Abiotic Fauna 738 Flora 738 Processes 664 Absorbance Intensity 216 Acacia Nilotica 556 Acetaldehyde 218 Acetobacter Xylinum

829

Index a additives 770 abiotic adenosine triphosphate (ATP) 744 fauna 738 adhesion force 301, 727 flora 738 adiabatic temperature 43 processes 664 adsorbents 457, 599 absorbance intensity 216 adsorbate–adsorbent interaction 96 Acacia nilotica 556 dose 133 acetaldehyde 218 adsorption 130, 135, 369, 373, 393, Acetobacter xylinum 582, 700 698, 724 acetone 237 capabilities 95, 131–135, 137, 138, acetylcholine esterase (AchE) 103 192, 194, 199, 200, 299, 323, liposome bioreactor 531 619, 622, 696, 700, 722, 725, acetylcholinesterase 558 826 acetylthiocholine 531 bioinspired spherical Fe3O4/ acid–base interactions 622, 623 bacterial cellulose acid fuchsine 136 nanocomposites for 700 acid hydrolysis 583 ciprofloxacin 200 acid sites 54 on GS 199 acridine orange (AO) 136 desorption cycles 96, 131 acriflavine (AF) 300 efficiencies 132, 135, 136, 219, 323 acrylamide 331 for Cu(II) and Pb(II) toxic 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1- ions 133 propanesulfonate acid 612 energy 24, 29, 35 2-acrylamido-2-methyl propane sulfonic equilibrium 131 acid (AMPS) 131 isotherms 193, 200, 201 acrylic acid (AA) 94, 331 kinetics, of tetracycline 202 acrylonitrile 137 mechanism 136 actinomycetes 544 and membrane separation 296 activated carbon (AC) 99, 139, 171, 615 photodegradation effect 666 activated carbon fiber (ACF) 56, 615 of pollutants 666 activated sludge 354, 366 procedure 127, 416, 698 activation energy 619 tetracycline on GS hydrogels 200 active oxygen species 54 advanced oxidation processes 11, 296, acylation 603 652

Nanotechnology in Environmental Science, First Edition. Edited by Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain and Ajay Kumar Mishra.  2018 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. Published 2018 by Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. 830 Index

aerogels 192, 200, 204, 584, 589, 591 alkaline phosphatase 527 aerosols 423, 805 alkalinity 727 aflatoxin B1 558 alkoxides 740 Ag/AgCl/WO3 composite system 223 alkylation 603 Ag/AgCl/WO3 photocatalyst 223 alkyl lithium compounds 606 Ag/AgCl/ZnO nanocomposite 696 alkyl lithium reagents 603 Ag-Au bimetallic nanoparticles 301 allergies 664 Ag/Au core–shell nanoprisms 557 Allium cepa 180, 746 Ag-based semiconductor 223 Allium sativum 556 AgBr/Ag3PO4/ceria Al2O3NPs 79 nanocomposites 307 Al2O3 substrates 533 Ag2CdI4/AgI nanocomposites 233 γ-Al2O3-supported catalyst 59 Ag2CdI4 nanoparticles 233 alumina 48 Ag/CNT composites 621 based ceramic membranes 724 Ag-decorated Fe3O4/TiO2-coated clays 661 cenosphere 253 coated magnetite nanoparticles Ag film nanoneedle array 492 (Fe3O4/Al2O3)96 agglomeration 195, 197, 198, 333, 663, NP-immobilized-DNPH (2,4- 739, 740, 764 dinitrophenylhydrazine) 95 nanoparticles 400 template 492 processes 232 aluminum 661 aggregation 233, 827 based materials 227 structure 495 doped materials 225 aging 167 American Society for Testing and Ag ions 230 Materials (ASTM) 655 Ag-modified BiVO4 composite 307 amidation reaction 603 Ag2MoO4 and Ag-Ag2MoO4, amines 139 characterization 494 aminesilanes 591 Ag nanoclusters (AgNCs) 557 4-aminoantipyrine (4-AAP) 107 Ag nanoparticles 218, 230, 252, 253 aminomethyl phosphonic acid 335 degradation efficiency 559 p-aminophenol (p-AP) 301 mechanism of formation 521 3-aminopropylethoxysilane 623 Ag3PO4-based photocatalysts 254 3-aminopropylmethyl- agriculture 127, 761 diethoxysilane 623 Ag/TiO2 nanotube plates, coated with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane 94, 623 RGO as photocatalysts 250 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane 607 Ag–ZnO hybrid heterostructures 247 aminosilanes 591 Ag–ZnO hybrid photocatalysts 246 ammonia (NH3) 54, 139, 367, 446, air gap membrane distillation 362 532, 621, 622 air pollutants 138 adsorption capacity 622 air pollution 42, 414 ammonia bisulfate (ABS) 54 Al-based composites 416 ammonium hydroxide 332 AlB10 nanoparticles 416 ammonium pyrrolidine aldrin 303 dithiocarbamate 141 algal blooms 294 ammonium sulfate 372 alginates 535, 695 Amomum subulatum 554 aliphatic polyester 668 amorphous boron 416 alkali metals 419 amorphous microporous MnO2 earth metals 45 nanosheets 303 Index 831 amperometric acetylcholinesterase arsenate ions 401 (AChE) 530 arsenic 302, 401, 402, 524, 686 amphotericin B lipid complex immobilization 302 (ABLC) 783 removal, pilot-scale system 404 Anacardium occidentale 553 species As(III) and As(V) 134 analytical applications artificial photosynthesis 774, 775 methods, enable monitoring of artificial seawater 728 hazardous substances 581 asbestos 742 separation and removal, inorganic ascorbic acid 96, 194 species and organic ascorbyl palmitate 791 molecules 85 aseptic application 392 analytical nanoscience and Aspergillus fumigatus 810 nanotechnology assembled nanostructures, SEM (AN&N) 581 images 496 anatase–rutile transformation 243 ASTM D6866 standard testing anatase to rutile transition 240 method 655 anion–cation interaction 136 atomic arrangement 27 anionic dyes 136 atomic force microscopy (AFM) 133, removal of 585 301, 396, 495, 550 anion membrane 364 atrazine 401 anisotropy 231 Au-doped PdO NPs, photcatalysis anode materials 297 process 219 anodic stripping linear sweep Au/GO/ZnO composite voltammetry (ASLSV) 91 nanostructures 248 anodic stripping voltammetric Au/GO/ZnO hybrid photocatalyst (ASV) 92 246 anodized iron 661 Au/GO/ZnO nanostructures anthracene 556 composite 246 anthraquinone (AQ) 93 Au/graphene quantum dots/ferroferric anthropogenic activities 141 oxide composite 300 antibacterial coatings 790 Au nanoparticles 42, 222, 301, 560 antibiotics 300 AuNP–antibody conjugates 558 antifullerene IgG monoclonal AuNP–CaCO3 hybrid material 558 antibody 605 AuNPs, as chemical sensor 524 antimicrobial nanotechnology 778 AuNPs, by fungus Trichothecium antimicrobial packaging 781 sp. 809 antioxidant activity 220 biofunctionalized AuNPs 549 antioxidant properties 737 incorporated enzymes 781 apoptosis 554 metallic 544 apparent quantum efficiency TEM images of 80 (AQE) 258 Au@Pd core–shell with different shapes aquifers 294 TEM-EDS analysis and schematic Arabidopsis thaliana 154 diagram of 487 arc-discharge 417, 764, 765 Au-Pd/rGO composite 300 archaebacteria 583 Au/TiO2 photocatalyst 249 aromatic compound, ionizable 620 Au–TiO2/SiO2 nanocomposite 222 aromatic hydrocarbons 666 Au/ZnO hollow-sphere monolayer thin aromatic organic molecules 138 films, and photocatalytic array structure 491 properties 247 832 Index

Au-ZnO hybrid nanopyramids 246 benzotriazole (BTA) 106 Au–ZnO hybrid photocatalysts 245 BET isotherms 192 Au-ZnO NPs Bi-based semiconductors 256 hybrid NPs 245 bicarbonates removal, pilot-scale TEM image of 246 system 404 average pore diameters of GS0, GS1, bicrystalline phase Cr-TiO2 GS4, and GS8 199 nanoparticles 241 Azadirachta indica 554 phase transition studies of 241 azo dyes 664 bienzymatic biosensor 527 biodegradation of 664 bifunctional abilities 827 removal of 663 bifunctional reagent 606 azomethine 606 binding energy 25 bioactive compounds 727 b bioadhesive properties 727 Ba, and Ce oxides 58 bioavailability 166, 727 Baccaurea ramiflora 552 biobased carboxylated NC 590 Bacillus botulinus 558 biobased plastic 655 Bacillus licheniformi 518 BiOBr/NiFe2O4 composite 260 Bacillus megaterium D01 809 photocatalyst 260 backpropagation 421 biochar surface 153–155, 165, 166 bacterial cellulose (BC) 698, 702 pH-dependent dissociation of acid/ aerogel 589 base groups 166 TiO2 hybrid nanofibers, biosynthesis plant growth, effects of 166 route for 704 soil fertility, effects of 155 bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) 582 biochemical oxygen demand sponges, preparation of 589 (BOD) 664 bacteriorhodopsin 726 BiOCl photocatalyst, SEM images Baker’s yeast (Saccharomyces of 257 cerevisiae) 809 biocompatibility 153, 154, 192, 581, ball and powder mixture 766 726 ball milling 417 biocomposite screen-printable bandgap 216, 224, 244, 654, 774 material 528 energy 244, 303 biodegradable 191, 579, 656 semiconductor 244 organic materials 71, 72 Si crystals 719 plastic 655 barium nitrites 57 polymers 658, 668 barrier protection 781 biodistribution 790 basic fuchsin 218 biodiversity 3, 4 batch adsorption method 133 bioelectronics applications 726 batch sorption experiments 193 biofabricated nanoparticles 558 BaTi1xCuxO3 perovskite 62 bioflocculation 675 BC and spherical Fe3O4/BC biofunctionalized AuNPs 549 nanocomposites, digital bioimaging 739 images of 699 materials 667 bentazon 401 BiOI microspheres, thermal conversion bentonite/g-C3N4/Ag3PO4 263 of 240 benzene 138, 372, 615 bioinspired benzophenone-3 (2-hydroxy-4-methoxy functional nanocomposites 698 benzo-phenone) 103 hybrid nanofibers 702 Index 833

magnetically responsive alginate- biopolymers 654–656, 663, 671, based nanocomposites, 673 removal capacity 696 as immobilization supports 662 mineralization methods 696 matrices 726 nanocomposites 685, 687, 692, 706 nanobiohybrids 726 decontamination via photocatalytic supported photocatalysts, for application 702 pollution remediation 662 dispersed phase 687 bioprotein 726 environmental application of 697 bioreceptors 527 nanomaterials 827 bioremediation 584, 651, 724, 778 Pd/Fe3O4, Au/Fe3O4, and PdAu/ biosensors 103, 336, 483, 527, 531 Fe3O4 nanocomposites 704 based on gold nanorods photocatalytic nanocomposites (AuNRs) 530 702 for trace metal ions 525 BiOI powders, pure/heat-treated, SEM biosynthesized images of 241 spherical Fe3O4 698, 699 biological biotemplates 517 applications 727 biotic processes 664 chemicals 294 biotinylated ditryptophan peptide 548 contaminants 737 biotreatment methods 651 materials 693 BiOX-based photocatalysts 256 oxidation 369 biphenyls 543, 650 oxygen bipotentiostatic chronoamperometric demand 71, 369 biosensor 528 biomass 557 bis(2,2-bipyridine)-[4-(4-methyl-2,2- separation membrane bipyridin-4-yl) propylamine] bioreactor 365 ruthenium(II) technology 774 dihexafluorophosphate bio-mediated nanocatalysts 557 complex 591 biomedical and medical Bismarck Brown 664 applications 220, 667 bismuth 307 biomedicine 211 bismuth oxychloride (BiOCl) 256 biomimetic bismuth oxyhalide-based immune technology 478, 481 photocatalysts 256 strategy 696 bis [o-(N-methylidenamino-2-thiol- biomineralization 518, 519 1,3,4-thiadiazole-5-yl) biomolecules 549 phenoxy] ethane immobilization 531 (BMTTE) 93 sensitized solar cell (BSSC) 726 bisphenol A 138, 300, 397, 398 bionanomaterials 519 polyester 397 based devices, for environment 717, Bi12TiO20-Bi2WO6 726 heterostructures 221 bionanoparticle (BNP) 517, 518 black carbon 39 advantages of 520 blue baby’s syndrome 543 fabrication using different Bois durci 655 microorganisms 520 Boltzmann constant 425 bionic immunization 473, 480 Bombyx mori 791 bioplastics 657 borax decahydrate 419 from mixed sources 656 boric acid 419 834 Index

