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The State and Migration of Nigerians Into the European Union to Live in Spain The State and Migration of Nigerians Into the European Union to Live In Spain Matthew OKIRI OKEYIM The State and Migration of Nigerians Into the European Union to Live In Spain BY Matthew OKIRI OKEYIM BSc (Political Science) Ibadan Nigeria MSc (International Relations) Ibadan Nigeria DEA (social Welfare and Inequality) Alicante, Spain University of Alicante – Sociology II Department Doctorate Thesis Submitted to the University of Alicante, Spain Sociology October 2012. Professor La Parra, Daniel University of Alicante Department of Sociology II Spain. This thesis is dedicated to the Almighty God, Patrick OKEYIM, Janet OKEYIM and ZULINA ANGELA OKEYIM for their endless support and encouragement. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS: Professor Roberto ESCARRE and Andrew OJO encouraged me to enroll in the PhD Program in the University of Alicante. I remain ever grateful to them for facilitating my admission into the Program in 2006. Prof. Oscar SANTACREU, and Prof. Eva ESPINAR, Prof. Marie OSE, Anna MERCEDES, Fernando DIAZ ORUETA, Professor Marie OSE chemical Sciences, Alicia WYNNARD of the library services, Anna in the department office and other Professors in the Department especially during my first year of the Program I am very grateful to them. Professor Daniel LA PARRA who kindly agreed to supervise me from 2009 during my period of investigation has been excellent and wonderful. Prof. Daniel introduced me to the International Doctorate which resulted to my going to the Queen Mary University of London where I spent 3 months from September 2010 - December 2010 for a jointly International Doctorate Supervision. Prof. Nair, Director of Hispanic and Migration studies, Queen Mary University of London, who kindly accepted in spite of her tight schedule for a jointly supervision of this International Doctorate was also very wonderful during my 3 stays in the United Kingdom. Her cooperation with Professor Daniel from the beginning to the time I went for my fieldwork in Ceuta, Melilla and Alicante between December 2010 - January 2012 is highly appreciated. I will want to recall that these two Professors taught me how to write seminar papers, attend conferences and deliver papers for publication. Their continuous efforts to 2 advise and assist me made it possible for me to have attended about 18 international conferences and delivered papers of which at least 3 papers have been published. I also want to thank these two Professors for teaching me on how to conduct interviews and do qualitative research which helped me greatly when I was doing my fieldwork in Ceuta, Melilla and Alicante Region. Colonel Anthony OKEYIM Director Nigerian Army School of education Ilorin, Thomas OKEYIM, Town Planning officer and Director OKUKU Cross River state Nigeria, Agnes OKEYIM Senor Nursing officer (Matron) OGOJA, Anna OKEYIM, Nigerian Police Lagos, Franco OKEYIM, Nigerian Army OKUKU OGOJA, Justine BENTEM, DR BASSEY EJUE, CRUTETH, John EGBELO, Chief Peter OJIE, Commissioner of Local Government CRS, General M. A. NYIAM (RTD), Chief Charles AYIM ABUO, my friend in Reading (LONDON) OLALEKAN, AYSEGUL who were all interested on my PHD work and Stephen John OTI Deputy Director Corporate Affairs Commission Abuja Nigeria thank you very much. Many thanks to Barrister Peter OTONKO who worked tirelessly to make sure that my first degree and Master’s degree Certificate were stamped at the Ministry of education, External affairs, University of Ibadan Nigeria and subsequently in the Spanish Embassy in Lagos. My sincere appreciation to Professor BAYO OKUNADE head of department of Political Science University of Ibadan Nigeria who accepted to write letters of recommendations for me to the University of Alicante during the admission process. I could recall vividly that if my school documents were not legalized the University of Alicante were on the process of withdrawing me from the Program. Cletus TAMBE ENYONG and his family in Alicante, Joseph, WANI, EMEKA STANLEY, Barrister Daniel, Jeff OKOJIE, DESMOND, ALEX, Bro Ben, Bro Matthew, Bro Brown, Christian and all those Asylum seekers who accepted me 3 to interview them in Ceuta 2011 thanks very much. I will also want to thank all those Nigerians who also accepted me to interview them in Melilla and Alicante making it possible for me to complete my fieldworks. Thanks to all those who assisted me greatly especially at the time I could no longer see the trees during this Program. I might not mention your name at this point in time but all your efforts have turned out to become something today in one’s life. Lucia Garcia, thank you very much for the translation and the proofreading of some sections of this work into Spanish. My appreciation also goes to your office that gave you the extra time I needed for you to look into my work. Finally my acknowledgments will not come to a close if I do not mention my two late brothers Joseph OBI OKEYIM of the Nigerian Army and my senior brother Raphael OKEYIM of the Nigerian Police who was killed in a ghastly Motor accident while he was serving the Nigerian Mobile Police on a road block check point may his soul rest in Peace. Lastly my dear mother, my late father, my dear wife, all my little brothers and sisters in my country thank you very much for all your feeling towards my completion of this Program. