Technological Breakthroughs and Dynamics of an Industry : the Transition Towards Electromobility Case Marc Alochet

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Technological Breakthroughs and Dynamics of an Industry : the Transition Towards Electromobility Case Marc Alochet Technological breakthroughs and dynamics of an industry : the transition towards electromobility case Marc Alochet To cite this version: Marc Alochet. Technological breakthroughs and dynamics of an industry : the transition towards electromobility case. Business administration. Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 2020. English. NNT : 2020IPPAX088. tel-03150359 HAL Id: tel-03150359 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-03150359 Submitted on 23 Feb 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Rupture technologique et dynamique d’une industrie, la transition vers l’électromobilité Thèse de doctorat de l’Institut Polytechnique de Paris Préparée à Ecole Polytechnique École doctorale n°626 : Ecole Doctorale de l’Institut Polytechnique de 20IPPAX088 Paris (ED IP Paris) : 20 Spécialité de doctorat : Sciences de gestion NNT Thèse présentée et soutenue à Palaiseau, le 18 décembre 2020, par Marc ALOCHET Composition du Jury : Carole DONADA Professeure en management ESSEC Président Sylvain LENFLE Professeur des Universités CNAM Rapporteur Francesco ZIRPOLI Professor of Management Università Ca' Foscari Venezia Rapporteur Christian BERGGREN Professor of Industrial Management Linköpings universitet Examinateur Takahiro FUJIMOTO Professor in Business Administration The university of Tokyo Examinateur Christophe MIDLER Directeur de recherche CNRS émérite Ecole Polytechnique – Centre de Recherche en Gestion CNRS / I3 (UMR 9217) Directeur de thèse Patrick PELATA Consultant – Meta Strategy Consulting Invité L’École Polytechnique n’entend donner aucune approbation ou improbation aux opinions émises dans les thèses. Celles-ci doivent être considérées comme propres à leurs auteurs. The École Polytechnique does not intend to give any approval or disapproval to the opinions expressed in theses. These must be considered as the authors' own. Institut Polytechnique de Paris 91120 Palaiseau, France REMERCIEMENTS Je reconnais ne pas être le plus doué pour formuler de très longs remerciements adressés à de très nombreuses personnes. Mais leur brièveté n’aura d’égale que leur sincérité ! Je tiens donc à remercier fort chaleureusement : - Tous les membres du CRG pour leur accueil, leur disponibilité et leur soutien, - Tous les chercheurs rencontrés au sein des réseaux du GERPISA, de PVMI, de BECAM ou à l’occasion de divers colloques, qui ont eu la bienveillance d’écouter mes propos, assez souvent pas très bien construits, et de me proposer des pistes d’amélioration, - Les coauteurs des papiers qui ont su y apporter les compléments qui rendent mes études empiriques plus robustes et mes conclusions plus abouties, - Les membres du jury pour leur lecture attentive et, j’espère, intéressée, de ces travaux ainsi que pour les axes de progrès qu’ils proposeront, - Christophe Midler sans qui cette thèse n’aurait pas abouti. En effet, il a tout d’abord accepté d’accueillir un doctorant pour le moins atypique et, ensuite, a su me faire partager sa passion pour la recherche. Enfin, les nombreux échanges que nous avons eus, dont certains fort animés, ont toujours contribué à augmenter le niveau d’exigence et à améliorer la qualité des travaux menés. Page n° iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I admit that I am not the best at formulating very long thanks to a great many people. But their brevity will only be equaled by their sincerity! I would therefore like to thank very warmly: - All the members of the CRG for their welcome, their availability and their support, - All the researchers I met within the GERPISA, PVMI and BECAM networks or at various conferences, who were kind enough to listen to my presentations, which were often not very well constructed, and to suggest ways of improvement, - The co-authors of the papers who were able to add to them the complements that make my empirical studies more robust and my conclusions more complete, - The members of the jury for their attentive and, I hope, interested reading of this work as well as for the lines of progress they will propose, - Christophe Midler, without whom this thesis would not have succeeded. Indeed, he first accepted to host a doctoral student who was, to say the least, atypical, and then he was able to share with me his passion for research. Finally, the numerous exchanges we had, some of which were very lively, always contributed to raising the level of requirements and improving the quality of the work carried