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Ecology and Development Series No. 38, 2006

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Ecology and Development Series No. 38, 2006 Ecology and Development Series No. 38, 2006 Editor-in-Chief: Paul L.G.Vlek Editors: Manfred Denich Christopher Martius Charles Rodgers Feyera Senbeta Wakjira Biodiversity and ecology of Afromontane rainforests with wild Coffea arabica L. populations in Ethiopia Cuvillier Verlag Göttingen ABSTRACT Wild Coffea arabica occurs as undergrowth in the Afromontane rainforests of southwest and southeast Ethiopia. Ethiopia is the center of origin and diversity of Coffea arabica. In spite of their importance, the conservation of Afromontane rainforests with their genetic resources of wild Coffea arabica has been neglected in the past although these forests are under continuous threat. The present study was conducted in five forest regions, namely Harenna (southeast), Bonga, Maji and Berhane-Kontir and Yayu (southwest). Floristic analyses reveal 651 species and 118 families. About 5% of the species are endemic to Ethiopia and about 50% of the species occur in only one of the forests. Alpha diversity is high in the Bonga forest, whereas beta and gamma diversity are high in the Berhane-Kontir forest. A cluster analysis reveals five plant communities: Chionanthus mildbraedii-Psychotria orophila, Afrocarpus falcatus, Trilepisium madagascariense-Dracaena fragrans, Whitfieldia elongata-Zanha golungensis and Coffea arabica. Four plant communities follow the four forest regions, while the Coffea arabica community represents plots at all sites where wild coffee occurs abundantly. The studied rainforests are floristically different, while wild coffee populations and physiognomic similarity are the common features of the geographically separated forests. The plant communities of the Yayu and Berhane-Kontir forests are linked to Guineo-Congolian floral elements and can be considered as “transitional rainforests.” Wild populations of Coffea arabica are widely distributed over SE and SW Ethiopia, but are patchy locally. The wide geographical distribution of wild coffee reflects the capability of the species to exist over different environmental gradients. Locally, the patchy distribution of wild coffee populations is related to major spatial discontinuities due to different edaphic, biotic and topographic features within the forests. Wild coffee populations occur between 1000 and 2000 m a.s.l., but the critical altitude is between 1300 m and 1600 m. Coffee abundance is negatively correlated with an increase in slope angle. Slight forest disturbance was found to favor coffee recruitment and establishment; however, serious disturbances in forest areas, such as use as pasture, may limit the regeneration capacity of the coffee plants. The conversion of a forest coffee system into a semi-forest coffee system affects the floristic composition and diversity of the forest. A comparison of semi-forest coffee and forest coffee systems in two rainforests, i.e., Harenna and Berhane-Kontir, reveals a reduction of up to 50% in the number of species of lianas, small trees and shrubs in the semi-forest coffee system. Furthermore, the families dominating in the semi-forest coffee system are different to those dominating in the forest system. Continuous management of the wild coffee in the semi-forest coffee system suppresses woody plant regeneration, reduces tree density and eventually leads to the disappearance of the forest species and finally the forest, while temporarily benefiting the coffee plants. The maintenance of wild coffee populations in the Afromontane rainforests of Ethiopia is highly dependent on the extent to which the rainforest fragments are maintained, and conservation of these rainforests is therefore urgently required. In this study, conservation measures are recommended for future management. KURZFASSUNG Wilder Coffea arabica kommt im Unterwuchs der afromontanen Regenwälder im Südwesten und Südosten Äthiopiens vor. Das Land ist das Mannigfaltigkeitszentrum von Coffea arabica. Trotz ihrer Bedeutung ist die Erhaltung der afromontanen Regenwälder einschließlich der genetischen Ressourcen von wildem Coffea arabica in der Vergangenheit vernachlässigt worden, obwohl diese stark bedroht sind. Die vorliegende Studie wurde in fünf Waldregionen, namentlich in Harenna (Südost-Äthiopien), Bonga, Maji, Berhane-Kontir und Yayu (Südwest- Äthiopien) durchgeführt. Die floristischen Analysen ergaben 651 Arten und 118 Familien. Ungefähr 5% dieser Arten sind endemisch und ca. 50% der Arten kommen in nur einem der untersuchten Wälder vor. Im Bonga Wald ist die Alphadiversität hoch, während im Berhane- Kontir Wald die Beta- und Gammadiversität hoch sind. Eine Clusteranalyse ergab fünf Pflanzengemeinschaften: Chionanthus mildbraedii-Psychotria orophila, Afrocarpus falcatus, Trilepisium