boron 413, 421, 686 c agglomerated 418 cadmium 90, 92, 555 based fuel-rich propellant 422 adsorption 90 based pyrotechnic composition detection limit 94, 527 414 ions 91, 92, 131 boron filament resistance 418 cadmium oxide (CdO) 454 combustion 419 cadmium toxic metal 132 containing fuel 415 Ca2Fe2O5 nanofibers 228 doped diamond 297 calcarosol 167 fuel 414, 421 calcination 228, 229, 518 minerals 419 temperature 243 nanoparticles 414, 419 calibration curve 524 oxidation 420 Candida albicans 669 particles 413 CaO NPs 96 burning 418 capacitance 720, 777 combustion process 415 capacitive deionization 136 powders 415, 420 capillary action 498 amorphous 414, 418 capillary electrophoresis (CE) 106 removal rate 701 capping agents 333 boron carbide 417, 420 carbaryl pesticides 103 boron oxide 419, 420 carbon 417 radiation emission 418 particles 764 boron suboxide B6O 416, 417 paste electrode 90 boron trichloride 417 quantum dots 223 borothermic decomposition 416 vapor aggregates 764 bovine serum albumin (BSA) 605 carbonaceous Brassica juncea 744 adsorbents 138 Brassica oleracea 746 fertilizer 154 Britton–Robinson buffer 102 materials 221 Brønsted acid 54 nanomaterials 300, 324 bromomalonates 606 carbon aerogels 777 Brownian effects 424, 427, 433 carbon atom structure 718 Brownian force 425, 427, 432 carbon-based fertilizers 154 Brownian mechanisms 434 carbon-based nanomaterials 298, 738 Brownian motion 422–425, 427, 430, in environmental sector 431, 433, 434, 767 potential applications 717 induced force 723 carbon-based nanoparticles 718 Brownian velocities 427 carbon dioxide (CO2) 39, 45, 72, 603, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) 655, 668 396 adsorption 323 Buckminster fullerene 140 capture technology 323 burning photocatalysts 267 behaviors 419 reduction 256 rate 420 carbon dot (CD) 154, 178 butanol 307 carbon fertilizers 165 butyllithium-functionalized carbonization 612 MWCNTs 606 carbon monoxide (CO) 39, 56, 446, 532 butyl nitrite C5H9NO2 419 oxidation 42 butyraldehyde 623 catalysts 41 Index 835 carbon nanoadsorbents 74 technologies 39 carbon nanocones 739 catechol 101 carbon nanofiber (CNF) 93, 223, 739 Catharanthus roseus 169 carbon nanofragment (CNF) 104 cation–π bonding 137 based electrchemical analysis of cation-exchange capacity (CEC) 166 organic molecules 104 cation-exchange membrane 364 carbon nanohorn 739 cationic–anionic force 135 carbon nanomaterial (CNM) 125, 128, cationic dendrimers 787 716, 785, 825, 826 cationic dyes 131, 136 and composite 298 cationic ions 621 for environmental devices and cation membrane 364 techniques 717 cavitation 770 carbon nanoonion 154 cavities 806 carbon nanoparticle (CNP) 103 C3-C60F36 fluorofullerene 32 carbon nanorods 154 Cd(II), Co(II), and Pb(II) ions 133 carbon nanotechnology 155 Cd(NO3)2
2H2O 233 carbon nanotube (CNT) 19, 74, 128, CdO nanostructures 455 223, 298, 324, 393, 400, 523, CdS/BCF hybrid nanofibers 702 531, 591, 722, 739, 764, 807 CdS/BC hybrid nanofibers, pathway for adsorption 619 preparation 703 based biosensors 718 CdS nanoparticles 702 based film 718 Ce doping 54 based metal matrix composite (CNT- Ce-Fe-O solid solutions 45 MMC) 692 cell-disruption mechanism based nanomaterials 825 of Ag-impregnated ZnO bilayers 456 nanoparticles 305 CNT–NiCo oxide composite 106 cellulose 419, 667 composites 300 membranes 587, 661 defunctionalized 607 nanocrystals 582, 726 dispersion 619 nanofibers 582, 590 electrode 456 nanofibril 582 functionalization routes 604 nanomaterials 579, 582 for inorganic molecule analysis 90 nanoparticles 579, 584 network transistor 726 nanowhiskers 582, 583 noncovalent functionalization polymers 667 of 326 cellulose acetate (CA) 402, 668 paste electrode (CNTPE) 96 silica composite-based in removal of target pollutants 616 membranes 812 sensors 129, 456 cellulose-g-oxolane-2,5-dione, TiO2 composites 621 preparation of 588 carbonyl chromophore 673 cellulose-g-oxolane nanofibers 587 carcinogens 664 Ce-Mn-O solid solutions 45 dyes 300 Ce-M samples 48 catalytic Ce-NC sample 48 degradation 686 ZSM-5 sample 48 oxidation 477 Ce-NR sample 48 performance over Ce1xZrxVO4 centrifugation limit 299 catalysts 54 CeO2-Ag catalyst 45 processes 39 CeO2 nanoflakes 307 836 Index

CeO2NPs 76 interaction 30, 323 CeO2-TiO2 composite 54 methods 544 CeO2 truncated nanocubes 47 modification 603, 671, 721 CeO2-ZrO2 (CZ) catalyst 45, 49 modified electrode (CME) 93 ceramics 316, 416 organic compounds 722 matrix nanocomposite 691 oxidation 698 membranes 661 oxygen demand (COD) 367, 650 ceria-based catalysts 62 pollutants 543, 544 ceria NPs 76 precipitation 373 ceria-zirconia-based catalyst 47 process 4 cerium-doped activated carbons 56 engineering 3 cerium-doped copper ferrite NPs properties 825 (CuFe2xCexO4) 262 reactions 727 cetyltetramethylammonium salt 586 reduction 544 cetyltrimethylammonium bromide routes/bottom-up approaches 767 (CTAB) 333, 551 sensing techniques 474 Ce-Zr-O nanostructured catalyst 41 sensitivity 445 Ce0.9Zr0.1O2-NP catalyst 46 sensors 224, 720 C60F36 adsorbed molecules 35 stability 82, 155, 333, 663, 673 C60F18 fluorofullerene 27 storage sites 543 C60F36 fluorofullerene structure, of widely used dyes and molecules on Si(111)-7 × 7 surface 31 absorption band maxima C60F18 isomers 32 (λmax) 260 C60F18 molecule 20–29, 31, 35 transformation 738, 827 on Si(111)-7 × 7 surface treatment 650 orientations 24 vapor deposition (CVD) 77, 128, C60F36 molecule 31–34 607, 662, 724, 740 C60F42 molecule 20 Chemical Warfare Convention C60F44 molecule 20 (CWC) 557 C60F48 molecule 20 chemiluminescence 523, 528 C60F36 molecules 33 chemiosmotic cation 518 C-60 fullerenes 141 chemisorption 40, 132, 776 charcoal 134 chemo-biosensing 473 charge chi-AgNPs as fluorophore 558 densities 27 chiral 582 exchange phenomena 481 compounds 723 membrane 355 pharmaceuticals 723 cheese concentration 391 chitin 663 chelating adsorbent 133 chitosan (CS) 129, 135, 531, 626, 663, chemical 666, 673, 779, 781 bonding 717 capped AgNPs (chit-AgNPs) 557 complexation methods 374 chitosan gelatin/GO monoliths composition 401 (CGGO) 626 contaminants 543 chitosan–GO composites enhancement 475, 476 (CSGO) 134, 627 exfoliation 457 chitosan–polyacrylamide functionalization 579 [Chi-PAA] 97 industry 39 chitosan/sulfhydryl-functionalized inertness 303 GO (CS/GO-SH) 131 Index 837

chitosan–TiO2 composite 666 surface oxidation 324 epichlorohydrin 671 CO2 adsorption 323 films 726 coagulation 369, 675 nanoparticles 298 coalescence 724 vulnerability 666 CoAl-LDH flakes 610 chlorfenvinphos 531 coarsening 232 chlorides 769 coating film 788 ions 391, 548 coating industry 788 chlorinated hydrocarbons 670 cobalt-doped antimony oxide nanoparticle chlorination 670 (CoSb2O6 NP) 108 of lignin 670 cobalt nanocrystals 81, 82 chlorobenzene 615 CO2 capture technology 323 chloroform sensors 108 cocondensation method 333 chlorophenols 12, 104 codoping 243 2-chlorophenol 104 CoFe2O4/CeO2 nanocomposite 262 4-chlorophenol 307 CoFe2O4/graphene 251 chloroplasts 154, 176 hybrid material 262 chlorpyrifos 138 coking wastewater 372 chromatography-based systems 445 treatment 372 chromium 93, 96, 267, 528, 553, 695 cold vapor atomic absorption and chromium(VI) in water spectrometry (CVAAS) 93 samples 96 collagen protein 548 detection limit 94 collisions 763, 767 in drinking 93 colorimetric sensors 336, 551, 552 electrode 93 combine membrane separation species 588 technology 380 chromium(VI) 96 combustion 413, 414, 419 chromophores 728 behavior 419 C.I. Acid Red 73 665 chamber 422 C.I. Direct Blue 71 665 characteristics 421 ciprofloxacin 199, 300 mechanisms 418 cisplatin 787 models 421 citric acid 229, 331 propellant 415 Citrobacter freundii 812 commercialization 825, 826 Citrus limetta 552 communications 761 Citrus limon 552 Co-Mn/TiO2 catalyst 53 civilization 4 competing demands 293 clean water 71 competitive water treatment climate technology 12 change 414 complexed metal ions 94 warming 39 complex hydrocarbon fuel 413 clove silver nanospheres (C-SNSs) 553 complex matrices 724 clustering of particles 422 composite membrane materials 380 CNM’s functionalization methods 324 composition and structure analysis, GN alkali activation 325 and GS 197 covalent functionalization 324 concentric parabolic collector doping heteroatoms 325 (CPC) 676 grafting 325 conductivity 30, 92, 534, 692, 777 sulfonation 325 conduction band (CB) 652 838 Index

conductometric transducer 527 crystalline solids 237 confocal scanning laser crystallization 483 microscopy 155 promoting in gel media 592 Congo red (CR) 137, 217 techniques 580 contact angles, of GS0 aerogels and GS6 crystal morphology and size distribution aerogels 196, 197 of MDC 369 contaminants 72, 127, 671, 686 crystal structure 254 conventional colorimetric sulfapyridine solvate 593 methods 524 crystal violet (CV) 131 conventional Si-based photovoltaic CS-glass system 667 devices 719 CS-SH-MWCNT nanocomposite cooler inert gas 763 film 92 copper(II) detection limit 94 Cucumis sativus 746 + copper interdigital electrode 534 Cu2 detection 530 copper ions 133, 528 CuFe/beta monolith catalyst 55 coprecipitation 81, 82, 95, 232, 234 Cu(II)–GO interactions 623 method of synthesis 307, 534 Cu(II) ions 301 ferrite catalytsts 234 Cu loadings 55 silver-based catalyst 233 culturing process 545 titanium-based catalyts 234 Cunningham Correction Factor 425 zinc-based catalyst 233 CuO/G hybrids 231 core–shell monomers 482 CuO/graphene (CuO/G) 231 core–shell nanostructure 225 hybrid composite 230 core–shell structure 244, 302 CuO/graphene-oxide hybrid 230 PANI/Fe3O4 nanoparticles 400 Cu2O nanocubes 301 core–shell ZnO/oxygen-doped g-C3N4 Cu2O NP-modified ZnO nanocomposite 224, 225 nanowires 533 Corynebacterium sp. SH 09 809 cupric ions 554 cosmetics 790 cup-stacked carbon nanotube 154, nanocarriers 790 178 cost optimization 722 current imaging tunneling spectroscopy cost ratio limitation 774 (CITS) 32 coupled semiconductors 244 CuS doped with Ni ions 218 coupling agents 333, 671 Cu-TiO2/ZnO heterojunction covalent bonding 300, 786 nanocomposite 262 covalent coupling 603 Cyamopsis tetragonaloba 557 covalent interaction 137 cyanide (CN ) 557 CPE modifier, for electrochemical cyanotoxins 303 sensing of copper ions 93 cyclic microwave radiation 230 + Cr3 doping 242 cyclic voltammetry (CV) 102 + Cr3 ions 553 cycloaddition reactions 606 Cr2O3 clusters 243 β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) 336 crop/plant productivity 153, 155 cyclohexane 615 crotonic acid (CA) 94 cysteamine (CA) 335 Cr oxide 242 cysteine 523 Cr-TiO2 samples 242 cysteine-alanine-leucine-asparagine- crude oil 39 asparagine pentapeptide crystal lattice 45, 237 553 crystalline cellulose 582 cytotoxicity 191, 749, 787, 791 Index 839 d diazonium cation 728 Danish Environmental Protection dicarboxylated cellulose (DCC) 582 Agency Report 6 2,3-dicarboxylic cellulose Daucus carota 746 nanofibrils 582 decolourization 559 dicetyl phosphate (DCP) 102 decontamination 658 2,6-dichlorobenzamide 401 factor 374 1, 2-dichlorobenzene 105, 141, degradation 219 615, 620 organic dyes 220 1,1-dichloro-2,2- bis-(4´-chlorophenyl) paint pigments 238 ethane 98 degrouping 435 dichlorocarbene 606 Degussa P25 nanoparticles 703 dichloromethane 109 dendrimer 782 dichlorophenol 303 composite membranes 301 dielectrophoresis (DEP) 723 nanocarrier 787 [2 + 1], [4 + 2] Diels–Alder dendritic encapsulation 806 cycloaddition of dendritic nanopolymers 723 o-quinodimethane 606 composites 723 diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) 39, DeNOx/HC oxidation catalysts 49 40 dense solid fuel 413 diesel particulate 45 densities of state (DOS) 24, 25 diesel particulate filter (DPF) 39, 42 density distribution 27 temperature 43 density of state 29 diethylenetriamine 397, 398 deodorants 591 differential pulse anodic stripping deoxidization 230 voltammetry (DPASV) 94 deposition-precipitation (DP) 50 differential pulse voltammetry deprotonation 165, 204 (DPV) 93 dermatitis 664 differential scanning calorimetric desalination rate 367 (DSC) 95 desethyldesisopropylatrazine 401 diffusion 763 desorption efficiency 202 flame 420 detection limits of chromium(III) 96 rate 371 detergents 650 digital images detoxification 132 graphite oxide 194 devices optimization 377 GS0, GS1, GS4, GS6, and GS8 dextran 725 hydrogels 194 3D geometry of hot spots 482 protein 194 β-D-gluocopyranose 582 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine 3D graphene systems (3DGNs) 130 (L-DOPA) 549 3D hot spots 498, 500 di-iso-butyl phthalate 99 concept 827 dimer 29, 482 matrix dimer-adatom-stacking-fault (DAS) 22 noble-metal sols 500 dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) 95 structure 498 dimethylbenzene 138 plasma 827 dimethyl sulfone 129 structures 827 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid 402 for SERS detection 500 diphenylcarbazide (DPC) 91 3,4-diaminophenyl-functionalized 1,5-diphenylcarbazide dextran 129 nanocomposite 93 840 Index