out. Page n° iv RESUME Après une décennie de débats et d'initiatives d'impact limité, contraints par des réglementations environnementales qui imposent des réductions drastiques des niveaux d'émission de CO2 et de polluants ainsi qu'un nombre croissant d'initiatives d'interdiction des véhicules à combustion interne, tous les constructeurs automobiles mondiaux investissent massivement dans la production de véhicules électriques. Si l'impact des percées technologiques sur l'architecture d'une industrie est une question ancienne et récurrente en économie et en gestion, le passage de la motorisation thermique à la motorisation électrique, par l'ampleur des enjeux et des conséquences, en est un exemple emblématique. L'électrification des véhicules est une innovation systémique, car elle nécessite l'intervention de plusieurs acteurs complémentaires pour sa mise en œuvre, et sa massification devrait bouleverser la conception dominante des véhicules. La question est alors de savoir si cette perturbation pourrait déstabiliser durablement l'architecture industrielle de ce secteur, qui est considéré, par de nombreux auteurs, comme très résilient. Grâce à une étude empirique originale de grande échelle (14 constructeurs automobiles dans le monde), concernant la production de véhicules électriques, de systèmes de batteries haute tension et de propulsion électrique, cette thèse confirme, à ce jour, la résilience de cette industrie. Les constructeurs automobiles ont intégré les systèmes d'électrification grâce à une combinaison d’innovations modulaire et architecturale ; ils ont ainsi réussi à préserver leur rôle d'acteur central, leurs actifs de production et, surtout, leur modèle économique dominant dans le B2C. Le terme "statu quo" décrit parfaitement la dynamique actuellement observable. Malgré la tendance lourde et continue à la dé-verticalisation / externalisation de l'industrie automobile au cours du 20ème siècle et la modularité supérieure de la traction électrique par rapport à la traction thermique, il n'y a aucun signe visible d'une alternative où des fournisseurs spécialisés fabriqueraient des systèmes de traction électrique à la place des fabricants. La conclusion qui s’impose alors est que l'électrification, même si elle modifie la conception d'un véhicule, n'est pas suffisante pour provoquer une déstabilisation de l'industrie. Mais la dynamique que connaît actuellement l'industrie automobile se caractérise par la conjonction de trois grandes ruptures, qui vont bien au-delà de la simple électrification des véhicules. Considérées ensemble, elles augmentent le périmètre systémique de la perturbation induite, ce que le cadre théorique de la transition sociotechnique permet de qualifier ainsi : Page n° v 1. La convergence d’innovations technologiques qui favorisent l’émergence du véhicule connecté, autonome, partagé et électrique ainsi que le développement de nouvelles offres de services de mobilité (Mobility as a Service - MaaS), 2. De nouveaux challenges sociétaux : urbanisation galopante, nouveaux besoins de transports urbains, changements de comportement des consommateurs vis-à-vis de la propriété et de la mobilité automobile, 3. L’arrivée, sur le marché de la mobilité, de nouveaux acteurs venant du monde des technologies digitales et particulièrement puissants tant technologiquement que financièrement. La mise en évidence du contexte systémique de cette perturbation conduit alors à une réorientation de la question de recherche : "Cette conjonction de facteurs internes et externes à l'industrie pourrait-elle ouvrir la voie, au-delà de l'électrification, à une dynamique de perturbation de son architecture" ? Cette thèse s'inscrit alors dans un programme de recherche international du laboratoire d'accueil, associant de nombreux partenaires académiques dans le monde, tous experts de l’industrie automobile, et ayant pour objectif des études de cas d'initiatives de mobilité innovantes. D'un point de vue empirique, le champ d'analyse des études de cas est caractérisé par trois facteurs clés : 1. Etude des initiatives de services de mobilité innovants au sens large : la multitude et la diversité des initiatives en cours montrent un très large éventail de possibilités tant en ce qui concerne l'orientation précise de cette dynamique que son impact potentiel sur l'architecture de l'industrie. En effet, les constructeurs automobiles, qui avaient tous adopté le concept de conduite autonome dans le cadre d'une montée en gamme classique de leur offre, ont, dans certains cas, franchi le pas et se positionnent résolument comme de (futurs) opérateurs de mobilité. 2. Une portée mondiale de la recherche : les innovations étant actuellement
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