DOCSLIB.ORG

Chemistry for Materials (MAT5002) -Lecture 1 Introduction to Polymer Structures

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Chemistry for Materials (MAT5002) -Lecture 1 Introduction to Polymer Structures Chemistry for Materials (MAT5002) -Lecture 1 Introduction to polymer structures Dr Petra Ágota Szilágyi Engineering #123 Office hour: Thursday 11 am – 12 noon [email protected] Introduction • 5 weeks x 3h per week = 15h of lectures • Lecture on 26/11/2019 cancelled – re-schedule only if necessary • Introduction to polymer structures and mechanisms • Step growth mechanism, polyesters, polyamides, esterification • Chain growth mechanism, free radical mechanism, reaction kinetics • Controlled polymerisation, anionic, cationic, ring opening, controlled radical polymerization • Kinetics of polymerisation reactions • Determination of molar mass of polymers, degradation mechanisms • X-linked polymers, networks, gels, elastomers, gelation point • Revision lectures - TBC • Coursework: Hand in date: 9/12/2019 1 Books • Principles of Polymerisation G Odian • Polymer Synthesis P Rempp and E W Merrill • Polymers: Chemistry & Physics of Modern Materials J M G Cowie • Polymer Chemistry : An Introduction G Challa • Polymer Chemistry Second Edition P Hiemenz and T P Lodge • Introduction to Polymers Third Edition R J Young and P A Lovell 2 E-Books from QMUL library 3 Review articles • Chemical Reviews – Frontiers in Polymer Science thematic issue number 11, 2009. • Kamigaito, M.; Ando, T.; Sawamoto, M. Chem. Rev. 2001, 101, 3689. • Matyjaszewski, K.; Xia, J. Chem. Rev. 2001, 101, 2921. • Hawker, C.; Bosman, A. W.; Harth, E. Chem. Rev. 2001, 101, 3661. • Gridnev, A. A.; Ittel, S. D. Chem. Rev. 2001, 101, 3579. • Barner, L.; Barner-Kowollik, C.; Davis, T. P.; Stenzel, M. H. Aust. J. Chem. 2004, 57, 19-24. • Chiefari, J.; Chong, Y. K.; Ercole, F.; Krstina, J.; Jeffery, J.; Le, T. P. T.; Mayadunne, R. T. A.; Meijs, G. F.; Moad, C. L.; Moad, G.; Rizzardo, E.; Thang, S. H. Macromolecules 1998, 31, 5559- 5562. • Handbook of Radical Polymerization; K Matyjaszewski and T P Davis, Wiley Interscience 4 Polymer Journals 5 History of polymers • Natural polymers Wood Cotton Rubber Silk Spider web • Synthetic polymers 6 History of polymer science 1830s: first modern example of polymer science: Henri Braconnot & Christian Schönbein develop derivatives of the natural polymer cellulose, producing new, semi-synthetic materials, such as celluloid and cellulose acetate. 1833: Term "polymer" was coined by Jöns Jakob Berzelius. 1840s: Friedrich Ludersdorf & Nathaniel Hayward independently discover that adding sulphur to raw natural rubber (polyisoprene) helps prevent the material from becoming sticky. 1844: Charles Goodyear receives a U.S. patent for vulcanising natural rubber, it represents the first commercially successful product of polymer research. 1884: Hilaire de Chardonnet develops the first artificial fibre, from regenerated cellulose (viscose rayon) as a substitute for silk. 1907: Leo Baekeland invents the first synthetic plastic, a thermosetting phenol–formaldehyde resin called Bakelite. 1922: Molecular nature of polymers is first understood by Hermann Staudinger. It took over a decade for Staudinger's work to gain wide acceptance in the scientific community, work for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1953. World War II era - strong commercial polymer industry. 1946, Herman Mark established the Polymer Research Institute at Brooklyn Polytechnic, the first research facility in the US dedicated to polymer research. 1950, the POLY division of the American Chemical Society was formed, 2nd largest division with nearly 8,000 members. 7 Nobel prizes related to polymer science 2005 (Chemistry) Robert Grubbs, Richard Schrock, Yves Chauvin for olefin metathesis. 2002 (Chemistry) John Bennett Fenn, Koichi Tanaka, and Kurt Wüthrich for the development of methods for identification and structure analyses of biological macromolecules. 