dipole-like formation 27 3D sepiolite 613 dipole moment 27 3D SERS hot spots 481 direct electrooxidation 297 3D SERS substrate 501 direct functionalization (cocondensation 3D sulfonated reduced GO (3D SRGO) and in situ) 318 aerogel 131 disinfectant, ideal 298 dyes 128, 135, 686 disinfection 72 contaminated waters 686 using nanomaterials 297 degradation 256 disinfection by-product (DBP) 674 sensitized solar cell (DSSC) 238, dispersed phase on properties of 726, 774, 813 composites, influence of schematic representation 814 geometry 688 dymethylformamide 532, 533 disruptive behavior 420 dynamic light scattering (DLS) 550 dissolved organic carbon (DOC) 674 dissolved organic matter 738 e dithiodibezoic acid (DDA) 93 eco-friendly materials 698 divalent ions 391, 403 ecotoxicity 9 DNA biosensors 526 π–π EDA interaction 615 DNA-CNT linking strategies 614 ED process, schematic diagram of 365 DNA-CNT sensors 129 EDS mapping for Ag-Au/Cu2O DNA coupling 614 nanocomposites 302 DNA damage 749 electrical conductance 130, 166, 718, DNA guide assembly scheme 495 720, 726 3D nanostructured graphene- CNT-FETs 718 polypyrrole (Ppy) electrical energy 777 nanocomposite 135 electrical properties 826 DNAzyme 554 electric field-enhanced simulation of dodecane-1,2-diol 81 silver nanocubes 490 dodecanethiol 333 electric field gradient 723 domestic wastes 294 electric field intensity 476 Donnan exclusion effect 332 electric/microwave heating 43 doping 216, 304, 305, 609, 612, 739, 777 electrochemical 544 anatase, TiO2 with N, S, and C 243 capacitors 719 transition metals 224 characterizations 531 ZnO (M/ZnO) nanostructures 224 detection dose-dependent toxicity 155 carbohydrates 106 doxycycline 137, 300 devices 129 D-penicillamine-AuNPs DNA-based biosensor 526 (D-PC-AuNPs) 554 electrode 475 D-penicillamine-capped copper impedance spectroscopy (EIS) 523 nanoparticle (DPA-CuNP) 530 impedance technique 523 3D plasma nanoclusters, fabrication and measurements 531 characterization of 499 methods 297, 369 drag-induced particle velocities 427 modification 609 Drexler, Eric 762 O3 sensor 532 drinking water 543 reactions 776 drop-coating process 766 reduced graphene oxide (ERGO) drug delivery 549, 782 -Au nanoparticles (AuNPs)- system 737, 739, 784 β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) 531 Index 841

sensor (ECS) 523, 526, 528, 529, electrothermal atomic absorption 557, 558 spectrometry (ETAAS) 96 based on CuNPs 523 elementary boron 414 synthesis 220 emission intensities 592 electrocoating paints 391 emulsified oils 391 electroconductivity 523 emulsion 689 electrode 764 or suspension 333 insulation 528 encapsulation 773, 785 potentiometric response 93 endocrine disrupting compound sensor 529 (EDC) 294, 300 electrodeposition 740 endosulfan 138 electrodialysis 354, 364 energy 774 electrogenerated chemiluminescence consumption 367, 726 (ECL) 107 density 420, 720 electrolysis 238 efficiency 790 electrolyte solar economy 774 accessibility 720 energy-conserving water gate efficiency of 718 purification 71 ions 720 energy dispersive X-ray analysis sensor 556 (EDX) 101 electromagnetic enhancement 475, 476 energy-level diagrams electron donor–acceptor (EDA) molecule adsorbed on a metal interaction 615 surface 477 electron–hole pair recombination 263 for undoped and N-doped TiO2 217 electron–hole recombination rate 654 engine emissions 422 electron–hole separation 249 engineered nanomaterial 7 electronic coupling 476 engineering nanoparticle (ENP) 737, electronic detection techniques 720 738, 747 electronic properties 130 common methods of 739 electron microscopy 155 chemical precipitation 739 electron relays, for producing chemical vapor deposition 740 electricity 719 electrodeposition 740 electrons 244 gas condensation 739 transfer mediator 528 sol-gel techniques 740 electrooxidation 297 toxicity electroplating 553 environmental organisms 742 wastewater 353 on humans, effect of 747 electropolymerization 531 metal nanoparticles 743 electroreduction 523 on plants, effect of 745 electrospark deposition 789 polymeric nanoparticles 745 electrospinning 73, 84, 316 enhanced vascular permeability and electrospun nanofibers 74, 400 retention (EPR) 783 electrostatically stabilized enhancement factor (EF) 474, 476 nanocrystalline cellulose 582 enthalpy change 619 electrostatic forces 739 entropy change 619 electrostatic interaction 82, 136, 137, environmental 300, 591, 620 contaminants 737 electrostatic repulsions 398 engineering 4, 15 force 397 applications 11 842 Index

environmental (continued ) eutrophication 135, 664 science 11, 16 exfoliated graphite nanoplatelet health, and safety (EHS) 731 (xGnPs)–chitosan cross-linked pollutants 474 composite 531 laboratory analysis and exhaust-gas 43 detection 473 exhaust system 423 pollution 128, 257, 721 exopolysaccharides 517 and SERS detection 478 external energy 293 problem 685 extractive membrane bioreactor 365 protection 15 remediation 721 f potential methods for 295 fabricated bioinspired magnetic reservoirs 721 nanocomposite 696 safety 300 fabricated polyacrylonitrile/CNT/ samples 581 TiO2 NH2 composite stability 534 nanofibers 300 sustainability 4, 8, 15 fabrication techniques, functionalized of Al2O3/SiC nanocomposite, polymer nanomaterials for 721 precursor route for 693 Environmental Protection Agency of Au/Pt/Au core/shell (EPA) 686 nanoraspberries, environmental science 581, 721 morphological and structural communities 826 changes 484 environment today, status 7 technique, of ln2O3 and its variation enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay on 451 (ELISA) 473 Faradic current 526 enzyme-TiO2/rGO nanocomposite for feed concentration 363 removal of 4-nitrophenol, feed flux 364 synthesis route of 697 Fe(III) complexing ligand 2-(5-bromo-2- epichlorohydrin 673, 674 pyridylazo)-5- epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) diethylaminophenol 529 667 FeMgAl LDO flakes 613 epoxy-resins 673 fenthion 558 Escherichia coli 300, 480, 527, 558, Fe2O3-Ba0.99Ce0.01TiO3 sensor 534 588, 779, 808 Fe3O4-based photocatalysts 252 Es-PPy gas sensor 534 Fe3O4/BiOCl nanocomposite 252 ethanol 232, 457 Fe2O3/Bi2S3 nanorods 260 ethyl alcohol 237 Fe3O4-coated cenospheres deposited ethyl cellulose (EC) 784 with a film of TiO2 N-ethyl-N-(3-dimethyl-aminopropyl) nanoparticles 253 carbodiimide hydrochloride Fe3O4/γ-Fe2O3 sensor 533 (EDC) 603 Fe3O4-mixed oxide 81 ethylenediamine 585 Fe3O4 MNPs 94 ethylenediaminetetra acetic acid Fe3O4 nanoparticles 698 (EDTA) 103 binding of PPA on 334 + + Euphorbia nivulia 559 Fe3 /Al3 doping 243 European Commission Report 6 Fe3O4-supported noble metal Europium 335 nanocomposites 703 eutectic choline chloride 256 Fe oxidation 302 Index 843

Fe3O4/ZnO/NiWO4 fluorine removal, pilot-scale nanocomposite 254 system 404 Fermi energy (EF) 24, 25 fluorofullerene 19, 23, 31 ferricyanide 528 molecule 19, 23, 25, 26, 35 ferrite alloys 454 fluorophore 558, 580 ferrite materials 234 entities 591 ferrite synthesis 228 fluorosis 543 ferritin 778 5-fluorouracil 784 ferrosol 167 Fokker–Planck equation 423 ferrous hydroxide suspension 81 food additives 560, 579 fertility 153 food packaging 220, 780, 781 fertilizers 127, 543 food processing 780 Feynman, Richard 714, 762 food safety 737 FGO/EP polymer nanocomposites 609 formaldehyde 623, 650 fiberglass 661 forward osmosis 359, 360 fibers diameter 722 fossil fuel 655 fibrous nanostructure 722 foulants, and control capacities 406 field-effect transistor (FET) 129, 224, fouling 400, 404 718, 720 mechanism of 404 field emission scanning electron resistance 393, 403 microscopy (FE-SEM) 108, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy 526, 534 (FTIR) 94, 523, 550 images, of L.S. of root 177 analysis of aerogel, before and after micrographs, of native bacterial adsorption 204 cellulose 700 analysis of GS0 and GS6 205 field emitters 224 Francois gulliot 555 filtration free energy 20, 239 applications 722 free-radicals 660 efficiency 43 free-standing biotemplate mesoporous spectrum 392 hybrid film, fabrication fireproofing 815 of 585 flame atomic absorption spectrometric Freundlich and Langmuir models 133 (FAAS) 90 Freundlich equation, for 3D RGO flocculation 354, 369, 724 hydrogel 132 flotation 675 Freundlich isotherm 201 flow conditions 430 model 131 flower-like hierarchical BiOCl Freundlich model 131, 193, 194, 201 photocatalyst 257 F-R sample catalysts 50 flow oscillations 428 fuchsine 136 fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) 169 fuel additives 414 fluorescence quenching 96, 528, 530 fuel ignition 413 fluorescence spectroscopy 523 fullerene C60 19, 140, 154, 178, 299, fluorescent metals 335 610, 718, 719, 738, 739, 790 fluorescent silica nanoparticle fullerene-like carbon (FSNP) 745 nanoparticles 777 fluoride 132 functionalization of 140 adsorption capacity 135 insoluble 180 ions 135 transforms 140 fluorinated anatase TiO2 222 fullerol 178 844 Index

functionalization gas generator 414 of CNTs 605 gas-phase effluents 649 methods 321, 336, 608 gas sensing mechanism 458 functionalized CNMs, applications g-C3N4-based composites 256 of 327 g-C3N4-based nanocomposites 259 adsorbents, for removal of heavy g-C3N4 catalyst 255 metals and organics 329 g-C3N4/Fe3O4/Ag/Ag2SO3 plasmonic catalysts support 328 photocatalyst 263 membrane-based separation 331 g-C3N4/Fe3O4/AgI/Ag2CrO4 removal of metal ions, and organic nanocomposite 263 contaminants 327 g-C3N4/Fe3O4/Ag3PO4/Co3O4 sensing and monitoring 328 nanocomposite 263 functionalized grapheme sheet Gd ions 218 (FGS) 609 gelation 191 functionalized graphene (G) gelling agent 229 nanomaterials, adsorption gels based, on NC 589 capacity 624 gel–sol transition 554 functionalized graphene oxide generalized gradient approximation (FGO) 609 (GGA) 22 functionalized LDHs, preparation generation of electricity 737 of 610 genotoxicity of MWCNTs 180 functionalized nanomaterials 599, 721, Geobacter sulfurreducens 809 826 German Environment Agency application in pollution Report 6 abatement 613 German Federal Government report 7 carbon nanotubes 613 Gibbs energy change 619 graphene 621 Gibbs free energy 238, 268 in environmental remediation 600 glass transition 671 in pollution abatement, future glassy carbon electrode (GCE) 92, 455 perspective 629 global energy consumption 719 preparation of 602 global warming 423 carbon nanotubes 602 global water crisis 10 graphene and graphene oxide 607 Gluconacetobacter xylinum 698 LDHs 609 glucose 548 utilization of 600 glucose oxidase (GOx) 528 functionalized silica-based glutathione (GSH) 554 nanomaterial, applications glycerol, dosage 232 of 322 glycerol selective oxidation 249 Fusarium solani 307 glycopyranosides 548 fusion 767 GN/magnetite (Fe3O4) composite 137 peptide 551 GNs/δ-MnO2 composite (GNs/MnO2) 134 g GO–Al13 composite 132 gallic acid 553 GO/aluminum–zirconium polycation gas chromatography (GC) 662 composites 622 gas condensation process 739 GO/chitosan materials 626 gas diffusion 458 GO cross-linked with ferric hydroxide gaseous pollutants, sources, and effect (GO-Fe) 134 on environment 447 GO/Cu–MOF composites 623 Index 845

