Oil Policy Initi,ative Group AGOA -. African Growth and Opportunity Act AFTA· Europea~ Free Trade Area CSIS Centre for Strat.egic, and.
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