2000 (Chemistry) Alan G. MacDiarmid, Alan J. Heeger, and Hideki Shirakawa for work on conductive polymers, contributing to the advent of molecular electronics. 1991 (Physics) Pierre-Gilles de Gennes for developing a generalized theory of phase transitions with particular applications to describing ordering and phase transitions in polymers. 1974 (Chemistry) Paul J. Flory for contributions to theoretical polymer chemistry. 1963 (Chemistry) Giulio Natta and Karl Ziegler for contributions in polymer synthesis. (Ziegler- Natta catalysis). 1953 (Chemistry) Hermann Staudinger for contributions to the understanding of macromolecular chemistry. 8 Why use (synthetic) polymers? Advantages: Cheap (polyethylene: 50-80 €/tonne, nylon: 100-200 €/tonne scrap steel 230 €/tonne; hot rolled coil stainless steel: 3000-6000 €/tonne) Good quality Easy to process, fast to process e.g. to convert into certain forms, such as bottles or fibres (lower temperatures than needed for metals) Light (energy saving in cars or planes) Sufficient petrochemical resources (at present more than 90% are used for energy production) Possibility to switch to natural resources (poly(lactid acid), soy beans, cellulose) Easy formulation compounding a broad spectrum of different properties is available Recycling possibilities (thermal recycling, reuse) Tuneable properties (sort of monomer, constitution, molecular mass, …) Applications Plastics (e.g. packaging materials) Agriculture (e.g. promoting plant growth) Coatings & adhesives (e.g. paints) Medicine (e.g. replacement of heart valves) Fibres (e.g. clothes) Specialty polymers (high thermal stability) Rubbers & elastomers (e.g. tyres) Plastic electronics (e.g. PLED, solar cells) 9 Source: British Plastics and rubber, www.mpes.co.uk ACRYLONITRILE-BUTADIENE-STYRENE (ABS) Resistant to a broad range of chemicals Polar nitrile groups attract each other and bind the chains together, making ABS stronger than pure PS styrene gives the plastic a shiny, impervious surface 10 ACRYLICS – POLY(METHYL METHACRYLATE) Economical alternative to polycarbonate (PC): when good tensile and flexural strength, transparency, polishability, and UV tolerance are more important than impact strength, chemical resistance and heat resistance 11 FLUOROCARBONS- PTFE Also: lubricant, PTFE reduces friction, wear, and energy consumption of machinery Because of its inertness it cannot be cross-linked like an elastomer. Therefore, it has no "memory" and is subject to creep. Because of its superior chemical and thermal properties, PTFE is often used as a gasket material within industries that require resistance to aggressive chemicals such as pharmaceuticals or chemical processing 12 Hydrophobic POLYAMIDES - NYLONS planar amide groups form multiple H- bonds among adjacent strands regular & symmetrical, esp. if all amide bonds are trans → often high crystallinity 13 and make excellent fibres POLYCARBONATES Despite high impact-resistance, it has low scratch-resistance → hard coating applied to viz. eyewear lenses Carbonate groups 14 POLYETHYLENE low strength, hardness and rigidity, but has a high ductility and impact strength as well as low friction nonpolar, saturated, high molecular weight hydrocarbons → chemical behaviour α paraffin symmetric molecular structure → tend to crystallise 15 POLYPROPYLENE Similar to PE but - Less crystalline - Tacticity Resistant to most chemicals expt strong oxidising agents 16 POLYSTYRENE clear, hard, and brittle solid foamed poor barrier to oxygen and water vapour and has a relatively low melting point 17 Vinyls Rigid Flexible w. plasticiser Vinyl benzene (styrene), vinyl chloride, vinyl acetate, vinyl alcohol, acrylonitrile PVC: good insulation properties chemically resistant to acids, salts, bases, fats, and alcohols, making it resistant to the corrosive effects of sewage POLYESTERS Natural polyesters could have played a significant role in the origins of life: long heterogeneous PE chains form easily in a one-pot reaction PCL PET without catalyst under simple Poly(glycolide) prebiotic conditions Vectran-Liquid crystal polymer 19 THERMOSETS - EPOXIDES Araldite: Epoxy-acrylic and polyurethane based polymer Epoxy resins may be reacted (cross-linked) with themselves through catalytic homopolymerisation, or with a wide range of co-reactants including polyfunctional amines, acids (and acid anhydrides), phenols, alcohols and thiols. These co-reactants are often referred to as hardeners or curatives, and the cross-linking reaction is commonly referred to as curing. 