GO diffraction 696 transient gas-sensing characteristics GO dispersion 194 of 458 GO films 131 graphene oxide (GO) 130, 132, 135, GO foam, 3D binary images of 299 136, 139, 196, 230, 299, 458, GO/GN nanocomposites 621 529, 607, 610 G4-OH(Pt40)/G4-OH(Pt60)/G4-OH- Al13 (GO-Al13) 132 (Pd40), HRTEM images 83 coated adsorbent 131 gold cube nanoparticles 491 composite 131 gold nanoclusters, high coordination electrode 456 number of 498 β-FeOOH composite 133 gold nanorods 135, 136 protonated C3N4 composite 300 gold octahedron 491 RGO-Fe3O4 nanoparticles 137 nanoparticles 491 titanate (RGO-Ti) hybrids 136 gold substrate 488 graphene–polypyrrole (Ppy) GO membranes 131 nanocomposite 629 GO (RGO)–metal/metal oxide graphene quantum dot (GQD) 221 composites 627 graphene-soy protein (GS) GO/MnO2 composites 622 aerogels 192 GO nanosheets (GOS) 133, 230, 623 preparation of 192 GO oxidation 622 graphite 420 GO/polyoxometalate oxide 192, 607 nanocomposites 622 graphitic C3N4 (g-C3N4) 255 Gore-Tex® 523 graphitic oxide (GO/Cu-MOF) GO-TiO2 hybrid 134 composites 140 GO/torlon composite membrane 132 graphitization 154 grafting 320 gravimetric energy densities 413 polymers 333 greases 650 grain morphology 239 green colorimetric sensor 554 grain-size distribution 414 greenhouse gas emissions 39, 828 granular activated carbon (GAC) 56 green methods 544 grapheme 128 green nanomaterial 583 graphene 19, 130, 135, 191, 195, 211, green nanotechnology 552, 731, 805, 298, 610, 739 811, 828 based LaNiO3 composite films applications 811 609 construction industry 815 deposits 196 metal nanoparticles 812 for improving sensing nanoclays 813 properties 459 nanoenhanced green materials 192 applications 815 c-MWCNT composites 628 nanofibers 811 nanocomposites 300 nanomaterials, for water based electrochemical analysis of treatment 811 organic compounds 104 nanomembranes 812 nanoplanar 457 principles and applications 806 nanosheet 599 prospects of 815 sensors 458 for renewable energy 813 sheets 130, 196, 457, 718 dye-sensitized solar cells 813 synthesis method 457 fuel cell 814 graphene device hydrogen gas 814 846 Index

green nanotechnology (continued ) herbicides 589, 670, 686 quantum dots 813 heterogeneous catalysts 222 risk assessment 815 heterogeneous chemistry 414 green polymers 658, 828 heterogeneous magnetic green purification technologies 590 photocatalyst 250 green synthesis 548, 555, 826 heterogeneous photocatalysis 229, 259, methods 544 267, 652 nanoparticles 556 adsorbents 667 future perspectives 559 heterogeneous photosystem 659 grid electricity 719 heterogeneous process 414 Griess reaction 728 heterogeneous structure Griess reagent 728 MxBi2xTi2O7 218 Grignard reagents 606 heterostructured Fe2O3/Bi2S3 groundwater 401 nanorods 261 contamination 294 hetrostructure photocatalysis 215, 221 pollution 294, 555 hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene remediation 11 (HCTP) 609 resources 353 hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide groups’ drag-induced motion 435 (CTAB) 768 growth of nanoparticles, in situ 333 hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium growth-stimulating effects 154 chloride (HDTMA) modified Grätzel cell 774 nanoclay 85 GS0 and GS6, surface morphologies hexagonal mesoporous silica of 192 (HMS) 324 GS preparation process 195 hexagonal M-Zn-O nanorods 224 hexavalent chromium Cr(VI) 267 h H2 generation 257 + + + + HAADF-STEM, TEM image of 246 Hg2 /Pb2 /Co3 /Zn2 metal ions 133, halloysite nanotubes 400 552, 553, 555 haloacetic acids 403 high-density surface carboxylic haloacetonitriles 403 functionalization 154 halogenated aromatic high-energy ball milling 765 hydrocarbons 650 high energy irradiation 544 hardening agent 655 high-performance liquid hazardous chemicals 154, 808 chromatography hazardous nanoparticles 585 (HPLC) 723, 724 hazardous substances 581 high-salinity wastewater 367 Hb/PCNA/MWCNT electrode 556 histidine 548 health hazards 558 HOBO products 414 heat loss 363 HODRA-CORE membrane 402 heavy metal 129–132, 650, 686 homogeneous spherical NPs 81 adsorption 300 HOMO–LUMO gap 27, 31, 33, ions 96, 128, 130, 133, 527, 528, 543, 35 555, 586, 700, 737, 826 hot spot 482 adsorption of 322 human civilization 3, 13 photocatalyst for reduction of 267 human health 738, 827 pollutants 354 care 473 hemolysis 664 humanity 127 herbaceous metals 528 human red blood cell 787 Index 847 human scientific endeavor 9, 13 hydrothermal treatment 223, 225 human stem cells 481 hydrothermal-ultrasonic method 221 humic acid (HAA) 137, 397, 676 hydroxyapatite 701 humidity 445, 591 N-(2-hydroxybenzyl)-valine 555 hybridization 300, 458 hydroxyl (•OH) radicals 303 chain reaction (HCR) 529 hyper branched chitosan erogels 136 nanoparticle 535 membrane separation process 366 hysteresis loops 253 nanocomposite 703 nanomaterials 738, 739 i nanostructures 258 icosahedral symmetry 140 of silica nanoparticles/poly(vinylidene igniter formulations 416 fluoride) membranes 398 ignition 419, 420 hydrazine 106 mixtures 415 hydrocarbons (HC) 39, 42, 413, 417, imaging capabilities 477 543 immobilization 249, 297 hydrogels 192, 195, 196, 589, 591 aspect 667 hydrogen (H2) 719, 768 on MT-MWCNT composite 525 adsorption capacities 776 necessity for 658 clean fuel 814 photocatalyst, approaches used conversion 776 for 661 economy 775 photocatalysts on supports 658 generation 220, 249, 301 PM ALP nanobiocatalyst 527 production 249, 775 support, features of 660 sensing 534 suspended phtotocatalyst reactor separation 724 systems 659 storage 776 TiO2 661 hydrogen bond 82, 129, 167, 199 immunochromatographic strip interaction 137 testing 558 hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) 225, 297, incineration 651 301, 529, 652, 791 indium(III)-tin(IV)-mixed oxide 81 hydrogen sulfide (H2S) 140, 623 indium oxide 533 hydrophilicity 191, 192, 303, 582 industrial effluents 651 protein 196 industrialization 127, 649, 686 hydrophobic 671 industrial wastewater 353 aerogels 589 membrane process 354 interaction 137, 140, 739 inert gas 763 membrane 533 inert gas evaporation-condensation polymer membrane 365 (IGC) 763 hydroquinone 101 method, processing chamber of hydrothermal-electrochemical 221 764 hydrothermal impregnation infrared spectroscopy 475 method 223 innovation 825, 828 hydrothermal methods 221, 222, 238, membrane preparation 518 technology 380 hydrothermal-microwave method 221 inorganic hydrothermal-sol–gel 221 anions 135, 557 hydrothermal stability, of Cu3Fe3/ functionalization 327 beta 55 industrial wastewater 367 848 Index

inorganic (continued ) ionic strength 81, 133, 135, 138 materials 371 ion-imprinted polymers 723 membranes 371 ionization 727 mercury 551 Iresine herbstii 559 molecule analysis iron-based nanomaterials 722 application of NPs for 93 iron-based oxides 303 multiwalled carbon nanotubes iron-boron coating 416 for 90 iron oxide (Fe3O4) 454, 619 nanoparticles 828 magnetic NMs 813 pollutants 543, 697 nanoparticles 399 solar cells 719 irradiation 216, 651 toxicants 543 absorption, enhancement of 216 wastewater 353, 367 isocontours 26 In4Sn3O12 NPs and In4Sn3O12–TeO2 isopropanol 532, 533 composite nanoparticles 534 isoproturon 401 In4Sn3O12–TeO2 composite- isotherms, of GS0 198 nanoparticle sensor isovaleric acid 129 selectivity 535 IUPAC classification 720 In4Sn3O12–TeO2 interface 535 I–V technique 108 In4Sn3O12–TeO2 nanocomposite sensor 535 k insoluble nanocarbons 180 kinetic curves 203 integral environmental pollutants kinetic energy 763 concept 294 kinetic parameters π-π interactions 137, 138, 299, 300 intraparticle diffusion model on GS0 interfacial polymerization 398 and GS6 203 interfacial tension 767 of pseudo-first- and second-order interinterception 358 adsorption kinetic internal combustion engine 435 models 203 International Atomic Energy kinetics analyses, of pseudo-first-order Agency 373 model 203 International Union of Pure and Knudsen diffusion 362, 363 Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), terminology for l biopolymers 656 lab-on-a-chip systems 727 interparticle distance 430 Lactobacillus sp. A09 809 intrafiber porosity 722 lactose production 391 intraparticle diffusion model 129, 203 Lactuca sativa 746 intraparticle diffusion rate constant 194 LaMnO3–graphene composites 609 invasive fungal disease (IFD) 783 Langmuir adsorption capacity 619 ion exchange (IE) 373, 675, 687 Langmuir and Freundlich models 100 mechanism 135 of antibiotics on GS6, parameters resins 651 derived from 201 ionic conductivity 673 pseudo-first-order model 129 ionic diffusion 391 Langmuir–Hinshelwood model 667 ionic liquid (IL) 92 dual-site mechanism 41 photochemical synthesis 220 Langmuir isotherm 137, 193, 194, 201 reduced graphene oxide equation 96 (IL-rGO) 529 model 135 Index 849

Langmuir model 194, 201, 203 lipid-drug conjugate 784 Langmuir–Schaefer technique 533 liposomal amphotericin B 783 LaNiO3 nanoparticles 609 liposomes 783, 790, 806 lanthanide doping 234 liquid entry pressure (LEP) 363 hybrid films 584 liquid–liquid extraction 670 lanthanum oxide (ln2O3) 450 liquid–liquid interfaces 475 large unilamellar vesicle (LUV) 807 liquid-phase deposition (LPD) 106 laser ablation 544, 766 liquid phase effluents 649 experiments 767 liquid-phase exfoliation 135 laser-induced ablation 79 lithium 419 laser vaporization 81 ion batteries 19 lauryl sulfate (LS) 523, 524 lithography 544, 805 3+ layer-by-layer (LBL) 132 Ln –TiO2 catalysts 234 self-assembly method 610 local density of state (LDOS) 32 layered double hydroxide (LDH) 233, localized surface plasmon resonance 627 (LSPR) 335, 523 CNT nanocomposites 610 excited by spherical particles 476 crystallites 611 lowest limit of detection (LOD) 551 dispersion 610 lowest unoccupied molecular orbital flakes 611 (LUMO) 140 GO nanocomposites 611 low-surface energy materials 724 graphene composites 611 Lycopersicon esculentum 558 layered double oxide (LDO) 610 lyophilization 299 MWCNT nanocomposites 612 SWCNT nanocomposites 612 m lead 587 macromolecules 391 pollution 553 proteins 195 + lead (Pb2 ) ions 92, 526 macroscopic quantum tunneling lean NOx trap (LNT) 40 effect 721 catalyst 57, 58, 60, 62 maghemite NPs (Fe2O3) applications, LeAqp2 gene 171 for analysis of inorganic Lemna gibba 743 molecules 95 lethal effects 686 magnesium 417, 420 Lewis acid 54 magnetically responsive bioinspired sites 53 nanocomposite 694 LiAl LDH films 611 magnetically separable MnFe2O4/ Li-doped PbTiO3 perovskite 222 graphene light-emitting diode (LED) 807 heteroarchitectures 251 light-off temperature of HC, CO, NO, magnetic BiOX-based and NO2 50 photocatalysts 256 lignosulfonate-modified graphene magnetic chitosan 137 hydrogel (LS-GH) 132 magnetic CoFe2O4-functionalized LiI
2H2O 233 graphene sheet (CoFe2O4– Li-ion-based batteries 776 GNs) nanocomposites 628 Linear alkylbenzene sulfonate 304 magnetic composites 722 lipid-based amphipathic magnetic core–shell nanoparticles 481 membranes 545 magnetic elements 725 lipid bilayers, multilamellar magnetic Fe3O4/graphene composite vesicles 807 (FGC) 137 850 Index