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS -ACKNOWLEDGMENT 2-4 -LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 13-15 -RESUMEN 16-18 -PRÓLOGO 19-20 INTRODUCCIÓN 20-23 -EL ESTUDIO 23-24 -LOS OBJECTIVOS Y FIN DEL ESTUDIO 24-25 -LA HIPÓTESIS DE ESTE ESTUDIO 25-26 -EL CAMPO DE ESTUDIO 26-27 -LA JUSTIFICACION DEL ESTUDIO 27-29 -METODOLOGÍA DE ESTUDIO 29-31 -LA ESTRUCTURA DEL ESTUDIO 31-34 -EL ANALISIS EMPÍRICO 34-35 -EL MARCO TEÓRICO 35-39 -RESEÑA BIBLIOGRÁFICA 39-40 -EL PORQUÉ DE ESTE PRÓLOGO 40-41 -REFERENCIAS 41-42 -Executive Summary in English 43-45 -Prologue 45-46 -InTroducTion 46-49 -The STudy 49-50 -The Aims and objectives of STudy 50-51 -The Hypothesis of STudy 51-52 -The Scope of STudy 52-53 -The JusTificaTion of STudy 53-54 -The Research Methodology 54-56 -The sTructure of STudy 56-59 -The Empirical Analysis 59-60 -The TheoreTical Framework 60-64 -The LiTeraTure Review 64-65 -Why This Prologue? 65-66 -References 66-68 CHAPTER ONE HISTORICAL ANAYSIS -1.0- InTroducTion 69-70 5 -1.1- Aims and objecTives 70 -1.2- StrucTure States in Africa 70-79 -1.3- Origin of The sTaTe 80-83 -1.4- Functions of The state 84-86 -1.5- Theories of The state 86-90 -1.6- Karl Marx Theory of The state 91-92 -1.7- Marx Weber Theory of The state 92-98 -1.8- Features of a Modern state 98-104 -1.9- Fragile states 104-105 -1.10- The HisTory of MigraTion in Nigeria and iTs Causes 105-106 -1.11- HisTorical Overview 106-108 -1.12- MigraTion Since Independence in Nigeria 108-112 -1.13- MigraTion 112-116 -1.14- Theories of MigraTion 116-125 -1.15- Causes of MigraTion in Nigeria 125-127 -InTroducTion 125 -1.16- PoliTical Causes 127-138 -1.17- Economic Causes 138-145 -Journals and Publications 145-147 - References 147-150 -Newspapers and Magazines 150-151 CHAPTER TWO THEORETICAL FRAME WORK -2.0- InTroducTion 152-153 -2.1- The origin and Development of globalization 153-160 -2.2- Theories of globalization 160-188 -2.3- The posiTive effects of globalization 188-194 -2.4- CriTique of globalization 194-199 -2.5- ApplicaTion of The Theory of globalization to knowledge 199-201 -2.6- Conclusion 201-204 -REFERENCES 204-207 CHAPTER THREE THE EUROPEAN UNION AS A DESTINATION FOR NIGERIAN EMIGRANTS -3.0- InTroducTion 208-209 -3.1- The sTructure of The European Union and iTs InsTiTutions 209-210 -3.2- MigraTion Policies/legal framework of asylum and law 211-215 enforcemenT in The European Union -3.3- RecenT MigraTion Trends in The European Union 215-218 6 -3.4- ConTribuTions of Nigerian MigranTs To The DevelopmenT of 218-219 the European Union and the Domestic country -3.5- General Overview of The RemiTTances of The Nigerian 219-227 MigranTs -3.6- Total Number of Nigerians migraTing into The European 227-230 Union -Table One No of Nigerian migrants who migraTed into Spain 228 1998-2010 -Table Two Asylum seekers admiTted/Not admitted into Spain 229 2007-2009 -Table Three Undocumented Nigerian Migrants who arrived in 230 Spain 2004 -2007 -3.7- CurrenT Perspective on Human DevelopmenT 230-233 -3.8- Social and economic DevelopmenT 233-234 -3.9- InfrasTrucTural DevelopmenT 234-235 3.10- Social Issues affecTing Nigerian EmigranTs in the European 235-237 Union -3.11- A general Overview of The European Union MigraTion 237-242 Policies -3.12- AdminisTraTive and PoliTical perspective 242-243 -3.13- InfrasTrucTural PerspecTive 244 -3.14- Social Perspective 244-246 -3.15- SecuriTy PerspecTive 246 -3.16- Tension and HosTiliTies 247 -3.17- Religious Issues 247-249 -REFERENCES 249-252 -Newspapers and Magazines 252 -ReporTs and SummiTs 252-254 CHAPTER FOUR RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 255-256 -AbsTracT 256-257 -4.0-MeThodology 257-264 Life story interview 258 Unstructured interview 258 In-depth analysis 259-264 -4.1- InTroducTion 264-265 -4.2- Why Research MeThodology and MeThod in MigraTion 266-267 Research -4.3- A brief HisTory of RespondenT’s MigraTion 267-270 -4.4- Why UnsTrucTured InTerview is JusTified 269-270 7 -4.5- Research Methodology QuesTions 270-273 -4.6- NaTural group Discussion 273-274 -4.7- Researcher’s conduct during The inTerview 274 -4.8- A flash back on Myself presenTaTion 274-281 -4.9- Strategies for sampling 281-282 -4.10- Theoretical Sampling 282-283 -4.11- The Fieldworks 283-285 Ceuta 283-284 Melilla 285 Alicante 285 -4.12- Transcription of The interviews 285-287 -4.13- Grounded Theories and
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