20 THERMOSETS - PHENOLICS Novolacs - phenol-formaldehyde resins with mostly phenol. Polymerisation goes via acid- catalysis H2SO4, oxalic acid, HCl etc. Resoles - Base-catalysed phenol- formaldehyde resins of formaldehyde to phenol ratio >1. Phenol-formaldehyde resin Obtained by the reaction of phenol or substituted phenol with formaldehyde. 21 THERMOSETS - POLYESTERS CROSSLINKED POLYESTERS!! Combination of alcohol-like ethylene glycol with organic acids, e.g. maleic anhydride 22 Elastic Polymer ELASTOMER - Natural Poly(Isoprene) 23 ELASTOMER - Styrene-Butadiene Copolymer good abrasion resistance and good aging stability when protected by additives 24 ELASTOMER - Acrylonitrile-Butadiene Physical and chemical properties vary depending on the polymer’s composition of nitrile. generally resistant to oil, fuel, and other chemicals 25 ELASTOMER - Chloroprene 2-chlorobuta-1,3-diene 26 ELASTOMER - POLY(SILOXANE)-Silicone Typically heat-resistant and either liquid or rubber-like. Used in sealants, adhesives, lubricants, medicine, cooking utensils, and thermal and electrical insulation. Low thermal conductivity Low chemical reactivity Low toxicity Thermal stability Hydrophobic → watertight seals. Depending on substrate may or may not stick Does not support
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Contribution to the Historical Development of Macromolecular Chemistry – Exemplified on Cellulose
    CELLULOSE CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY CONTRIBUTION TO THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF MACROMOLECULAR CHEMISTRY – EXEMPLIFIED ON CELLULOSE PETER ZUGENMAIER Institute of Physical Chemistry, Clausthal University of Technology, D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany Dedicated to Professor Elfriede Husemann, on the occasion of her 100th birthday in December 2008. She was an admirable and internationally highly recognized scientist and the first director of the Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry (Hermann-Staudinger-Haus) of the Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg; the foundation of the institute owing to the eminent scientific success and recognition of the work of Hermann Staudinger, leading to the Nobel Prize in the field of macromolecular chemistry. Received October 20, 2009 The development of the structure determination for cellulose and its derivatives as macromolecules is described from the beginning of the 20th century to the 1940s. The first correct presentation of the constitution of cellulose as a linear chain macromolecule of 1-4 linked β-D-anhydroglucopyranose, with the help of organic chemistry, dates from 1928. The size and shape of cellulose molecules still remained a controversial topic for some time. On the one hand, there were proposals of micelles i.e. aggregates of cyclic mono- or oligoanhydroglucose or micelles of small macromolecules of 30-50 glucose units. On the other hand, cellulose was seen as large macromolecules with more than 3000 glucose units for structures considered in solution as well as in fibres. The final clarification of the cellulose structure as a semi-flexible macromolecule of high molecular weight was extremely hindered by the inadequate interpretation of experimental results. Later, additional experimental and theoretical methods led to a consistent picture of the cellulose structure with high precision.