magnetic Fe3O4/ZnO/NiWO4 malachite green (MG) 135, 300, 628 nanocomposites 253 malathione 138, 532, 558 magnetic graphene maleic anhydride (MA) 131 nanocomposite 135 malodor nuisance 445 magnetic hybrid photocatalysts 250 malonate 523 binary heterostructures 250 manganese 728 + ternary heterostructures 252 manganese ion (Mn2 ) 530 magnetic nanoadsorbents 725 manufacturing routes, cost-effective and magnetic nanomaterials 480, 694 highly efficient 826 for environment 724 mass transfer 362, 371 magnetic nanoparticles 79, 81, 454, material efficiency 826 480, 725, 779, 785, 813 material selection, for sensor applications, for analysis of inorganic applications 448 molecules 97 mathematical model 424 magnetic nanostructured maximum adsorption capacities materials 481 ciprofloxacin 202 magnetic Ni nanoparticles 138 tetracycline 202 magnetic photocatalysts 254 maximum adsorption efficiency 135 magnetic photocatalyst Fe3O4/BiOCl M/Ba/Al catalysts 61 nanocomposite 252 MB over BiOBr/NiFe2O4 composite, magnetic poly(vinylpyridine)-coated photocatalytic degradation carbon nanotubes 630 mechanism 261 magnetic recovery stages 725 4-MBT molecules 489 magnetic separation 299 MCM-41 nanoparticles, incorporation magnetic sputtering 77 of 399 magnetite 695 MCM-41-silica nanoparticles 399 Fe3O4/GO composite (M/GO) 134 MD different configurations 361 Fe3O4/reduced graphene oxide MD permeate flux, influence of different nanocomposites 137 factors on 364 magnetite–GO (M–RGO) MD process hybrids 627 for high salty wastewater 368 magnetite-graphene hybrids schematic diagram of 361 (M-RGO) 134 mechanical grinding 417 magnetite–graphene–LDH composite Meisenheimer complex 556 material (MGL) 134 melt compounding 333 nanocubes 694 melting point 221 nanoparticles 95, 699 membrane 391 NPs (Fe3O4) applications, for analysis aeration bioreactor 365 of inorganic molecules 94 assisted radioactive wastewater 374 magneto-responsive composites 667 based separation technology, relevant magnetosome 694 application framework of 379 magnetostatic spin wave (MSW) 533 bioreactor 365 magnetotactic bacteria 694, 695 characteristic 355 magnonic sensor arrays based on cleaning 378 MNPs 533 commercial, and specifications 394 maintenance cost 392 device 381 maize tassel-multiwalled carbon distillation 14, 354, 360, 373 nanotube advantages of 14, 361 (MT-MWCNT) 525 filtration, history of 392 Index 851

flux 366 mercury-specific oligonucleotide materials 355, 366 (MSO) 526 and membrane processes 316 MeS-based composites 268 modification 377 mesoporosity 461, 720 modules 356, 366 mesoporous carbon (MC) 103, 324 advantages, disadvantages, and mesoporous metal oxides 775 applications of 357 mesoporous silicas 323 operated, using pressure as main nanoparticle 786, 791 parameter 395 mesoporousTiO2 527 porosity 362 mesoporous ZnO nanofiber 811 principle of 354 metal alkoxides (Si(OR)4) 740, 769 processes 356, 371, 374, 395 metal and metal compound, properties 371 functionalization and research 354 applications 332 separation 354 metal-based nanoparticles interception mechanism of 358 for electrochemical analysis of organic processes 14 molecules 105 technology 316, 826 for spectroscopy analysis of organic thickness 363 molecules 108 membrane distillation crystallization metal-ceramic matrix nanocomposite (MDC) 368 (MMNC) 692 process for high salty metal detection, colorimetric sensor wastewater 368 for 523 membrane fouling 367, 375 metal-exchanged zeolite SCR catalysts control 377 (CuZ and FeZ) 54 mechanism of metal ions 95, 221, 229, 302, 336, 518, modes 376 523, 524, 528, 545, 546, 548, types of 405 552, 555, 698 inorganic fouling 405 biochemical reduction 546 microbial fouling 405 concentration 94 organic fouling 405 main mechanisms for sorption particulate fouling 405 of 586 prevention of fouling 406 removal, experimental membrane-integrated system procedure 587 to remove As (III) and As (V) from selectivity 552 groundwaters 401 sensors 551 membrane separation technologies metal–metal nanoparticle (Fe-Ti) 74 interception size distribution, 357 metal nanoparticle (MNP) 79, 301, MeNPs–semiconductor hybrid 545, 580, 591, 723, 768, 791 heterostructures 245 encapsulated 83 MeNPs–ZnO (TiO2) metal organic framework (MOF) 105, heterostructures 245 139, 140, 307, 622 Mentha piperita 810 metal oxide 135, 221, 303, 323, 391, mercury (Hg) 131, 132, 528, 551 448, 666, 721, 725, 738, 739, mercury (II) ion 92, 528, 529, 552 768 chemical accumulation of 92 applications, for analysis of inorganic electrochemical determination of molecules 96 92 bionanomaterials 522 + (Hg2 ) contamination 526 ions 518 852 Index

metal oxide (continued ) methyl orange 218, 262, 619, 666, 702 loaded graphene hybrid degradation of 245, 703 architecture 458 methyl parathion 558 modified composites 622 methyl violet 136, 628 nanomaterials 461 Me–TiO2 hybrid photocatalysts 249 nanoparticles 74, 303, 305, 393, 781, MgAl LDH/mesoporous carbon 791 nanocomposites 612 metals 211 MgAl LDO/mesoporous carbon based nanomaterials 738 nanocomposites 612 bionanomaterials 520 Mg-Al mixed oxide-supported classical approaches 544 catalysts 59 containing phosphate 307 Mg/Al ratio 59 + matrix 691 Mg2 ions 619 nanocrystals 483 MgO nanoparticles 747 nanoparticles 580, 591 micelles 518, 767 nanostructures 482, 483 Michaelis–Menten behavior 527 nuclei 767 Michalis–Menten constant 531 particles 546 microbial 391 salts 136 biomass 651 metals and metal compounds, communities 165 functionalized, applications degradation 698 of 334 methods 810 adsorption 334 microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) 583 photocatalysis 335 defibrillation procedures of 583 sensing and monitoring 335 microcystin 100 metal toxicity mechanism 748 microelectromechanical system 336 microbial cells 748 microemulsion 767, 768 genotoxicity 749 method 768 membrane damage 749 system 768 nutrient uptake interference 749 technique 85 production of ROS and antioxidant microfiltration 354, 358, 373, 391, 392 depletion 749 microfluidic devices 727 protein dysfunction 748 microfluidic pH analysis 727 other cells 749 microorganisms 366, 548, 808 metering pump 381 micropollutants 372 methemeglobinemia 153, 543, 556, microporous carbons 324 664 microporous ceramic filters 44 methidathione 558 microporous membranes 355, 365 L-methionine 301 microwave-assisted hydrothermal 3-(4-methoxybenzylideneamino)-2- process 223 thioxothiazolodin-4-one 90 microwave-assisted polyol method 333 4-methylbenzenethiol 489 microwave-assisted thermal methyl blue 222 decomposition (MATD) 2-methyl-4, 6-dinitrophenol 402 device 231 methylene blue 128, 129, 135, 136, microwave irradiation (MWI) 230, 701 223, 259, 306, 323, 526, 559, microwave method 229, 230 628, 668, 669 graphene-based materials 229 methylene violet 136 titanium-based materials 231 methylmercury 551 zinc-based materials 231 Index 853

Milli-Q 728 supplied with watering, effect on mineralization 223, 303, 666 phenotype of tomato MINTEQ modeling program 619 plants 173 mixed oxide NPs 81 TiO2 heterojunction + Mn2 detection 530 photocatalysts 232 + Mn2 ions 553, 555 mutation 553 MnO2-immobilized SiO2 nanofibrous 306 n Mn oxides 55 NaCl desorption 92 MNP-based adsorption technology 725 NADH-quinone oxidoreductase modified Hummers’ method 192 749 moisture content 194, 790 N2 adsorption 198 of hydrogels 196 desorption isotherms of GS0, GS1, + + molar ratio of Ag /Cd 2 233 GS4, and GS8 198 molecular beam epitaxy 77 Na ions 216 molecular detection 474 Na-montmorillonite 94 molecular diffusion equation 362 Na-montmorillonite nanoparticles molecular dynamics (MD) 620 (nano-SWy-2) 93 molecular size 371 nanoadsorbents 74 molecule–substrate interaction 35 carbon nanoadsorbents 74 monoliths 661 metal nanoadsorbent 75 mononitrogen oxides 446 nanoadsorption 316 monosaccharide (β-D-glucose) 548 nanobarcodes 781 monovalent ions 393 nanobiocomposites 726 montmorillonite 613 nanobioelectronics 726 Morinda tinctorial 559 nanobiohybrid materials 726 multidrug-resistant 737 nanocapsules 780 multifunctional materials 293 nanocarbons 154, 155 multifunctional reactants 551 in agricultural plants 153 multijunction solar cells 719 interactions 154 multiple-networked nanoparticle on plant growth 169 sensor 535 negative effects of 179 multistage reverse osmosis 373 positive effects of 156, 169 multivalent cations 827 toxic effects of 162 multivalent ions 392 in plants and soil 170 multiwalled carbon nanotube nanocatalysts 40, 297 (MWCNT) 56, 74, 138, 154, nanocellulose (NC) 579, 582, 827 169, 300, 523, 531, 599, 603, based sorptive microextraction, 619, 720, 764, 807 formats of 584 coupled to SPE, for organic molecule contaminated waters 584 analysis by direct air capture/gas gas chromatography 100 permeation 590 liquid chromatography 98 industrial effluents 584 G hybrid aerogel 628 biodegradability of 583 for inorganic molecule analysis filter for H2 gas permeation 590 coupled with SPE methodology, nanocellulosic platforms 580 spectroscopic applications as sensor of 90 of contaminants 591 electrochemical applications 91 nanocellulosic 591 854 Index

nanochain light scattering for coking wastewater properties 488 treatment 372 nanoclays 74, 84, 781 coupled to low-pressure ultraviolet nanoclusters 806 photolysis 403 nanocoatings 789 flux rate 370 advantages of 790 membranes 74, 391, 393, 722 nanocomposites 306, 393, 685, 687, characterization of 396 702 fabrication and modification based on reinforcing agents, of 396 classification of 688 for radioactive wastewater dosage 701 treatment 374 fabrication, bioinspired synthesis RO membranes 401 route for 693 separation mechanisms in 395 of metal oxyhalides 307 treatment process 374 nanocontaminants 580 nanoflakes 222 nanocrystal decoration 458 nanoflowers 224 nanocrystalline cellulose 582 nanofullerene 141 nanocrystalline LaFeO3 258 nanogap 482 nanocrystalline semiconductors 244 nano-lab on a chip for nanocrystalline solid solutions 45 environment 727 nanocrystallinity 239 nanolaminates 782 nanocrystals 82, 583, 806 nanolevel 294 solar cells 775 nanoliquid chromatography 723 nanocuboid WO3 306 nanomaterial–functional groups nanodevices 825 bonding types 319 nanodiamonds 299, 739 functionalization by covalent bond nanodimensions 689 (chemisorption process) 320 nanodisinfectants 298 functionalization by noncovalent nanodumbbell bond (physisorption AFM map for Raman studies 487 process) 319 structure formed by different silver nanomaterials 3, 128, 211, 293, 306, shell thickness, ultraviolet 448, 477, 528, 581, 721, 738, spectra 487 805, 826, 827 nanoelectronic devices 726 acted as analytical tool 580 nanoengineering 713 and applications 7 nanoestructural materials 581 for analysis of organic compounds nanofabrication 686 in wastewaters 98 nanofibers 74, 83, 228, 299, 316, 776 recent scientific research pursuit application, for analysis of inorganic in 8 molecules 97 based environmental based membranes 722 techniques 316, 318 nanofibres 781 based techniques and devices 825 nanofibrillar cellulose 582 carbon nanotubes 807 nanofibrils 582, 591 classification of 806 nanofibrous media 722 dendrimers 806 nanofibrous membranes 811 fullerenes 807 nanofillers 689 functionalization methods 317 nanofiltration (NF) 316, 332, 354, 358, for improving the water holding 373, 391–393 capacity of soil 772 Index 855