madagascariense-Dracaena fragrans, Whitfieldia elongata-Zanha golungensis und Coffea arabica. Die ersten vier Gemeinschaften entsprechen den vier Waldregionen, während die Coffea-arabica-Gemeinschaften Flächen mit einem hohen Vorkommen des wilden Kaffees an allen Standorten repräsentiert. Die untersuchten Regenwälder weisen floristische Unterschiede auf, haben jedoch die wilden Kaffeepopulationen und eine physiognomische Ähnlichkeit als gemeinsame Eigenschaft. Die Pflanzengemeinschaften der Yayu und Berhane- Kontir Wälder beherbergen Elemente der guineo-congolischen Flora und können als "Übergangsregenwälder" betrachtet werden. Wilde Populationen von Coffea arabica haben eine weite Verbreitung in Südost- und Südwestäthiopien, ihr lokales Vorkommen ist aber lückenhaft. Die breite geographische Verteilung von wildem Kaffee spiegelt die Fähigkeit der Art wieder, über verschiedene Umweltgradienten zu bestehen. Lokal hängt die unregelmäßige Verteilung der Populationen mit deutlichen Unterschieden in den edaphischen, biotischen und topografischen Bedingungen innerhalb der Wälder zusammen. Wilder Kaffee kommt zwischen 1000 und 2000 m NN vor, die kritische Höhe ist jedoch zwischen 1300 m und 1600 m. Die Häufigkeit von Kaffee ist negativ mit zunehmender Hangneigung korreliert. Geringe Störungen im Wald zeigten sich als vorteilhaft für die Regeneration und Etablierung des Kaffees; starke Störungen in Wäldern, die als Waldweide genutzt werden, können die Regenerationsfähigkeit der Kaffeepflanzen einschränken. Die Umwandlung von einem Waldkaffeesystem in ein Semi-Waldkaffeesystem beeinflusst die floristische Zusammensetzung und Diversität des Waldes. Ein Vergleich von Semi-Waldkaffee- und Waldkaffeesystemen in den Regenwaldgebieten Harenna und Berhane- Kontir zeigt eine bis zu 50%ige Reduktion in der Artenanzahl von Lianen, kleinen Bäumen und Sträuchern im Semi-Waldkaffeesystem. Außerdem dominierten andere Pflanzenfamilien im Waldkaffeesystem als im Semi-Waldkaffeesystem. Das regelmäßige Management des wilden Kaffees im Semi-Waldkaffeesystem unterdrückt die Regeneration der holzigen Pflanzen, reduziert die Baumdichte und führt schließlich zum Verschwinden des Waldes und der Waldarten, während die Kaffeepflanzen vorübergehend gefördert werden. Die Erhaltung der wilden Kaffeepopulationen in den afromontanen Regenwäldern von Äthiopien hängt stark davon ab, ob die Regenwaldfragmente erhalten werden. Der Schutz von Regenwäldern mit wilden Kaffeepopulationen ist daher dringend notwendig. Die vorliegende Arbeit enthält Vorschläge für Schutzmaßnahmen. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION............................................................................... 1 1.1 Background.................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Objectives of the study ................................................................................ 3 2 STATE-OF-THE-ART OF AFROMONTANE RAINFORESTS, ECOLOGY OF WILD C. ARABICA AND BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION ................... 5 2.1 Forest vegetation of Ethiopia....................................................................... 5 2.2 Phytogeographical description .................................................................... 7 2.3 Occurrence and use of wild Coffea arabica ................................................ 9 2.3.1 Distribution of wild coffee........................................................................ 9 2.3.2 Coffee production systems........................................................................ 9 2.4 Biodiversity conservation.......................................................................... 10 2.4.1 Why conserve?........................................................................................ 10 2.4.2 Conservation approaches ........................................................................ 11 3 THE STUDY AREA AND SAMPLING METHODS ......................................... 13 3.1 Study sites.................................................................................................. 13 3.1.1 General: study area ................................................................................. 13 3.1.2 The Bonga Forest.................................................................................... 16 3.1.3 The Berhane-Kontir Forest ..................................................................... 16 3.1.4 The Maji Forest....................................................................................... 17 3.1.5 The Harenna Forest................................................................................. 18 3.2 Methods ..................................................................................................... 18 3.2.1 Vegetation sampling ............................................................................... 18
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