    [Show full text]
  • Microanalysis of Polymer Chain Diffusion in Heat Seals Russell Cooper Clemson University, [email protected]
    Clemson University TigerPrints All Theses Theses 12-2014 Microanalysis of Polymer Chain Diffusion in Heat Seals Russell Cooper Clemson University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_theses Part of the Engineering Science and Materials Commons, Materials Science and Engineering Commons, and the Polymer Science Commons Recommended Citation Cooper, Russell, "Microanalysis of Polymer Chain Diffusion in Heat Seals" (2014). All Theses. 2039. https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_theses/2039 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses at TigerPrints. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Theses by an authorized administrator of TigerPrints. For more information, please contact [email protected]. MICROANALYSIS OF POLYMER CHAIN DIFFUSION IN HEAT SEALS A Thesis Presented to the Graduate School of Clemson University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science Packaging Science by Russell Timms Cooper December 2014 Accepted by: Dr. Duncan Darby, Committee Chair Dr. Robert Kimmel Dr. Patrick Gerard ABSTRACT Heat sealing is an integral method for the closure and protection of packaging. Previous work has shown that seal strength is developed by the interdiffusion of polymer chains within heat seals. Heat seals were made between two dissimilar materials. Poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid) (EAA) was heat sealed to ionomer. Diffusion within the EAA-ionomer heat seals was estimated. The diffusion estimates were then related to resulting seal strength in the EAA-ionomer sealant system. Heated tooling sealing was utilized to make heat seals at 40 psi (275.79 kPa), 0.5 seconds, and a range of temperatures between 180˚F (82.22˚C) and 300˚F (148.89˚C).
    [Show full text]
  • Historical Group NEWSLETTER and SUMMARY of PAPERS
    Historical Group NEWSLETTER and SUMMARY OF PAPERS No. 76 Summer 2019 Registered Charity No. 207890 COMMITTEE Chairman: Dr Peter J T Morris Dr Christopher J Cooksey (Watford, 5 Helford Way, Upminster, Essex RM14 1RJ Hertfordshire) [e-mail: [email protected]] Prof Alan T Dronsfield (Swanwick) Secretary: Prof. John W Nicholson Dr John A Hudson (Cockermouth) 52 Buckingham Road, Hampton, Middlesex, Prof Frank James (Royal Institution) TW12 3JG [e-mail: [email protected]] Dr Michael Jewess (Harwell, Oxon) Membership Prof Bill P Griffith Dr Fred Parrett (Bromley, London) Secretary: Department of Chemistry, Imperial College, Prof Henry Rzepa (Imperial College) London, SW7 2AZ [e-mail: [email protected]] Treasurer: Prof Richard Buscall Exeter, Devon [e-mail: [email protected]] Newsletter Dr Anna Simmons Editor Epsom Lodge, La Grande Route de St Jean, St John, Jersey, JE3 4FL [e-mail: [email protected]] Newsletter Dr Gerry P Moss Production: School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS [e-mail: [email protected]] https://www.qmul.ac.uk/sbcs/rschg/ http://www.rsc.org/historical/ 1 Contents From the Editor (Anna Simmons) 2 RSC HISTORICAL GROUP JOINT AUTUMN MEETING 3 William Crookes (1832-1919) 3 RSC HISTORICAL GROUP NEWS 4 Secretary’s Report for 2018 (John Nicholson) 4 MEMBERS’ PUBLICATIONS 4 PUBLICATIONS OF INTEREST 4 NEWS FROM CATALYST (Alan Dronsfield) 5 FORTHCOMING EXHIBITIONS 6 SOCIETY NEWS 6 OTHER NEWS 6 SHORT ESSAYS 7 How Group VIII Elements Posed a Problem for Mendeleev (Bill Griffith) 7 Norium, Mnemonics and Mackay (William.