incorporation 398 dispersions 714 for increasing productivity 771 distribution, based on for inorganic compound analysis 85 composition 738 liposomes 806 carbon-based nanomaterials 738 membranes 826 hybrid nanomaterials 739 methods of preparation 762 metal-based nanomaterials 738 bottom-up approaches 763 functionalization of 332 top-down approaches 763 grouping of 427 nanoparticles, synthesis of 807 nanocomposite-based sensors, for in pesticides 773 detection of gases 534 photocatalysis applications 220 preparation, using microemulsion for plant growth 772 techniques 768 quantum dots (QD) 807 for remediation 778 research and development, future as sensors and detectors 779 trends 15 synthesis 808 as sensors 773 methodologies 809 structure and surface modification from plant extracts 547 of 449 and specific function of technological vision and scientific microorganism 549 objective in field of application using bacteria 808 of 8 using fungi 809 used for environmental techniques, using plant extract 810, 811 limitations of 317 toxicity based on physicochemical nanomaterials, functionally active 294, properties 741 295 agglomeration status 742 for remediation of environmental morphology 742 pollutants 298 size 741 nanomembranes 722, 826 surface area 741 fabrication of 400 surface electrostatic status 742 purification of water 812 for water disinfection 778 nanomesh formation 458 for water purification 779 nanometer circuit 483 nanophotocatalysis 316 nanoobjects 581 nanopolymer spheres 82 nanoparticles (NPs) 9, 40, 234, 332, nanopowders 806 333, 498, 517, 550, 768, 791, nanoribbons 232 806, 827 nanoscale aggregation 493 intersections 482 applied in photocatalytic membrane 371 procedures 212 technology 714 based on solid lipids 784 nanoscience 3, 477, 713 biosynthesis 545 and nanotechnology, recent scientific by biomolecules 548 endeavor in field of 6 by microorganisms 546 nanosensing 317 by plants 546 nanosensor technology 445, 447, 461, characterization techniques 550 774, 779, 815 conventional approach for properties of 461 production 807 nanoseparation devices 826 bottom-up 808 for environment 723 top-down 808 nanosheets 224, 232 856 Index

nanosilver (nano-Ag) 298 1,5-naphthalene disulfonate nanosized magnetites 303 dianion 612 nanosized metals 301 1-naphthalenesulfonic acid 137 oxides 303 1-naphthol 620 nanosized silica particles (SNPs) 787 2-naphthol 138 nanosized TiO2 303 1-naphthylamine 620 nanosomes 790 2-naphtol thylamine 664 nanostructured ceria-zirconia catalysts α-napthylamine 728 CexZr1xO2-NP 46 National Nanotechnology Initiative nanostructured coatings 714 Workshop 6 nanostructured La-Li-Cr perovskite National Sanitation Foundation catalysts 44 Standards 589 nanostructured lipid carrier 784 natural organic matter (NOM) 14, nanostructured materials 738 662 nanostructured Pt catalyst 44 fractions and chemical groups 675 nanostructure TiO2 nanoparticles removal of 674 SEM image of 76 natural polymers 191, 654, 655, 663 nanosuspensions 419 natural products 650 nanotechnology 3, 5, 72, 73, 130, 393, N-cholyl-L-valine (NaValC) 555 685, 721, 761, 805 near-infrared fluorescence in agriculture, potential quenching 130 applications 772 next-generation sensors 298 applications, avenues ahead in NH3 decomposition 249 field 10 NH2-NH2 coupling 249 cognizance in field of 4 NH3-SCR performance 56 continuous revolution in 825 NiAl LDH/CNT nanocomposites enables cost-effective water 611 + + purification processes 293 Ni2 and Co2 ions 555 green and sustainable vision 730 nickel(II) detection limit 94 for green innovation 828 NiFe2O4/graphene 251 historical perspective 762 Ni(II) metal ion 134 in paints and coatings, NiO/CeO2 catalysts 50 advancement 789 nitrates 71, 523, 543, 556 products, based on manufacturing nitrenes 606 methods and research 714 nitric acid 94, 105 scientific vision in field 4 nitric oxide 56, 446 for sustainable future, application nitrite analysis 728 of 771 nitrite ions 523, 556 agriculture 771 nitroaromatic compounds 703 term defined 713 nitroaromatic pesticides 402 toxicity, economy, and legalization nitrogen 367, 415 of 729 nitrogen dioxide (NO2) 446 vision and advancements in 5 nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots vision for future, frontiers 5 (NGQDs)-BiOI/ nano-TiO2 photocatalyst 262 MnNb2O6 300 nanotubes 224, 765 nitrogen oxides (NOx) 39, 54 nanowires 224, 232, 488, 493, 607 reduction 238 NaOH solution 234 nitrogen sulfur oxygen 371 naphthalene (NAPH) 138, 141 4-nitrophenol 696, 703, 705 Index 857 m-nitrophenol (m-NP) 103 capacity 58 o-nitrophenol (o-NP) 103 over supported Pt-Ba catalysts, p-nitro phenol 301, 402 reaction pathways for 58 4-nitrophenyl phosphate disodium salt NOx and NH3 conversions hexahydrate 402 temperature dependence of 58 N,N-dicyclohexyl carbodiimide NOx conversion 58 (DCC) 603 of Cu-ZSM-5 and Cu-IM-5 zeolites N,N-dimethyl formamide 808 with 55 N2/N2O ratio 55 during nonthermal plasma-assisted NO2-based soot oxidation 43 lean/rich cycling 61 noble metal-based catalysts 62 profiles for Cu-SSZ-13, Cu-beta, and noble metal nanoparticles Cu-ZSM-5 57 (MeNPs) 245 N-oxide azo (azoxy) 664 noble metals 44, 45, 301 NOx reduction efficiency 53, 62 NO-C3H6 reactions 53 NOx storage 59 NO conversions 55 performance 59 NO-CO reactions 52 reduction catalysis 60 to NO2 measured under lean in typical Pt/BaO/Al2O3 catalyst conditions 61 57 NO decomposition 49 NOx trap catalysts 59 noncovalent polymer functional NOx uptakes as temperature interactions 726 function 60 nonenzyme TiO2/rGO NP-modified ZnO NWs 533 nanocomposite 696 N/S/C Co-doped TiO2 nanomaterials, nongrouping 423 phase transition studies nonimmobilized magnetotactic of 243 bacteria 696 n-type metal oxides 458 nonlinear optical applications 482 nuclear magnetic resonance nonlinear optics 483 (NMR) 477 nonmetal doping 221 nuclear power 413 nonofiber 84 nucleation 220, 232, 239, 517, 518, nonpathogenicity 546 545, 550, 592 nonpetroleum-based materials 579 process 517 nonpolymer-based rate 234 nanocomposites 691 nucleic acids 553 nontoxicity 253 nucleophilic addition 609 nontraditional environmental nutrients 154 engineering techniques 11 retention 154 nonylphenol (NP) 104 rich organic matter 153 NO oxidation 41, 58, 59, 62 nylon6 nanofibers 84 catalysis 43 nZVI surface 302 NO reduction 41 NaBH4 system 302 normal hydrogen electrode (NHE) 256 o novel nanomaterials 825 ochratoxin A 558 novel separation processes, future octadecylammonium salt 592 trends and scientific doctrine oil components 371 of 13 oil-water separation 724 NOx adsorption oleic acid 81, 333 858 Index

oleylamine (OAm) 333 phase transition studies of 240 oligonucleotides 614 Oryza sativa L. 744 on-wire lithography (OWL) oscillation flow method 486 particle behavior 434 for fabrication of nanostructured oscillations 422, 423 Ni 488 flow clustering of particles 422 operation parameter optimization 378 oscillatory grouping 422, 423 optical fibers 661, 728 O3 sensor 533 optical photograph osmium dioxide nanoparticles 400 N2 adsorption and pore size osmolality 783 distribution 198 Oswald ripening 233 optical sensors 129 oxidants 652 optoelectronic devices 19 oxidation 582, 603 orange G (OG) 136, 628 of aromatic compounds 238 orange II 323 catalyst 43 organic compounds of nanomaterials 721 adsorption of 323 advanced process, scientific decontamination 580 doctrine, of 11 organic contaminants 663, 664, 826 reduction mechanism 545 organic dyes 128, 131, 524, 664 oxidative degradation 661 organic fertilizers 153 oxidative etching 603 carbon-based fertilizers 154 oxidative roasting 416 as “biochar” 155 oxide particles 660 organic fluorescence 96 oxidizer 413 organic groups, incorporation of 333 oxidizing agents 403, 660 organic-inorganic hybrid materials oxygen 413 307 acetylene flame 418 organic–inorganic doped g-C3N4 NPs 225 nanocomposites 333 vacancy 54 organic LED (OLED) 814 oxygen storage capacity (OSC) 49 organic materials 19 oxytetracyline 300 organic mercury 551 ozone 532 organic molecules 141 radicals 652 organic pollutants 297, 543, 621, 651, ozonolysis 603 698, 721, 722 organic pollution 71 p organic polymers 82, 528 paclitaxel 784 organic solvents 580, 592 paint 788 organic toxicants 141, 543 palladium–graphene organogels 589, 592 nanocomposite 104 organomercury compounds 551 paraoxon 531 organophosphates 557 parathion 531 pesticides 557, 558 Parkinson’s syndrome 553 and phosphonates (OPPs) Parthenium hysterophorus 810 compounds 557 particle agglomeration 484 pesticides 557 particle conversion 421 organophosphorus pesticide 531 particle diameter 426 orthorhombic phase Bi5O7I spherical particle–fluid mechanical microstructures 240 interactions 661 Index 859 particle morphologies, electron phase transitions 237, 418 micrographs 76 anatase to rutile transformation 239 particle–particle interactions 661 from BiOI to Bi5O7I 241 particle-retaining MF 392 morphological effects 239 particles grouping, in oscillating in TiO2, reaction boundaries of 240 flow 423 titania phases, formation and analysis particle sizes 221, 239, 417–420, 422, of 238 424, 426, 427, 498, 651, 763 phenanthrene 556 particle trajectories 427 phenol 615, 620 particle velocity 426, 429 compounds 300, 303, 670 particulate matter (PM) 39, 40 removal of 669 PB-functionalized graphene degradation 249, 297 (PB-G) 609 impurities 103 particulate organic carbon (POC) 674 phenosafranine 323 particulates 138 phenotypes of gram seeds (fruits), after air pollution 39 harvesting 179 Pb(II) ions 132 m-phenylenediamine 397 + Pb2 ions 553–555, 700 phonon resonant 198 + Pb2 removal capacity 700 phosphates 71, 135, 307, 728 PdAu-based nanocomposites 703 phosphonates 557, 791 Pd/CeO2-ZrO2Cr catalyst 49 phosphoric acid 582 Pd/CeO2-ZrO2Ni catalyst 49 phosphorus-doped Si(100) wafers 28 Pd/Ce0.68Zr0.32O2 catalysts 49 phosphorylated NC dispersions 586 Pd–graphene nanocomposite 104 photoactive guest moieties 323 Pechini’s sol-gel method modified 62 photocarriers 705 PEGylation 788 photocatalysis 219, 220, 303, 659, 661, Penaeus merguiensis 527 673, 698, 702 Penicillium fellutanum 810 activity 219 pentaethyleneglycole dodecyl material 216 ether 768 mechanism 212 peptide-AuNP probes 551 radiation applied in 216 peptides 548 on titanium dioxide 221 perchlorate 629, 723 in wastewater treatment 652 permeation flux 363 photocatalyst 211, 219, 245, 265, 307, • 2 peroxides ( O2 ) 303 323, 333, 659–661, 668, 674 personal care products 686 activity 667 pesticides 554, 557, 686, 722, 737 for dye degradation 259 determination 530 materials 216 pesticide transformation product P25 702 (PTP) 401 particles 659 petroleum-based bioplastics 656 photocatalytic ability, for degradation petroleum ether 237 of RhB 222 pharmaceutical contaminants 737 photocatalytic activity 108, 223, 229, pharmaceutical drugs degradation, 249, 254, 255, 257, 269, 307, photocatalyst for 263 609, 661, 698 pharmaceutical industries 392 of Ag-decorated Fe3O4/TiO2- Phaseolus radiates 744 coated cenospheres 253 Phaseolus vulgaris 559 of Ag NPs 218 phase transformations 239, 417 of BiOX 256 860 Index

photocatalyst (continued ) photoelectrochemical technology 297 converting CO2 with CO, CH3OH, photoelectro–Fenton (PEF) 106 and CH4 268 photoinduced molecular photocatalytic applications 231 transformations 652 using nanoparticles 214 photo-Kolbe oxidations, of organic photocatalytic degradation acids 238 mechanism of rhodamine B 264 photoluminescence 154, 216, 256, 673, of pollutants 221 674 of tetracycline 266 photooxidation 304, 666 photocatalytic efficiency 216, 228, degradation 666, 668, 674 256, 297, 303 tests 233 photocatalytic materials 225 photoreaction 228 copper-based materials 236 photoreactors microstructure of 237 design of 660 solvothermal synthesis of 235 system 660 synthesis of 220 photosensitive bioinspired titania-based catalyst 237 nanocomposite photocatalytic mineralization 698 materials 696 photocatalytic nano-TiO2 298 photostability 653 photocatalytic performance, of ZnO/ photovoltaic cells 719, 726 oxygen-doped g-C3N4 photovoltaic effect 719 NPs 225 photovoltaic (PV) technology 774, 775 photocatalytic procedure, factors physicochemical properties 293 affecting 219 physicochemical remediation 778 photocatalytic process 663 physicochemical techniques 651 photocatalytic reactors 660 physisorption technique 132, 776 photocatalytic reduction 268, 301 phytomedicine 178 of CO2 with H2OonAg3PO4/g- piperazidine 397, 398 C3N4 composite 269 Piper betle 557 photocatalytic self cleaning plant growth 154 effect 220 plant nanobionics 154 photocatalytics process 213 plasma coupling, between adjacent photocatalytic systems 658 nanoparticles 482 powders 658 plasma etching 488 system 674 plasma resonance 476 for water decomposition 257 plasma vaporization 81 photochemical reactor systems 660 plasmonic enhanced photcatalysis 218 photocorrosion 653 plasmonic materials, for Raman photodecomposition 249 enhancement 481 photodegradation 103, 557, 698, 706 plasmon resonance 488 adsorption process 666 plasticizers 543, 671 of dye 304 plastics 788 efficiency 246 platelets 785 performance 230 platinum group metal (PGM) 58 of rGO–Ag nanocomposite for platinum hollow nanoparticle chain RhB 230 (Pt-HNPC) 107 of RhB dye 247 Platynereis dumerilii 745 photoelectric effect 774 Plectonema boryanum 808 photoelectrochemical cells 775 Pleurotus sajor caju 559 Index 861 p-nitrophenol, 3,5-dinitrosalicylic polyester-based thin-film composite acid 402 membranes 397 Poiseuille flow 362, 363 polyetherimide/amino-functionalized poisoning diagnosis 473 silica nanocomposite polar contaminants 615 membrane 398 polarity 724 polyethersulfone membranes 331, polarization 27 397–399 light excitation 491 polyethylene columns 587 pollutants 12, 127, 294, 298, 300, 353, polyethylene glycol 725, 784 366, 372, 543, 551, 554, 583, polyethylene glycol-phosphatidyleth 615, 623, 661, 676, 685, 698, anolamine 784 721, 724 polyethyleneimine-functionalized removal 249 CNTs 129 sorbent interaction 651 Poly(ethylene oxide)-based SPEs 776 pollution 130, 353, 528, 721 polyethylene sheets 661 control 103, 127 polyethylenimine 323, 399 polyacrylic acid 497 polyglutamic acid 551 polyacrylonitrile 779 polyglycolide (PGA) 784 poly(allylamine) 323 PGA-capped AuNPs 551 polyamide 398 Polygonum multiflorum 791 thin-film composite 402 polyhydroxyfullerol 178 poly(amido amide) (PAMAM) 787 polylactide 83 dendrimers 788 polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell poly(amido amine) 333 (PEMFC) 776 polyaminde thin-film composite fuel cells 776 membranes 401 polymer-grafted inorganic NPs 333 polyaniline (PANI) 609 polymeric materials 661 nanoparticles 399 polymeric membranes 392, 393, 724 polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) 556, polymeric nanoparticles 784 650 polymeric photovoltaic cells 719 poly(arylene disulphide) 609 polymerization 603, 739 polybenzimidazole membranes 399 interfacial 397 polybrominated biphenyls 650 reactions 806 polycaprolactone 668 polymerization, in situ 333 polychlorinated biphenyls 303, 650 polymers 225, 316, 777 polycondensation 740 based nanocomposites 688 polycyclic aromatic amines 664 ball milling process 691 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon for decontamination of (PAH) 141, 300, 371, 372, pollutants 692 620 direct compounding poly(diallyldimethylammonium synthesis 689 chloride) (PDDA) 103 in situ fabrication technique poly(4-(2,5-di(thiophen-2-yl)-1H-pyrrol- 689 1-yl)benzenamine) (poly(SNS- in situ synthesis process 690 NH2) 531 based nanomaterials 83 polyelectrolyte multilayer (PEM) 527 clay nanocomposites, prepared via polyester-based nanocomposite both in situ and ex situ nanofiltration syntheses 691 membranes 398 coating 326 862 Index

polymers (continued ) materials 133 in functionalization 319 portability 721 grafting 319 postsynthetic functionalization nanoadsorbents 82 (grafting) 318 nanomaterial hybrids 320 postsynthetic grafting 321 nanotechnology 726 potable water 391, 393, 543, 722 nanparticles, conjugated 74 potassium 419 supported nanocomposites modified ceria-zirconia catalyst 46 environmental applications 722 powders 413 templates 694 activated carbon 100 polymethyl methacrylate synthesis route, conventional 693 (PMMA) 609, 728 power conversion efficiency 719 poly[N-(2- hydroxypropyl) p–p interactions 621 methacrylamide] PPy nanoparticles 534 (PHPMA) 603 precipitation 79, 81, 82, 366 polypeptide secondary structure upon crystalline TiO2 238 binding 130 precision 445 polypyrrole 534 filter 381 polypyrrole–reduced graphene oxide predicted environmental composite (PPy–RGO) 627 concentration 10 polysaccharides 548, 663, 666, 671 pressure-driven membrane biopolymers 665 process 358, 371, 374, 391, polystyrene (PS) 108 392 film 141 prion proteins 554 poly(4-styrenesulfonate) 611 pristine CdS particles 702 polystyrene/TiO2NWs pristine Cu2O nanocubes/Ag-Au/Cu2O nanocomposites 108 nanocomposites polysulfone 398 TEM and HRTEM images of 302 polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) 232, 420 pristine Cu2O nanocubes and Ag-Au/ membrane 363 Cu2O nanocomposites polythene (PE) 662 SEM images of 302 polythymine 526 problem-solving capacities 293 poly(venylsulfonate) anions 612 process efficiency 724 poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) 267, 333, prometryn 401 370, 606, 779 propellant samples 419 MWCNT composite 129 propylene 51 polyvinylchloride 93 protein-coated GO sheets 195 poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) protein-mediated nanocomposite 701, membrane 363, 370 702 polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) 228 protein-mediated bioinspired poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) 333 nanocomposites (PMN) 701 pore size 371, 396, 401, 455, 720, 722 proteins 518 distribution 228, 363 proton antitransporters 518 porins 531 protonation 165 porosity 622 deprotonating transition 204 porous alumina-based ceramic deprotonation reactions 204 membranes 724 protoplasts porous Bi5O7I microspheres 240 C. Roseus uptake of MWCNT- porous GO/chitosan materials (PGOC) FITC 170 Index 863 pseudo-first-order model 202 Raman enhancement 481, 499 kinetic model 194 Raman instrument 477 Pseudomonas stutzeri 808 Raman scattering 475, 476 pseudo-second-order model 129, 132, Raman signal 476 133, 135, 203 Raman spectra 474, 827 Psidium guajava Linn 231 of enzyme-TiO2/rGO and control- Pt catalyst 44 TiO2/rGO CO and HC oxidation on 41 nanocomposites 697 Pt-decorated DPF samples 44 for multiple WO3 structures 456 Pt/K/Al2O3 catalysts 60 resonance 197 Pt nanoparticles 41 spectrometer 499 p-toluenesulfonic acid 137 spectroscopic techniques 95, 550, Pt particle size 44 591 Pt-V diesel oxidation catalysts 41 Ramjet engines 414 p-type of graphene oxide 461 rapid detection 528 Pt–ZnO hybrid nanocomposites 247, reactants’ fractional conversion, on 249 LaCo0.5Cu0.5O3 with 51, Pt–ZnO hybrid photocatalysts 247, 249 52 publicly owned municipal treatment reactive oxygen species (ROS) 298, work (POTW) 650 741, 749 pyrene 556 reactive red 4 (RR4) 667 1-pyrenebutanoic acid 605 dye 667 1-(2-pyridilazo)-2-naphtol 96 reactor 661 pyrocatechol 528 real-time monitoring 473 pyrolysis 155, 178, 416, 668 recalcitrant organic pollutants 650 pyrotechnical industry 414 recent scientific research pursuits, in membrane science 13 q recovery times 336 quantum dot (QD) 298, 299, 323, 738 recyclable boron burning 413 photovoltaic applications 814 recyclable nanophotocatalysts 262 QD-based LEDs (QDLEDs) 814 recycle boron 413 QD-based solar cells (QDSCs) 814 redox potentials 254 quantum size effects 40 reduced graphene oxide (RGO) 229, quartz 661 299, 628 crystal microbalance Ag/TiO2 nanotubes/Ti plates with measurements 92 high photocatalytic substrate 527 activity 249 quasi-fiber ZnO 306 rGO membrane 332 quaternary oxide photocatalysts 258 refractory organic pollutants 650 renewability 191 r renewable energies 726 radiation absorbance 216 sources 719 radioactive elements 373, 737 renewable raw materials 649 radioactive ions 586 renewable resources 656 radioactive wastewater 373 based bioplastics 656 treatment 374 based biopolymers 658 Raman detection resilient polymer wastes 655 on gold core–shell nanoparticles resorcinol 102 coated with Pt and Si 486 retinyl acetate (RA) 784 864 Index

reverse osmosis (RO) 14, 83, 354, 359, sedimentation 369, 373 360, 391, 687 selective catalytic reduction (SCR) 53 inorganic membranes 371 activities 53, 54 membrane 392 catalyst 53 module 367, 391 system 40 pretreatment equipment 367 technology 53 process for salinity wastewater 367 selectivities 557, 722 Reynolds number 424 colorimetric sensing 555 Rhizopus oryzae 810 selenium (Se) nanoparticles 519 rhodamine B (RhB) 101, 136, 254, 262, selenium particle (SeP) 529 300, 323, 591, 628 self-assembled nanoparticle chains 490 degradation 263 semiconductors 211, 244, 254, 658, dye 216, 218, 695 762, 774 photocatalytic degradation of 245 for heterogeneous photodegradation 257 photocatalysis 244 rhodamine B hydrazide (RBH) 523, 529 heterojunctions 256 rhodium-containing catalysts 52 heterostructures 244 Rhodopseudomonas capsulate 809 hybrid 245 riboflavin-stabilized silver nanoparticles mediated photocatalytic (R/AgNPs) 524 decomposition, of organic Ricinus communis 558 contaminants 653 RNA-GO nanosheets 138 nanocomposites 244 Rosa indica-wichuriana 555 oxide 477 rose bengal 222 photocatalysts 653 photosensitization of 218 s quantum dots 591 Saccharomyces cerevisiae 695 surface, generalized possible reactions salinity 368 occurring 653 Salmonella typlus 808 Se nanoparticles 519 salt intrusion 294 sensing ability 552 sample sizes 580, 720, 721 sensing/monitoring methods 298 sanitation 71 in petroleum industries 446 scanning electron microscope sensors 722 (SEM) 84, 155, 396, 495, 523, for gases 532 550 for heavy metals 525 scanning tunneling microscope for pesticides 530 (STM) 20, 762 Se oxyions 519 scientific thoughts and scientific sequestration 153 progress, future flow 15 sericin anionic nanoparticles 791 screen-printed carbon electrode sewage 353 (SPCE) 528 Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 703 screen-printed carbon platinized Shockley-Queissar limit 719 electrode (SPCPtE) 528 Si adatoms 24 screen-printed electrode (SPE) 102 Si atoms 27 screen-printing process 766 Si-based semiconductor systems 19 seawater Si-based solar cells 726 detection of other chemicals in 728 SiC interaction 25 nitrate analysis 728 Si-F compound 20 nitrite analysis 728 silanes 333 Index 865 silica-based materials 323 smart packaging 781 silica-based nanomaterials 321 smoke particles 423 functionalization and Smoluchowski’s equation 433 applications 320 SnO2 NP-modified nitrogen-doped silica gel 661 RGO (SnO2/N-RGO) 533 silica materials 786 SnS2/CPVA nanocomposite 267 silica nanoparticles 398, 740 sodium 391, 419 silicate 728 sodium azide 415 silicone rubber membrane 365 sodium borohydride 135 silicon oxide (SiO2) nanorods 519 sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate silt pollution index 368 (SDBS) 91 silver-based photocatalysts 222 sodium dodecyl sulfate 402 silver-based semiconductors 307 functionalized graphene oxide 131 silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) 393, 398, sodium hydrosulfite 136 535, 545, 791 sodium nitrate 415 assembled nanospheres 483 sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) 740 dimers’ hot spot 489 soil carbon 154 silver orthophosphate (Ag3PO4) 254 soil contaminations 153 silver (I) oxide 222 soil erosion 294 silver-PEGylated dendrimer soil pH 154 nanocomposite soil structure 154 membrane 301 Solanum lycopersicum 746 silver-PEGylated polyethylene solar cells 293 glycol 301 applications 220 silver sol 498 based on quantum dots (QD solar silylation process 324 cells) 719 single C60F18 molecule solar energy 660, 698, 775 STM images of 22 for Cr(VI) 243 single-junction inorganic (Si) solar for hydrogen production 775 cell 719 induced evaporization 81 single-walled carbon nanotube in photovoltaic technology 774 (SWCNT) 74, 174, 300, 523, utilization 323 599, 603, 606, 720, 785 solar light irradiation 263, 658 for inorganic molecule analysis, solar-thermal systems 774 electrochemical applications sol–gel-assisted electrospinning 225 of 93 sol–gel hydrothermal peptide-functionalized sensor 130 electrospinning 225 spectroscopic applications, for sol–gel method 225, 234, 692, 740, ananlysis of organic 768 molecules 104 steps involved in sol-gel 768 single-walled nanotube (SWNT) 718, aging 769 807 casting 769 oxidized 718 densification 769 SiO2/gold nanoparticles 493 drying 769 Si substrate 533 gelation 769 Si surface 27, 35 mixing 769 Si(111)-7 × 7 surface C3-C60F36 of synthesis 226, 768 fluorofulerene molecules 33 solid fibers 584 small unilamellar vesicle (SUV) 807 solid fuel 419 866 Index