    [Show full text]
  • Advances in Polymer Science
    262 Advances in Polymer Science Editorial Board: A. Abe, Tokyo, Japan A.-C. Albertsson, Stockholm, Sweden G.W. Coates, Ithaca, NY, USA J. Genzer, Raleigh, NC, USA S. Kobayashi, Kyoto, Japan K.-S. Lee, Daejeon, South Korea L. Leibler, Paris, France T.E. Long, Blacksburg, VA, USA M. Mo¨ller, Aachen, Germany O. Okay, Istanbul, Turkey B.Z. Tang, Hong Kong, China E.M. Terentjev, Cambridge, UK M.J. Vicent, Valencia, Spain B. Voit, Dresden, Germany U. Wiesner, Ithaca, NY, USA X. Zhang, Beijing, China For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/12 Aims and Scope The series Advances in Polymer Science presents critical reviews of the present and future trends in polymer and biopolymer science. It covers all areas of research in polymer and biopolymer science including chemistry, physical chemistry, physics, material science. The thematic volumes are addressed to scientists, whether at universities or in industry, who wish to keep abreast of the important advances in the covered topics. Advances in Polymer Science enjoys a longstanding tradition and good reputa- tion in its community. Each volume is dedicated to a current topic, and each review critically surveys one aspect of that topic, to place it within the context of the volume. The volumes typically summarize the significant developments of the last 5 to 10 years and discuss them critically, presenting selected examples, explaining and illustrating the important principles, and bringing together many important references of primary literature. On that basis, future research directions in the area can be discussed. Advances in Polymer Science volumes thus are important refer- ences for every polymer scientist, as well as for other scientists interested in polymer science - as an introduction to a neighboring field, or as a compilation of detailed information for the specialist.
    [Show full text]
  • Polymers:Where the Sciences Meet-An Editor's Reflections
    高分子●高分子●●●展望 COVER STORY Vo1.57,No.672 Jan.1,2008●● 展望COVER STORY v・1.57, Polymers:Where the Sciences Meet-An Editor's Reflections Text by Peter GOLITZ The Past: The past 25 years, over which I have been the Editor-in-chief of Angewandte Chemie, have seen a dramatic development of polymer science. Around 1980, polymer or macromolecular science was certainly a lively field, but, based on the definition of the term "polymers",U it was much more restricted; it was practiced by polymer chemists, physicists and engineers, and the interaction with other sciences in general or other fields of chemistry in particular was rather limited. All the main classes of polymers existed already, and there was an extensive industry behind this science, a fact that has not changed. Structural polymers abounded, and through blending of different polymer classes new applications were sought. Functional polymers were in their infancy. At just about the time Heeger, MacDiarmid, and Shirakawa had developed conducting polymers,4 3) polymers were occasionally being used as supports for organic reactions,41 and the use of polymers in medicine was more a vision.51 The realm of biomacromolecules—oligonucleotides, proteins, carbohydrates—was very much separated and researched by biochemists, structural biologists etc. Today: These days a Google search for key polymer-related terms delivers impressive results (Table 1). Polymer science knows no boundaries, and interactions with other disciplines are commonplace! Table 1. Number of Hits in Google for Polymer-Related
    [Show full text]
  • The Role of Theory in Control Practice.Pdf
    The Role of Theory" in Control Practice! Manfred Morari! ! ! Automatic Control Laboratory, ETH Zürich! UTC BUSINESSES Commercial Aerospace 3 PERFORMANCESales: Type & Geography 2012 net sales $57.7 billion TYPE Commercial Commercial Aftermarket Aerospace 28% & Industrial 51% 57% 43% Military Aerospace 21% Original & Space Equipment Manufacturing GEOGRAPHY Europe 26% United States 40% 20% 14% Asia Pacific Other 4 2013 ENGINEERING POPULATION ! ! ! ! ! ! PHD Other AS MS UTC Global population > 24,000 BS UTC Engineering presence engineers ! US Engineering Degrees ETH Zurich at a glance Founded 1855 " Driving force of industrialisation in Switzerland ETH Zurich today " One of the leading international universities for technology and the natural sciences " Place of study, research and employment for approximately 25,000 people from over 100 different countries Some Numbers: " 8500 BS + 4800 MS + 3900 PhD = 18200 " 500 Professors " 8000 Personnel " Budget CHF 1.5 (370 Mill third party) Placeholder for logo/lettering | | (Can be modified in the Slide Master, opened via «View» > «Slide Master») 29.04.2014 6 21 Nobel Laureates 1901 Physics Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen 1912 Chemistry Alfred Werner 1915 Chemistry Richard Willstätter 1918 Chemistry Fritz Haber 1920 Physics Charles-Edouard Guillaume 1921 Physics Albert Einstein 1936 Chemistry Peter Debye 1938 Chemistry Richard Kuhn 1939 Chemistry Leopold Ruzicka Albert Leopold Wolfgang 1943 Physics Otto Stern Einstein Ruzicka Pauli 1945 Physics Wolfgang Pauli 1950 Medicine Tadeusz Reichstein 1952 Physics Felix Bloch 1953 Chemistry Hermann Staudinger 1975 Chemistry Vladimir Prelog 1978 Medicine Werner Arber 1986 Physics Heinrich Rohrer 1987 Physics Georg Bednorz / Alexander Müller 1991 Chemistry Richard Ernst Vladimir Richard Kurt 2002 Chemistry Kurt Wüthrich Prelog Ernst Wüthrich Placeholder for logo/lettering | | (Can be modified in the Slide Master, opened via «View» > «Slide Master») 29.04.2014 7 John Houbolt! NASA Innovator Behind Lunar Module, Dies at 95! Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • 24 August 2013 Seminar Held
    PROCEEDINGS OF THE NOBEL PRIZE SEMINAR 2012 (NPS 2012) 0 Organized by School of Chemistry Editor: Dr. Nabakrushna Behera Lecturer, School of Chemistry, S.U. (E-mail: [email protected]) 24 August 2013 Seminar Held Sambalpur University Jyoti Vihar-768 019 Odisha Organizing Secretary: Dr. N. K. Behera, School of Chemistry, S.U., Jyoti Vihar, 768 019, Odisha. Dr. S. C. Jamir Governor, Odisha Raj Bhawan Bhubaneswar-751 008 August 13, 2013 EMSSSEM I am glad to know that the School of Chemistry, Sambalpur University, like previous years is organizing a Seminar on "Nobel Prize" on August 24, 2013. The Nobel Prize instituted on the lines of its mentor and founder Alfred Nobel's last will to establish a series of prizes for those who confer the “greatest benefit on mankind’ is widely regarded as the most coveted international award given in recognition to excellent work done in the fields of Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace. The Prize since its introduction in 1901 has a very impressive list of winners and each of them has their own story of success. It is heartening that a seminar is being organized annually focusing on the Nobel Prize winning work of the Nobel laureates of that particular year. The initiative is indeed laudable as it will help teachers as well as students a lot in knowing more about the works of illustrious recipients and drawing inspiration to excel and work for the betterment of mankind. I am sure the proceeding to be brought out on the occasion will be highly enlightening.
    [Show full text]
  • Nobel Laureates in Chemistry and Physics
    NOBEL LAUREATES IN CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS Full details on nationality and basis of the awards can be found at <nobelprize .org/> . Chemistry 2008 Martin Chalfie, Osamu Shimomura, Roger Y . Tsien 1954 Linus Pauling 2007 Gerhard Ertl 1953 Hermann Staudinger 2006 Roger D . Kornberg 1952 Archer J .P . Martin, Richard L .M . Synge 2005 Yves Chauvin, Robert H . Grubbs, Richard R . Schrock 1951 Edwin M . McMillan, Glenn T . Seaborg 2004 Aaron Ciechanover, Avram Hershko, Irwin Rose 1950 Otto Diels, Kurt Alder 2003 Peter Agre, Roderick MacKinnon 1949 William F . Giauque 2002 John B . Fenn, Koichi Tanaka, Kurt Wüthrich 1948 Arne Tiselius 2001 William S . Knowles, Ryoji Noyori, K . Barry Sharpless 1947 Sir Robert Robinson 2000 Alan Heeger, Alan G . MacDiarmid, Hideki Shirakawa 1946 James B . Sumner, John H . Northrop, Wendell M . Stanley 1999 Ahmed Zewail 1945 Artturi Virtanen 1998 Walter Kohn, John Pople 1944 Otto Hahn 1997 Paul D . Boyer, John E . Walker, Jens C . Skou 1943 George de Hevesy 1996 Robert F . Curl Jr ., Sir Harold Kroto, Richard E . Smalley 1942 No prize awarded 1995 Paul J . Crutzen, Mario J . Molina, F . Sherwood Rowland 1941 No prize awarded 1994 George A . Olah 1940 No prize awarded 1993 Kary B . Mullis, Michael Smith 1939 Adolf Butenandt, Leopold Ruzicka 1992 Rudolph A . Marcus 1938 Richard Kuhn 1991 Richard R . Ernst 1937 Norman Haworth, Paul Karrer 1990 Elias James Corey 1936 Peter Debye 1989 Sidney Altman, Thomas R . Cech 1935 Frédéric Joliot, Irène Joliot-Curie 1988 Johann Deisenhofer, Robert Huber, Hartmut Michel 1934 Harold C . Urey 1987 Donald J . Cram, Jean-Marie Lehn, Charles J .