solid lipid nanoparticles 784, 790, 791 steric exclusion 333 solid–liquid separation 366 sterilization 392 solid phase effluents 649 Stokes relaxation time 425 solid-phase extraction (SPE) 481, 584, Stone–Wales (or 7-5-5-7) defect 723 on CNT sidewall 602 solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) 776 Streptococcus thermophilus 517 solid propellants 413 structure-specific magnetic rocket 414 nanocrystals 694 solid-state pyrolysis 77 4-styrenesulfonate anion-intercalated solvothermal synthesis 235, 769 MgAl LDH 611 chemical factors 769 succinimidyl ester 605 thermodynamical factors 770 sulfanilic acid 728 sonication 79, 221 sulfapyridine solvate 592 sonoelectrochemistry 770 sulfasalazine 218 sonolysis 651 sulfate 42 soot catalyst conditions 47 sulfide (S2 ) 557 soot conversion 47 sulfonated nanocellulose, sorbent materials 725 preparation 588 sorbents 722 sulfonated NC dispersions 587 sorption 675 sulfonation 332 capacity for Cu(II) 141 sulfonic acid 587 efficiency of PMN, and conventional sulfonylurea 99 nanocomposites 702 sunlight irradiation 256 soybeans 191 sun protection factor (SPF) 791 products as food 191 supercapacitors 719, 720, 777 soy protein 191, 192, 194 supercritical CO2 and TiO2 specific chromophoric reagents 524 nanoparticles into polymeric specific surface area (SSA) 191 host, direct GS0, GS1, GS4, and GS8 199 impregnation 690 spherical Ag colloidal superstructures superhydrophobic sponges, with self-assembly of Ag NPs 497 oleophilic properties 589 spherical Fe3O4/BC superoxide anion radical (O2•-) 45, nanocomposites 700 530, 548 • Spinacia oleraceae L. 175 superoxide anions ( O2 ) 303 spinel cobalt (II) oxide (Co3O4) 454 superparamagnetic composite 132 spinels (AB2O4) metal oxides 534 GO-Fe3O4 137 square wave anodic stripping superparamagnetism 599 voltammetry (SWASV) 90, superwetting materials 724 96, 526 supramolecular techniques 140 nanoceria plant nanobionics 176 surface copolymerization 480 square wave voltammetry (SWV) 90, surface-enhanced Raman scattering 523 (SERS) 218, 474, 477, 480, stable grouping 423 826 π–π stacking 609 detection 480 stainless steel 661 of environmental pollutants 479 Staphylococcus aureus 779 hot spot 482 Staphylococcus currens 808 structures, development trend Star-shaped ZnO/Ag hybrid of 483 nanostructures 248 surface interception 358 Index 867 surface modification 480, 722, 827 tetraethylorthosilicate surface plasmon model 483 (Si(OC2H5)4) 740 surface plasmon resonance (SPR) 223, tetramethyl bisphenol A 397 245, 476, 550, 599 tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) 528 effect 218 textile wastewater process 369, 370 surface relaxation 40 theoretical efficiency 775 surface thermodynamics 240 thermal aging 60 surface water 293 thermal conductivity 130 surfactants 333, 725, 739, 767 thermal decomposition 79 Triton X-114 mixed thermal diffusion saturation 416 hemimicelles 96 thermal evaporation 373 suspended solids 71 thermal exfoliation unzipping materials 391 CNTs 457 pollutants 354 thermal reduction of GO 230 sediment particles 423 thermal remediation 778 suspension quality 419 thermal stability 47 sustainable electricity storage 776 thermal UV irradiation 79 batteries 776 thermal vaporization 81 sustainable environment thermodynamics 94, 129, 134, 135 greener approach 20, 805 isotherm 138 sweep gas membrane distillation parameters 133 (SGMD) 362 Thermomonospora sp. 809 swelling capacity 671 T-Hg-T base pair 526, 552 swelling index (SI) 673 thin-film composite coating (TFC) 301 synthetic hydrocarbons 413 thiocholine (TCh) 532 synthetic polymers 654, 693 thiolation of CNTs, by modification of carboxylated tubes 326 t thiol-functionalized chitosan tartrazine, degradation rate 224 (CS-SH) 92 teflon 661 thiol-functionalized nanophotocatalyst temperature–time conditions 239 (3-mercaptopropyltrie TEMPO radical 583, 590 thoxysilane) MPTES/ Tenax TA 141 TiO2 333 tensile strength 692 thiol group 336 ternary metal oxides 229 thiophenol-modified Ag-Al2O3 photocatalysts 224 template 494 ternary Pt-graphene/TiO2 thiosulfate 524 nanocomposites 629 three-dimensional-graphene oxide tetra-n-butyl titanate 399 (3D RGO) hydrogel 132 tetrachloroaurric (HAuCl4) three-dimensional structure 489 solution 551 three-way catalyst (TWC) 39, 48 tetracycline 137, 199, 200, 300 thymine-1-acetic acid (T-COOH) 336 tetracycline adsorption Ti-Al-B alloys 416 + on GS0 and GS6, influence of Ti4 cation 242 pH 204 Tigriopus japonicas 745 influence of pH 204 tin dioxide (SnO2) 452 tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH) 303 TiO6 octahedra in anatase and tetraethoxysilane 399 rutile 238 tetraethylenepentamine 323, 397, 398 TiO thin films 216 868 Index

titania 371, 774 MWCNTs, surface functionalities based materials 225, 417 of 172 based photocatalyst 221 tortoise-shaped flattened C60F18 based systems 775 fluorofullerene 21 film 527 total dissolved solid 369 mesoporosity 527 total energies 24 mixed oxide 81 density 414 nanoparticles 776 total organic carbon (TOC) 651 photocatalysts 238 total pore volume production 776 of GS0, GS1, GS4, and GS8 199 titanium dioxide (TiO2) 245, 653 total suspended solid 369 heterojunctions 222 toxicants 543, 544 nanoparticles 393, 398, 813 toxic contaminants 698 titanium isopropoxide 232 toxic gases 138, 445, 461 titanium nanocomposites detection 445 (PTh/Sn-TiO2) 217 offline analysis of 445 titanium oxide (TiO2) 450, 791 toxicity 141, 155, 180, 544, 742 based composites 222 heavy metals 527 based photocatalysts 654 trace environmental pollutants 473 cellulose acetate (TCA) film 668 trajectories 428, 433 chitosan photosystem 666 transducer 718 chitosan ratios 666 transition metals 45, 322 lattice 242 doping process 224 matrix 221 transition nanometals 301 mediated heterogeneous transition temperatures 239 photocatalysis transmembrane pressure (TMP) 371, technology 675 402, 403 nanoparticles 75, 519, 607, 689 transmission electron microscopy aggregates 669 (TEM) 155, 396, 523, 550 with Ru/Rh NPs 249 micrographs of ceria powders TEM image of 76 synthesized 77 nanowire (TiO2NW) 108 transparent conductors 224 gas sensor, SEM image of 451 transportation 761 oxidized CS-ECH system 673 ability 738, 827 PCL composite 669 treatment processes 71 photocatalysis principle 653 treatments plants stages polymorphs 239 primary treatment 72 possesses 303 secondary treatment 72 powders 661 tertiary treatment 72 precursors 661 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene(TCB) 138 support 53 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (TCP) 138 synthesis methods, and effect on triclosan (5-chloro-2-(2,4- sensor properties 452 dichlorophenoxy) titanium precursor 232 phenol) 103 titanium tetraisopropoxide 237 Tridax procubans 559 Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) 519 triethoxyfluorosilane 324 tocopherol 791 triethylenetetramine 397, 398 toluene 138, 532, 533, 615 trihalomethane 99, 403 tomato seedlings trimers 482 Index 869 trimesoyl chloride 397 v N-(trimethoxysilylpropyl) vacuum conditions 445 ethylenediamine triacetic acid vacuum evaporative crystallization (EDTA-silane) 626 (VEC) 369 1,3,6-trinitropyrene (TNP) 221 vacuum membrane distillation 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) 556 (VMD) 362 trioctylphosphine 333 valence band (VB) 652 TTX degradation, effect of pH validation 427 concentration 219 vanadates 307 tungstate 307 vanadium(V) 587 tungsten oxide (WO3) 454 van der Waals bonds 602 tunneling conductivity 30, 34 van der Waals forces 20, 300 Tyndall effect 550 van der Waals interactions 129, 136 tyrosinase 528, 555 vaporization 79 tyrosine 548 vapor viscosity 362 vegetable proteins 191 u vermiculite 613 ultracapacitors 719 Verticillium luteoalbum 809 ultrafiltration 354, 358, 373, 391 vibrating sample magnetometer ultrafine aluminum 421 (VSM) 95 ultralarge ZnO macroflower 224 Vibrio cholerae 559, 809 ultralight graphene oxide 299 viscoelastic properties 527 ultrasensitive detection 482 visible light irradiation 224, 244, 256 ultrasensitive SERS hot spot 484 volatile organic compound (VOC) 138, ultrasonication 230, 300 220, 304, 621, 722, 737 ultrasonic impregnation 220 voltammetry 523 ultrathin leaf-like nanobelts 224 Volvariella volvacea 810 ultraviolet V2O5-WO3/TiO2 catalysts 53 A/vis radiation 301 VWTi catalysts 53 disinfection 298 filters 790 w illumination 238 wallastonite 613 irradiation 79, 257, 805 waste laboratory reagents 294 light emitting devices 224 wastewaters 353, 371, 372, 391, 560, radiation 72 664 responsive semiconductor 249 containing phenolics 670 UV–visible diffuse reflectance discharge 543 spectrum (UV–vis DRS) 244 inorganic pollutants, ground/ vis absorption spectra 108, 218 surface 400 visible spectrophotometry 523 oily, paint industry 371 visible spectroscopy (UV–vis) 420, organic 353, 369, 400 550, 550, 552, 559 photocatalytic purification of 705 umbilical cord 3 production 391 uncatalyzed soot samples 46 purification, significance of United States Environmental Protection nanotechnology for 72 Agency (US EPA) 402, remediation 550, 685 543 detection of aromatic unmodified chitosan 671 compounds 555 uranium 723 detection of dyes 558 870 Index

wastewaters (continued ) water splitting photoelectrochemical detection of heavy metal ions 550 cells 726 detection of inorganic water treatment, application 400 pollutants 556 wave configuration 422 detection of weak grouping 423 organophosphates 557 wearable sensors 523, 717 detection of toxins 558 WO3-CuWO4 mixed composite 307 sludge biochar 166 World Health Organization treatment methods 71, 354, 366, (WHO) 686 371, 374, 649 WTi catalysts 53 applications of membrane process wurtzite zinc-gallium oxynitrides for 366 (ZnGaNO) particles 233 biological treatment 650 chemical methods 651 x novel devices for 374 Xanthoceras Sorbifola 553 physical treatment xenobiotic 664 techniques 651 substances 670 semiconductor-mediated Xenopus laevis 744 photocatalytic oxidation X-ray diffraction (XRD) 47, 94, 550 mechanisms 652 of Cr-TiO2, Fe-TiO2, and water absorption 420 V-TiO2 242 water–CNT interface 629 of gold nanostars 485 water conduction 154 spectra of GS0 and GS6 196 water contaminations 135, 550, 698 of TiO2 thin film 451 water decontamination 300 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy 523 water electrolysis 775 xylene 105, 532, 533 water eutrophication 369 isomers 141 water filtration 392 o-xylene 105 membranes 667 water-insoluble cross-linked z networks 671 zearalenone 558 water permeation 132, 332 zeolites 55, 128, 393, 615, 661, 776 water–photocatalyst interaction 661 framework 323 water pollution 127, 153, 724, 777 zero-dimensional structure 485 treatment 777 zero-emission vehicles 776 water purification system 580, 687, zero-valent iron nanoparticles 698 (nZVI) 812 water quality 367, 372 NaBH4 system 301 water reclamation 722 zero-valent metals like iron (ZVI) 778 water recycling technologies 650 zero-valent nanocopper-loaded water retention capacity 154 TiO2 301 water-soluble carbon dot (wsCD) 179 zeta potential measurements 90, 399 water-soluble carbon nanoonions 178 zinc oxide (ZnO) 224, 305, 452 water-soluble carbon nanoparticle AgI/Ag2CO3 nanocomposites 263 (wsCNP) 165 Ag3VO4/Fe3O4 nanocomposite 255 treated wheat plant 168 based photocatalyst 224 water-soluble carbon nanotubes 176 crystals 224, 231 water-soluble metal salts 768 GO/ZnO. PL emission 246 water-soluble versions 154 lattice 224 Index 871 material 336 ZnGaNO particles 234 nanocapsules 108 zirconia 371, 791 nanocrystals 245 doped ceria catalysts 46 nanoparticles 77, 231, 304, 398, 517, zirconium-hydroxide/graphene 518, 744, 791 composites 139 nanostructures 77, 224 ZnCl2 solution 234 prepared with zinc acetate SEM ZnFe2O4/graphene 251 images of 78 ZnFe2O4 nanoparticles 234 nanowires 231 Zn/Ga/CO3 sensor properties of 453 nitridation of 233 oxygen-doped g-C3N4 225 ZnGaNO/ZnGa2O4 composite 233 + particles 225 Zn 2 ions 779 physical properties 224 ZnS-CdS-Zn1–xCdxS thin film 245 heterostructures 252 ZnGaNO composite 233 ZnWO4/graphene hybrid ZnGaNO heterostructure 234 materials 629