    [Show full text]
  • Appendix the Nobel Prize in Chemistry
    Appendix The Nobel Prize in Chemistry Alfred Bernard Nobel (1833-1896) amassed an enormous fortune from his inventions and improvements in the manufacture of explosives. His father was also an explosives manufacturer, and in 1863 Alfred developed a detonator based on mercury fulminate, which made possible the use of the liquid explosive nitroglycerine. Nobel continued his experiments in spite of an explosion in 1864 that destroyed the factory and killed five people including his younger brother. In 1867 he patented dynamite, in which nitroglycerine was absorbed by the inert solid kieselguhr and was therefore much safer to handle. In 1875 he introduced the more powerful blasting gelatin.e, in which the nitroglycerine was gelatinised with nitrocellulose. These inventions made possible major civil engineering projects like the Corinth canal and the St Gotthard tunnel. In 1887 Nobel introduced ballistite, a smokeless explosive for military use. Nobel hoped that the destructive capabilities of the new explosives would reduce the likelihood of war. Nobel left his fortune for the establishment of five prizes to be awarded annually for achievements in chemistry, physics, physiology or medicine, literature of an idealistic tendency, and the promotion of world peace. The rust awards were made in 1901. The Nobel Prize for Economics was founded in 1968 by the National Bank of Sweden and the rust award was made in 1969. The Nobel Prizes have become the most highly regarded of all international awards. A Prize cannot be shared by more than three people, and cannot be awarded posthumously. A list of the winners of the Nobel Prize for Chemistry is given below.
    [Show full text]
  • Nobel Laureate Information From
    Dr. John Andraos, http://www.careerchem.com/NAMED/NobelAnecdotes2.pdf 1 Nobel Laureate Anecdotes Part 2 © Dr. John Andraos, 2003 - 2011 Department of Chemistry, York University 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ONTARIO M3J 1P3, CANADA For suggestions, corrections, additional information, and comments please send e-mails to [email protected] http://www.chem.yorku.ca/NAMED/ Source : Hargittai, Istvan The Road to Stockholm: Nobel Prizes, Science, and Scientists , Oxford University Press: Oxford, 2002 Note: This compilation fills in some missing details not given in Hargittai's book. I have also amplified and clarified some ideas presented in the book where appropriate. Used with permission. Growth of Nobel Prize Money 2 VALUE OF NOBEL PRIZE (SEK) 1901 - 2000 9000000 8000000 7000000 6000000 5000000 4000000 3000000 2000000 1000000 0 1901 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 1995 2000 YEAR How Do Nobel Laureates Spend Their Winnings? Albert Einstein (Physics, 1921) used his winnings as part of his divorce settlement from Mileva Maric in 1919. Michael Smith (Chemistry, 1999) donated his winnings to research on schizophrenia, science outreach programs, and the encouragement of women in science. Dorothy H. Crowfoot (Chemistry, 1964) donated her winnings to various charities. Günther Blobel (Medicine, 1999) used his winnings to help in the reconstruction of Dresden, Germany after its destruction in World War II. Philip W. Anderson (Physics, 1977) bought a new family home. Frederick Banting (Medicine, 1923) shared part of his prize money with his graduate student Charles Best and J.J.R. Macleod (Medicine, 1923) shared his part with the biochemist J.B. Collip who found a method of isolating insulin from the islets of Langerhans in pancreas tissue.
    [Show full text]
  • The Science Behind the Nobel Prizes in Medicine and Chemistry Is The
    FRONTIER A MAGAZINE ABOUT ALLIGATOR BIOSCIENCE AND IMMUNO-ONCOLOGY #2, 2018 The science behind the Nobel Prizes in Medicine and Chemistry is the core in Alligator’s research and development FRONTIER – A MAGAZINE ABOUT ALLIGATOR BIOSCIENCE AND IMMUNO-ONCOLOGY The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine has been awarded to: Alligator carries on the legacy 1901 Emil von Behring 1902 Ronald Ross 1903 Niels Ryberg Finsen 1904 Ivan Pavlov of the Nobel Prize winners in 1905 Robert Koch 1906 Camillo Golgi 1907 Alphonse Laveran Medicine and Chemistry . 1908 Ilja Metjnikov Paul Ehrlich 1909 Theodor Kocher On Monday October 1, it was announced that James P. Allison and Tasuku Honjo 1910 Albrecht Kossel 1911 Allvar Gullstrand had been awarded the 2018 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for discov- 1912 Alexis Carrel 1913 Charles Richet eries on immune checkpoints – which according to the Nobel Assembly at the 1914 Robert Bárány 1919 Jules Bordet Karolinska Institute “has revolutionized treatment and changed our view of how 1920 August Krogh 1922 Archibald V. Hill cancers can be treated.” Otto Meyerhof 1923 Frederick G. Banting John Macleod I share the opinion of the Nobel Assembly. 1924 Willem Einthoven 1926 Johannes Fibiger The groundbreaking research by James 1927 Julius Wagner- Jauregg Allison and Tasuku Honjo on how the 1928 Charles Nicolle immune system can be used to fight cancer 1929 Christiaan Eijkman Sir Frederick Hopkins has profoundly changed the therapeutic 1930 Karl Landsteiner 1931 Otto Warburg arena. Not only in terms of how we treat 1932 Sir Charles Sherrington cancer but also on the prospect of surviving Edgar Adrian the disease.
    [Show full text]
  • Nobel Prizes in Chemistry © Dr
    Dr. John Andraos, http://www.careerchem.com/NAMED/NobelChem.pdf 1 Nobel Prizes in Chemistry © Dr. John Andraos, 2002 - 2021 Department of Chemistry, York University 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ONTARIO M3J 1P3, CANADA For suggestions, corrections, additional information, and comments please send e-mails to [email protected] http://www.chem.yorku.ca/NAMED/ NOBEL PRIZE CHEMISTRY YEARNAMES OF SCIENTISTS NATIONALITY TYPE OF CHEMISTRY 1901 Jacobus van't Hoff Dutch physical 1902 Emil Fischer German organic 1903 Svante Arrhenius Swedish physical 1904 Sir William Ramsay British physical 1905 Adolf von Baeyer German organic 1906 Henri Moissan French inorganic 1907 Eduard Buchner German organic/bioorganic 1908 Lord Ernest Rutherford British nuclear 1909 Wilhelm Ostwald Latvian physical 1910 Otto Wallach German organic 1911 Marie Curie Polish-French nuclear 1912 Victor Grignard French organic 1912 Paul Sabatier French organic 1913 Alfred Werner German inorganic 1914 Theodore Williams Richards American physical 1915 Richard Martin Willstatter German organic 1916 no prize awarded N/A N/A 1917 no prize awarded N/A N/A 1918 Fritz Haber German physical/industrial 1919 no prize awarded N/A N/A Dr. John Andraos, http://www.careerchem.com/NAMED/NobelChem.pdf 2 1920 Walther Hermann Nernst German physical 1921 Frederick Soddy British nuclear 1922 Francis William Aston British analytical 1923 Fritz Pregl Slovenian analytical 1924 no prize awarded N/A N/A 1925 Richard Zsigmondy Austrian physical 1926 Theodor Svedberg Swedish physical 1927 Heinrich Wieland German organic 1928 Adolf Windaus German organic 1929 Hans von Euler-Chelpin German bioorganic 1929 Arthur Harden British bioorganic 1930 Hans Fischer German bioorganic 1931 Friedrich Bergius German physical 1931 Carl Bosch German physical 1932 Irving Langmuir American physical 1933 no prize awarded N/A N/A 1934 Harold Urey American nuclear 1935 Frederic Joliot French nuclear 1935 Irene Joliot-Curie French nuclear 1936Dr.
    [Show full text]